PT J
AU Jimenez, GS
   Bryntesson, F
   Torres-Arzayus, MI
   Priestley, A
   Beeche, M
   Saito, S
   Sakaguchi, K
   Appella, E
   Jeggo, PA
   Taccioli, GE
   Wahl, GM
   Hubank, M
AF Jimenez, GS
   Bryntesson, F
   Torres-Arzayus, MI
   Priestley, A
   Beeche, M
   Saito, S
   Sakaguchi, K
   Appella, E
   Jeggo, PA
   Taccioli, GE
   Wahl, GM
   Hubank, M
TI DNA-dependent protein kinase is not required for the p53-dependent response to DNA damage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID severe combined immunodeficiency; cell-cycle arrest; v(d)j recombination; p53; growth; mice; gene; pk
AB Damage to DNA in the cell activates the tumour-suppressor protein p53 (ref. 1), and failure of this activation leads to genetic instability and a predisposition to cancer, It is therefore crucial to understand the signal transduction mechanisms that connect DNA damage with p53 activation. The enzyme known as DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) has been proposed to be an essential activator of p53 (refs 2, 3), but the evidence for its involvement in this pathway is controversial(3,4). We now show that the p53 response is fully functional in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking DNA-PK: irradiation-induced DNA damage in these defective fibroblasts induces a normal response of p53 accumulation, phosphorylation of a p53 serine residue at position 15, nuclear localization and binding to DNA of p53. The upregulation of p53-target genes and cell-cycle arrest also occur normally. The DNA-PR-deficient cell line SCGR11 contains a homozygous mutation in the DNA-binding domain of p53, which may explain the defective response by p53 reported in this line(3), Our results indicate that DNA-PK activity is not required for cells to mount a p53-dependent response to DNA damage.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Gene Express Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Sussex, Trafford Ctr, Brighton BN1 9RY, E Sussex, England.
   Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
   Univ Sussex, MRC, Cell Mutat Unit, Brighton BN1 9RR, E Sussex, England.
   NCI, Cell Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; University of Brighton; University of Sussex; Boston University; University of Sussex; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Wahl, GM (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Gene Express Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline; National Cancer Institute [ZIABC005599] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 19
TC 113
Z9 126
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6739
BP 81
EP 83
DI 10.1038/21913
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 213DA
UT WOS:000081255700055
PM 10403253
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McKenzie, D
   Nimmo, F
AF McKenzie, D
   Nimmo, F
TI The generation of Martian floods by the melting of ground ice above dykes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mars; history; valles; earth; venus
AB The surface of Mars is cut by long linear faults with displacements of metres to kilometres, most of which are thought to have been formed by extension(1). The surface has also been modified by enormous floods, probably of water, which often flowed out of valleys formed by the largest of these faults(2). By analogy with structures on Earth(3,4), we propose here that the faults are in fact the surface expression of dykes(5), and not of large-scale tectonic movements. We use a numerical model to show that the intrusion of large dykes can generate structures like Valles Marineris. Such dykes can provide a heat source to melt ground ice, and so provide a source of water for the floods that have been inferred to originate in some of the large valleys(2).
C1 Univ Cambridge, Inst Theoret Geophys, Bullard Labs, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Nimmo, F (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Inst Theoret Geophys, Bullard Labs, Dept Earth Sci, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, England.
NR 23
TC 110
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 21
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6716
BP 231
EP 233
DI 10.1038/16649
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 159QH
UT WOS:000078184800044
PM 9930697
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Benitez-Nelson, CR
   Buesseler, KO
AF Benitez-Nelson, CR
   Buesseler, KO
TI Variability of inorganic and organic phosphorus turnover rates in the coastal ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cosmogenic p-32; sargasso sea; bacterioplankton; phytoplankton; bacteria; fluxes; water
AB Phosphorus is an essential nutrient in pelagic marine ecosystems. Phosphorus cycling in the upper ocean is, however, poorly understood, and few studies have directly investigated the biological utilization of this essential element(1-4). Here, we have determined in situ phosphorus-turnover rates in a coastal marine environment by measuring the activities of two cosmogenic radionuclides (P-32 and P-33, with half lives of 14.3 and 25.3 days, respectively) in dissolved inorganic, dissolved organic and total particulate phosphorus pools over a seasonal cycle. Phosphorus turnover rates within dissolved and particulate pools are rapid and vary over seasonal timescales, suggesting that low phosphorus concentrations can support relatively high primary production. Furthermore, picoplankton, such as bacteria, appear preferentially to utilize certain dissolved organic phosphorus compounds to obtain other associated nutrients, such as carbon and nitrogen. It seems that the significance of the roles of both dissolved inorganic and organic phosphorus in supporting primary production-and, hence, CO2 uptake and particulate organic carbon export-has been hitherto underestimated.
C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Benitez-Nelson, CR (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM cbnelson@soest.hawaii.edu
NR 23
TC 109
Z9 128
U1 4
U2 135
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6727
BP 502
EP 505
DI 10.1038/19061
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185HQ
UT WOS:000079662800045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chaussidon, M
   Robert, F
AF Chaussidon, M
   Robert, F
TI Lithium nucleosynthesis in the Sun inferred from the solar-wind 7Li/6Li ratio
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID abundances; evolution; beryllium; elements; origin; boron; stars
AB The abundance of lithium measured in meteorites has generally been assumed to be the 'Solar System value', which presumably reflects the abundance in the gas cloud out. of which the Sun formed(1). Lithium is a factor of 140 less abundant in the solar photosphere than in meteorites(2); this difference has been attributed to the destruction of lithium (through nuclear reactions) at the base of the Sun's convection zone(3-5). If this is correct, then the ratio of Li-7/Li-6 in the Sun's photosphere should be similar to 10(6) (ref. 6), as Li-6 is destroyed much more easily (at a lower temperature) than Li-7: the meteoritic abundance ratio is Li-7/Li-6 = 12.14 (ref. 7). Here we report that Li-7/Li-6 = 31 +/- 4 for lithium in the solar wind that has been implanted in lunar soil. This low Patio suggests that lithium is produced when energetic protons from solar flares induce spallation reactions with O-16 and C-12 present in the photosphere.
C1 CNRS, CRPG, F-54501 Vandoeuvre Nancy, France.
   CNRS, MNHN, F-75005 Paris, France.
C3 Universite de Lorraine; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Chaussidon, M (corresponding author), CNRS, CRPG, BP 20, F-54501 Vandoeuvre Nancy, France.
NR 27
TC 60
Z9 67
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6759
BP 270
EP 273
DI 10.1038/46235
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 257ZP
UT WOS:000083813700042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kilner, RM
   Noble, DG
   Davies, NB
AF Kilner, RM
   Noble, DG
   Davies, NB
TI Signals of need in parent-offspring communication and their exploitation by the common cuckoo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID multiple sexual ornaments; conflict; evolution; displays; color; birds
AB Nestling birds present vivid gapes and produce loud calls as they solicit food, but the complexity of the display is poorly understood, Here we explain the function of reed warbler begging signals and show how they are exploited by the common cuckoo, Cuculus canorus, a brood parasite. Reed warbler parents integrate visual and vocal signals from their young to adjust their provisioning rates, and the two signals convey more accurate information about offspring need than either does alone. The cuckoo chick has a particularly striking begging display which has been suggested to be irresistible to host parents. However, we show that the cuckoo, reared alone in the nest, presents a deficient visual display, and elicits the same amount of care as a reed warbler brood only by compensating with its exaggerated vocal display. Therefore the cuckoo succeeds not through mimicry of the host brood begging signals, but by tuning into the sensory predispositions of its hosts.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Kilner, RM (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
NR 36
TC 257
Z9 282
U1 3
U2 118
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 25
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6721
BP 667
EP 672
DI 10.1038/17746
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 171AP
UT WOS:000078840100042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Passner, JM
   Ryoo, HD
   Shen, LY
   Mann, RS
   Aggarwal, AK
AF Passner, JM
   Ryoo, HD
   Shen, LY
   Mann, RS
   Aggarwal, AK
TI Structure of a DNA-bound Ultrabithorax-Extradenticle homeodomain complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; homeotic gene; specificity; hox; drosophila; proteins; binding; model; recognition; heterodimer
AB During the development of multicellular organisms, gene expression must be tightly regulated, both spatially and temporally, One set of transcription factors that are important in animal development is encoded by the homeotic (Hox) genes, which govern the choice between alternative developmental pathways along the anterior-posterior axis(1,2). Hox proteins, such as Drosophila Ultrabithorax, have low DNA-binding specificity by themselves but gain affinity and specificity when they bind together with the homeoprotein Extradenticle (or Pbx1 in mammals)(3,4). To understand the structural basis of Hox-Extradenticle pairing, we determine here the crystal structure of an Ultrabithorax-Extradenticle-DNA complex at 2.4 Angstrom resolution, using the minimal polypeptides that form a cooperative heterodimer. The Ultrabithorax and Extradenticle homeodomains bind opposite faces of the DNA, with their DNA-recognition helices almost touching each other. However, most of the cooperative interactions arise from the YPWM amino-acid motif of Ultrabithorax-located amino-terminally to its homeodomain-which forms a reverse turn and inserts into a hydrophobic pocket on the Extradenticle homeodomain surface. Together, these protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions define the general principles by which homeotic proteins interact with Extradenticle (or Pbx1) to affect development along the anterior-posterior axis of animals.
C1 CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Struct Biol Program, New York, NY 10029 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 City University of New York (CUNY) System; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Columbia University
RP Aggarwal, AK (corresponding author), CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Struct Biol Program, Box 1677,1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029 USA.
EM aggarwal@inka.mssm.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM054510] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 269
Z9 325
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 25
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6721
BP 714
EP 719
DI 10.1038/17833
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 171AP
UT WOS:000078840100055
PM 10067897
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Broccoli, V
   Boncinelli, E
   Wurst, W
AF Broccoli, V
   Boncinelli, E
   Wurst, W
TI The caudal limit of Otx2 expression positions the isthmic organizer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID midbrain-hindbrain boundary; nervous-system; rostral brain; mouse; genes; phenotype; fgf8; engrailed-1; rhombomeres; induction
AB The homeobox gene Otx2 is expressed in the anterior neural tube with a sharp limit at the midbrain/hindbrain junction (the isthmic organizer)(1). Otx2 inactivation experiments have shown that this gene is essential for the development of its expression domain(2). Here we investigate whether the caudal limit of Otx2 expression is instrumental in positioning the isthmic organizer and in specifying midbrain versus hindbrain fate, by ectopically expressing Otx2 in the presumptive anterior hindbrain using a knock-in strategy into the En1 locus. Transgenic offspring display a cerebellar ataxia. Morphological and histological studies of adult transgenic brains reveal that most of the anterior cerebellar vermis is missing whereas the inferior colliculus is complementarily enlarged. During early neural pattern formation expression of the midbrain markers Wnt1 and Ephrin-A5, the isthmic organizer markers Pax2 and Fgf-8 and the hindbrain marker Gbx2 are shifted caudally in the presumptive hindbrain territory. These findings show that the caudal limit of Otx2 expression is sufficient for positioning the isthmic organizer and encoding caudal midbrain fate within the mid/hindbrain domain.
C1 GSF, Res Ctr Environm & Hlth, Inst Mammalian Genet, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Psychiat, D-80804 Munich, Germany.
   Hosp San Raffaele, DIBIT, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health; Max Planck Society; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele
RP Wurst, W (corresponding author), GSF, Res Ctr Environm & Hlth, Inst Mammalian Genet, Ingolstaedter Landstr 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
NR 30
TC 258
Z9 291
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6749
BP 164
EP 168
DI 10.1038/43670
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234AF
UT WOS:000082458800054
PM 10490025
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, QL
   Mellitzer, G
   Robinson, V
   Wilkinson, DG
AF Xu, QL
   Mellitzer, G
   Robinson, V
   Wilkinson, DG
TI In vivo cell sorting in complementary segmental domains mediated by Eph receptors and ephrins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chick-embryo hindbrain; tyrosine kinase; transmembrane ligands; adhesion molecules; gene-expression; sek-1; phosphorylation; specificity; restriction; krox-20
AB The restriction of intermingling between specific cell populations is crucial for the maintenance of organized patterns during development. A striking example is the restriction of cell mixing between segments in the insect epidermis' and the vertebrate hindbrain(2) that may enable each segment to maintain a distinct identity. In the hindbrain, this is a result of different adhesive properties of odd- and even-numbered segments (rhombomeres)(3,4), but an adhesion molecule with alternating segmental expression has not been found. However, blocking experiments suggest that Eph-receptor tyrosine kinases may be required for the segmental restriction of cells(5). Eph receptors and their membrane-bound ligands, ephrins, are expressed in complementary rhombomeres(6) and, by analogy with their roles in axon pathfinding(7,8), could mediate cell repulsion at boundaries. Remarkably, transmembrane ephrins can themselves transduce signals(9,10), raising the possibility that bi-directional signalling occurs between adjacent ephrin- and Eph-receptor-expressing cells. We report here that mosaic activation of Eph receptors leads to sorting of cells to boundaries in odd-numbered rhombomeres, whereas mosaic activation of ephrins results in sorting to boundaries in even-numbered rhombomeres. These data implicate Eph receptors and ephrins in the segmental restriction of cell intermingling.
C1 Natl Inst Med Res, Div Dev Neurobiol, London NW7 1AA, England.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research
RP Wilkinson, DG (corresponding author), Natl Inst Med Res, Div Dev Neurobiol, Ridgeway,Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, England.
NR 27
TC 369
Z9 419
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6733
BP 267
EP 271
DI 10.1038/20452
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 198MF
UT WOS:000080427400058
PM 10353250
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kley, NJ
   Brainerd, EL
AF Kley, NJ
   Brainerd, EL
TI Feeding by mandibular raking in a snake
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Organism & Evolutionary Biol Program, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst
RP Kley, NJ (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Organism & Evolutionary Biol Program, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
NR 10
TC 37
Z9 42
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 369
EP 370
DI 10.1038/46460
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sheldon, BC
   Andersson, S
   Griffith, SC
   Örnborg, J
   Sendecka, J
AF Sheldon, BC
   Andersson, S
   Griffith, SC
   Örnborg, J
   Sendecka, J
TI Ultraviolet colour variation influences blue tit sex ratios
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zebra finches; sperm competition; mate choice; birds; quality; manipulation; preferences; dimorphism; adjustment; coloration
AB Brilliant blue and violet structural colours are common plumage ornaments in birds, but their signalling functions are poorly understood(1). This may be because birds also communicate in ultraviolet (UV-A) wavelengths (320-400 nm)(2-5), invisible to humans, but a strong spectral component of many structural colours(6). From a wild population of blue tits-Parus caeruleus, sexually dimorphic primarily in the ultraviolet(7,8)-we report experimental evidence that females skew the sex ratio of their offspring in response to the ultraviolet plumage ornamentation of their mates. Masking male ultraviolet reflectance reversed a positive correlation between reflectance and brood sex ratio observed in control pairs, demonstrating a causal effect of male ultraviolet ornamentation on offspring sex ratio. Ultraviolet reflectance also predicted male survival to the following breeding season, suggesting that it serves as a viability indicator. When taken together with ecological effects (laying date, nesting area), our experiments reveal that an unexpected amount of control exists over the primary sex ratio in birds, suggesting that chromosomal sex determination may not constrain the sex ratios of multiparous vertebrates.
C1 Uppsala Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Uppsala Univ, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, Dept Evolutionary Biol, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
C3 Uppsala University; Uppsala University
RP Sheldon, BC (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
EM ben.sheldon@zoology.oxford.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 362
Z9 379
U1 0
U2 104
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6764
BP 874
EP 877
DI 10.1038/47239
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 269ML
UT WOS:000084482000032
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pounds, JA
   Fogden, MPL
   Campbell, JH
AF Pounds, JA
   Fogden, MPL
   Campbell, JH
TI Biological response to climate change on a tropical mountain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-elevation sites; amphibian declines; temperature; pacific; forest; anuran; trends; frogs
AB Recent warming has caused changes in species distribution and abundance(1-3), but the extent of the effects is unclear. Here we investigate whether such changes in highland forests at Monte-verde, costa rica, are related to the increase in air temperatures that followed a step-like warming of tropical oceans in 1976 (refs 4, 5). Twenty of 50 species of anurans (frogs and toads) in a 30-km(2) study area, including the locally endemic golden toad (Bufo periglenes), disappeared following synchronous population crashed in 1987 (refs 6-8). Our results indicate that these crashes probably belong to a constellation of demographic changes that have altered communities of birds, reptiles and amphibians in the area and are linked to recent warming. The changes are all associated with patterns of dry-season mist frequency, which is negatively correlated with sea surface temperatures in the equatorial pacific and has declined dramatically since the mid-1970s. The biological and climatic patterns suggest that atmospheric warming has raised the average altitude at the base of the orographic cloud bank, as predicted by the lifting-cloud-base hypothesis(9,10).
C1 Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve & Trop Sci Ctr, Golden Toad Lab Conservat, Santa Elena 5655, Puntarenas, Costa Rica.
   Univ Miami, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA.
C3 University of Miami
RP Pounds, JA (corresponding author), Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve & Trop Sci Ctr, Golden Toad Lab Conservat, Box 73, Santa Elena 5655, Puntarenas, Costa Rica.
NR 30
TC 996
Z9 1223
U1 1
U2 567
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6728
BP 611
EP 615
DI 10.1038/19297
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 186WX
UT WOS:000079754700055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reichhardt, T
AF Reichhardt, T
TI It's sink or swim as a tidal wave of data approaches
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 51
Z9 64
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6736
BP 517
EP 520
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 204RR
UT WOS:000080778400021
PM 10376588
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takeuchi, JK
   Koshiba-Takeuchi, K
   Matsumoto, K
   Vogel-Höpker, A
   Naitoh-Matsuo, M
   Ogura, K
   Takahashi, N
   Yasuda, K
   Ogura, T
AF Takeuchi, JK
   Koshiba-Takeuchi, K
   Matsumoto, K
   Vogel-Höpker, A
   Naitoh-Matsuo, M
   Ogura, K
   Takahashi, N
   Yasuda, K
   Ogura, T
TI Tbx5 and Tbx4 genes determine the wing/leg identity of limb buds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-box genes; vertebrate limb; optomotor-blind; expression; specification; evolution; involvement; initiation; family; system
AB Much progress has been made in understanding limb development(1-3). Most genes are expressed equally and in the same pattern in the fore- and hindlimbs, which nevertheless develop into distinct structures(3-8). The T-box genes Tbx5 and Tbx4 on the other hand, are expressed differently in chick wing (Tbx5) and leg (Tbx4) buds(9-12). Molecular analysis of the optomotor blind gene(13), which belongs to the same family of transcription factors, has revealed that this gene is involved in the transdetermination of Drosophila wing and leg imaginal discs(14). In addition, expression of Tbx5 and Tbx4 correlates well with the identity of ectopic limb buds induced by fibroblast growth factor(4,5,15-19). Thus, it is thought that Tbx5 and Tbx4 might be involved in determining limb identity. Another candidate is the Pitx1 gene, which encodes a bicoid-type homeodomain transcription factor that is expressed in leg buds(20,21). Here we determine the importance of these factors in establishing limb identity.
C1 Nara Inst Sci & Technol, Grad Sch Biol Sci, Nara 6300101, Japan.
   Max Planck Inst Brain Res, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany.
C3 Nara Institute of Science & Technology; Max Planck Society
RP Ogura, T (corresponding author), Nara Inst Sci & Technol, Grad Sch Biol Sci, 8916-5 Takayama, Nara 6300101, Japan.
EM ogura@bs.aist-nara.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 213
Z9 250
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6730
BP 810
EP 814
DI 10.1038/19762
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 192BL
UT WOS:000080058100059
PM 10235263
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gilliver, MA
   Bennett, M
   Begon, M
   Hazel, SM
   Hart, CA
AF Gilliver, MA
   Bennett, M
   Begon, M
   Hazel, SM
   Hart, CA
TI Enterobacteria - Antibiotic resistance found in wild rodents
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacteria; fitness
C1 Univ Liverpool, Ctr Comp Infect Dis, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England.
C3 University of Liverpool
RP Gilliver, MA (corresponding author), Univ Liverpool, Ctr Comp Infect Dis, POB 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England.
NR 13
TC 203
Z9 254
U1 3
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 233
EP 234
DI 10.1038/45724
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400041
PM 10499578
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Passier, HF
   Bosch, HJ
   Nijenhuis, IA
   Lourens, LJ
   Böttcher, ME
   Leenders, A
   Damste, JSS
   de Lange, GJ
   de Leeuw, JW
AF Passier, HF
   Bosch, HJ
   Nijenhuis, IA
   Lourens, LJ
   Böttcher, ME
   Leenders, A
   Damste, JSS
   de Lange, GJ
   de Leeuw, JW
TI Sulphidic Mediterranean surface waters during Pliocene sapropel formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID black-sea; organic-carbon; sulfur; productivity; bacteria; isotopes; sulfide
AB Sapropels-organic-matter rich layers-are common in Neogene sediments of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. The formation of these layers has been attributed to climate-related increases in organic-matter production(1-3) and increased organic-matter preservation due to oxygen depletion in more stagnant bottom waters(2,3). Here we report that eastern Mediterranean Pliocene sapropels(4) contain molecular fossils of a compound (isorenieratene) known to be synthesized by photosynthetic green sulphur bacteria, suggesting that sulphidic (euxinic)-and therefore anoxic-conditions prevailed in the photic zone of the water column. These sapropels also have a high trace-metal content, which is probably due to the efficient scavenging of these metals by precipitating sulphides in a euxinic water column. The abundance and sulphur-isotope composition of pyrite are consistent with iron sulphide formation in the water column. We conclude that basin-wide water-column euxinia occurred over substantial periods during Pliocene sapropel formation in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, and that the ultimate degradation of the increased organic-matter production was strongly influential in generating and sustaining the euxinic conditions.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Inst Paleoenvironm & Paleoclimate Utrecht, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Carl von Ossietzky Univ Oldenburg, Inst Chem & Biol Marine Environm, D-2900 Oldenburg, Germany.
   Netherlands Inst Sea Res, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands.
C3 Utrecht University; Carl von Ossietzky Universitat Oldenburg; Utrecht University; Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)
RP Passier, HF (corresponding author), Paleomagnet Lab Ft Hoofddijk, Budapestlaan 17, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM hpassier@geo.uu.nl
NR 30
TC 116
Z9 134
U1 1
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 14
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6715
BP 146
EP 149
DI 10.1038/16441
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 157WQ
UT WOS:000078085000041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, L
   Furukawa, S
   Middlebrooks, JC
AF Xu, L
   Furukawa, S
   Middlebrooks, JC
TI Auditory cortical responses in the cat to sounds that produce spatial illusions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human listeners; spectral cues; median plane; localization; cortex
AB Humans and cats can localize a sound source accurately if its spectrum is fairly broad and flat(1-3), as is typical of most natural sounds. However, if sounds are filtered to reduce the width of the spectrum, they result:in illusions of sources that are very different from the actual locations, particularly in the up/down and front/back dimensions(4-6). Such illusions reveal that the auditory system relies on specific characteristics of sound spectra to obtain cues for localization(7). In the-auditory cortex of cats, temporal firing patterns of neurons can signal the locations of broad-band sounds(8-9). Here we show that such spike patterns systematically mislocalize sounds that have been passed through a narrow-band filter. Both correct and incorrect locations signalled by neurons can be predicted quantitatively by a model of spectral processing that also predicts correct and incorrect localization judgements by human listeners(6). Similar cortical mechanisms, if present in humans, could underlie human auditory spatial perception.
C1 Univ Michigan, Kresge Hearing Res Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Middlebrooks, JC (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Kresge Hearing Res Inst, 1301 E Ann St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
NR 12
TC 22
Z9 27
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 688
EP 691
DI 10.1038/21424
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800060
PM 10385120
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Semsarian, C
   Wu, MJ
   Ju, YK
   Marciniec, T
   Yeoh, T
   Allen, DG
   Harvey, RP
   Graham, RM
AF Semsarian, C
   Wu, MJ
   Ju, YK
   Marciniec, T
   Yeoh, T
   Allen, DG
   Harvey, RP
   Graham, RM
TI Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is mediated by a Ca2+-dependent calcineurin signalling pathway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent transcriptional pathway; cardiac-hypertrophy; signaling pathways; fiber-type; growth; proliferation; activation; cells
AB Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and regeneration are important adaptive responses to both physical activity and pathological stimuli(1). Failure to maintain these processes underlies the loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength that occurs with ageing and in myopathies(2). Here we show that stable expression of a gene encoding insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, or treatment of these cells with recombinant IGF-1 or with insulin and dexamethasone, results in hypertrophy of differentiated myotubes and a switch to glycolytic metabolism. Treatment with IGF-1 or insulin and dexamethasone mobilizes intracellular calcium, activates the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin, and induces the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-ATc1. Hypertrophy is suppressed by the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporin A or FK506, but not by inhibitors of the MAP-kinase or phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase pathways. Injecting rat latissimus dorsi muscle with a plasmid encoding IGF-1 also activates calcineurin, mobilizes satellite cells and causes a switch to glycolytic metabolism. We propose that growth-factor-induced skeletal-muscle hypertrophy and changes in myofibre phenotype are mediated by calcium mobilization and are critically regulated by the calcineurin/NF-ATc1 signalling pathway.
C1 St Vincents Hosp, Victor Chang Cardiac Res Inst, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
   Univ Sydney, Dept Physiol, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
   Univ New S Wales, Sch Biochem & Mol Genet, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia.
C3 Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute; NSW Health; St Vincents Hospital Sydney; University of Sydney; University of New South Wales Sydney
RP Graham, RM (corresponding author), St Vincents Hosp, Victor Chang Cardiac Res Inst, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
EM b.graham@victorchang.unsw.edu.au
NR 30
TC 376
Z9 426
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6744
BP 576
EP 581
DI 10.1038/23054
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223RT
UT WOS:000081854800059
PM 10448861
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Piccolo, S
   Agius, E
   Leyns, L
   Bhattacharyya, S
   Grunz, H
   Bouwmeester, T
   De Robertis, EM
AF Piccolo, S
   Agius, E
   Leyns, L
   Bhattacharyya, S
   Grunz, H
   Bouwmeester, T
   De Robertis, EM
TI The head inducer Cerberus is a multifunctional antagonist of Nodal, BMP and Wnt signals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anterior primitive endoderm; spemann organizer; induction; mouse; gastrulation; requirement; mesoderm
AB Embryological and genetic evidence indicates that the vertebrate head is induced by a different set of signals from those that organize trunk-tail development(1-6). The gene cerberus encodes a secreted protein that is expressed in anterior endoderm and has the unique property of inducing ectopic heads in the absence of trunk structures(1). Here we show that the cerberus protein functions as a multivalent growth-factor antagonist in the extracellular space: it binds to Nodal, BMP and Wnt proteins via independent sites. The expression of cerberus during gastrulation is activated by earlier nodal-related signals in endoderm and by Spemann-organizer factors that repress signalling by BMP and Wnt. In order for the head territory to form, we propose that signals involved in trunk development, such as those involving BMP, Wnt and Nodal proteins, must be inhibited in rostral regions.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Biol Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP De Robertis, EM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
FU NICHD NIH HHS [R37 HD021502] Funding Source: Medline; Telethon [E.0815] Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 688
Z9 846
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 25
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6721
BP 707
EP 710
DI 10.1038/17820
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 171AP
UT WOS:000078840100053
PM 10067895
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, KE
   Slowey, NC
AF Lee, KE
   Slowey, NC
TI Cool surface waters of the subtropical North Pacific Ocean during the last glacial
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperature; sea; climate; maximum; circulation; sensitivity; record; hawaii; model
AB One of the most controversial results of the CLIMAP(1,2) project's reconstruction of past sea surface temperature (SST) is that large areas of the subtropical Pacific Ocean were warmer during the last glacial period than they are today. This finding has important implications because SST patterns at low to subtropical latitudes strongly influence climate, and SST changes are closely linked with climate fluctuations(3-5). Until now, a lack of well-preserved, high-resolution marine sediment cores from the region has hindered efforts to confirm these unexpectedly high ice-age SST estimates. Here we use both the oxygen-isotope compositions and species assemblages of planktonic foraminifera in a shallow-water core with high deposition rates near Hawaii to estimate glacial SST of the subtropical North Pacific Ocean, Contrary to the CLIMAP results(2), our data indicate that the annual average SST in this region was similar to 2 degrees C cooler during the last glaciation than it is today, These results help to reconcile the marine SST record with inferences drawn from snowline depressions on Hawaii during the last glacial(3,6), and should ultimately yield improved estimates of global climate sensitivity by providing important new constraints on climate model simulations of ice-age cycles.
C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
C3 Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station
RP Slowey, NC (corresponding author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
EM slowey@ocean.tamu.edu
NR 29
TC 35
Z9 39
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 11
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6719
BP 512
EP 514
DI 10.1038/17357
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 166KN
UT WOS:000078574900046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Finnin, MS
   Donigian, JR
   Cohen, A
   Richon, VM
   Rifkind, RA
   Marks, PA
   Breslow, R
   Pavletich, NP
AF Finnin, MS
   Donigian, JR
   Cohen, A
   Richon, VM
   Rifkind, RA
   Marks, PA
   Breslow, R
   Pavletich, NP
TI Structures of a histone deacetylase homologue bound to the TSA and SAHA inhibitors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transformed-cell differentiation; transcriptional repression; proteins; inducers
AB Histone deacetylases (HDACs) mediate changes in nucleosome conformation and are important in the regulation of gene expression(1). HDACs are involved in cell-cycle progression and differentiation, and their deregulation is associated with several cancers(2,3). HDAC inhibitors, such as trichostatin A (TSA) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), have anti-tumour effects, as they can inhibit cell. growth(4-6), induce terminal differentiation(4,5) and prevent the formation of tumours in mice models(7,8), and they are effective in the treatment of promyelocytic leukemia(3). Here we describe the structure of the histone deacetylase catalytic core, as revealed by the crystal structure of a homologue from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolieus, that shares 35.2% identity with human HDACl over 375 residues, deacetylates histones in vitro and is inhibited by TSA and SAHA. The deacetylase, deacetylase-TSA and deacetylase-SAHA structures reveal an active site consisting of a tubular pocket, a zinc-binding site and two Asp-His charge-relay systems, and establish the mechanism of HDAC inhibition. The residues that make up the active site and contact the inhibitors are conserved across the HDAC family. These structures also suggest a mechanism for the deacetylation reaction and provide a framework for the further development of HDAC inhibitors as antitumour agents.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cell Biol Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Columbia University
RP Pavletich, NP (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM nikola@xray2.mskcc.org
NR 30
TC 1537
Z9 1937
U1 2
U2 232
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6749
BP 188
EP 193
DI 10.1038/43710
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234AF
UT WOS:000082458800060
PM 10490031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Park, YC
   Burkitt, V
   Villa, AR
   Tong, L
   Wu, H
AF Park, YC
   Burkitt, V
   Villa, AR
   Tong, L
   Wu, H
TI Structural basis for self-association and receptor recognition of human TRAF2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID necrosis-factor receptor; factor-kappa-b; crystal-structure; binding-sites; protein; domain; family; activation; members; complex
AB Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) form a family of cytoplasmic adapter proteins that mediate signal transduction from many members of the TNF-receptor superfamily and the interleukin-1 receptor(1). They are important in the regulation of cell survival and cell death. The carboxy-terminal region of TRAFs (the TRAF domain) is required for self-association and interaction with receptors. The domain contains a predicted coiled-coil region that is followed by a highly conserved TRAF-C domain(2). Here we report the crystal structure of the TRAF domain of human TRAF2, both alone and in complex with a peptide from TNF receptor-2 (TNF-R2). The structures reveal a trimeric self-association of the TRAF domain, which we confirm by studies in solution. The TRAF-C domain forms a new, eight-stranded antiparallel beta-sandwich structure. The TNF-R2 peptide binds to a conserved shallow surface depression on one TRAF-C domain and does not contact the other protomers of the trimer. The nature of the interaction indicates that an SXXE motif may be a TRAF2-binding consensus sequence. The trimeric structure of the TRAF domain provides an avidity-based explanation for the dependence of TRAF recruitment on the oligomerization of the receptors by their trimeric extracellular ligands.
C1 Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Biochem, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Grad Sch Med Sci, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Cornell University; Columbia University
RP Wu, H (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Biochem, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 30
TC 303
Z9 357
U1 1
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6727
BP 533
EP 538
DI 10.1038/19110
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185HQ
UT WOS:000079662800053
PM 10206649
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ryu, SJ
   Zhou, S
   Ladurner, AG
   Tjian, R
AF Ryu, SJ
   Zhou, S
   Ladurner, AG
   Tjian, R
TI The transcriptional cofactor complex CRSP is required for activity of the enhancer-binding protein Sp1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase-ii; gene-transcription; hormone receptor; activation; coactivators; cloning; purification; components; mediator; domain
AB Activation of gene transcription in metazoans is a multistep process that is triggered by factors that recognize transcriptional enhancer sites in DNA, These factors work with co-activators to direct transcriptional initiation by the RNA polymerase II apparatus(1), One class of co-activator, the TAF(II) subunits of transcription factor TFIID, can serve as targets of activators and as proteins that recognize core promoter sequences necessary for transcription initiation(2-5). Transcriptional activation by enhancer-binding factors such as Sp1 (ref, 6) requires TFIID, but the identity of other necessary cofactors has remained unknown. Here we describe a new human factor, CRSP, that is required together with the TAF(II)s for transcriptional activation by Sp1. Purification of CRSP identifies a complex of approximate relative molecular mass 700,000 (M(r)similar to 700K) that contains nine subunits with M-r values ranging from 33K to 200K. Cloning of genes encoding CRSP subunits reveals that CRSP33 is a homologue of the yeast mediator subunit Med7 (ref. 7), whereas CRSP150 contains a domain conserved in yeast mediator subunit Rgr1 (ref. 8), CRSP p200 is identical to the nuclear hormone-receptor co-activator subunit TRIP2/PBP9,10. CRSPs 34, 77 and 130 are new proteins, but the amino terminus of CRSP70 is homologous to elongation factor TFIIS11. Immunodepletion studies confirm that these subunits have an essential cofactor function. The presence of common subunits in distinct cofactor complexes suggests a combinatorial mechanism of co-activator assembly during transcriptional activation.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Tjian, R (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 401 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 30
TC 297
Z9 361
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 4
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6718
BP 446
EP 450
DI 10.1038/17141
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 164KA
UT WOS:000078461700051
PM 9989412
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Corrie, JET
   Brandmeier, BD
   Ferguson, RE
   Trentham, DR
   Kendrick-Jones, I
   Hopkins, SC
   van der Heide, UA
   Goldman, YE
   Sabido-David, C
   Dale, RE
   Criddle, S
   Irving, M
AF Corrie, JET
   Brandmeier, BD
   Ferguson, RE
   Trentham, DR
   Kendrick-Jones, I
   Hopkins, SC
   van der Heide, UA
   Goldman, YE
   Sabido-David, C
   Dale, RE
   Criddle, S
   Irving, M
TI Dynamic measurement of myosin light-chain-domain tilt and twist in muscle contraction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID skeletal-muscle; fluorescence polarization; force generation; striated-muscle; scallop myosin; motor domain; lever-arm; fibers; orientation; actin
AB A new method is described for measuring motions of protein domains in their native environment on the physiological timescale. pairs of cysteines are introduced Into the domain at sites chosen from its static structure and are crosslinked by a bifunctional rhodamine. Domain orientation in a reconstituted macromolecular complex is determined by combining fluorescence polarization data from a small number of such labelled cysteine pairs. This approach bridges the gap between in vitro studies of protein structure and cellular studies of protein function and is used here to measure the tilt and twist of the myosin light-chain domain with respect to actin filaments in single muscle cells. The results reveal the structural basis for the lever-arm action of the light-chain domain of the myosin motor during force generation in muscle.
C1 Univ London Kings Coll, Randall Inst, London WC2B 5RL, England.
   Natl Inst Med Res, London NW7 1AA, England.
   MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   Univ Penn, Penn Muscle Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of London; King's College London; MRC National Institute for Medical Research; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; University of Pennsylvania
RP Irving, M (corresponding author), Univ London Kings Coll, Randall Inst, 26-29 Drury Lane, London WC2B 5RL, England.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 44
TC 183
Z9 199
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6743
BP 425
EP 430
DI 10.1038/22704
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221FZ
UT WOS:000081715000043
PM 10440371
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Berry, MJ
   Brivanlou, IH
   Jordan, TA
   Meister, M
AF Berry, MJ
   Brivanlou, IH
   Jordan, TA
   Meister, M
TI Anticipation of moving stimuli by the retina
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID contrast gain-control; motion extrapolation; attention shift; ganglion-cells; latency; signals; cortex; maps
AB A flash of light evokes neural activity in the brain with a delay of 30-100 milliseconds', much of which is due to the slow process of visual transduction in photoreceptors(2,3). A moving object can cover a considerable distance in this time, and should therefore be seen noticeably behind its actual location. As this conflicts with everyday experience, it has been suggested that the visual cortex uses the delayed visual data from the eye to extrapolate the trajectory of a moving object, so that it is perceived at its actual location(4-7). Here we report that such anticipation of moving stimuli begins in the retina. A moving bar elicits a moving wave of spiking activity in the population of retinal ganglion cells. Rather than lagging behind the visual image, the population activity travels near the leading edge of the moving bar. This response is observed over a wide range of speeds and apparently compensates for the visual response latency. We show how this anticipation follows from known mechanisms of retinal processing.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Berry, MJ (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, 16 Divin Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 29
TC 377
Z9 420
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6725
BP 334
EP 338
DI 10.1038/18678
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180DF
UT WOS:000079369600051
PM 10192333
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Joo, H
   Lin, ZL
   Arnold, FH
AF Joo, H
   Lin, ZL
   Arnold, FH
TI Laboratory evolution of peroxide-mediated cytochrome P450 hydroxylation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID directed evolution; hydrogen-peroxide; gene; crystallography; superfamily; oxidation; esterase; oxygen; h2o2
AB Enzyme-based chemical transformations typically proceed with high selectivity under mild conditions, and are;becoming increasingly important in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) constitute a large family(1) of enzymes of particular interest in this regard. Their biological functions, such as detoxification of xenobiotics and steroidogenesis(2-5), are based on the ability to catalyse the insertion of oxygen into:a wide variety of compounds(6). Such a catalytic transformation might find technological applications in areas ranging from gene therapy and environmental remediation to the selective synthesis of pharmaceuticals and chemicals(7-10). But relatively low turnover rates (particularly towards non-natural substrates), low stability and the need for electron-donating cofactors prohibit the practical use of P450s as isolated enzymes. Here we report the directed evolution(11) of the P450 from Pseudomonas putida to create mutants that hydroxylate naphthalene in the absence of cofactors through the 'peroxide shunt' pathway(12,13) with more than 20-fold higher activity than the native enzyme. We are able to screen efficiently for improved mutants by coexpressing them with horseradish peroxidase, which converts the products of the P450 reaction into fluorescent compounds amenable to digital imaging screening. This system should allow us to select and develop mono- and di-oxygenases into practically useful biocatalysts for the hydroxylation of a wide range of aromatic compounds.
C1 CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn 210 41, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Arnold, FH (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn 210 41, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 32
TC 370
Z9 481
U1 6
U2 144
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 670
EP 673
DI 10.1038/21395
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800054
PM 10385118
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Larkum, ME
   Zhu, JJ
   Sakmann, B
AF Larkum, ME
   Zhu, JJ
   Sakmann, B
TI A new cellular mechanism for coupling inputs arriving at different cortical layers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID action-potentials; pyramidal neurons; dendrites; hippocampus; inhibition; cortex
AB Pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the neocortex of the brain extend their axons and dendrites into all layers. They are also unusual in having both an axonal and a dendritic zone for the initiation of action potentials(1-6). Distal dendritic inputs, which normally appear greatly attenuated at the axon, must cross a high threshold at the dendritic initiation zone to evoke calcium action potentials(1,7) but can then generate bursts of axonal action potentials. Here we show that a single back-propagating sodium action potential generated in the axons(8) facilitates the initiation of these calcium action potentials when it coincides with distal dendritic input within a time window of several milliseconds. Inhibitory dendritic input can selectively block the initiation of dendritic calcium action potentials, preventing bursts of axonal action potentials. Thus, excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials arising in the distal dendrites can exert significantly greater control over action potential initiation in the axon than would be expected from their electrotonically isolated locations. The coincidence of a single back-propagating action potential with a subthreshold distal excitatory postsynaptic potential to evoke a burst of axonal action potentials represents a new mechanism by which the main cortical output neurons can associate inputs arriving at different cortical layers.
C1 Max Planck Inst Med Forsch, Zellphysiol Abt, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Larkum, ME (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Med Forsch, Zellphysiol Abt, Jahnstr 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 22
TC 833
Z9 948
U1 0
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6725
BP 338
EP 341
DI 10.1038/18686
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180DF
UT WOS:000079369600052
PM 10192334
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Malin, MC
   Carr, MH
AF Malin, MC
   Carr, MH
TI Groundwater formation of martian valleys
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mars; morphology; channels; origin
AB The martian surface shows large outflow channels, widely accepted as having been formed by gigantic floods that could have occurred under climatic conditions like those seen today(1-5). Also present are branching valley networks that commonly have tributaries(1-8). These valleys are much smaller than the outflow channels and their origins and ages have been controversial. For example, they might have formed through slow erosion by water running across the surface, either early or late in Mars' history(9-13), possibly protected from harsh conditions by ice cover(14-16). Alternatively, they might have formed through groundwater or ground-ice processes that undermine the surface and cause collapse, again either early or late in Mars' history(3,4). Long-duration surface runoff would imply climatic conditions quite different from the present environment. Here we present high-resolution images of martian valleys that support the view that ground water played an important role in their formation, although we are unable as yet to establish when this occurred.
C1 Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92191 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Malin, MC (corresponding author), Malin Space Sci Syst, POB 910148, San Diego, CA 92191 USA.
EM malin@mss.com
NR 25
TC 134
Z9 147
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 18
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6720
BP 589
EP 591
DI 10.1038/17551
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 169GE
UT WOS:000078738500041
PM 10050852
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Makhlin, Y
   Schön, G
   Shnirman, A
AF Makhlin, Y
   Schön, G
   Shnirman, A
TI Josephson-junction qubits with controlled couplings
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum computation
AB Quantum computers, if available, could perform certain tasks much more efficiently than classical computers by exploiting different physical principles(1-3). A quantum computer would be comprised of coupled, two-state quantum systems or qubits, whose coherent time evolution must be controlled in a computation. Experimentally, trapped ions(4,5), nuclear magnetic resonance(6-8) in molecules, and quantum optical systems(9) have been investigated for embodying quantum computation. But solid-state implementations(10-14) would be more practical, particularly nanometre-scale electronic devices: these could be easily embedded in electronic circuitry and scaled up to provide the large numbers of qubits required for useful computations. Here we present a proposal for solid-state qubits that utilizes controllable, low-capacitance Josephson junctions. The design exploits coherent tunnelling of Cooper pairs in the superconducting state, while employing the control mechanisms of single-charge devices: single- and two-bit operations can be controlled by gate voltages. The advantages of using tunable Josephson couplings include the simplification of the operation and the reduction of errors associated with permanent couplings.
C1 Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Theoret Festkorperphys, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
   LD Landau Theoret Phys Inst, Moscow 117940, Russia.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Makhlin, Y (corresponding author), Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Theoret Festkorperphys, Kaiserstr 12, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
EM makhlin@tfp.physik.uni-karlsruhe.de
NR 23
TC 628
Z9 689
U1 1
U2 98
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6725
BP 305
EP 307
DI 10.1038/18613
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180DF
UT WOS:000079369600042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chin, J
   Lee, SS
   Lee, KJ
   Park, S
   Kim, DH
AF Chin, J
   Lee, SS
   Lee, KJ
   Park, S
   Kim, DH
TI A metal complex that binds α-amino acids with high and predictable stereospecificity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cobalt(iii) complexes; recognition; receptors; ligands; esters; rna
AB Molecular recognition is the key step in a wide range of controlled separation and chemical transformation processes, with enzymes performing this task with an unsurpassed degree of selectivity. Enzymes contain only 20 simple amino acids, yet it remains difficult to rationalize or even predict these stereospecific recognition events. Nonetheless, the rational design of receptors able to recognize amino acids stereospecifically is attracting considerable interest because therapeutic drugs, that may be developed from chiral amino acid intermediates, are increasingly required in enantiomerically pure form(1). Early work(2-4) has stimulated the development of efficient receptors based on small molecules(5-8), but binding of amino acids with high and predictable stereospecificity remains difficult to achieve. Directed molecular evolution(9), on the other hand, does select for RNA sequences or antibodies that bind amino acids with high specificity(10-12), but typically without providing insights into the molecular recognition mechanisms involved. Here we show that a rationally designed metal complex formed from a trivalent cobalt ion and a tetradentate ligand binds natural amino acids, including the simple yet challenging amino acid alanine, with high and predictable regio- and stereospecificity. We expect that our approach will allow the binding as well as separation and stereospecific catalytic formation of its target amino acids.
C1 McGill Univ, Dept Chem, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada.
   Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Ctr Biofunct Mol, Pohang 790784, South Korea.
C3 McGill University; Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH)
RP Chin, J (corresponding author), McGill Univ, Dept Chem, 801 Sherbrooke St W, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada.
NR 25
TC 160
Z9 174
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 254
EP 257
DI 10.1038/45751
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400046
PM 10499581
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Steane, AM
AF Steane, AM
TI Efficient fault-tolerant quantum computing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID error-correcting codes; computation; networks
AB Quantum computing(1)-the processing of information according to the fundamental laws of physics-offers a means to solve efficiently a small but significant set of classically intractable problems. Quantum computers are based on the controlled manipulation of entangled quantum states, which are extremely sensitive to noise and imprecision; active correction of errors must therefore be implemented without causing loss of coherence. Quantum error-correction theory(2-9) has made great progress in this regard, by predicting error-correcting 'codeword' quantum states. But the coding is inefficient and requires many quantum bits(10-12), which results in physically unwieldy fault-tolerant quantum circuits(10-18). Here I report a general technique for circumventing the trade-off between the achieved noise tolerance and the scale-up in computer size that is required to realize the error correction. I adapt the recovery operation (the process by which noise is suppressed through error detection and correction) to simultaneously correct errors and perform a useful measurement that drives the computation. The result is that a quantum computer need be only an order of magnitude larger than the logic device contained within it. For example, the physical scale-up factor(10,11) required to factorize a thousand-digit number is reduced from 1,500 to 22, while preserving the original tolerated gate error rate (10(-5)) and memory noise per bit (10(-7)). The difficulty of realizing a useful quantum computer is therefore significantly reduced.
C1 Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Dept Atom & Laser Phys, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Steane, AM (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Dept Atom & Laser Phys, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
NR 29
TC 171
Z9 191
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6732
BP 124
EP 126
DI 10.1038/20127
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 196XU
UT WOS:000080335700041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sels, B
   De Vos, D
   Buntinx, M
   Pierard, F
   Kirsch-De Mesmaeker, A
   Jacobs, P
AF Sels, B
   De Vos, D
   Buntinx, M
   Pierard, F
   Kirsch-De Mesmaeker, A
   Jacobs, P
TI Layered double hydroxides exchanged with tungstate as biomimetic catalysts for mild oxidative bromination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrogen-peroxide; vanadium bromoperoxidases; chloroperoxidase; mechanism; bromide; immobilization; complexes; kinetics; alkenes; enzyme
AB The manufacture of a range of bulk and fine chemicals, including flame retardants, disinfectants and antibacterial and antiviral drugs, involves bromination(1), Conventional bromination methods typically use elemental bromine, a pollutant and a safety and health hazard, Attempts to develop alternative and more benign strategies have been inspired by haloperoxidase enzymes, which achieve selective halogenation at room temperature and nearly neutral pH by oxidizing inorganic halides with hydrogen peroxide(2,3), The enzyme vanadium bromoperoxidase has attracted particular interest(4,5) in this regard, and several homogeneous inorganic catalysts mimicking its activity are available(6-11) although they are limited by the requirement for strongly acidic reaction media. A heterogenous mimic operating at neutral pH has also been reported(12), but shows only modest catalytic activity. Here we describe a tungstate-exchanged layered double hydroxide that catalyses oxidative bromination and bromide-assisted epoxidation reactions in a selective manner, We find that the catalyst is over 100 times more active than its homogeneous analogue. The low cost and heterogeneous character of this system, together with its ability to operate efficiently under mild conditions using bromides rather than elemental bromine, raise the prospect of being able to develop a clean and efficient industrial route to brominated chemicals and drugs and epoxide intermediates.
C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Ctr Surface Chem & Catalysis, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
   Free Univ Brussels, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.
C3 KU Leuven; Universite Libre de Bruxelles
RP Jacobs, P (corresponding author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Ctr Surface Chem & Catalysis, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
NR 30
TC 493
Z9 516
U1 3
U2 231
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6747
BP 855
EP 857
DI 10.1038/23674
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 230CA
UT WOS:000082233200040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rastogi, VK
   Girvin, ME
AF Rastogi, VK
   Girvin, ME
TI Structural changes linked to proton translocation by subunit c of the ATP synthase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-structure determination; escherichia-coli; chemical-shifts; cross-linking; direct refinement; nmr; f1-atpase; rotation; f-0; sector
AB F1F0 ATP synthases use a transmembrane proton gradient to drive the synthesis of cellular ATP. The structure of the cytosolic F-1 portion of the enzyme and the basic mechanism of ATP hydrolysis by F-1 are now well established, but how proton translocation through the transmembrane F-0 portion drives these catalytic changes is less clear. Here we describe the structural changes in the proton-translocating F-0 subunit c that are induced by deprotonating the specific aspartic acid involved in proton transport. conformational changes between the protonated and deprotonated forms of subunit c provide the structural basis for an explicit mechanism to explain coupling of proton translocation by F-0 to the rotation of subunits within the core of F-1. Rotation of these subunits within F-1 causes the catalytic conformational changes in the active sites of F-1 that result in ATP synthesis.
C1 Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Biochem, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
C3 Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University
RP Girvin, ME (corresponding author), Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Biochem, 1300 Morris Pk Ave, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
EM girvin@aecom.yu.edu
NR 50
TC 396
Z9 449
U1 0
U2 54
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6759
BP 263
EP 268
DI 10.1038/46224
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 257ZP
UT WOS:000083813700040
PM 10580496
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thommes, EW
   Duncan, MJ
   Levison, HF
AF Thommes, EW
   Duncan, MJ
   Levison, HF
TI The formation of Uranus and Neptune in the Jupiter-Saturn region of the Solar System
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID giant planets; family comets; kuiper belt; origin; accretion
AB Planets are believed to have formed through the accumulation of a large number of small bodies(1-4). In the case of the gas-giant planets Jupiter and Saturn, they accreted a significant amount of gas directly from the protosolar nebula after accumulating solid cores of about 5-15 Earth masses(5,6). Such models, however, have been unable to produce the smaller ice giants(7,8) Uranus and Neptune at their present locations, because in that region of the Solar System the small planetary bodies will have been more widely spaced, and less tightly bound gravitationally to the Sun. When applied to the current Jupiter-Saturn zone, a recent theory predicts that, in addition to the solid cores of Jupiter and Saturn, two or three other solid bodies of comparable mass are likely to have formed(9). Here we report the results of model calculations that demonstrate that such cores will have been gravitationally scattered outwards as Jupiter, and perhaps Saturn, accreted nebular gas. The orbits of these cores then evolve into orbits that resemble those of Uranus and Neptune, as a result of gravitational interactions with the small bodies in the outer disk of the protosolar nebula.
C1 Queens Univ, Dept Phys, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
   SW Res Inst, Space Studies Dept, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
C3 Queens University - Canada
RP Duncan, MJ (corresponding author), Queens Univ, Dept Phys, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
NR 21
TC 219
Z9 236
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 635
EP 638
DI 10.1038/45185
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800057
PM 10604469
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mayer, K
   Schüller, C
   Wambutt, R
   Murphy, G
   Volckaert, G
   Pohl, T
   Düsterhöft, A
   Stiekema, W
   Entian, KD
   Terryn, N
   Harris, B
   Ansorge, W
   Brandt, P
   Grivell, L
   Rieger, M
   Weichselgartner, M
   de Simone, V
   Obermaier, B
   Mache, R
   Müller, M
   Kreis, M
   Delseny, M
   Puigdomenech, P
   Watson, M
   Schmidtheini, T
   Reichert, B
   Portatelle, D
   Perez-Alonso, M
   Boutry, M
   Bancroft, I
   Vos, P
   Hoheisel, J
   Zimmermann, W
   Wedler, H
   Ridley, P
   Langham, SA
   McCullagh, B
   Bilham, L
   Robben, J
   Van der Schueren, J
   Grymonprez, B
   Chuang, YJ
   Vandenbussche, F
   Braeken, M
   Weltjens, I
   Voet, M
   Bastiaens, I
   Aert, R
   Defoor, E
   Weitzenegger, T
   Bothe, G
   Ramsperger, U
   Hilbert, H
   Braun, M
   Holzer, E
   Brandt, A
   Peters, S
   van Staveren, M
   Dirkse, W
   Mooijman, P
   Lankhorst, RK
   Rose, M
   Hauf, J
   Kötter, P
   Berneiser, S
   Hempel, S
   Feldpausch, M
   Lamberth, S
   Van den Daele, H
   De Keyser, A
   Buysshaert, C
   Gielen, J
   Villarroel, R
   De Clercq, R
   Van Montagu, M
   Rogers, J
   Cronin, A
   Quail, M
   Bray-Allen, S
   Clark, L
   Doggett, J
   Hall, S
   Kay, M
   Lennard, N
   McLay, K
   Mayes, R
   Pettett, A
   Rajandream, MA
   Lyne, M
   Benes, V
   Rechmann, S
   Borkova, D
   Blöcker, H
   Scharfe, M
   Grimm, M
   Löhnert, TH
   Dose, S
   de Haan, M
   Maarse, A
   Schäfer, M
   Müller-Auer, S
   Gabel, C
   Fuchs, M
   Fartmann, B
   Granderath, K
   Dauner, D
   Herzl, A
   Neumann, S
   Argiriou, A
   Vitale, D
   Liguori, R
   Piravandi, E
   Massenet, O
   Quigley, F
   Clabauld, G
   Mündlein, A
   Felber, R
   Schnabl, S
   Hiller, R
   Schmidt, W
   Lecharny, A
   Aubourg, S
   Chefdor, F
   Cooke, R
   Berger, C
   Montfort, A
   Casacuberta, E
   Gibbons, T
   Weber, N
   Vandenbol, M
   Bargues, M
   Terol, J
   Torres, A
   Perez-Perez, A
   Purnelle, B
   Bent, E
   Johnson, S
   Tacon, D
   Jesse, T
   Heijnen, L
   Schwarz, S
   Scholler, P
   Heber, S
   Francs, P
   Bielke, C
   Frishman, D
   Haase, D
   Lemcke, K
   Mewes, HW
   Stocker, S
   Zaccaria, P
   Bevan, M
   Wilson, RK
   de la Bastide, M
   Habermann, K
   Parnell, L
   Dedhia, N
   Gnoj, L
   Schutz, K
   Huang, E
   Spiegel, L
   Sehkon, M
   Murray, J
   Sheet, P
   Cordes, M
   Abu-Threideh, J
   Stoneking, T
   Kalicki, J
   Graves, T
   Harmon, G
   Edwards, J
   Latreille, P
   Courtney, L
   Cloud, J
   Abbott, A
   Scott, K
   Johnson, D
   Minx, P
   Bentley, D
   Fulton, B
   Miller, N
   Greco, T
   Kemp, K
   Kramer, J
   Fulton, L
   Mardis, E
   Dante, M
   Pepin, K
   Hillier, L
   Nelson, J
   Spieth, J
   Ryan, E
   Andrews, S
   Geisel, C
   Layman, D
   Du, H
   Ali, J
   Berghoff, A
   Jones, K
   Drone, K
   Cotton, M
   Joshu, C
   Antonoiu, B
   Zidanic, M
   Strong, C
   Sun, H
   Lamar, B
   Yordan, C
   Ma, P
   Zhong, J
   Preston, R
   Vil, D
   Shekher, M
   Matero, A
   Shah, R
   Swaby, I
AF Mayer, K
   Schüller, C
   Wambutt, R
   Murphy, G
   Volckaert, G
   Pohl, T
   Düsterhöft, A
   Stiekema, W
   Entian, KD
   Terryn, N
   Harris, B
   Ansorge, W
   Brandt, P
   Grivell, L
   Rieger, M
   Weichselgartner, M
   de Simone, V
   Obermaier, B
   Mache, R
   Müller, M
   Kreis, M
   Delseny, M
   Puigdomenech, P
   Watson, M
   Schmidtheini, T
   Reichert, B
   Portatelle, D
   Perez-Alonso, M
   Boutry, M
   Bancroft, I
   Vos, P
   Hoheisel, J
   Zimmermann, W
   Wedler, H
   Ridley, P
   Langham, SA
   McCullagh, B
   Bilham, L
   Robben, J
   Van der Schueren, J
   Grymonprez, B
   Chuang, YJ
   Vandenbussche, F
   Braeken, M
   Weltjens, I
   Voet, M
   Bastiaens, I
   Aert, R
   Defoor, E
   Weitzenegger, T
   Bothe, G
   Ramsperger, U
   Hilbert, H
   Braun, M
   Holzer, E
   Brandt, A
   Peters, S
   van Staveren, M
   Dirkse, W
   Mooijman, P
   Lankhorst, RK
   Rose, M
   Hauf, J
   Kötter, P
   Berneiser, S
   Hempel, S
   Feldpausch, M
   Lamberth, S
   Van den Daele, H
   De Keyser, A
   Buysshaert, C
   Gielen, J
   Villarroel, R
   De Clercq, R
   Van Montagu, M
   Rogers, J
   Cronin, A
   Quail, M
   Bray-Allen, S
   Clark, L
   Doggett, J
   Hall, S
   Kay, M
   Lennard, N
   McLay, K
   Mayes, R
   Pettett, A
   Rajandream, MA
   Lyne, M
   Benes, V
   Rechmann, S
   Borkova, D
   Blöcker, H
   Scharfe, M
   Grimm, M
   Löhnert, TH
   Dose, S
   de Haan, M
   Maarse, A
   Schäfer, M
   Müller-Auer, S
   Gabel, C
   Fuchs, M
   Fartmann, B
   Granderath, K
   Dauner, D
   Herzl, A
   Neumann, S
   Argiriou, A
   Vitale, D
   Liguori, R
   Piravandi, E
   Massenet, O
   Quigley, F
   Clabauld, G
   Mündlein, A
   Felber, R
   Schnabl, S
   Hiller, R
   Schmidt, W
   Lecharny, A
   Aubourg, S
   Chefdor, F
   Cooke, R
   Berger, C
   Montfort, A
   Casacuberta, E
   Gibbons, T
   Weber, N
   Vandenbol, M
   Bargues, M
   Terol, J
   Torres, A
   Perez-Perez, A
   Purnelle, B
   Bent, E
   Johnson, S
   Tacon, D
   Jesse, T
   Heijnen, L
   Schwarz, S
   Scholler, P
   Heber, S
   Francs, P
   Bielke, C
   Frishman, D
   Haase, D
   Lemcke, K
   Mewes, HW
   Stocker, S
   Zaccaria, P
   Bevan, M
   Wilson, RK
   de la Bastide, M
   Habermann, K
   Parnell, L
   Dedhia, N
   Gnoj, L
   Schutz, K
   Huang, E
   Spiegel, L
   Sehkon, M
   Murray, J
   Sheet, P
   Cordes, M
   Abu-Threideh, J
   Stoneking, T
   Kalicki, J
   Graves, T
   Harmon, G
   Edwards, J
   Latreille, P
   Courtney, L
   Cloud, J
   Abbott, A
   Scott, K
   Johnson, D
   Minx, P
   Bentley, D
   Fulton, B
   Miller, N
   Greco, T
   Kemp, K
   Kramer, J
   Fulton, L
   Mardis, E
   Dante, M
   Pepin, K
   Hillier, L
   Nelson, J
   Spieth, J
   Ryan, E
   Andrews, S
   Geisel, C
   Layman, D
   Du, H
   Ali, J
   Berghoff, A
   Jones, K
   Drone, K
   Cotton, M
   Joshu, C
   Antonoiu, B
   Zidanic, M
   Strong, C
   Sun, H
   Lamar, B
   Yordan, C
   Ma, P
   Zhong, J
   Preston, R
   Vil, D
   Shekher, M
   Matero, A
   Shah, R
   Swaby, I
TI Sequence and analysis of chromosome 4 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fission yeast; dna-sequences; genomic dna; model-plant; regions; rflp; rna; recombination; prediction; telomere
AB The higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) is an important model for identifying plant genes and determining their function. To assist biological investigations and to define chromosome structure, a coordinated effort to sequence the Arabidopsis genome was initiated in late 1996, Here we report one of the first milestones of this project, the sequence of chromosome 4. Analysis of 17.38 megabases of unique sequence, representing about 17% of the genome, reveals 3,744 protein coding genes, 81 transfer RNAs and numerous repeat elements. Heterochromatic regions surrounding the putative centromere, which has not yet been completely sequenced, are characterized by an increased frequency of a variety of repeats, new repeats, reduced recombination, lowered gene density and lowered gene expression. Roughly 60% of the predicted protein-coding genes have been functionally characterized on the basis of their homology to known genes. Many genes encode predicted proteins that are homologous to human and Caenorhabditis elegans proteins.
C1 John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
   GSF Forschungszentrum Umwelt & Gesundheit, Munich Informat Ctr Prot Sequences, Max Planck Inst Biochem, D-82152 Munich, Germany.
   AGOWA GmbH, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Gene Technol, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium.
   GATC GmbH, D-78467 Constance, Germany.
   QIAGEN GmbH, D-40724 Hilden, Germany.
   DLO, CPRO, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
   SRD GmbH, D-61440 Oberursel, Germany.
   Univ Ghent, Dept Genet, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
   Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambs, England.
   European Mol Biol Lab, Biochem Instrumentat Programme, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   GBF, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
   Univ Amsterdam, Mol Biol Sect, Swammerdam Inst Life Sci, NL-1098 SM Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Genotype GmbH, D-69259 Wilhelmsfeld, Germany.
   MWG AG Biotech, D-85554 Ebersberg, Germany.
   Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Biochim & Biotecnol Med, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
   Univ Naples Federico II, CEINGE, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
   MediGenomix GmbH, DNA Analyt & Genom, D-82152 Planegg Martinsried, Germany.
   Univ Grenoble 1, Lab Plastes & Differenciat Cellulaire, UMR5575, F-38041 Grenoble, France.
   CNRS, F-38041 Grenoble, France.
   Vienna Bioctr, Inst Microbiol & Genet, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   Univ Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8618, Inst Biotechnol Plantes, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Univ Perpignan, UMR CNRS 5545, Lab Physiol & Biol Mol Plantes, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
   CSIC, Inst Biol Mol Barcelona, Dept Mol Genet, Barcelona, Spain.
   Univ Durham, Dept Biol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
   Microsynth GmbH, CH-9436 Balgach, Switzerland.
   Baseclear, Leiden, Netherlands.
   Fac Univ Sci Agronom, Microbiol Unit, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
   Univ Valencia, Dept Genet, Valencia 46100, Spain.
   Catholic Univ Louvain, FYSA, B-1348 Louvain, Belgium.
   Keygene NV, NL-6700 AE Wageningen, Netherlands.
   Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Funct Genome Anal, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Inst Plant Genet & Crop Plant Res IPK, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Ctr, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor Plant Biol Grp, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Appl Biosyst Inc, Foster City, CA 94494 USA.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; Max Planck Society; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health; KU Leuven; QIAGEN GmbH; Ghent University; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research; University of Amsterdam; University of Naples Federico II; University of Naples Federico II; CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Universite Paris Saclay; Universite Perpignan Via Domitia; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB); Durham University; University of Valencia; Universite Catholique Louvain; Keygene N.V.; Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Leibniz Institut fur Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung; Washington University (WUSTL); Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Thermo Fisher Scientific; Applied Biosystems
RP Bevan, M (corresponding author), John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
EM bevan@bbsrc.ac.uk
NR 50
TC 301
Z9 2828
U1 2
U2 120
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 769
EP +
DI 10.1038/47134
PG 12
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500054
PM 10617198
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Graef, IA
   Mermelstein, PG
   Stankunas, K
   Neilson, JR
   Deisseroth, K
   Tsien, RW
   Crabtree, GR
AF Graef, IA
   Mermelstein, PG
   Stankunas, K
   Neilson, JR
   Deisseroth, K
   Tsien, RW
   Crabtree, GR
TI L-type calcium channels and GSK-3 regulate the activity of NF-ATc4 in hippocampal neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term depression; glycogen-synthase kinase-3; lymphocyte-t activation; creb phosphorylation; gene-expression; cyclosporine-a; nf-atc; calcineurin; induction; transcription
AB The molecular basis of learning and memory has been the object of several recent advances, which have focused attention on calcium-regulated pathways controlling transcription. One of the molecules implicated by pharmacological, biochemical and genetic approaches is the calcium/calmodulin-regulated phosphatase, calcineurin(1-5). In lymphocytes, calcineurin responds to specific calcium signals and regulates expression of several immediate early genes by controlling the nuclear import of the NF-ATc family of transcription factors(6-9). Here we show that NF-ATc4/NF-AT3 (ref. 10) in hippocampal neurons can rapidly translocate from cytoplasm to nucleus and activate NF-AT-dependent transcription in response to electrical activity or potassium depolarization. The calcineurin-mediated translocation is critically dependent on calcium entry through L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. GSK-3 can phosphorylate NF-ATc4, promoting its export from the nucleus and antagonizing NF-ATc4-dependent transcription. Furthermore, we show that induction of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 is controlled by the calcium/calcineurin/NF-ATc pathway. This provides a new perspective on the function of calcineurin in the central nervous system and indicates that NF-AT-mediated gene expression may be involved in the induction of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory formation.
C1 Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Sch Med, Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Beckman Ctr Mol & Genet Med, Sch Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Crabtree, GR (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 30
TC 420
Z9 498
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6754
BP 703
EP 708
DI 10.1038/44378
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 247EJ
UT WOS:000083207400058
PM 10537109
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cerda, E
   Chaieb, S
   Melo, F
   Mahadevan, L
AF Cerda, E
   Chaieb, S
   Melo, F
   Mahadevan, L
TI Conical dislocations in crumpling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID elastic sheet; ridges; paper
AB A crumpled piece of paper is made up of cylindrically curved or nearly planar regions folded along line-like ridges, which themselves pivot about point-like peaks; most of the deformation and energy is focused into these localized objects. Localization of deformation in thin sheets is a diverse phenomenon(1-6), and is a consequence of the fact(7) that bending a thin sheet is energetically more favourable than stretching it. Previous studies(8-11) considered the weakly nonlinear response of peaks and ridges to deformation. Here we report a quantitative description of the shape, response and stability of conical dislocations, the simplest type of topological crumpling deformation. The dislocation consists of a stretched core, in which some of the energy resides, and a peripheral region dominated by bending. We derive scaling laws for the size of the core, characterize the geometry of the dislocation away from the core, and analyse the interaction between two conical dislocations in a simple geometry. Our results show that the initial stages of crumpling (characterized by the large deformation of a few folds) are dominated by bending only. By considering the response of a transversely forced conical dislocation, we show that it is dynamically unstable above a critical load threshold. A similar instability is found for the case of two interacting dislocations, suggesting that a cascade of related instabilities is responsible for the focusing of energy to progressively smaller scales during crumpling.
C1 MIT, Dept Mech Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Santiago Chile, Dept Fis, Santiago, Chile.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Universidad de Santiago de Chile
RP Mahadevan, L (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Mech Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 18
TC 170
Z9 188
U1 0
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6748
BP 46
EP 49
DI 10.1038/43395
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 232MK
UT WOS:000082374400035
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grassberger, P
   Schreiber, T
AF Grassberger, P
   Schreiber, T
TI Statistical mechanics - Microscopic chaos from brownian motion?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID turbulence
C1 Berg Univ Gesamthsch Wuppertal, Dept Phys, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany.
C3 University of Wuppertal
RP Grassberger, P (corresponding author), Berg Univ Gesamthsch Wuppertal, Dept Phys, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany.
NR 10
TC 23
Z9 24
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6756
BP 875
EP 876
DI 10.1038/44762
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 251UL
UT WOS:000083464700046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Land, TA
   Martin, TL
   Potapenko, S
   Palmore, GT
   De Yoreo, JJ
AF Land, TA
   Martin, TL
   Potapenko, S
   Palmore, GT
   De Yoreo, JJ
TI Recovery of surfaces from impurity poisoning during crystal growth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mechanisms; kinetics
AB Growth and dissolution of crystal surfaces are central to processes as diverse as pharmaceutical manufacturing(1,2), corrosion(3), single-crystal production(4) and mineralization in geochemical and biological environments(5,6). Impurities are either unavoidable features of these processes or intentionally introduced to modify the products. Those that act as inhibiting agents induce a so-called 'dead zone', a regime of low supersaturation where growth ceases. Models based on the classic theory of Cabrera and Vermilyea(7) explain behaviour near the dead zone in terms of the pinning of elementary step motion by impurities(8,9). Despite general acceptance of this theory, a number of commonly investigated systems exhibit behaviour not predicted by such models(10). Moreover, no clear microscopic picture of impurity-step interactions currently exists, Here we use atomic force microscopy to investigate the potassium dihydrogen phosphate {100} surface as it emerges from the dead zone, We show that traditional models are not able to account for the behaviour of this system because they consider only elementary steps, whereas it is the propagation of macrosteps (bunches of monolayer steps) that leads to resurrection of growth out of the dead zone. We present a simple physical model of this process that includes macrosteps and relates characteristics of growth near the dead zone to the timescale for impurity adsorption.
C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Land, TA (corresponding author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Dept Chem & Mat Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
NR 13
TC 232
Z9 262
U1 1
U2 98
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 442
EP 445
DI 10.1038/20886
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Viswanathan, GM
   Buldyrev, SV
   Havlin, S
   da Luz, MGE
   Raposo, EP
   Stanley, HE
AF Viswanathan, GM
   Buldyrev, SV
   Havlin, S
   da Luz, MGE
   Raposo, EP
   Stanley, HE
TI Optimizing the success of random searches
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID n levy flights; chemosensory responses; movement; patterns; behavior
AB We address the general question of what is the best statistical strategy to adapt in order to search efficiently for randomly located objects ('target sites'). It is often assumed in foraging theory that the flight lengths of a forager have a characteristic scale: from this assumption gaussian, Rayleigh and other classical distributions with well-defined variances have arisen. However, such theories cannot explain the long-tailed power-law distributions(1,2) of flight lengths or flight times(3-6) that are observed experimentally. Here we study how the search efficiency depends on the probability distribution of flight lengths taken by a forager that can detect target sites only in its limited vicinity. We show that, when the target sites are sparse and can be visited any number of times, an inverse square power-law distribution of flight lengths, corresponding to Levy flight motion, is an optimal strategy. We test the theory by analysing experimental foraging data on selected insect, mammal and bird species, and find that they are consistent with the predicted inverse square power-law distributions.
C1 Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ Fed Rio Grande do Norte, Int Ctr Complex Syst, BR-59072970 Natal, RN, Brazil.
   Univ Fed Rio Grande do Norte, Dept Fis Teor & Expt, BR-59072970 Natal, RN, Brazil.
   Univ Fed Alagoas, Dept Fis, BR-57075970 Maceio, AL, Brazil.
   Bar Ilan Univ, Gonda Goldshmied Ctr, Ramat Gan, Israel.
   Bar Ilan Univ, Dept Phys, Ramat Gan, Israel.
   Harvard Univ, Lyman Lab Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Fed Parana, Dept Fis, BR-81531970 Curitiba, Parana, Brazil.
   Univ Fed Pernambuco, Dept Fis, Lab Fis Teor & Computac, BR-50670901 Recife, PE, Brazil.
C3 Boston University; Boston University; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; Universidade Federal de Alagoas; Bar Ilan University; Bar Ilan University; Harvard University; Universidade Federal do Parana; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
RP Viswanathan, GM (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM gandhi@fis.ufal.br
NR 20
TC 1191
Z9 1330
U1 4
U2 256
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6756
BP 911
EP 914
DI 10.1038/44831
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 251UL
UT WOS:000083464700057
PM 10553906
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ross, D
   Bonn, D
   Meunier, J
AF Ross, D
   Bonn, D
   Meunier, J
TI Observation of short-range critical wetting
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cubic ising-model; mean-field-theory; 3 dimensions; interfacial stiffness; amplitude ratios; transitions; parameter; forces
AB Mean-field theory correctly predicts the critical behaviour of systems dose to a phase transition, provided that fluctuations can be neglected. Fluctuations, however, become important if the dimensionality of the system is lower than a certain upper critical dimension. For such systems, it is necessary to use renormalization-group methods to describe the critical behaviour. Investigation of three-dimensional systems in which the upper critical dimension is also three can therefore provide a probe of the way in which mean-field theory breaks down when fluctuations become important(1-12). An important example is the critical wetting transition that is predicted(1,2) to occur in systems in which long-range forces are negligible, involving a continuous and reversible increase in the thickness of an adsorbed film. Here we present experimental observations of the short-range wetting transition dose to the critical point in methanol-alkane binary liquid mixtures. We observe second-order, critical wetting for nonane (as characterized by the surface specific-heat exponent). The measured value is consistent with the predictions of mean-field theory, but disagrees strongly with renormalization-group calculations, which predict(1-4) non-universal behaviour for this transition. The reasons for the apparent failure of the renormalization-group approach remain unclear; further experiments are needed to investigate the effects of fluctuations ih more detail.
C1 Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8550,ENS, Lab Phys Stat, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Physics (INP); Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS)
RP Ross, D (corresponding author), Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8550,ENS, Lab Phys Stat, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
EM David.Ross@physique.ens.fr
NR 18
TC 91
Z9 91
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6746
BP 737
EP 739
DI 10.1038/23425
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228HM
UT WOS:000082131100042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Romo, R
   Brody, CD
   Hernández, A
   Lemus, L
AF Romo, R
   Brody, CD
   Hernández, A
   Lemus, L
TI Neuronal correlates of parametric working memory in the prefrontal cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID psychophysical measurements; frontal-cortex; monkeys; discrimination; flutter; fields; sense; task
AB Humans and monkeys have similar abilities to discriminate the difference in frequency between two mechanical vibrations applied sequentially to the fingertips(1-3). A key component of this sensory task is that the second stimulus is compared with the trace left by the first (base) stimulus, which must involve working memory,Where and how is this trace held in the brain? This question was investigated by recording from single neurons in the prefrontal cortex of monkeys while they performed the somatosensory discrimination task, Here we describe neurons in the inferior convexity of the prefrontal cortex whose discharge rates varied, during the delay period between the two stimuli, as a monotonic function of the base stimulus frequency. We describe this as 'monotonic stimulus encoding: and we suggest that the result may generalize: monotonic stimulus encoding may be the basic representation of one-dimensional sensory stimulus quantities in working memory. Thus we predict that other behavioural tasks that require ordinal comparisons between scalar analogue stimuli would give rise to monotonic responses similar to those reported here.
C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Fisiol Celular, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.
C3 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
RP Romo, R (corresponding author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Fisiol Celular, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.
NR 27
TC 638
Z9 739
U1 0
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 470
EP 473
DI 10.1038/20939
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900049
PM 10365959
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU O'Craven, KM
   Downing, PE
   Kanwisher, N
AF O'Craven, KM
   Downing, PE
   Kanwisher, N
TI fMRI evidence for objects as the units of attentional selection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual-attention; brain potentials; neural mechanisms; human mt; modulation; perception; spotlight; cortex; areas; color
AB Contrasting theories of visual attention emphasize selection by spatial location(1), visual features (such as motion or colour)(2-4) or whole objects(5,6). Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test key predictions of the object-based theory, which proposes that pre-attentive mechanisms segment the visual array into discrete objects, groups, or surfaces, which serve as targets for visual attention(5-9). Subjects viewed stimuli consisting of a face transparently superimposed on a house, with one moving and the other stationary. In different conditions, subjects attended to the face, the house or the motion. The magnetic resonance signal from each subject's fusiform face area(10), parahippocampal place area(11) and area MT/MST12 provided a measure of the processing of faces, houses and visual motion, respectively. Although all three attributes occupied the same location, attending to one attribute of an object (such as the motion of a moving face) enhanced the neural representation not only of that attribute but also of the other attribute of the same object (for example, the face), compared with attributes of the other object (for example, the house). These results cannot be explained by models in which attention selects locations or features, and provide physiological evidence that whole objects are selected even when only one visual attribute is relevant.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, NMR Ctr, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Radcliffe Coll, Bunting Inst, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Kanwisher, N (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, NMR Ctr, Bldg 149 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
NR 30
TC 667
Z9 777
U1 3
U2 106
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 584
EP 587
DI 10.1038/44134
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900049
PM 10524624
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jones, RL
   Kumar, SK
   Ho, DL
   Briber, RM
   Russell, TP
AF Jones, RL
   Kumar, SK
   Ho, DL
   Briber, RM
   Russell, TP
TI Chain conformation in ultrathin polymer films
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monte-carlo simulations; angle neutron-scattering; melt; thin; interfaces; blends; walls
AB Polymer thin films are used in a variety of technological applications-for example, as paints, lubricants and adhesives. Theories that predict the properties of molten polymers in confined geometries las in a thin film) generally start from the premise that the chains maintain their unperturbed gaussian conformation in the direction parallel to the surface(1-5). This assumption has been questioned, however, by recent experiments(6-8). Here we use small-angle neutron scattering to characterize the chain structure and conformation in ultrathin (less than 100 nm) polymer films. The conformation can be deduced directly from the scattering from mixtures of protonated and perdeuterated polystyrenes. We find that the gaussian conformation is retained parallel to the surfaces in all cases. Chain sizes equal the bulk value, within experimental uncertainty, although there is a systematic trend towards chain swelling in the thinnest films.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16803 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20740 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Dept Polymer Sci & Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst
RP Kumar, SK (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16803 USA.
NR 22
TC 271
Z9 301
U1 1
U2 149
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6740
BP 146
EP 149
DI 10.1038/22080
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214JM
UT WOS:000081324900048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Post, E
   Peterson, RO
   Stenseth, NC
   McLaren, BE
AF Post, E
   Peterson, RO
   Stenseth, NC
   McLaren, BE
TI Ecosystem consequences of wolf behavioural response to climate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID royale-national-park; isle-royale; sea otters; moose herbivory; balsam fir; food-web; wolves; community; vegetation; predation
AB Because apex predators exert considerable influence on the structure and function of top-down ecosystems(1-3), their responses to climate may shape responses at lower trophic levels(4). Previous reports of trophic cascades and ecosystem dynamics induced by predators have focused on changes in their abundance(5-8), whereas we investigated whether changes in predator behaviour could precipitate cascades of similar ecological scale. Here we report the ecological consequences of predator behavioural response to global climatic variation using 40 years of data on wolf predation from Isle Royale, USA, where wolves limit abundance of moose(9), which limit productivity of fir trees(10). In response to increases in winter snow related to the North Atlantic Oscillation, wolves hunted in larger packs and, consequently, tripled the number of moose killed per day compared with less snowy years when they hunted in smaller packs. Following increased predation rates, moose abundance declined, and, following release from heavy browsing, growth of understory fir increased. Hence, cascading behavioural responses of apex predators may be a substantial link in the pathway from climatic change to ecosystem function.
C1 Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Div Zool, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
   Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA.
   Dept Forest Resources, Wildlife Div, St Johns, NF A1B 4J6, Canada.
C3 University of Oslo; Michigan Technological University
RP Post, E (corresponding author), Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Div Zool, POB 1050, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
NR 30
TC 279
Z9 330
U1 1
U2 258
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6756
BP 905
EP 907
DI 10.1038/44814
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 251UL
UT WOS:000083464700055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jacobs, JJL
   Kieboom, K
   Marino, S
   DePinho, RA
   van Lohuizen, M
AF Jacobs, JJL
   Kieboom, K
   Marino, S
   DePinho, RA
   van Lohuizen, M
TI The oncogene and Polycomb-group gene bmi-1 regulates cell proliferation and senescence through the ink4a locus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transgenic mice; tumor suppression; axial skeleton; lymphomagenesis; identification; transformation; protooncogene; fibroblasts; expression; p16(ink4a)
AB The bmi-1 gene was first isolated as an oncogene that cooperates with c-myc in the generation of mouse lymphomas(1,2). We subsequently identified Bmi-1 as a transcriptional repressor belonging to the mouse Polycomb group(3-6). The Polycomb group comprises an important, conserved set of proteins that are required to maintain stable repression of specific target genes, such as homeobox-cluster genes, during development(7-9). In mice, the absence of bmi-1 expression results in neurological defects and severe proliferative defects in lymphoid cells, whereas bmi-1 overexpression induces lymphomas(4,10). Here we show that bmi-1-deficient primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts are impaired in progression into the S phase of the cell cycle and undergo premature senescence. In these fibroblasts and in bmi-1-deficient: lymphocytes, the expression of the tumour suppressors p16 and p19(Arf), which are encoded by ink4a, is raised markedly. Conversely, overexpression of bmi-1 allows fibroblast immortalization, downregulates expression of p16 and p19(Arf) and, in combination with H-ras, leads to neoplastic transformation. Removal of ink4a dramatically reduces the lymphoid and neurological defects seen in bmi-1-deficient mice, indicating that ink4a is a critical in vivo target for Bmi-1. Our results connect transcriptional repression by Polycomb-group proteins with cell-cycle control and senescence.
C1 Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Carcinogenesis, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Genet, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Netherlands Cancer Institute; Netherlands Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
RP van Lohuizen, M (corresponding author), Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Carcinogenesis, Plesmanlaan 121, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM lohuizen@nki.nl
NR 30
TC 1349
Z9 1577
U1 0
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 14
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6715
BP 164
EP 168
DI 10.1038/16476
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 157WQ
UT WOS:000078085000047
PM 9923679
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beck, R
   Ehle, M
   Shoutenkov, V
   Shukurov, A
   Sokoloff, D
AF Beck, R
   Ehle, M
   Shoutenkov, V
   Shukurov, A
   Sokoloff, D
TI Magnetic field as a tracer of sheared gas flow in barred galaxies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID active galactic nuclei; star-forming rings; hydrodynamical simulations; dynamical interpretation; spiral galaxy; mass inflow; ngc-1097; shocks
AB Many spiral galaxies have stellar bars-an elongated region near the centre from which spiral arms emerge. Gas and stars in barred galaxies move on highly non-circular orbits. Models(1-5) predict that the gas streamlines are strongly deflected along shock fronts in the bar region, and that the gas behind the shock is compressed. Dust lanes form in dense gas regions and it is believed that gas flows inward along these lanes to fuel bursts of star formation in a ring of dense molecular gas near the centre of the galaxy(6,7). This inflow is difficult to measure observationally(8-10). Magnetic fields are known to pervade the interstellar gas in all spiral galaxies(11), but the relationship between such fields and the gas flow in barred galaxies has not hitherto been investigated. Here we report high-resolution radio observations of the magnetic fields in the barred galaxy NGC1097. We find a regular magnetic field in the bar and in the circumnuclear ring. The field in the bar is well aligned with the theoretical gas streamlines, and so appears to be a good tracer of the gas how The magnetic stress in the ring can drive mass inward at the rate needed to fuel the active nucleus of this galaxy.
C1 Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85740 Garching, Germany.
   Pushchino Radioastron Observ, Ctr Astro Space, Pushchino 142292, Russia.
   Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Dept Math, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Dept Phys, Moscow 119899, Russia.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society; Newcastle University - UK; Lomonosov Moscow State University
RP Beck, R (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
NR 30
TC 92
Z9 92
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 28
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6717
BP 324
EP 327
DI 10.1038/16861
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 162BE
UT WOS:000078324600041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wells, AL
   Lin, AW
   Chen, LQ
   Safer, D
   Cain, SM
   Hasson, T
   Carragher, BI
   Milligan, RA
   Sweeney, HL
AF Wells, AL
   Lin, AW
   Chen, LQ
   Safer, D
   Cain, SM
   Hasson, T
   Carragher, BI
   Milligan, RA
   Sweeney, HL
TI Myosin VI is an actin-based motor that moves backwards
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID smooth-muscle myosin; unconventional myosin; cryoelectron microscopy; molecular motor; image-analysis; adp release; gene; ncd; direction; deafness
AB Myosins and kinesins are molecular motors that hydrolyse ATP to track along actin filaments and microtubules, respectively. Although the kinesin family includes motors that move towards either the plus or minus ends of microtubules(1), all characterized myosin motors move towards the barbed (+) end of actin filaments(2). Crystal structures of myosin II (refs 3-6) have shown that small movements within the myosin motor core are transmitted through the 'converter domain' to a 'lever arm' consisting of a light-chain-binding helix and associated light chains(5,6), The lever arm further amplifies the motions of the converter domain into large directed movements(3,5-7). Here we report that myosin VI, an unconventional myosin(8-12), moves towards the pointed (-) end of actin. We visualized the myosin VI construct bound to actin using cryo-electron microscopy and image analysis, and found that an ADP-mediated conformational change in the domain distal to the motor, a structure likely to be the effective lever arm, is in the opposite direction to that observed for other myosins, Thus, it appears that myosin VI achieves reverse-direction movement by rotating its lever arm in the opposite direction to conventional myosin lever arm movement.
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Beckman Inst, Dept Cell & Struct Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; Scripps Research Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Sweeney, HL (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, 3700 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM Lsweeney@mail.med.upenn.edu
NR 30
TC 566
Z9 664
U1 1
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6752
BP 505
EP 508
DI 10.1038/46835
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243DF
UT WOS:000082981200063
PM 10519557
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sigal, LJ
   Crotty, S
   Andino, R
   Rock, KL
AF Sigal, LJ
   Crotty, S
   Andino, R
   Rock, KL
TI Cytotoxic T-cell immunity to virus-infected non-haematopoietic cells requires presentation of exogenous antigen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mhc class-i; major histocompatibility complex; human poliovirus receptor; minor h-antigens; vaccinia virus; transgenic mice; cross-react; molecules; pathway; vivo
AB Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are thought to detect viral infections by monitoring the surface of all cells for the presence of viral peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. In most cells, peptides presented by MHC class I molecules are derived exclusively from proteins synthesized by the antigen-bearing cells'. Macrophages and dendritic cells also have an alternative MHC class I pathway that can present peptides derived from extracellular antigens; however, the physiological role of this process is unclear(2). Here we show that virally infected non-haematopoietic cells are unable to stimulate primary CTL-mediated immunity directly. Instead, bone-marrow-derived cells are required as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to initiate anti-viral CTL responses. In these APCs, the alternative (exogenous) MHC class I pathway is the obligatory mechanism for the initiation of CTL responses to viruses that infect only non-haematopoietic cells.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Worcester, MA 01655 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Rock, KL (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Worcester, MA 01655 USA.
NR 29
TC 493
Z9 564
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6722
BP 77
EP 80
DI 10.1038/18038
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 174KG
UT WOS:000079033900055
PM 10078533
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Le Feuvre, Y
   Fénelon, VS
   Meyrand, P
AF Le Feuvre, Y
   Fénelon, VS
   Meyrand, P
TI Central inputs mask multiple adult neural networks within a single embryonic network
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lobster stomatogastric ganglion; central pattern generator; long-term potentiation; muscarinic modulation; gastric rhythm; nervous-system; motor pattern; neurons; circuit; construction
AB It is usually assumed that, after construction of basic network architecture in embryos(1), immature networks undergo progressive maturation to acquire their adult properties(2-4), We examine this assumption in the context of the lobster stomatogastric nervous system. In the lobster, the neuronal population(5) that will form this system is at first organized into a single embryonic network that generates a single rhythmic pattern(6). The system then splits into different functional adult networks(6) controlled by central descending systems(7,8); these adult networks produce multiple motor programmes, distinctively different from the single output of the embryonic network. We show here that the single embryonic network can produce multiple adult-like programmes. This occurs after the embryonic network is silenced by removal of central inputs, then pharmacologically stimulated to restore rhythmicity, Furthermore, restoration of the flow of descending information reversed the adult-like pattern to an embryonic pattern. This indicates that the embryonic network possesses the ability to express adult-like network characteristics, but descending information prevents it from doing so. Functional adult networks may therefore not necessarily be derived from progressive ontogenetic changes in networks themselves, but may result from maturation of descending systems that unmask preexisting adult networks in an embryonic system.
C1 CNRS, Lab Neurobiol Reseaux, F-33405 Talence, France.
   Univ Bordeaux 1, UMR 5816, F-33405 Talence, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Bordeaux
RP Meyrand, P (corresponding author), CNRS, Lab Neurobiol Reseaux, Batiment B2,Ave Fac, F-33405 Talence, France.
NR 28
TC 41
Z9 44
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 660
EP 664
DI 10.1038/45238
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800065
PM 10604471
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harari, AR
   Brockmann, HJ
AF Harari, AR
   Brockmann, HJ
TI Insect behaviour - Male beetles attracted by females mounting
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mimicry
C1 Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of Florida
RP Harari, AR (corresponding author), Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Entomol, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel.
NR 10
TC 10
Z9 13
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6755
BP 762
EP 763
DI 10.1038/44515
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 250BG
UT WOS:000083368700042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bachtold, A
   Strunk, C
   Salvetat, JP
   Bonard, JM
   Forró, L
   Nussbaumer, T
   Schönenberger, C
AF Bachtold, A
   Strunk, C
   Salvetat, JP
   Bonard, JM
   Forró, L
   Nussbaumer, T
   Schönenberger, C
TI Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in carbon nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID normal-metal rings; disordered conductors; transport; conductivity; localization; tubules; size; h/e
AB When electrons pass through a cylindrical electrical conductor aligned in a magnetic field, their wave-like nature manifests itself as a periodic oscillation in the electrical resistance as a function of the enclosed magnetic flux(1). This phenomenon reflects the dependence of the phase of the electron wave on the magnetic field, known as the Aharonov-Bohm effect(2), which causes a phase difference, and hence interference, between partial waves encircling the conductor in opposite directions. Such oscillations have been observed in micrometre-sized thin-walled metallic cylinders(3-5) and lithographically fabricated rings(6-8). Carbon nanotubes(9,10) are composed of individual graphene sheets rolled into seamless hollow cylinders with diameters ranging from 1 nm to about 20 nm. They are able to act as conducting molecular wires(11-18), making them ideally suited for the investigation of quantum interference at the single-molecule level caused by the Aharonov-Bohm effect. Here we report magnetoresistance measurements on individual multi-walled nanotubes, which display pronounced resistance oscillations as a function of magnetic flux We find that the oscillations are in good agreement with theoretical predictions for the Aharonov-Bohm effect in a hollow conductor with a diameter equal to that of the outermost shell of the nanotubes. In some nanotubes we also observe shorter-period oscillations, which might result from anisotropic electron currents caused by defects in the nanotube lattice.
C1 Univ Basel, Inst Phys, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
   Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Inst Genie Atom, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
C3 University of Basel; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
RP Schönenberger, C (corresponding author), Univ Basel, Inst Phys, Klingelbergstr 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
EM Schonenberg@ubaclu.unibas.ch
NR 27
TC 634
Z9 705
U1 3
U2 219
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 25
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6721
BP 673
EP 675
DI 10.1038/17755
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 171AP
UT WOS:000078840100043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dickson, B
   Meincke, J
   Vassie, I
   Jungclaus, J
   Osterhus, S
AF Dickson, B
   Meincke, J
   Vassie, I
   Jungclaus, J
   Osterhus, S
TI Possible predictability in overflow from the Denmark Strait
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic oscillation; atmospheric circulation; arctic-ocean; deep-water; greenland; seas; iceland
AB The overflow and descent of cold dense water from the Denmark Strait sill-a submarine passage between Greenland and Iceland-is a principal means by which the deep ocean is ventilated, and is an important element in the global thermohaline circulation. Previous investigations of its variability-in particular, direct current measurements(1,2) in the overflow core since 1986-have shown surprisingly little evidence of long-term changes in now speed. Here we report significant changes in the overflow characteristics during the winter of 1996-97, measured using two current-meter moorings and an inverted echo sounder located at different depths in the fastest part of the now. The overflow warmed to the highest monthly value yet recorded (2.4 degrees C), and showed a pronounced slowing and thinning at its lower margin. We believe that the extreme warmth of the overflow caused it to run higher on the continental slope off east Greenland, so that the lower current meters and the echo sounder were temporarily outside and deeper than the fast-flowing core; model simulations appear to confirm this interpretation, We suggest that the extreme warmth of the overflow is a lagged response to a warming upstream in the Fram Strait three years earlier (caused by an exceptional amplification of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation). If this is so, over-now characteristics may be predictable.
C1 Ctr Environm Fisheries & Aquaculture Sci, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, Suffolk, England.
   Univ Hamburg, Inst Meereskunde, D-22529 Hamburg, Germany.
   Bidston Observ, Proudman Oceanog Lab, Birkenhead L43 7RA, Merseyside, England.
   Univ Kiel, Inst Meereskunde, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
   Univ Bergen, Inst Geophys, N-5007 Bergen, Norway.
C3 Centre for Environment Fisheries & Aquaculture Science; University of Hamburg; NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of Kiel; University of Bergen
RP Dickson, B (corresponding author), Ctr Environm Fisheries & Aquaculture Sci, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, Suffolk, England.
NR 19
TC 46
Z9 49
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 21
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6716
BP 243
EP 246
DI 10.1038/16680
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 159QH
UT WOS:000078184800049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Micchelli, CA
   Blair, SS
AF Micchelli, CA
   Blair, SS
TI Dorsoventral lineage restriction in wing imaginal discs requires Notch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dorsal-ventral boundary; gene-expression; vestigial gene; drosophila; serrate; fringe; activation; cells; compartment; signal
AB The formation of boundaries that prevent the intermixing of cells is an important developmental patterning mechanism. The compartmental lineage restrictions that appear in the developing imaginal discs of Drosophila are striking examples of such boundaries(1). However, little is known about the cellular mechanism underlying compartmental lineage restrictions. The dorsoventral (D/V) lineage restriction that arises late in the developing wing imaginal disc requires the dorsal expression of the transcription factor Apterous and it has been hypothesized that apterous (ap) maintains compartmentalization by directly regulating the expression of molecules that modify cell adhesion or affinity(2). However, ap expression also regulates signalling between dorsal and ventral compartments, resulting in high levels of Notch signalling at the D/V boundary(3-17). Here we show that the formation of Notch-dependent boundary cells ig required for the D/V lineage restriction.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Neurosci Training Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Blair, SS (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, 250 N Mills St, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
NR 30
TC 95
Z9 107
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6752
BP 473
EP 476
DI 10.1038/46779
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243DF
UT WOS:000082981200055
PM 10519549
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baselmans, JJA
   Morpurgo, AF
   van Wees, BJ
   Klapwijk, TM
AF Baselmans, JJA
   Morpurgo, AF
   van Wees, BJ
   Klapwijk, TM
TI Reversing the direction of the supercurrent in a controllable Josephson junction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperature; state; flow
AB When two superconductors are connected by a weak link, a supercurrent hows, the magnitude of which is determined by the difference in the macroscopic quantum phases of the superconductors. This phenomenon was discovered by Josephson(1) for the case of a weak link formed by a thin tunnel barrier: the supercurrent, I, is related to the phase difference, phi, through the Josephson current-phase relation, I = I(c)sin phi with I-c being the critical current which depends on the properties of the weak link A similar relation holds for weak links consisting of a normal metal, a semiconductor or a constriction(2). In all cases, the phase difference is zero when no supercurrent flows through the junction, and increases monotonically with increasing supercurrent until the critical current is reached. Here we use nanolithography techniques to fabricate a Josephson junction with a normal-metal weak link in which we have direct access to the microscopic current-carrying electronic states inside the link. We find that the fundamental Josephson relation can be changed from I = I(c)sin phi to I = I(c)sin(phi + pi)-that is, a pi-junction-by controlling the energy distribution of the current-carrying states in the normal metal. This fundamental change in the way these Josephson junctions behave has potential implications for their use in superconducting electronics as well as in (quantum) logic circuits based on superconductors.
C1 Univ Groningen, Dept Appl Phys, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Groningen, Ctr Mat Sci, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
C3 University of Groningen; University of Groningen
RP Baselmans, JJA (corresponding author), Univ Groningen, Dept Appl Phys, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
NR 23
TC 295
Z9 308
U1 0
U2 54
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 7
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6714
BP 43
EP 45
DI 10.1038/16204
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 155RD
UT WOS:000077959400040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nepstad, DC
   Veríssimo, A
   Alencar, A
   Nobre, C
   Lima, E
   Lefebvre, P
   Schlesinger, P
   Potter, C
   Moutinho, P
   Mendoza, E
   Cochrane, M
   Brooks, V
AF Nepstad, DC
   Veríssimo, A
   Alencar, A
   Nobre, C
   Lima, E
   Lefebvre, P
   Schlesinger, P
   Potter, C
   Moutinho, P
   Mendoza, E
   Cochrane, M
   Brooks, V
TI Large-scale impoverishment of Amazonian forests by logging and fire
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brazilian amazonia; satellite data; eastern amazon; climate-change; deforestation; management; pastures; frontier
AB Amazonian deforestation rates are used to determine human effects on the global carbon cycle(1-3) and to measure Brazil's progress in curbing forest impoverishment(1,4,5). But this widely used measure of tropical land use tells only part of the story. Here we present field surveys of wood mills and forest burning across Brazilian Amazonia which show that logging crews severely damage 10,000 to 15,000 km(2) yr(-1) of forest that are not included in deforestation mapping programmes. Moreover, we find that surface fires burn additional large areas of standing forest, the destruction of which is normally not documented. Forest impoverishment due to such fires may increase dramatically when severe droughts provoke forest leaf-shedding and greater flammability; our regional water-balance model indicates that an estimated 270,000 km(2) of forest became vulnerable to fire in the 1998 dry season. Overall, we find that present estimates of annual deforestation for Brazilian Amazonia capture less than half of the forest area that is impoverished each year, and even less during; years of severe drought. Both logging and fire increase forest vulnerability to future burning(6,7) and release forest carbon stocks to the atmosphere, potentially doubling net carbon emissions from regional land-use during severe El Nino episodes. If this forest impoverishment is to be controlled, then logging activities need to be restricted or replaced with low-impact timber harvest techniques, and more effective strategies to prevent accidental forest fires need to be implemented.
C1 Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   UFPa, Inst Pesquisa Ambiental Amazonia Campus Guama, BR-66075970 Belem, Para, Brazil.
   IMAZON, Inst Homem & Meio Ambiente Amazonia, BR-66017000 Belem, Para, Brazil.
   Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, BR-12201970 Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil.
   NASA, Ecosyst Sci & Technol Branch, Ames Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA.
   Univ Fed Acre, Parque Zoobot, BR-69000 Acre, Brazil.
C3 Woodwell Climate Research Center; Universidade Federal do Para; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center
RP Nepstad, DC (corresponding author), Woods Hole Res Ctr, POB 296, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
NR 28
TC 918
Z9 1046
U1 4
U2 327
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6727
BP 505
EP 508
DI 10.1038/19066
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185HQ
UT WOS:000079662800046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mills, AA
   Zheng, BH
   Wang, XJ
   Vogel, H
   Roop, DR
   Bradley, A
AF Mills, AA
   Zheng, BH
   Wang, XJ
   Vogel, H
   Roop, DR
   Bradley, A
TI p63 is a p53 homologue required for limb and epidermal morphogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-expression; chick; mice; differentiation; pattern; death; bud
AB The p53 tumour suppressor is a transcription factor that regulates the progression of the cell through its cycle and cell death (apoptosis) in response to environmental stimuli such as DNA damage and hypoxia(1,2). Even though p53 modulates these critical cellular processes, mice that lack p53 are developmentally normal(3), suggesting that p53-related proteins might compensate for the functions of p53 during embryogenesis. Two p53 homologues, p63 and p73, are known(4,5) and here we describe the function of p63 in vivo. Mice lacking p63 are born alive but have striking developmental defects. Their limbs are absent or truncated, defects that are caused by a failure of the apical ectodermal ridge to differentiate. The skin of p63-deficient mice does not progress past an early developmental stage: it lacks stratification and does not express differentiation markers. Structures dependent upon epidermal-mesenchymal interactions during embryonic development, such as hair follicles, teeth and mammary glands, are absent in p63-deficient mice. Thus, in contrast to p53, p63 is essential for several aspects of ectodermal differentiation during embryogenesis.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Dermatol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Texas Childrens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College Medical Hospital
RP Bradley, A (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM abradley@bcm.tmc.edu
NR 31
TC 1737
Z9 2001
U1 0
U2 80
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6729
BP 708
EP 713
DI 10.1038/19531
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 189RP
UT WOS:000079920100051
PM 10227293
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peng, JR
   Richards, DE
   Hartley, NM
   Murphy, GP
   Devos, KM
   Flintham, JE
   Beales, J
   Fish, LJ
   Worland, AJ
   Pelica, F
   Sudhakar, D
   Christou, P
   Snape, JW
   Gale, MD
   Harberd, NP
AF Peng, JR
   Richards, DE
   Hartley, NM
   Murphy, GP
   Devos, KM
   Flintham, JE
   Beales, J
   Fish, LJ
   Worland, AJ
   Pelica, F
   Sudhakar, D
   Christou, P
   Snape, JW
   Gale, MD
   Harberd, NP
TI 'Green revolution' genes encode mutant gibberellin response modulators
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wheat; maize; transduction; evolution; dwarfism; genetics; alleles; pathway; dna; sh2
AB World wheat grain yields increased substantially in the 1960s and 1970s because farmers rapidly adopted the new varieties and cultivation methods of the so-called 'green revolution(1-4). The new varieties are shorter, increase grain yield at the expense of straw biomass, and are more resistant to damage by wind and rain(3,4). These wheats are short because they respond abnormally to the plant growth hormone gibberellin, This reduced response to gibberellin is conferred by mutant dwarfing alleles at one of two Reduced height-1 (Rht-B1 and Rht-D1) loci(4,5), Here we show that Rht-B1/Rht-D1 and maize dwarf-8 (d8)(6,7) are orthologues of the Arabidopsis Gibberellin Insensitive (GAI) gene(8,9). These genes encode proteins that resemble nuclear transcription factors and contain an SH2-like(10) domain, indicating that phosphotyrosine may participate in gibberellin signalling. Six different orthologous dwarfing mutant alleles encode proteins that are altered in a conserved amino-terminal gibberellin signalling domain, Transgenic rice plants containing a mutant GAI allele give reduced responses to gibberellin and are dwarfed, indicating that mutant GAI orthologues could be used to increase yield in a wide range of crop species.
C1 John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre
RP Harberd, NP (corresponding author), John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich Res Pk,Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
EM harberd@bbsrc.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/E/J/00000583] Funding Source: researchfish; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/E/J/00000583] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1747
Z9 2224
U1 20
U2 810
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6741
BP 256
EP 261
DI 10.1038/22307
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 217MP
UT WOS:000081503800042
PM 10421366
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Petitou, M
   Hérault, LP
   Bernat, A
   Driguez, PA
   Duchaussoy, P
   Lormeau, JC
   Herbert, JM
AF Petitou, M
   Hérault, LP
   Bernat, A
   Driguez, PA
   Duchaussoy, P
   Lormeau, JC
   Herbert, JM
TI Synthesis of thrombin-inhibiting heparin mimetics without side effects
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antithrombin-iii; factor-xa; pentasaccharide; oligosaccharides; analogs
AB Unwanted side effects of pharmacologically active compounds can usually be eliminated by structural modifications. But the complex heterogeneous structure of the polysaccharide heparin(1) has limited this approach to fragmentation, leading to slightly better-tolerated heparin preparations of low molecular mass(2). Despite this improvement, heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia(3) (HIT), related to an interaction with platelet factor 4 (PF4) and, to a lesser extent, haemorrhages(4), remain significant side effects of heparinotherapy. Breakthroughs in oligosaccharide chemistry(5) made possible the total synthesis of the pentasaccharide antithrombin-binding site of heparin(6,7). This pentasaccharide represents a new family of potential antithrombotic drugs, devoid of thrombin inhibitory properties, and free of undesired interactions with blood and vessel components. To obtain more potent and well-tolerated antithrombotic drugs, we wished to synthesize heparin mimetics able to inhibit thrombin, that is, longer oligosaccharides. Like thrombin inhibition, undesired interactions are directly correlated to the charge and the size of the molecules(8), so we had to design structures that were able to discriminate between thrombin and other proteins, particularly PF4. Here we describe the use of multistep converging synthesis to obtain sulphated oligosaccharides that meet these requirements.
C1 Sanofi Rech, F-31036 Toulouse, France.
C3 Sanofi-Aventis; Sanofi France
RP Herbert, JM (corresponding author), Sanofi Rech, 195 Route Espagne, F-31036 Toulouse, France.
EM jean-marc.herbert@sanofi.com
NR 27
TC 295
Z9 341
U1 3
U2 53
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6726
BP 417
EP 422
DI 10.1038/18877
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 182PW
UT WOS:000079508200051
PM 10201371
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Slifka, MK
   Rodriguez, F
   Whitton, JL
AF Slifka, MK
   Rodriguez, F
   Whitton, JL
TI Rapid on/off cycling of cytokine production by virus-specific CD8+ T cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; tumor-necrosis-factor; viral-infection; messenger-rna; host-defense; mice; perforin; cytotoxicity; activation; clearance
AB CD8-positive T cells protect the body against viral pathogens by two important mechanisms: production of antiviral cytokines(1,2) and lysis of infected cells(3,4). Cytokine production can have both local and systemic consequences(5,6), whereas cytolytic activity is limited to infected cells that are in direct contact with T cells(7-9). Here we analyse activated CD8-positive T cells from mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and find that cytokines are not produced ex vivo in the absence of peptide stimulation, but that they are rapidly generated after T cells encounter viral peptides bound to the major histocompatibility complex. Remarkably, cytokine production ceases immediately upon dissociation of the T cells from their targets and resumes when antigenic contact is restored. In contrast to the 'on/off/on' cycling of cytokines, the pore-forming cytotoxic protein perforin is constitutively maintained. Our results indicate that there is differential expression of effector molecules according to whether the antiviral product is secreted (like cytokines) or stored inside the cell (like perforin). The ability to turn cytokines on and off while maintaining intracellular stores of perforin shows the versatility of the cellular immune response and provides a mechanism for maintaining effective immune surveillance while reducing systemic immunopathology.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Neuropharmacol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute
RP Slifka, MK (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Neuropharmacol, CVN-9,10550 N torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 26
TC 220
Z9 246
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6748
BP 76
EP 79
DI 10.1038/43454
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 232MK
UT WOS:000082374400044
PM 10485708
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Karaolis, DKR
   Somara, S
   Maneval, DR Jr
   Johnson, JA
   Kaper, JB
AF Karaolis, DKR
   Somara, S
   Maneval, DR Jr
   Johnson, JA
   Kaper, JB
TI A bacteriophage encoding a pathogenicity island, a type-IV pilus and a phage receptor in cholera bacteria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID enteropathogenic escherichia-coli; vibrio-cholerae; filamentous phage; toxr regulon; protein; evolution; expression; virulence; secretion; cluster
AB The virulence properties of many pathogenic bacteria are due to proteins encoded by large gene clusters called pathogenicity islands(1,2), which are found in a variety of human pathogens including Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Helicobacter pylori, Vibrio cholerae, and animal and plant pathogens such as Dichelobacter nodosus and Pseunomonas syringae(1-3). Although the presence of pathogenicity islands is a prerequisite for many bacterial diseases, little is known about their origins or mechanism of transfer into the bacterium. The bacterial agent of epidemic cholera, Vibrio cholerae, contains a bacteriophage known as cholera-toxin phage (CTX Phi)(4), which encodes the cholera toxin, and a large pathogenicity island called the VPI (for V. cholerae pathogenicity island)(5) which itself encodes a toxin-coregulated pilus that functions as a colonization factor(6) and as a CTX Phi receptor(4). We have now identified the VPI pathogenicity island as the genome of another filamentous bacteriophage, VPI Phi, We show that VPI Phi is transferred between V. cholerae strains and provide evidence that the TcpA subunit of the toxin-coregulated type IV pilus is in fact a coat protein of VPI Phi. Our results are the first description of a phage that encodes a receptor for another phage and of a virus-virus interaction that is necessary for bacterial pathogenicity.
C1 Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Ctr Vaccine Dev, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Div Hosp Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
   Maryland Hlth Care Syst, Dept Vet Affairs, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore
RP Karaolis, DKR (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Ctr Vaccine Dev, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
EM karaolis@umaryland.edu
NR 24
TC 297
Z9 363
U1 1
U2 55
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6734
BP 375
EP 379
DI 10.1038/20715
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200PA
UT WOS:000080547800064
PM 10360577
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Visintin, R
   Hwang, ES
   Amon, A
AF Visintin, R
   Hwang, ES
   Amon, A
TI Cfi1 prevents premature exit from mitosis by anchoring Cdc14 phosphatase in the nucleolus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anaphase promoting complex; sister-chromatid cohesion; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; cell-cycle; budding yeast; multicopy suppressor; protein phosphatase; proteolysis; transition; metaphase
AB In eukaryotes, the activation of mitotic cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) induces mitosis, and their inactivation causes cells to leave mitosis(1). In budding yeast, two redundant mechanisms induce the inactivation of mitotic CDKs. In one mechanism, a specialized ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic system (called the APC-dependent proteolysis machinery) degrades the mitotic (Clb) cyclin subunit. In the other, the kinase-inhibitor Sic1 binds to mitotic CDKs and inhibits their kinase activity(1,2). The highly conserved protein phosphatase Cdc14 promotes both Clb degradation and Sic1 accumulation. Cdc14 promotes SIC1 transcription and the stabilization of Sic1 protein by dephosphorylating Sic1 and its transcription factor Swi5. Cdc14 activates the degradation of Clb cyclins by dephosphorylating the APC-specificity factor Cdh1 (refs 3, 4). So how is Cdc14 regulated? Here we show that Cdc14 is sequestered in the nucleolus for most of the cell cycle. During nuclear division, Cdc14 is released from the nucleolus, allowing it to reach its targets. A highly conserved signalling cascade, critical for the exit from mitosis, is required for this movement of Cdc14 during anaphase. Furthermore, we have identified a negative regulator of Cdc14 Cfi1, that anchors Cdc14 in the nucleolus.
C1 MIT, Ctr Canc Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Amon, A (corresponding author), MIT, Ctr Canc Res, Bldg E17,40 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 28
TC 514
Z9 573
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6730
BP 818
EP 823
DI 10.1038/19775
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 192BL
UT WOS:000080058100061
PM 10235265
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fulton, D
   Gratton, JP
   McCabe, TJ
   Fontana, J
   Fujio, Y
   Walsh, K
   Franke, TF
   Papapetropoulos, A
   Sessa, WC
AF Fulton, D
   Gratton, JP
   McCabe, TJ
   Fontana, J
   Fujio, Y
   Walsh, K
   Franke, TF
   Papapetropoulos, A
   Sessa, WC
TI Regulation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide production by the protein kinase Akt
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fluid shear-stress; growth-factor; tyrosine phosphorylation; cell-survival; mice lacking; synthase; activation; calcium; caveolae; palmitoylation
AB Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is the nitric oxide synthase isoform responsible for maintaining systemic blood pressure, vascular remodelling and angiogenesis(1-4), eNOS is phosphorylated in response to various forms of cellular stimulation(5-7), but the role of phosphorylation in the regulation of nitric oxide (NO) production and the kinase(s) responsible are not known. Here we show that the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt (protein kinase B) can directly phosphorylate eNOS on serine 1179 and activate the enzyme, leading to NO production, whereas mutant eNOS (S1179A) is resistant to phosphorylation and activation by Akt. Moreover, using adenovirus-mediated gene transfer, activated Akt increases basal NO release from endothelial cells, and activation-deficient Akt attenuates NO production stimulated by vascular endothelial growth factor. Thus, eNOS is a newly described Akt substrate linking signal transduction by Akt to the release of the gaseous second messenger NO.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Mol Cardiobiol Program, Boyer Ctr Mol Med, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
   St Elizabeths Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02135 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Pharmacol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; St. Elizabeth's Medical Center; Columbia University
RP Sessa, WC (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR040197] Funding Source: Medline; NIA NIH HHS [R01 AG015052] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 2238
Z9 2505
U1 1
U2 101
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6736
BP 597
EP 601
DI 10.1038/21218
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 204RR
UT WOS:000080778400059
PM 10376602
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cifelli, RL
AF Cifelli, RL
TI Tribosphenic mammal from the North American Early Cretaceous
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eutherian mammals; mongolia
AB The main groups of living mammals, marsupials and eutherians, are presumed to have diverged in the Early Cretaceous(1), but their early history and biogeography are poorly understood. Dental remains have suggested that the eutherians may have originated in Asia(2), spreading to North America in the Late Cretaceous, where an endemic radiation of marsupials was already well underway(3). Here I describe a new tribosphenic mammal (a mammal with lower molar heels that are three-cusped and basined) from the Early Cretaceous of North America, based on an unusually complete specimen. The new taxon bears characteristics (molarized last premolar, reduction to three molars) otherwise known only for Eutheria among the tribosphenic mammals. Morphometric analysis and character comparisons show; however, that its molar structure is primitive (and thus phylogenetically uninformative), emphasizing the need for caution in interpretation of isolated teeth. The new mammal is approximately contemporaneous with the oldest known Eutheria from Asia. If it is a eutherian, as is indicated by the available evidence, then this group was far more widely distributed in the Early Cretaceous than previously appreciated. An early presence of Eutheria in North America offers a potential source for the continent's Late Cretaceous radiations, which have, in part, proven difficult to relate to contemporary taxa in Asia.
C1 Univ Oklahoma, Oklahoma Museum Nat Hist, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
   Univ Oklahoma, Dept Zool, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
C3 University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma - Norman; University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma - Norman
RP Cifelli, RL (corresponding author), Univ Oklahoma, Oklahoma Museum Nat Hist, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
NR 24
TC 67
Z9 75
U1 1
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 363
EP 366
DI 10.1038/43860
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600047
PM 16862109
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kelly, TR
   De Silva, H
   Silva, RA
AF Kelly, TR
   De Silva, H
   Silva, RA
TI Unidirectional rotary motion in a molecular system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID motors; muscle; f1-atpase; machines; shuttle; complex; ratchet; search; work
AB The conversion of energy into controlled motion plays an important role in both man-made devices and biological systems. The principles of operation of conventional motors are well established, but the molecular processes used by 'biological motors' such as muscle fibres, flagella and cilia(1-9) to convert chemical energy into co-ordinated movement remain poorly understood(10-12). Although Brownian ratchets'(13-16) are known to permit thermally activated motion in one direction only, the concept of channelling random thermal energy into controlled motion has not pet been extended to the molecular level. Here we describe a molecule that uses chemical energy to activate and bias a thermally induced isomerization reaction, and thereby achieve unidirectional intramolecular rotary motion. The motion consists of a 120 degrees rotation around a single bond connecting a three-bladed subunit to the bulky remainder of the molecule, and unidirectional motion is achieved by reversibly introducing a tether between the two units to energetically favour one of the two possible rotation directions. Although our system does not achieve continuous and fast rotation, the design principles that we have used may prove relevant for a better understanding of biological and synthetic molecular motors producing unidirectional rotary motion.
C1 Boston Coll, Dept Chem, EF Merkert Chem Ctr, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA.
C3 Boston College
RP Kelly, TR (corresponding author), Boston Coll, Dept Chem, EF Merkert Chem Ctr, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA.
NR 28
TC 731
Z9 796
U1 0
U2 224
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6749
BP 150
EP 152
DI 10.1038/43639
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234AF
UT WOS:000082458800049
PM 10490021
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shu, D
   Morris, SC
   Zhang, XL
   Chen, L
   Li, Y
   Han, J
AF Shu, D
   Morris, SC
   Zhang, XL
   Chen, L
   Li, Y
   Han, J
TI A pipiscid-like fossil from the Lower Cambrian of south China
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution
AB Exceptional fossil preservation is critical to our understanding of early metazoan evolution. A key source of information is the Burgess Shale-type faunas(1-5). Fossils from these deposits provide important insights into metazoan phylogeny, notably that of stem-group protostomes(2,3,6), and related topics such as trophic specialization(7). Metazoan relationships are also being significantly reappraised in terms of molecular-based phylogenies(8,9), but integration of these data with palaeontological systematics is not straightforward(10,11). Moreover, molecular phylogenies are silent concerning the anatomies of stem-groups and the functional transitions that underpin the origin of different body plans(2,6). Some hitherto enigmatic fossils possess unique character-state combinations that, although they can be shoe-horned into extinct phyla(12), may be more profitably interpreted as defining major stem-groups(2,3). Here we describe a possible pipiscid, a metazoan previously known only from the Upper Carboniferous(13,14), from the Lower Cambrian of south China. Pipiscids are currently interpreted as being agnathan chordates(13-15), but this discovery from the Chengjiang fossil-Lagerstatte indicates that the assignment of pipiscids to the Agnatha deserves to be reconsidered.
C1 NW Univ Xian, Dept Geol, Xian 710069, Peoples R China.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
C3 Northwest University Xi'an; University of Cambridge
RP Shu, D (corresponding author), NW Univ Xian, Dept Geol, Xian 710069, Peoples R China.
NR 25
TC 44
Z9 58
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6746
BP 746
EP 749
DI 10.1038/23445
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228HM
UT WOS:000082131100045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Simó, R
   Pedrós-Alió, C
AF Simó, R
   Pedrós-Alió, C
TI Role of vertical mixing in controlling the oceanic production of dimethyl sulphide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phytoplankton; sulfur; sulfide; dmsp; sea; seawater; pacific; climate; layer; cycle
AB Marine microbiota are important for the global biogeochemical sulphur cycle, by making possible the transfer of reduced sulphur from the ocean to the atmosphere in the form of dimethyl sulphide(1,2), DMS. Subsequent oxidation of DMS to acidic aerosols influences particle nucleation and growth over the oceans(3), and so has the potential to influence radiative balance and global climate. It has been suggested(4) that this plankton-climate interaction is self-regulated, but tests of this hypothesis have remained elusive as little is known about the feedback effects of climate on the marine DMS cycle(2). DMS is produced by enzymatic cleavage of the abundant algal component dimethylsulphoniopropionate(5) (DMSP), which suggests a high potential for DMS generation in the ocean. But there are competing processes(6) that utilize DMSP in the food web without producing DMS, and the external controls on these processes are unknown. Here we present data of DMSP consumption, DMS production and mixing-layer depths (which are driven by climate) in the subpolar North Atlantic, and compare these data with published results from other latitudes, We find evidence that the mixing-layer depth has a substantial influence on DMS yield in the short term, This finding, combined with the seasonal effect of vertical mixing on plankton succession and food-web structure, suggests that climate-controlled mixing controls DMS production over vast regions of the ocean.
C1 CSIC, Inst Ciencies Mar, Dept Marine Biol & Oceanog, E-08039 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
   CSIC, Inst Invest Quim & Ambientals, Dept Environm Chem, ES-08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro Mediterraneo de Investigaciones Marinas y Ambientales (CMIMA); CSIC - Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (ICM); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)
RP Simó, R (corresponding author), CSIC, Inst Ciencies Mar, Dept Marine Biol & Oceanog, Pg Joan de Borbo S-N, E-08039 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
NR 35
TC 172
Z9 187
U1 1
U2 70
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 396
EP 399
DI 10.1038/46516
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Forsberg, E
   Pejler, G
   Ringvall, M
   Lunderius, C
   Tomasini-Johansson, B
   Kusche-Gullberg, M
   Eriksson, I
   Ledin, J
   Hellman, L
   Kjellén, L
AF Forsberg, E
   Pejler, G
   Ringvall, M
   Lunderius, C
   Tomasini-Johansson, B
   Kusche-Gullberg, M
   Eriksson, I
   Ledin, J
   Hellman, L
   Kjellén, L
TI Abnormal mast cells in mice deficient in a heparin-synthesizing enzyme
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID n-deacetylase/n-sulfotransferase; molecular-cloning; serine proteases; sulfate; mouse; biosynthesis; expression; proteoglycans; drosophila
AB Heparin is a sulphated polysaccharide, synthesized exclusively by connective-tissue-type mast cells(1) and stored in the secretory granules in complex with histamine and various mast-cell proteases(2). Although heparin has long been used as an antithrombotic drug, endogenous heparin is not present in the blood, so it cannot have a physiological role in regulating blood coagulation. The biosynthesis of heparin involves a series of enzymatic reactions, including sulphation at various positions(1,3). The initial modification step, catalysed by the enzyme glucosaminyl N-deacetylase/N-sulphotransferase-2, NDST-2 (refs 4-7), is essential for the subsequent reactions. Here we report that mice carrying a targeted disruption of the gene encoding NDST-2 are unable to synthesize sulphated heparin. These NDST-2-deficient mice are viable and fertile but have fewer connective-tissue-type mast cells; these cells have an altered morphology and contain severely reduced amounts of histamine and mast-cell proteases. Our results indicate that one site of physiological action for heparin could be inside connective-tissue-type mast cells, where its absence results in severe defects in the secretory granules.
C1 Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Vet Med Chem, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Uppsala, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Uppsala, Dept Med Biochem & Microbiol, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
C3 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala University
RP Kjellén, L (corresponding author), Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Vet Med Chem, Box 575, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
NR 25
TC 412
Z9 460
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6746
BP 773
EP 776
DI 10.1038/23488
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228HM
UT WOS:000082131100052
PM 10466727
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Butts, DA
   Rokhsar, DS
AF Butts, DA
   Rokhsar, DS
TI Predicted signatures of rotating Bose-Einstein condensates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID collective excitations; magnetic trap; gas; superfluid
AB Superfluids are distinguished from normal fluids by their peculiar response(1) to rotation: circulating flow in superfluid helium(2,3), a strongly coupled Bose liquid, can appear only as quantized vortices(4-6). The newly created Bose-Einstein condensates(7,9)- clouds of millions of ultracold, weakly interacting alkali-metal atoms that occupy a single quantum state-offer the possibility of investigating superfluidity in the weak-coupling regime, An outstanding question is whether Bose-Einstein condensates exhibit a mesoscopic quantum analogue of the macroscopic vortices in superfluids, and what its experimental signature would be, Here we report calculations of the low-energy states of a rotating, weakly interacting Bose gas. We find a succession of transitions between stable vortex patterns of differing symmetries that are in general qualitative agreement with observations(5) of rotating superfluid helium, a strong-coupling superfluid, Counterintuitively, the angular momentum per particle is not quantized. Some angular momenta are forbidden, corresponding to asymmetrical unstable states that provide a physical mechanism for the entry of vorticity into the condensate.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Rokhsar, DS (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 27
TC 312
Z9 320
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 28
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6717
BP 327
EP 329
DI 10.1038/16865
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 162BE
UT WOS:000078324600042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cohn, MJ
   Tickle, C
AF Cohn, MJ
   Tickle, C
TI Developmental basis of limblessness and axial patterning in snakes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chick limb bud; apical ectodermal ridge; sonic-hedgehog; vertebrate limb; homeobox gene; feedback loop; mouse embryos; expression; growth; evolution
AB The evolution of snakes involved major changes in vertebrate body plan organization, but the developmental basis of those changes is unknown. The python axial skeleton consists of hundreds of similar vertebrae, forelimbs are absent and hindlimbs are severely reduced, Combined limb loss and trunk elongation is found in many vertebrate taxa(1), suggesting that these changes may be linked by a common developmental mechanism. Here we show that Hox gene expression domains are expanded along the body axis in python embryos, and that this can account for both the absence of forelimbs and the expansion of thoracic identity in the axial skeleton, Hindlimb buds are initiated, but apical-ridge and polarizing-region signalling pathways that are normally required for limb development: are not activated, Leg bud outgrowth and signalling by Sonic hedgehog in pythons can be rescued by application of fibroblast growth factor or by recombination with chick apical ridge. The failure to activate these signalling pathways during normal python development may also stem from changes in Hox gene expression that occurred early in snake evolution.
C1 Univ Reading, Sch Anim & Microbial Sci, Div Zool, Reading RG6 6AJ, Berks, England.
   Univ Dundee, Dept Anat & Physiol, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
   UCL, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of Reading; University of Dundee; University of London; University College London
RP Cohn, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Reading, Sch Anim & Microbial Sci, Div Zool, Reading RG6 6AJ, Berks, England.
EM M.J.Cohn@reading.ac.uk
NR 33
TC 372
Z9 385
U1 4
U2 167
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 474
EP 479
DI 10.1038/20944
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900050
PM 10365960
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Röder, B
   Teder-Sälejärvi, W
   Sterr, A
   Rösler, F
   Hillyard, SA
   Neville, HJ
AF Röder, B
   Teder-Sälejärvi, W
   Sterr, A
   Rösler, F
   Hillyard, SA
   Neville, HJ
TI Improved auditory spatial tuning in blind humans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID congenitally deaf adults; sighted subjects; visual-cortex; plasticity; potentials; activation; attention
AB Despite reports of improved auditory discrimination capabilities in blind humans(1-3) and visually deprived animals(4), there is no general agreement as to the nature or pervasiveness of such compensatory sensory enhancements(5). Neuroimaging studies have pointed out differences in cerebral organization between blind and sighted humans(6-12), but the relationship between these altered cortical activation patterns and auditory sensory acuity remains unclear. Here we compare behavioural and electrophysiological indices of spatial tuning within central and peripheral auditory space in congenitally blind and normally sighted but blindfolded adults to test the hypothesis (raised by earlier studies of the effects of auditory deprivation on visual processing(13,14)) that the effects of visual deprivation might be more pronounced for processing peripheral sounds. We find that blind participants displayed localization abilities that were superior to those of sighted controls, but only when attending to sounds in peripheral auditory space. Electrophysiological recordings obtained at the same time revealed sharper tuning of early spatial attention mechanisms in the blind subjects. Differences in the scalp distribution of brain electrical activity between the two groups suggest a compensatory reorganization of brain areas in the blind that may contribute to the improved spatial resolution for peripheral sound sources.
C1 Univ Marburg, Dept Psychol, D-35037 Marburg, Germany.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Konstanz, Dept Psychol, D-78457 Constance, Germany.
   Univ Oregon, Dept Psychol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
C3 Philipps University Marburg; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of Konstanz; University of Oregon
RP Röder, B (corresponding author), Univ Marburg, Dept Psychol, Gutenbergstr 18, D-35037 Marburg, Germany.
NR 30
TC 504
Z9 556
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6740
BP 162
EP 166
DI 10.1038/22106
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214JM
UT WOS:000081324900053
PM 10408442
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tsukaguchi, H
   Tokui, T
   Mackenzie, B
   Berger, UV
   Chen, XZ
   Wang, YX
   Brubaker, RF
   Hediger, MA
AF Tsukaguchi, H
   Tokui, T
   Mackenzie, B
   Berger, UV
   Chen, XZ
   Wang, YX
   Brubaker, RF
   Hediger, MA
TI A family of mammalian Na+-dependent L-ascorbic acid transporters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID na+/glucose cotransporter sglt1; dehydroascorbic acid; biochemical functions; aqueous-humor; vitamin-c; cells; specificity; mechanism; currents
AB Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is essential for many enzymatic reactions, in which it serves to maintain prosthetic metal ions in their reduced forms (for example, Fe2+, Cu+)(1,2), and for scavenging free radicals in order to protect tissues from oxidative damage(3). The facilitative sugar transporters of the GLUT type can transport the oxidized form of the vitamin, dehydroascorbic acid(4-6), but these transporters are unlikely to allow significant physiological amounts of vitamin C to be taken up in the presence of normal glucose concentrations, because the vitamin is present in plasma essentially only in its reduced form(7). Here we describe the isolation of two L-ascorbic acid transporters, SVCT1 and SVCT2, from rat complementary DNA libraries, as the first step in investigating the importance of L-ascorbic acid transport in regulating the supply and metabolism of vitamin C. We find that SVCT1 and SVCT2 each mediate concentrative, high-affinity L-ascorbic acid transport that is stereospecific and is driven by the Na+ electrochemical gradient. Despite their close sequence homology and similar functions, the two isoforms of the transporter are discretely distributed: SVCT1 is mainly confined to epithelial systems (intestine, kidney, liver), whereas SVCT2 serves a host of metabolically active cells and specialized tissues in the brain, ey and other organs.
C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Membrane Biol Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Div Renal, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Ophthalmol, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Mayo Clinic
RP Hediger, MA (corresponding author), Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Membrane Biol Program, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 29
TC 749
Z9 833
U1 0
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6731
BP 70
EP 75
DI 10.1038/19986
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 194BK
UT WOS:000080172100057
PM 10331392
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dunham, I
   Shimizu, N
   Roe, BA
   Chissoe, S
   Dunham, I
   Hunt, AR
   Collins, JE
   Bruskiewich, R
   Beare, DM
   Clamp, M
   Smink, LJ
   Ainscough, R
   Almeida, JP
   Babbage, A
   Bagguley, C
   Balley, J
   Barlow, K
   Bates, KN
   Beasley, O
   Bird, CP
   Blakey, S
   Bridgeman, AM
   Buck, D
   Burgess, J
   Burrill, WD
   Burton, J
   Carder, C
   Carter, NP
   Chen, Y
   Clark, G
   Clegg, SM
   Cobley, V
   Cole, CG
   Collier, RE
   Connor, RE
   Conroy, D
   Corby, N
   Coville, GJ
   Cox, AV
   Davis, J
   Dawson, E
   Dhami, PD
   Dockree, C
   Dodsworth, SJ
   Durbin, RM
   Ellington, A
   Evans, KL
   Fey, JM
   Fleming, K
   French, L
   Garner, AA
   Gilbert, JGR
   Goward, ME
   Grafham, D
   Griffiths, MN
   Hall, C
   Hall, R
   Hall-Tamlyn, G
   Heathcott, RW
   Ho, S
   Holmes, S
   Hunt, SE
   Jones, MC
   Kershaw, J
   Kimberley, A
   King, A
   Laird, GK
   Langford, CF
   Leversha, MA
   Lloyd, C
   Lloyd, DM
   Martyn, ID
   Mashreghi-Mohammadi, M
   Matthews, L
   McCann, OT
   McClay, J
   McLaren, S
   McMurray, AA
   Milne, SA
   Mortimore, BJ
   Odell, CN
   Pavitt, R
   Pearce, AV
   Pearson, D
   Phillimore, BJ
   Phillips, SH
   Plumb, RW
   Ramsay, H
   Ramsey, Y
   Rogers, L
   Ross, MT
   Scott, CE
   Sehra, HK
   Skuce, CD
   Smalley, S
   Smith, ML
   Soderlund, C
   Spragon, L
   Steward, CA
   Sulston, JE
   Swann, RM
   Vaudin, M
   Wall, M
   Wallis, JM
   Whiteley, MN
   Willey, D
   Williams, L
   Williams, S
   Williamson, H
   Wilmer, TE
   Wilming, L
   Wright, CL
   Hubbard, T
   Bentley, DR
   Beck, S
   Rogers, J
   Shimizu, N
   Minoshima, S
   Kawasaki, K
   Sasaki, T
   Asakawa, S
   Kudoh, J
   Shintani, A
   Shibuya, K
   Yoshizaki, Y
   Aoki, N
   Mitsuyama, S
   Roe, BA
   Chen, F
   Chu, L
   Crabtree, J
   Deschamps, S
   Do, A
   Do, T
   Dorman, A
   Fang, F
   Fu, Y
   Hu, P
   Hua, A
   Kenton, S
   Lai, H
   Lao, HI
   Lewis, J
   Lewis, S
   Lin, SP
   Loh, P
   Malaj, E
   Nguyen, T
   Pan, H
   Phan, S
   Qi, S
   Qian, Y
   Ray, L
   Ren, Q
   Shaull, S
   Sloan, D
   Song, L
   Wang, Q
   Wang, Y
   Wang, Z
   White, J
   Willingham, D
   Wu, H
   Yao, Z
   Zhan, M
   Zhang, G
   Chissoe, S
   Murray, J
   Miller, N
   Minx, P
   Fulton, R
   Johnson, D
   Bemis, G
   Bentley, D
   Bradshaw, H
   Bourne, S
   Cordes, M
   Du, Z
   Fulton, L
   Goela, D
   Graves, T
   Hawkins, J
   Hinds, K
   Kemp, K
   Latreille, P
   Layman, D
   Ozersky, P
   Rohlfing, T
   Scheet, P
   Walker, C
   Wamsley, A
   Wohldmann, P
   Pepin, K
   Nelson, J
   Korf, I
   Bedell, JA
   Hillier, L
   Mardis, E
   Waterston, R
   Wilson, R
   Emanuel, BS
   Shaikh, T
   Kurahashi, H
   Saitta, S
   Budarf, ML
   McDermid, HE
   Johnson, A
   Wong, ACC
   Morrow, BE
   Edelman, L
   Kim, UJ
   Shizuya, H
   Simon, MI
   Dumanski, JP
   Peyrard, M
   Kedra, D
   Seroussi, E
   Fransson, I
   Tapia, I
   Bruder, CE
   O'Brien, KP
AF Dunham, I
   Shimizu, N
   Roe, BA
   Chissoe, S
   Dunham, I
   Hunt, AR
   Collins, JE
   Bruskiewich, R
   Beare, DM
   Clamp, M
   Smink, LJ
   Ainscough, R
   Almeida, JP
   Babbage, A
   Bagguley, C
   Balley, J
   Barlow, K
   Bates, KN
   Beasley, O
   Bird, CP
   Blakey, S
   Bridgeman, AM
   Buck, D
   Burgess, J
   Burrill, WD
   Burton, J
   Carder, C
   Carter, NP
   Chen, Y
   Clark, G
   Clegg, SM
   Cobley, V
   Cole, CG
   Collier, RE
   Connor, RE
   Conroy, D
   Corby, N
   Coville, GJ
   Cox, AV
   Davis, J
   Dawson, E
   Dhami, PD
   Dockree, C
   Dodsworth, SJ
   Durbin, RM
   Ellington, A
   Evans, KL
   Fey, JM
   Fleming, K
   French, L
   Garner, AA
   Gilbert, JGR
   Goward, ME
   Grafham, D
   Griffiths, MN
   Hall, C
   Hall, R
   Hall-Tamlyn, G
   Heathcott, RW
   Ho, S
   Holmes, S
   Hunt, SE
   Jones, MC
   Kershaw, J
   Kimberley, A
   King, A
   Laird, GK
   Langford, CF
   Leversha, MA
   Lloyd, C
   Lloyd, DM
   Martyn, ID
   Mashreghi-Mohammadi, M
   Matthews, L
   McCann, OT
   McClay, J
   McLaren, S
   McMurray, AA
   Milne, SA
   Mortimore, BJ
   Odell, CN
   Pavitt, R
   Pearce, AV
   Pearson, D
   Phillimore, BJ
   Phillips, SH
   Plumb, RW
   Ramsay, H
   Ramsey, Y
   Rogers, L
   Ross, MT
   Scott, CE
   Sehra, HK
   Skuce, CD
   Smalley, S
   Smith, ML
   Soderlund, C
   Spragon, L
   Steward, CA
   Sulston, JE
   Swann, RM
   Vaudin, M
   Wall, M
   Wallis, JM
   Whiteley, MN
   Willey, D
   Williams, L
   Williams, S
   Williamson, H
   Wilmer, TE
   Wilming, L
   Wright, CL
   Hubbard, T
   Bentley, DR
   Beck, S
   Rogers, J
   Shimizu, N
   Minoshima, S
   Kawasaki, K
   Sasaki, T
   Asakawa, S
   Kudoh, J
   Shintani, A
   Shibuya, K
   Yoshizaki, Y
   Aoki, N
   Mitsuyama, S
   Roe, BA
   Chen, F
   Chu, L
   Crabtree, J
   Deschamps, S
   Do, A
   Do, T
   Dorman, A
   Fang, F
   Fu, Y
   Hu, P
   Hua, A
   Kenton, S
   Lai, H
   Lao, HI
   Lewis, J
   Lewis, S
   Lin, SP
   Loh, P
   Malaj, E
   Nguyen, T
   Pan, H
   Phan, S
   Qi, S
   Qian, Y
   Ray, L
   Ren, Q
   Shaull, S
   Sloan, D
   Song, L
   Wang, Q
   Wang, Y
   Wang, Z
   White, J
   Willingham, D
   Wu, H
   Yao, Z
   Zhan, M
   Zhang, G
   Chissoe, S
   Murray, J
   Miller, N
   Minx, P
   Fulton, R
   Johnson, D
   Bemis, G
   Bentley, D
   Bradshaw, H
   Bourne, S
   Cordes, M
   Du, Z
   Fulton, L
   Goela, D
   Graves, T
   Hawkins, J
   Hinds, K
   Kemp, K
   Latreille, P
   Layman, D
   Ozersky, P
   Rohlfing, T
   Scheet, P
   Walker, C
   Wamsley, A
   Wohldmann, P
   Pepin, K
   Nelson, J
   Korf, I
   Bedell, JA
   Hillier, L
   Mardis, E
   Waterston, R
   Wilson, R
   Emanuel, BS
   Shaikh, T
   Kurahashi, H
   Saitta, S
   Budarf, ML
   McDermid, HE
   Johnson, A
   Wong, ACC
   Morrow, BE
   Edelman, L
   Kim, UJ
   Shizuya, H
   Simon, MI
   Dumanski, JP
   Peyrard, M
   Kedra, D
   Seroussi, E
   Fransson, I
   Tapia, I
   Bruder, CE
   O'Brien, KP
TI The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID whole-genome shotgun; cpg islands; yac contig; map; organization; genes; construction; region; mouse; 22q11
AB Knowledge of the complete genomic DNA sequence of an organism allows a systematic approach to defining its genetic components. The genomic sequence provides access to the complete structures of all genes, including those without known function, their control elements, and, by inference, the proteins they encode, as well as all other biologically important sequences. Furthermore, the sequence is a rich and permanent source of information for the design of further biological studies of the organism and for the study of evolution through cross-species sequence comparison. The power of this approach has been amply demonstrated by the determination of the sequences of a number of microbial and model organisms, The next step is to obtain the complete sequence of the entire human genome. Here we report the sequence of the euchromatic part of human chromosome 22. The sequence obtained consists of 12 contiguous segments spanning 33.4 megabases, contains at least 545 genes and 134 pseudogenes, and provides the first view of the complex chromosomal landscapes that will be found in the rest of the genome.
C1 Sanger Ctr, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1608582, Japan.
   Univ Oklahoma, Dept Chem & Biochem, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
   Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Div Human Genet & Mol Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
   Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Mol Genet, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Karolinska Hosp, Dept Mol Med, Clin Genet Unit, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
   CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Keio University; University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma - Norman; Washington University (WUSTL); University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania; University of Alberta; Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital; California Institute of Technology
RP Dunham, I (corresponding author), Sanger Ctr, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
EM idl@sanger.ac.uk
NR 50
TC 871
Z9 1413
U1 0
U2 71
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 489
EP 495
DI 10.1038/990031
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200045
PM 10591208
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Macilwain, C
AF Macilwain, C
TI Customs delays drive researchers to smuggling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6726
BP A10
EP A10
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 182QB
UT WOS:000079508700004
PM 10201379
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Belich, MP
   Salmerón, A
   Johnston, LH
   Ley, SC
AF Belich, MP
   Salmerón, A
   Johnston, LH
   Ley, SC
TI TPL-2 kinase regulates the proteolysis of the NF-κB-inhibitory protein NF-κB1 p105
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-binding subunit; tyrosine kinase; p50 subunit; activation; precursor; phosphorylation; generation; pathway; signal; alpha
AB The transcription factor NF-kappa B is composed of homodimeric and heterodimeric complexes of Rel/NF-kappa B-family polypeptides, which include Rel-A, c-Rel, Rel-B, NF-kappa B1/p50 and NF-kappa B2/p52 (ref. 1), The NF-kappa B1 gene encodes a larger precursor protein, p105, from which p50 is produced constitutively by proteasome-mediated removal of the p105 carboxy terminus(2.-5). The p105 precursor also acts as an NF kappa B-inhibitory protein, retaining associated p50, c-Rel and Rel-A proteins in the cytoplasm through its carboxy terminus(6,7). Following cell stimulation by agonists, p105 is proteolysed more rapidly and released Rel subunits translocate into the nucleus(8-10). Here we show that TPL-2 (ref. 11), which is homologous to MAP-kinase-kinase kinases in its catalytic domain(12), forms a complex with the carboxy terminus of p105, TPL-2 was originally identified, in a carboxy-terminal-deleted form, as an oncoprotein in rats(11) and is more than 90% identical to the human oncoprotein COT13. Expression of TPL-2 results in phosphorylation and increased degradation of p105 while maintaining p50 production. This releases associated Rel subunits or p50-Rel heterodimers to generate active nuclear NF-kappa B. Furthermore, kinase-inactive TPL-2 blocks the degradation of p105 induced by tumour-necrosis factor-alpha. TPL-2 is therefore a component of a new signalling pathway that controls proteolysis of NF-kappa B1 p105.
C1 Natl Inst Med Res, Div Cellular Immunol, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Natl Inst Med Res, Div Yeast Genet, London NW7 1AA, England.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; MRC National Institute for Medical Research
RP Ley, SC (corresponding author), Natl Inst Med Res, Div Cellular Immunol, Ridgeway,Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, England.
NR 30
TC 184
Z9 206
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 28
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6717
BP 363
EP 368
DI 10.1038/16946
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 162BE
UT WOS:000078324600053
PM 9950430
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shinbrot, T
   Alexander, A
   Muzzio, FJ
AF Shinbrot, T
   Alexander, A
   Muzzio, FJ
TI Spontaneous chaotic granular mixing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rotating cylinder; flow; segregation
AB There are several types of instabilities in fluid mechanics that lead to spontaneous chaotic mixing and intricate patterns. Classical examples include the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability(1,2) in shear layers, the instability of Taylor-Couette flow between rotating cylinders(3,4) and the Rayleigh-Benard instability in thermal convection(5). More recently, a variety of two- and three-dimensional chaotic mixing phenomena have been observed in other geometries(6-9). Mixing in granular flows(10,11), unlike that in stirred fluids, is thought to be diffusive-although periodic forcing has been used to enhance granular mixing(12-13), spontaneous chaotic granular mixing has not previously been reported. Here we report the observation of chaotic granular mixing patterns in simple cylindrical tumblers partially filled with fine grains. The patterns form spontaneously when sufficiently fine grains (less than or similar to 300 mu m diameter) are blended. We identify the mechanism by which the chaotic patterns are produced: a periodic stick-slip behaviour occurs in the shear layer separating static and flowing regions of grains. This causes weakly cohesive grains to mix at rates overwhelmingly exceeding those achievable for previously studied(11,14) freely flowing grains.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Pharmaceut Engn Program, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Muzzio, FJ (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Pharmaceut Engn Program, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
NR 28
TC 81
Z9 100
U1 0
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 25
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6721
BP 675
EP 678
DI 10.1038/17760
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 171AP
UT WOS:000078840100044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dacke, M
   Nilsson, DE
   Warrant, EJ
   Blest, AD
   Land, MF
   O'Carroll, DC
AF Dacke, M
   Nilsson, DE
   Warrant, EJ
   Blest, AD
   Land, MF
   O'Carroll, DC
TI Built-in polarizers form part of a compass organ in spiders
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID skylight polarization patterns; desert ant; orientation; vision; photoreceptors; cataglyphis; eye
AB Some insects and vertebrates use the pattern of polarized light in the sky as an optical compass(1-5). Only a small section of clear sky needs to be visible for bees and ants to obtain a compass bearing for accurate navigation(5,6). The receptors involved in the polarization compass are confined to a small part of the retina, and the eyes are built predominantly for other visual tasks(7). Here we report the discovery of a unique compass organ in the spider Drassodes cupreus, where a pair of specialized secondary eyes cooperate to analyse skylight polarization. These eyes do not form images, but use a built-in polarization filter to determine precisely the direction of polarization. Measurements using a model eye indicate that the compass organ is best suited for navigation at dusk and dawn. Behavioural experiments show that the spiders are primarily active after sunset and that they use polarization cues to find their way back to the nest after foraging trips. A similar organization of the secondary eyes in several spider families indicates that such compass organs may not be an isolated phenomenon.
C1 Univ Lund, Dept Zool, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Phys Sci, Vis Grp, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
   Univ Canterbury, Dept Zool, Christchurch 1, New Zealand.
   Univ Sussex, Sch Biol Sci, Brighton BN1 9QG, E Sussex, England.
   Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA USA.
C3 Lund University; Australian National University; University of Canterbury; University of Sussex; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Dacke, M (corresponding author), Univ Lund, Dept Zool, Helgonavagen 3, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
NR 23
TC 81
Z9 85
U1 2
U2 55
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6752
BP 470
EP 473
DI 10.1038/46773
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243DF
UT WOS:000082981200054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vimeux, F
   Masson, V
   Jouzel, J
   Stievenard, M
   Petit, JR
AF Vimeux, F
   Masson, V
   Jouzel, J
   Stievenard, M
   Petit, JR
TI Glacial-interglacial changes in ocean surface conditions in the southern hemisphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climatic interpretation; deuterium excess; ice core; circulation; simulations; snow; dust
AB The stable-isotope signatures of oxygen and hydrogen in the water of preserved ice and snow are both widely used to infer local temperatures of past environments. A derived quantity based on these two signatures, the 'deuterium excess'(1), provides additional palaeoclimatic information(2-4), as this parameter depends on the meteorological and oceanic characteristics of the water's source-regions (in particular, their temperature(2,3) and relative humidity(4)). Published studies mainly focus on records from the past 40,000 years. Here we present a deuterium-excess history obtained from ice cores from Vostok, East Antarctica, spanning the full glacial-interglacial cycle of the past 150,000 years. The deuterium-excess record shows a strong anticorrelation with the Earth's orbital obliquity (similar to 41,000-year periodicity), and values are markedly higher during the cold stage 5d (following the last interglacial) than during the other cold stages. We interpret the relationship with obliquity as resulting from changes in the latitudinal insolation gradient affecting ocean surface conditions and, thus, the delivery of moisture to the polar region. We argue that the high 5d values, relative to other cold stages, are driven by relatively less moisture delivered from high latitudes, and more from low latitudes. The deuterium-excess in Antarctic precipitation thus provides long-term, spatially integrated information on ocean surface conditions and ocean/atmosphere circulations in the Southern Hemisphere.
C1 CEA, CNRS, UMR 1572, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, CNRS, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
C3 CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Vimeux, F (corresponding author), CEA, CNRS, UMR 1572, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Batiment 709, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM vimeux@lsce.saclay.cea.fr
NR 30
TC 173
Z9 189
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6726
BP 410
EP 413
DI 10.1038/18860
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 182PW
UT WOS:000079508200048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mühlbauer, RC
   Li, F
AF Mühlbauer, RC
   Li, F
TI Nutrition -: Effect of vegetables on bone metabolism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ovariectomized rats; diurnal rhythm; resorption
C1 Univ Bern, Dept Clin Res, Bone Biol Grp, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
C3 University of Bern
RP Mühlbauer, RC (corresponding author), Univ Bern, Dept Clin Res, Bone Biol Grp, Murtenstr 35, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
NR 10
TC 96
Z9 103
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 343
EP 344
DI 10.1038/43824
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600040
PM 10517630
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Udem, T
   Reichert, J
   Holzwarth, R
   Hänsch, T
   Krämer, R
   Hahn, J
   Hammesfahr, J
AF Udem, T
   Reichert, J
   Holzwarth, R
   Hänsch, T
   Krämer, R
   Hahn, J
   Hammesfahr, J
TI Chronometry -: Effect of the 1999 solar eclipse on atomic clocks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt EV, D-82230 Wessling, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Helmholtz Association; German Aerospace Centre (DLR)
RP Udem, T (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, Hans Kopfermann Str 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
NR 10
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 749
EP 750
DI 10.1038/45442
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Urban, BC
   Ferguson, DJP
   Pain, A
   Willcox, N
   Plebanski, M
   Austyn, JM
   Roberts, DJ
AF Urban, BC
   Ferguson, DJP
   Pain, A
   Willcox, N
   Plebanski, M
   Austyn, JM
   Roberts, DJ
TI Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes modulate the maturation of dendritic cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID malaria-parasitized erythrocytes; antigenic variation; receptor; cytoadherence; sequestration; association; phenotypes; immunity; adhesion; invitro
AB The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is one of the most successful human pathogens. Specific virulence factors remain poorly defined, although the adhesion of infected erythrocytes to the venular endothelium has been associated with some of the syndromes of severe disease(1). Immune responses cannot prevent the development of symptomatic infections throughout life, and clinical immunity to the disease develops only slowly during childhood. An understanding of the obstacles to the development of protective immunity is crucial for developing rational approaches to prevent the disease. Here we show that intact malaria-infected erythrocytes adhere to dendritic cells, inhibit the maturation of dendritic cells and subsequently reduce their capacity to stimulate T cells. These data demonstrate both a novel mechanism by which malaria parasites induce immune dysregulation and a functional role beyond endothelial adhesion for the adhesive phenotypes expressed at the surface of infected erythrocytes.
C1 John Radcliffe Hosp, Oxford Ctr, Inst Mol Med, Oxford OX3 9DU, England.
   John Radcliffe Hosp, Oxford Ctr, Nuffield Dept Pathol, Oxford OX3 9DU, England.
   John Radcliffe Hosp, Oxford Ctr, Mol Immunol Grp, Oxford OX3 9DU, England.
   John Radcliffe Hosp, Oxford Ctr, Nuffield Dept Surg, Oxford OX3 9DU, England.
   John Radcliffe Hosp, Oxford Ctr, Natl Blood Serv, Oxford OX3 9DU, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford; University of Oxford; University of Oxford; University of Oxford
RP Roberts, DJ (corresponding author), John Radcliffe Hosp, Oxford Ctr, Inst Mol Med, Oxford OX3 9DU, England.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 480
Z9 560
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6739
BP 73
EP 77
DI 10.1038/21900
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 213DA
UT WOS:000081255700053
PM 10403251
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saitta, AM
   Soper, PD
   Wasserman, E
   Klein, ML
AF Saitta, AM
   Soper, PD
   Wasserman, E
   Klein, ML
TI Influence of a knot on the strength of a polymer strand
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mechanical-property; molecular-dynamics; topology; dna; polyethylene; behavior
AB Many experiments have been done to determine the relative strengths of different knots, and these show that the break in a knotted rope almost invariably occurs at the point just outside the 'entrance' to the knot(1). The influence of knots on the properties of polymers has become of great interest,in part because of their effect on mechanical properties(2). Knot theory(3,4) applied to the topology of macromolecules(5-8) indicates that the simple trefoil or 'overhand' knot is likely to be present in any long polymer strand(9-12). Fragments of DNA have been observed to contain such knots in experiments(13,14) and computer simulations(15). Here we use ab initio computational methods(16) to investigate the effect of a trefoil knot on the breaking strength of a polymer strand. We find that the knot weakens the strand significantly, and that, like a knotted rope, it breaks under tension at the entrance to the knot.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Ctr Mol Modeling, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Dupont Co, Cent Res & Dev, Expt Stn, Wilmington, DE 19880 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; DuPont; DuPont USA
RP Klein, ML (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Ctr Mol Modeling, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
NR 26
TC 213
Z9 246
U1 2
U2 105
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6731
BP 46
EP 48
DI 10.1038/19935
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 194BK
UT WOS:000080172100049
PM 10331387
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miralto, A
   Barone, G
   Romano, G
   Poulet, SA
   Ianora, A
   Russo, GL
   Buttino, I
   Mazzarella, G
   Laabir, M
   Cabrini, M
   Giacobbe, MG
AF Miralto, A
   Barone, G
   Romano, G
   Poulet, SA
   Ianora, A
   Russo, GL
   Buttino, I
   Mazzarella, G
   Laabir, M
   Cabrini, M
   Giacobbe, MG
TI The insidious effect of diatoms on copepod reproduction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microplankton; aldehydes; growth
AB The productive regions of the ocean are characterized by seasonal blooms of phytoplankton which are generally dominated by diatoms, This algal class has, therefore, traditionally been regarded as providing the bulk of the food that sustains the marine food chain to top consumers and important fisheries. However, this beneficial role has recently been questioned on the basis of laboratory studies showing that although dominant zooplankton gazers such as copepods feed extensively on diatoms, the hatching success of eggs thus produced is seriously impaired(1). Here we present evidence from the field showing that the hatching success of wild copepods feeding on a diatom-dominated bloom is also heavily compromised, with only 12% of the eggs hatching compared with 90% in post-bloom conditions. We report on the structure of the three aldehydes isolated from diatoms that are responsible for this biological activity, and show that these compounds arrest embryonic development in copepod and sea urchin bioassays and have antiproliferative and apoptotic effects on human carcinoma cells.
C1 Stn Zool A Dohrn, I-80121 Naples, Italy.
   Univ Naples, Dipartimento Chim Organ & Biol, I-80134 Naples, Italy.
   CNRS, Biol Stn Roscoff, F-29682 Roscoff, France.
   CNR, Ist Sci Alimentaz, I-83100 Avellino, Italy.
   Lab Biol Marina, I-34040 Trieste, Italy.
   CNR, Ist Sperimentale Talassograf, I-98122 Messina, Italy.
C3 Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn; University of Naples Federico II; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Scienze dell' Alimentazione (ISA-CNR); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
RP Miralto, A (corresponding author), Stn Zool A Dohrn, Villa Comunale, I-80121 Naples, Italy.
NR 18
TC 559
Z9 621
U1 1
U2 159
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 173
EP 176
DI 10.1038/46023
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fu, YX
   Galán, JE
AF Fu, YX
   Galán, JE
TI A Salmonella protein antagonizes Rac-1 and Cdc42 to mediate host-cell recovery after bacterial invasion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rho-gtpases; pseudomonas-aeruginosa; nuclear responses; exoenzyme-s; typhimurium; identification; disruption; yersinia; gene
AB An essential feature of the bacterial pathogen Salmonella spp. is its ability to enter cells that are normally non-phagocytic, such as those of the intestinal epithelium(1). The bacterium achieves entry by delivering effector proteins into the host-cell cytosol by means of a specialized protein-secretion system (termed type III), which causes reorganization of the cell's actin cytoskeleton and ruffling of its membrane(2-4). One of the bacterial effecters that stimulates these cellular responses is SopE, which acts as a guanyl-nucleotide-exchange factor on Rho GTPase proteins such as Cdc42 and Rac (ref. 5). As the actin-cytoskeleton reorganization induced by Salmonella is reversible and short-lived, infected cells regain their normal architecture after bacterial internalization(6,7). We show here that the S. Typhimurium effector protein SptP, which is delivered to the host-cell cytosol by the type-III secretion system, is directly responsible for the reversal of the actin cytoskeletal changes induced by the bacterium. SptP exerts this function by acting as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Rac-1 and Cdc42.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Boyer Ctr Mol Med, Sect Microbial Pathogenesis, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
C3 Yale University
RP Galán, JE (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Boyer Ctr Mol Med, Sect Microbial Pathogenesis, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
EM jorge.galan@yale.edu
NR 21
TC 454
Z9 561
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 293
EP 297
DI 10.1038/45829
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400058
PM 10499590
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yao, Z
   Postma, HWC
   Balents, L
   Dekker, C
AF Yao, Z
   Postma, HWC
   Balents, L
   Dekker, C
TI Carbon nanotube intramolecular junctions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electronic-property; conductance; defects; devices
AB The ultimate device miniaturization would be to use individual molecules as functional devices, Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are promising candidates for achieving this: depending on their diameter and chirality, they are either one-dimensional metals or semiconductors(1,2). Single-electron transistors employing metallic nanotubes(3,4) and field-effect transistors employing semiconducting nanotubes(5) have been demonstrated. Intramolecular devices have also been proposed which should display a range: of other device functions(6-11). For example, by introducing a pentagon and a heptagon into the hexagonal carbon lattice, two tube segments with different atomic and electronic structures can be seamlessly fused together to create intramolecular metal-metal, metal-semiconductor, or semiconductor-semiconductor junctions. Here we report electrical transport measurements on SWNTs with intramolecular junctions. We find that a metal-semiconductor junction behaves like a rectifying diode with nonlinear transport characteristics that are strongly asymmetric with respect to bias polarity. in the case of a metal-metal junction, the conductance appears to be strongly suppressed and it displays a power-law dependence on temperatures and applied voltage, consistent with tunnelling between the ends of two Luttinger liquids. Our results emphasize the need to consider screening and electron interactions when designing and modelling molecular devices. Realization of carbon-based molecular electronics will require future efforts in the controlled production of these intramolecular nanotube junctions.
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Dept Appl Sci, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
   Delft Univ Technol, DIMES, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
   Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
C3 Delft University of Technology; Delft University of Technology; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T
RP Dekker, C (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Dept Appl Sci, Lorentzweg 1, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
EM dekker@qt.tn.tudelft.nl
NR 19
TC 1614
Z9 1766
U1 1
U2 375
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6759
BP 273
EP 276
DI 10.1038/46241
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 257ZP
UT WOS:000083813700043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hofmann, T
   Obukhov, AG
   Schaefer, M
   Harteneck, C
   Gudermann, T
   Schultz, G
AF Hofmann, T
   Obukhov, AG
   Schaefer, M
   Harteneck, C
   Gudermann, T
   Schultz, G
TI Direct activation of human TRPC6 and TRPC3 channels by diacylglycerol
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID capacitative calcium-entry; store depletion; mast-cells; g-protein; receptor; expression; ca2+; cloning
AB Eukaryotic cells respond to many hormones and neurotransmitters with increased activity of the enzyme phospholipase C and a subsequent rise in the concentration of intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+](i))(1). The increase in [Ca2+](i) occurs as a result of the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores and an influx of Ca2+ through the plasma membrane(2-4); this influx of Ca2+ may(5) or may not(6) be store-dependent. Drosophila transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins and some mammalian homologues (TRPC proteins) are thought to mediate capacitative Ca2+ entry(7-9). Here we describe the molecular mechanism of store-depletion-independent activation of a subfamily of mammalian TRPC channels. We find that hTRPC6 is a non-selective cation channel that is activated by diacylglycerol in a membrane-delimited fashion, independently of protein kinases C activated by diacylglycerol, Although hTRPC3, the closest structural relative of hTRPC6, is activated in the same way, TRPCs i, 4 and 5 and the vanilloid receptor subtype 1 are unresponsive to the lipid mediator. Thus, hTRPC3 and hTRPC6 represent the first members of a new functional family of second-messenger-operated cation channels, which are activated by diacylglycerol.
C1 Free Univ Berlin, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Inst Pharmakol, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Free University of Berlin; Humboldt University of Berlin; Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin
RP Schultz, G (corresponding author), Free Univ Berlin, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Inst Pharmakol, Thielallee 69-73, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
EM gschultz@zedat.fu-berlin.de
NR 27
TC 1296
Z9 1456
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 21
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6716
BP 259
EP 263
DI 10.1038/16711
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 159QH
UT WOS:000078184800054
PM 9930701
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Albert, R
   Jeong, H
   Barabási, AL
AF Albert, R
   Jeong, H
   Barabási, AL
TI Internet -: Diameter of the World-Wide Web
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
C3 University of Notre Dame
RP Albert, R (corresponding author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
NR 7
TC 3001
Z9 3633
U1 3
U2 279
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6749
BP 130
EP 131
DI 10.1038/43601
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234AF
UT WOS:000082458800041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Funa, N
   Ohnishi, Y
   Fujii, I
   Shibuya, M
   Ebizuka, Y
   Horinouchi, S
AF Funa, N
   Ohnishi, Y
   Fujii, I
   Shibuya, M
   Ebizuka, Y
   Horinouchi, S
TI A new pathway for polyketide synthesis in microorganisms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID streptomyces-griseus; chalcone synthase; gene; biosynthesis; antibiotics; vancomycin; sequence; site
AB Chalcone synthases, which biosynthesize chalcones (the starting materials for many flavonoids(1,2)), have been believed to be specific to plants. However, the rppA gene from the Gram-positive, soil-living filamentous bacterium Streptomyces griseus encodes a 372-amino-acid protein that shows significant similarity to chalcone synthases'. Several rppA-like genes are known, but their functions and catalytic properties have not been described. Here we show that a homodimer of RppA catalyses polyketide synthesis: it selects malonyl-coenzyme-A as the starter, carries out four successive extensions and releases the resulting pentaketide to cyclize to 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (THN). Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that, as in other chalcone synthases(4,5), a cysteine residue is essential for enzyme activity. Disruption of the chromosomal rppA gene in S. griseus abolished melanin production in hyphae, resulting in 'albino' mycelium. THN was readily oxidized to form 2,5,7-trihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone(flaviolin), which then randomly polymerized to form various coloured compounds. THN formed by RppA appears to be an intermediate in the biosynthetic pathways for not only melanins but also various secondary metabolites containing a naphthoquinone ring. Therefore, RppA is a chalcone-synthase-related synthase that synthesizes polyketides and is found in the Streptomyces and other bacteria.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Agr & Life Sci, Dept Biotechnol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Nat Prod Chem, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo
RP Horinouchi, S (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Agr & Life Sci, Dept Biotechnol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan.
NR 28
TC 247
Z9 297
U1 4
U2 74
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6747
BP 897
EP 899
DI 10.1038/23748
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 230CA
UT WOS:000082233200052
PM 10476972
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fiederling, R
   Keim, M
   Reuscher, G
   Ossau, W
   Schmidt, G
   Waag, A
   Molenkamp, LW
AF Fiederling, R
   Keim, M
   Reuscher, G
   Ossau, W
   Schmidt, G
   Waag, A
   Molenkamp, LW
TI Injection and detection of a spin-polarized current in a light-emitting diode
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transport
AB The field of magnetoelectronics has been growing in practical importance in recent years(1). For example, devices that harness electronic spin-such as giant-magnetoresistive sensors and magnetoresistive memory cells-are now appearing on the market(2). In contrast, magnetoelectronic devices based on spin-polarized transport in semiconductors are at a much earlier stage of development, largely because of the lack of an efficient means of injecting spin-polarized charge. Much work has focused on the use of ferromagnetic metallic contacts(3,4), but it has proved exceedingly difficult to demonstrate polarized spin injection. More recently, two groups(5,6) have reported successful spin injection from an NiFe contact, but the observed effects of the spin-polarized transport were quite small (resistance changes of less than 1%). Here we describe a different approach, in which the magnetic semiconductor BexMnyZn1-x-ySe is used as a spin aligner. We achieve injection efficiencies of 90% spin-polarized current into a nonmagnetic semiconductor device. The device used in this case is a GaAs/AlGaAs light-emitting diode, and spin polarization is confirmed by the circular polarization state of the emitted light.
C1 Univ Wurzburg, Inst Phys, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
C3 University of Wurzburg
RP Molenkamp, LW (corresponding author), Univ Wurzburg, Inst Phys, EP 3, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
EM laurens.molenkamp@physik.uni-wuerzburg.de
NR 16
TC 1749
Z9 1877
U1 2
U2 332
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 787
EP 790
DI 10.1038/45502
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Veigel, C
   Coluccio, LM
   Jontes, JD
   Sparrow, JC
   Milligan, RA
   Molloy, JE
AF Veigel, C
   Coluccio, LM
   Jontes, JD
   Sparrow, JC
   Milligan, RA
   Molloy, JE
TI The motor protein myosin-I produces its working stroke in two steps
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID actin-filaments; force generation; liver; subfragment-1; mechanism; invitro; release; muscle; move
AB Many types of cellular motility including muscle contraction, are driven by the cyclical interaction of the motor protein myosin with actin filaments, coupled to the breakdown of ATP. It is thought that myosin binds to actin and then produces force and movement as it 'tilts' or 'rocks' into one or more subsequent, stable conformations(1,2). Here we use an optical-tweezers transducer to measure the mechanical transitions made by a single myosin head while it is attached to actin We find that two members of the myosin-I family, rat liver myosin-I of relative molecular mass 130,000 (M-r 130K) and chick intestinal brush-border myosin-I, produce movement in two distinct steps. The initial movement (of roughly 6 nanometres) is produced within 10 milliseconds of actomyosin binding, and the second step (of roughly 5.5 nanometres) occurs after a variable time delay The duration of the period following the second step is also variable and depends on the concentration of ATP. At the highest time resolution possible (about I millisecond), we cannot detect this second step when studying the single-headed subfragment-1 of fast skeletal muscle myosin II. The slower kinetics of myosin-I have allowed us to observe the separate mechanical states that contribute to its working stroke.
C1 Univ York, Dept Biol, York YO10 5YW, N Yorkshire, England.
   Boston Biomed Res Inst, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 University of York - UK; Boston Biomedical Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute
RP Molloy, JE (corresponding author), Univ York, Dept Biol, POB 373, York YO10 5YW, N Yorkshire, England.
EM jeml@york.ac.uk
NR 24
TC 258
Z9 300
U1 1
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6727
BP 530
EP 533
DI 10.1038/19104
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185HQ
UT WOS:000079662800052
PM 10206648
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lenormand, T
   Bourguet, D
   Guillemaud, T
   Raymond, M
AF Lenormand, T
   Bourguet, D
   Guillemaud, T
   Raymond, M
TI Tracking the evolution of insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene flow; hybrid zone; selection; model; cline
AB The evolution of pesticide resistance provides some of the most striking examples of darwinian evolution occurring over a human life span. Identification of resistance alleles opens an outstanding framework in which to study the evolution of adaptive mutations from the beginning of pesticide application(1-3), the evolution of interactions between alleles (dominance(4)) or between loci (epistasis(5,6)). Here we shaw that resistance alleles can also be used as markers to dissect population processes at a microevolutionary scale. We have focused on the antagonistic roles of selection and migration involved in the dynamics of local adaptation with reference to allelic frequencies at two resistance loci in the mosquito Culex pipiens, We find that their frequencies follow an annual cycle of large amplitude (25%), and we precisely unravel the seasonal variation of migration and selection underlying this cycle. Our results provide a firm basis on which to devise an insecticide treatment strategy that will better control the evolution of resistance genes and the growth of mosquito populations.
C1 Univ Montpellier 2, Inst Sci Evolut, Lab Genet & Environm, UMR 5554, F-34095 Montpellier 5, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Ecology & Environment (INEE); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite de Montpellier
RP Lenormand, T (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, 6270 Univ Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
NR 29
TC 172
Z9 190
U1 1
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6747
BP 861
EP 864
DI 10.1038/23685
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 230CA
UT WOS:000082233200042
PM 10476962
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Evans, NW
   Tabachnik, S
AF Evans, NW
   Tabachnik, S
TI Possible long-lived asteroid belts in the inner solar system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID objects; integration; dynamics
AB Recent years have seen the discovery of several objects in stable orbits in the outer Solar System(1-3); these bodies include objects in the Kuiper belt (also known as the Kuiper-Edgeworth belt) as well as the Centaurs. Moreover, another region of orbital stability has been identified between the orbits of Uranus and Neptune(4). Here we report evidence from numerical simulations of zones of orbital stability in the inner Solar System. We find that there are two possible long-lived belts of asteroids. The first region lies between the Sun and Mercury, in the range 0.09-0.21 astronomical units, where remnant planetesimals may survive for the age of the Solar System provided that their radii are greater than similar to 0.1 kilometres, The second region of stability is between Earth and Mars (range 1.08-1.28 astronomical units), where a population of bodies that are on circular orbits may survive. A search through the catalogues of near-Earth objects reveals an excess of asteroids with low eccentricities and inclinations occupying this latter region: several examples are the recently discovered objects 1996 XB27, 1998 HG49 and 1998 KG3.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3NP, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Evans, NW (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, 1 Keble Rd, Oxford OX1 3NP, England.
NR 21
TC 43
Z9 43
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6731
BP 41
EP 43
DI 10.1038/19919
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 194BK
UT WOS:000080172100047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shindell, DT
   Miller, RL
   Schmidt, GA
   Pandolfo, L
AF Shindell, DT
   Miller, RL
   Schmidt, GA
   Pandolfo, L
TI Simulation of recent northern winter climate trends by greenhouse-gas forcing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID surface air-temperature; stratospheric circulation; interannual variability; geopotential height; middle atmosphere; hemisphere; model; ozone; troposphere; gcm
AB The temperature of air at the Earth's surface has risen during the past century(1), but the fraction of the warming that can be attributed to anthropogenic greenhouse gases remains controversial. The strongest warming bends have been over Northern Hemisphere land masses during winter, and are closely related to changes in atmospheric circulation. These circulation changes are manifested by a gradual reduction in high-latitude sea-level pressure, and an increase in mid-latitude sea-level pressure associated with one phase of the Arctic Oscillation (a hemisphere-scale version of the North Atlantic Oscillation)(2). Here we use several different climate-model versions to demonstrate that the observed sea-level-pressure trends, including their magnitude, can be simulated by realistic increases in greenhouse-gas concentrations, Thus, although the warming appears through a naturally occurring mode of atmospheric variability, it may be anthropogenically induced and may continue to rise. The Arctic Oscillation trend is captured only in climate models that include a realistic representation of the stratosphere, while changes in ozone concentrations are not necessary to simulate the observed climate trends. The proper representation of stratospheric dynamics appears to be important to the attribution of climate change, at least on a broad regional scale.
C1 NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY 10025 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Goddard Institute for Space Studies; Columbia University; Columbia University; University of British Columbia
RP Shindell, DT (corresponding author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA.
NR 30
TC 440
Z9 491
U1 3
U2 57
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 452
EP 455
DI 10.1038/20905
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Owen, T
   Mahaffy, P
   Niemann, HB
   Atreya, S
   Donahue, T
   Bar-Nun, A
   de Pater, I
AF Owen, T
   Mahaffy, P
   Niemann, HB
   Atreya, S
   Donahue, T
   Bar-Nun, A
   de Pater, I
TI A low-temperature origin for the planetesimals that formed Jupiter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solar nebula; wavelengths; chemistry; models
AB The four giant planets in the Solar System have abundances of 'metals' (elements heavier than helium), relative to hydrogen, that are much higher than observed in the Sun. In order to explain this, all models for the formation of these planets rely on an influx of solid planetesimals(17). It is generally assumed that these planetesimals were similar, if not identical, to the comets from the Oort cloud that we see today. Comets that formed in the region of the giant planets should not have contained much neon, argon and nitrogen, because the temperatures were too high for these volatile gases to be trapped effectively in ice. This means that the abundances of those elements on the giant planets should be approximately solar. Here we show that argon, krypton and xenon in Jupiter's atmosphere are enriched to the same extent as the other heavy elements, which suggests that the planetesimals carrying these elements must have formed at temperatures lower than predicted by present models of giant-planet formation.
C1 Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Geophys & Planetary Sci, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Tel Aviv University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Owen, T (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, 2680 Woodlawn Dr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
EM owen@ifa.hawaii.edu
NR 24
TC 254
Z9 268
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6759
BP 269
EP 270
DI 10.1038/46232
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 257ZP
UT WOS:000083813700041
PM 10580497
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gershon, D
AF Gershon, D
TI Improving the plight of the physician-scientist in the US
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID clinical investigator
C1 Nat Med, London, England.
RP Gershon, D (corresponding author), Nat Med, London, England.
NR 5
TC 9
Z9 11
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 215
EP 216
DI 10.1038/46100
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400059
PM 10647018
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Woutersen, S
   Bakker, HJ
AF Woutersen, S
   Bakker, HJ
TI Resonant intermolecular transfer of vibrational energy in liquid water
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spectroscopy; pulses
AB Many biological, chemical and physical processes involve the transfer of energy. In the case of electronic excitations, transfer between molecules is rapid, whereas for vibrations in the condensed phase, resonant energy transfer is an unlikely process because the typical timescale of vibrational relaxation (a few picoseconds) is much shorter than that of resonant intermolecular vibrational energy transfer(1,2). For the OH-stretch vibration in liquid water, which is of particular importance due to its coupling to the hydrogen bond, extensive investigations have shown that vibrational relaxation takes place with a time constant of 740 +/- 25 femtoseconds (ref. 7). So for resonant intermolecular energy transfer to occur in liquid water, the interaction between the OH-stretch modes of different water molecules needs to be extremely strong. Here we report time-resolved pump-probe laser spectroscopy measurements that reveal the occurrence of fast resonant intermolecular transfer of OH-stretch excitations over many water molecules before the excitation energy is dissipated. We find that the transfer process is mediated by dipole-dipole interactions (the Forster transfer mechanism(9)) and additional mechanisms that are possibly based on intermolecular anharmonic interactions involving hydrogen bonds. Our findings suggest that liquid water may play an important role in transporting vibrational energy between OH groups located on either different biomolecules or along extended biological structures. OH groups in a hydrophobic environment should accordingly be able to remain in a vibrationally excited state longer than OH groups in a hydrophilic environment.
C1 FOM, Inst Atom & Mol Phys, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 AMOLF
RP Woutersen, S (corresponding author), FOM, Inst Atom & Mol Phys, Kruislaan 407, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
NR 18
TC 499
Z9 549
U1 1
U2 117
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 507
EP 509
DI 10.1038/990058
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wiesmann, C
   Ultsch, MH
   Bass, SH
   de Vos, AM
AF Wiesmann, C
   Ultsch, MH
   Bass, SH
   de Vos, AM
TI Crystal structure of nerve growth factor in complex with the ligand-binding domain of the TrkA receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunoglobulin-like domain; tyrosine kinase receptors; leucine-rich motif; neurotrophin receptors; affinity receptor; ngf; resolution; site; differentiation; specificity
AB Nerve growth factor (NGF) is involved in a variety of processes involving signalling, such as cell differentiation and survival, growth cessation and apoptosis of neurons'. These events are mediated by NGF as a result of binding to its two cell-surface receptors,TrkA and p75 (ref. 2). TrkA is a receptor with tyrosine kinase activity that forms a high-affinity binding site for NGF(3). Of the five domains comprising its extracellular portion, the immunoglobulin-like domain proximal to the membrane (TrkA-d5 domain) is necessary and sufficient for NGF binding(4). Here we present the crystal structure of human NGF in complex with human TrkA-d5 at 2.2 Angstrom resolution. The ligand-receptor interface consists of two patches of similar size. One patch involves the central beta-sheet that forms the core of the homodimeric NGF molecule and the loops at the carboxy-terminal pole of TrkA-d5. The second patch comprises the amino-terminal resudes of NGF, which adopt a helical conformation upon complex formation, packing against the 'ABED' sheet of TrkA-d5. The structure is consistent with results from mutagenesis experiments for all neurotrophins, and indicates that the first patch may constitute a conserved binding motif for all family members, whereas the second patch is specific for the interaction between NGF and TrkA.
C1 Genentech Inc, Dept Prot Engn, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Biol, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
C3 Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech
RP de Vos, AM (corresponding author), Genentech Inc, Dept Prot Engn, 1 DNA Way, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
NR 30
TC 331
Z9 411
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6749
BP 184
EP 188
DI 10.1038/43705
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234AF
UT WOS:000082458800059
PM 10490030
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bloj, MG
   Kersten, D
   Hurlbert, AC
AF Bloj, MG
   Kersten, D
   Hurlbert, AC
TI Perception of three-dimensional shape influences colour perception through mutual illumination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brightness; constancy
AB Objects in the natural world possess different visual attributes, including shape, colour, surface texture and motion. Previous perceptual studies have assumed that the brain analyses the colour of a surface independently of its three-dimensional shape and viewing geometry(1,2), although there are neural connections between colour and two-dimensional form processing early in the visual pathway(3,4). Here we show that colour perception is strongly influenced by three-dimensional shape perception in a novel, chromatic version of the Mach Card-a concave folded card with one side made of magenta paper and the other of white paper. The light reflected from the magenta paper casts a pinkish glow on the white side. The perceived colour of the white side changes from pale pink to deep magenta when the perceived shape of the card flips from concave to convex. The effect demonstrates that the human visual system incorporates knowledge of mutual illumination-the physics of light reflection between surfaces-at an early stage in colour perception.
C1 Med Sch Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Psychol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
C3 Newcastle University - UK; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Hurlbert, AC (corresponding author), Med Sch Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, Tyne & Wear, England.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 23
TC 212
Z9 229
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6764
BP 877
EP 879
DI 10.1038/47245
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 269ML
UT WOS:000084482000033
PM 10622251
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McElroy, CT
   McLinden, CA
   McConnell, JC
AF McElroy, CT
   McLinden, CA
   McConnell, JC
TI Evidence for bromine monoxide in the free troposphere during the Arctic polar sunrise
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID layer ozone depletion; destruction; aerosols; chlorine; release; leads; pack; ice
AB During the Arctic polar springtime, dramatic ozone losses occur not only in the stratosphere but also in the underlying troposphere(1), These tropospheric ozone loss events have been observed over large areas(2,3) in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) throughout the Arctic(4,5), They are associated with enhanced concentrations of halogen species(1,6-9) and are probably caused by catalytic reactions involving bromine monoxide (BrO) and perhaps also chlorine monooxide (ClO)(1,10-12). The origin of the BrO, the principle species driving the ozone destruction, is thought to be the autocatalytic release of bromine from sea salt accumulated on the Arctic snow pack(1,6-9), followed by photolytic and heterogeneous reactions which produce and recycle the oxide(10,11,14,15). Satellite observations have shown the horizontal and temporal extent of large BrO enhancements in the Arctic troposphere(16,17), but the vertical distribution of the BrO has remained uncertain. Here we report BrO observations obtained from a high-altitude aircraft that suggest the presence of significant amounts of BrO not only in the PBL but also in the free troposphere above it. We believe that the BrO is transported from the PBL into the free troposphere through convection over large Arctic ice leads (openings in the pack ice). The convective transport also lifts ice crystals and water droplets well above the PBL18,19, thus providing surfaces for heterogeneous reactions that can recycle BrO from less-reactive forms and thereby maintain its ability to affect the chemistry of the free troposphere.
C1 Environm Canada, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada.
   York Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
   York Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, N York, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
C3 Environment & Climate Change Canada; York University - Canada; York University - Canada
RP McElroy, CT (corresponding author), Environm Canada, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada.
EM tom.mcelroy@ec.gc.ca
NR 30
TC 132
Z9 139
U1 2
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 28
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6717
BP 338
EP 341
DI 10.1038/16904
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 162BE
UT WOS:000078324600046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Olson, ES
AF Olson, ES
TI Direct measurement of intra-cochlear pressure waves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID basilar-membrane; mechanics; position; base
AB The cochlear travelling wave is fundamental to the ability of the mammalian auditory system to resolve frequency. The seashell-shaped outer bone of the cochlea (the auditory inner ear) contains a spiral of cochlear fluid and the sensory tissue known as the cochlear partition. Sound travels down the ear canal to the eardrum, causing its flexible tympanic membrane to vibrate. This vibration is transmitted to the cochlea via the ossicles. Motion of the stapes (the stirrup ossicle) sets the cochlear fluid in motion, which in turn sets the cochlear partition near the stapes in motion. The motion of the cochlear partition ripples down the cochlear spiral as a travelling wave, stimulating the cochlea's sensory hair cells. The wave peaks near the base (the stapes end) of the cochlea for high frequency tones and near the apex for low frequencies'. The fundamental elements of the cochlear travelling wave are fluid pressure and motion and partition forces and motion. However, the wave's direct experimental study has to date relied almost solely on measurements of the partition motion. Here I report finely spaced measurements of intracochlear pressure close to the partition, which reveal the fluid component of the cochlear wave. The penetration depth of the wave is very limited, similar to 15 mu m. Over a range of frequencies at least an octave wide, the depth is independent of frequency.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Princeton University
RP Olson, ES (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [R29 DC003130] Funding Source: Medline
NR 16
TC 100
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 526
EP 529
DI 10.1038/990092
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200055
PM 10591211
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Büttner, R
   Dellino, P
   Zimanowski, B
AF Büttner, R
   Dellino, P
   Zimanowski, B
TI Identifying magma-water interaction from the surface features of ash particles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vulcano; mechanisms; evolution
AB The deposits from explosive volcanic eruptions (those eruptions that release mechanical energy over a short time span(1)) are characterized by an abundance of volcanic ash(2,3). This ash is produced by fragmentation of the magma driving the eruption and by fragmenting and ejecting parts of the pre-existing crust (host rocks). Interactions between rising magma and the hydrosphere (oceans, lakes, and ground water) play an important role in explosive volcanism(4,5), because of the unique thermodynamic properties of water that allow it to very effectively convert thermal into mechanical energy, Although the relative proportion of magma to host-rock fragments is well preserved in the pyroclastic rocks deposited by such eruptions, it has remained difficult to quantitatively assess the interaction of magma with liquid water from the analysis of pyroclastic deposits(2-5). Here we report the results of a study of natural pyroclastic sequences combined with scaled laboratory experiments. We find that surface features of ash grains can be used to identify the dynamic contact of magma with liquid water, The abundance of such ash grains can then be related to the water/magma mass ratios during their interaction.
C1 Univ Wurzburg, Inst Geol, Phys Vulkanol Lab, D-97070 Wurzburg, Germany.
   Univ Bari, Dipartimento Geomineral, I-70125 Bari, Italy.
C3 University of Wurzburg; Universita degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro
RP Zimanowski, B (corresponding author), Univ Wurzburg, Inst Geol, Phys Vulkanol Lab, Pleicherwall 1, D-97070 Wurzburg, Germany.
EM zimano@geologie.uni-wuerzburg.de
NR 18
TC 178
Z9 198
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6754
BP 688
EP 690
DI 10.1038/44364
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 247EJ
UT WOS:000083207400053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ball, P
AF Ball, P
TI Transitions still to be made
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID noise
AB A collection of many particles all interacting according to simple,; local rules can show behaviour that is anything but simple or predictable. Yet such systems constitute most of the tangible Universe, and the theories that describe them continue to represent one of the most useful contributions of physics.
NR 17
TC 13
Z9 13
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP C73
EP C76
DI 10.1038/35011567
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MZ
UT WOS:000084014100011
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Treue, S
   Trujillo, JCM
AF Treue, S
   Trujillo, JCM
TI Feature-based attention influences motion processing gain in macaque visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID area-mt; selective attention; neural mechanisms; modulation; v4; neurons; lesions; monkey; mst; v1
AB Changes in neural responses based on spatial attention have been demonstrated in many areas of visual cortex(1-4), indicating that the neural correlate of attention is an enhanced response to stimuli at an attended location and reduced responses to stimuli elsewhere. Here we demonstrate non-spatial, feature-based attentional modulation of visual motion processing, and show that attention increases the gain of direction-selective neurons in visual cortical area MT without narrowing the direction-tuning curves. These findings place important constraints on the neural mechanisms of attention and we propose to unify the effects of spatial location, direction of motion and other features of the attended stimuli in a 'feature similarity gain model' of attention.
C1 Univ Tubingen, Dept Neurol, Cognit Neurosci Lab, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
RP Treue, S (corresponding author), Univ Tubingen, Dept Neurol, Cognit Neurosci Lab, Morgenstelle 15, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
NR 25
TC 1121
Z9 1336
U1 1
U2 82
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6736
BP 575
EP 579
DI 10.1038/21176
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 204RR
UT WOS:000080778400053
PM 10376597
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Monasson, R
   Zecchina, R
   Kirkpatrick, S
   Selman, B
   Troyansky, L
AF Monasson, R
   Zecchina, R
   Kirkpatrick, S
   Selman, B
   Troyansky, L
TI Determining computational complexity from characteristic 'phase transitions'
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID satisfiability threshold; critical-behavior; algorithm; formulas; liquids; model; sat
AB Non-deterministic polynomial time (commonly termed 'NP-complete') problems are relevant to many computational tasks of practical interest-such as the 'travelling salesman problem'-but are difficult to solve: the computing time grows exponentially with problem size in the worst case. It has recently been shown that these problems exhibit 'phase boundaries', across which dramatic changes occur in the computational difficulty and solution character-the problems become easier to solve away from the boundary. Here we report an analytic solution and experimental investigation of the phase transition in K-satisfiability, an archetypal NP-complete problem. Depending on the input parameters, the computing time may grow exponentially or polynomially with problem size; in the former case, we observe a discontinuous transition, whereas in the latter case a continuous (second-order) transition is found. The nature of these transitions may explain the differing computational costs, and suggests directions for improving the efficiency of search algorithms. Similar types of transition should occur in other combinatorial problems and In glassy or granular materials, thereby strengthening the link between computational models and properties of physical systems.
C1 IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
   CNRS, Phys Theor Lab, F-75231 Paris, France.
   Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Comp Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP); Cornell University; Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP Kirkpatrick, S (corresponding author), IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
EM kirk@watson.ibm.com
NR 36
TC 551
Z9 621
U1 1
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6740
BP 133
EP 137
DI 10.1038/22055
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214JM
UT WOS:000081324900044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reiner, DJ
   Newton, EM
   Tian, H
   Thomas, JH
AF Reiner, DJ
   Newton, EM
   Tian, H
   Thomas, JH
TI Diverse behavioural defects caused by mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans unc-43 CaM kinase II
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent protein-kinase; c-elegans; potassium channel; cardiac-arrhythmia; nervous-system; mutant mice; calmodulin; drosophila; microscopy; frequency
AB Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine kinase type II (CaMKII) is one of the most abundant proteins in the mammalian brain, where it is thought to regulate synaptic plasticity and other processes(1-3). Activation of the multisubunit kinase(4) by calcium is effectively cooperative and can persist long after transient calcium rises(1,5,6). Despite extensive biochemical characterization of CaMKII and identification of numerous in vitro kinase targets(1), little is known about its function in vivo. Here we report that unc-43 encodes the only Caenorhabditis elegans CaMKII. A gain-of-function unc-43 mutation reduces locomotory activity, alters excitation of three muscle types and lengthens the period of the motor output of a behavioural clock. Null unc-43 mutations cause phenotypes generally opposite to those of the gain-of-function mutation. Mutations in the unc-103 potassium channel gene suppress a gain-of-function phenotype of unc-43 in one tissue without affecting other tissues; thus, UNC-103 may be a tissue-specific target of CaMKII in vivo.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Genet, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Thomas, JH (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Genet, Box 357360, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM jht@genetics.washington.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM085309] Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 104
Z9 144
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 199
EP 203
DI 10.1038/46072
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400055
PM 10647014
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Indermühle, A
   Stocker, TF
   Joos, F
   Fischer, H
   Smith, HJ
   Wahlen, M
   Deck, B
   Mastroianni, D
   Tschumi, J
   Blunier, T
   Meyer, R
   Stauffer, B
AF Indermühle, A
   Stocker, TF
   Joos, F
   Fischer, H
   Smith, HJ
   Wahlen, M
   Deck, B
   Mastroianni, D
   Tschumi, J
   Blunier, T
   Meyer, R
   Stauffer, B
TI Holocene carbon-cycle dynamics based on CO2 trapped in ice at Taylor Dome, Antarctica
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric co2; greenland ice; polar ice; core; record; age; dioxide; climate; oceans
AB A high-resolution ice-core record of atmospheric CO2 concentration over the Holocene epoch shows that the global carbon cycle has not been in steady state during the past 11,000 years. Analysis of the CO2 concentration and carbon stable-isotope records, using a one-dimensional carbon-cycle model, suggests that changes in terrestrial biomass and sea surface temperature were largely responsible for the observed millennial-scale changes of atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
C1 Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of Bern; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography
RP Stocker, TF (corresponding author), Univ Bern, Inst Phys, Sidlerstr 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
NR 47
TC 589
Z9 673
U1 4
U2 155
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6723
BP 121
EP 126
DI 10.1038/18158
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 176DG
UT WOS:000079135200035
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rice, S
   Lin, AW
   Safer, D
   Hart, CL
   Naber, N
   Carragher, BO
   Cain, SM
   Pechatnikova, E
   Wilson-Kubalek, EM
   Whittaker, M
   Pate, E
   Cooke, R
   Taylor, EW
   Milligan, RA
   Vale, RD
AF Rice, S
   Lin, AW
   Safer, D
   Hart, CL
   Naber, N
   Carragher, BO
   Cain, SM
   Pechatnikova, E
   Wilson-Kubalek, EM
   Whittaker, M
   Pate, E
   Cooke, R
   Taylor, EW
   Milligan, RA
   Vale, RD
TI A structural change in the kinesin motor protein that drives motility
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; dimeric kinesin; myosin motor; cryoelectron microscopy; atp hydrolysis; microtubule; domain; mechanism; complex; ncd
AB Kinesin motors power many motile processes by converting ATP energy into unidirectional motion along microtubules, The force-generating and enzymatic properties of conventional kinesin have been extensively studied; however, the structural basis of movement is unknown. Here we have detected and visualized a large conformational change of a similar to 15-amino-acid region (the neck linker) in kinesin using electron paramagnetic resonance, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, pre-steady state kinetics and cryo-electron microscopy, This region becomes immobilized and extended towards the microtubule 'plus' end when kinesin binds microtubules and ATP, and reverts to a more mobile conformation when gamma-phosphate is released after nucleotide hydrolysis, This conformational change explains both the direction of kinesin motion and processive movement by the kinesin dimer.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Beckman Inst, Dept Cell & Struct Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Mol Genet & Cell Biol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Washington State Univ, Dept Pure & Appl Math, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Scripps Research Institute; University of Pennsylvania; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Chicago; Washington State University
RP Vale, RD (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM vale@phy.uscf.edu
NR 50
TC 663
Z9 823
U1 0
U2 93
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 778
EP 784
DI 10.1038/45483
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500055
PM 10617199
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tomita, H
   Ohbayashi, M
   Nakahara, K
   Hasegawa, I
   Miyashita, Y
AF Tomita, H
   Ohbayashi, M
   Nakahara, K
   Hasegawa, I
   Miyashita, Y
TI Top-down signal from prefrontal cortex in executive control of memory retrieval
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inferior temporal neurons; long-term-memory; frontal disconnection; cognitive interaction; working-memory; monkeys; task; organization; activation
AB Knowledge or experience is voluntarily recalled from memory by reactivation of the neural representations in the cerebral association cortex(1-4). In inferior temporal cortex, which serves as the storehouse of visual long-term memory(5-8), activation of mnemonic engrams through electric stimulation results in imagery recall in humans(9), and neurons can be dynamically activated by the necessity for memory recall in monkeys(10,11). Neuropsychological studies(12) and previous split-brain experiments(13) predicted that prefrontal cortex exerts executive control upon inferior temporal cortex in memory retrieval; however, no neuronal correlate of this process has ever been detected. Here we show evidence of the top-down signal from prefrontal cortex. In the absence of bottom-up visual inputs, single inferior temporal neurons were activated by the top-down signal, which conveyed information on semantic categorization imposed by visual stimulus-stimulus association. Behavioural performance was severely impaired with loss of the top-down signal. Control experiments confirmed that the signal was transmitted not through a subcortical but through a frontotemporal cortical pathway. Thus, feedback projections from prefrontal cortex to the posterior association cortex(2,3,14) appear to serve the executive control of voluntary recall.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, ICORP, Mind Articulat Project, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130034, Japan.
   Natl Inst Physiol Sci, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS)
RP Tomita, H (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM hyoe@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp; yasushi_miyashita@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 29
TC 485
Z9 555
U1 1
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6754
BP 699
EP 703
DI 10.1038/44372
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 247EJ
UT WOS:000083207400057
PM 10537108
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bhattacharya, SK
   Ramchandani, S
   Cervoni, N
   Szyf, M
AF Bhattacharya, SK
   Ramchandani, S
   Cervoni, N
   Szyf, M
TI A mammalian protein with specific demethylase activity for mCpG DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mouse embryo; methylation; methyltransferase; 5-methylcytosine; glycosylase; cells
AB DNA-methylation patterns are important for regulating genome functions, and are determined by the enzymatic processes of methylation and demethylation. The demethylating enzyme has now been identified: a mammalian complementary DNA encodes a methyl-CpG-binding domain, bears a demethylase activity that transforms methylated cytosine bases to cytosine, and demethylates a plasmid when the cDNA is translated or transiently transfected into human embryonal kidney cells in vitro. The discovery of this DNA demethylase should provide a basis for the molecular and developmental analysis of the role of DNA methylation and demethylation.
C1 McGill Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, Montreal, PQ H3G 1Y6, Canada.
C3 McGill University
RP Szyf, M (corresponding author), McGill Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, 3655 Drummond St, Montreal, PQ H3G 1Y6, Canada.
EM mszyf@pharma.mcgill.ca
NR 28
TC 538
Z9 621
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 18
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6720
BP 579
EP 583
DI 10.1038/17533
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 169GE
UT WOS:000078738500038
PM 10050851
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dornhaus, A
   Chittka, L
AF Dornhaus, A
   Chittka, L
TI Insect behaviour - Evolutionary origins of bee dances
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Wurzburg, Biozentrum, Lehrstuhl Zool 2, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
C3 University of Wurzburg
RP Dornhaus, A (corresponding author), Univ Wurzburg, Biozentrum, Lehrstuhl Zool 2, Hubland, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
NR 10
TC 143
Z9 164
U1 0
U2 80
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6748
BP 38
EP 38
DI 10.1038/43372
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 232MK
UT WOS:000082374400032
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cunha, A
   Azevedo, RBR
   Emmons, SW
   Leroi, AM
AF Cunha, A
   Azevedo, RBR
   Emmons, SW
   Leroi, AM
TI Developmental biology - Variable cell number in nematodes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; lineages
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
   Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Mol Genet, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
C3 Imperial College London; Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine
RP Cunha, A (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol, Silwood Pk, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
NR 13
TC 35
Z9 37
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6759
BP 253
EP 253
DI 10.1038/46211
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 257ZP
UT WOS:000083813700037
PM 10580494
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Forrester, WC
   Dell, M
   Perens, E
   Garriga, G
AF Forrester, WC
   Dell, M
   Perens, E
   Garriga, G
TI A C-elegans Ror receptor tyrosine kinase regulates cell motility and asymmetric cell division
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nematode caenorhabditis-elegans; neuromuscular-junction; genes; migration; lineage; family; musk
AB Ror kinases are a family of orphan receptors with tyrosine kinase activity that are related to muscle specific kinase (MuSK), a receptor tyrosine kinase that assembles acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction(1,2). Although the functions of Ror kinases are unknown, similarities between Ror and MuSK kinases have led to speculation that Ror kinases regulate synaptic development. Here we show that the Caenorhabditis elegans gene cam-1 encodes a member of the Ror kinase family that guides migrating cells and orients the polarity of asymmetric cell divisions and axon outgrowth. We find that tyrosine kinase activity is required for some of the functions of CAM-1, but not for its role in cell migration. CAM-1 is expressed in cells that require its function, and acts cell autonomously in migrating neurons. Overexpression and loss of cam-1 function result in reciprocal cell-migration phenotypes, indicating that levels of CAM-1 influence the final positions of migrating cells. Our results raise the possibility that Ror kinases regulate cell motility and asymmetric cell division in organisms as diverse as nematodes and mammals.
C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
C3 Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
RP Garriga, G (corresponding author), Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Jordan Hall, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
NR 25
TC 140
Z9 174
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6747
BP 881
EP 885
DI 10.1038/23722
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 230CA
UT WOS:000082233200048
PM 10476968
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Corti, S
   Molteni, F
   Palmer, TN
AF Corti, S
   Molteni, F
   Palmer, TN
TI Signature of recent climate change in frequencies of natural atmospheric circulation regimes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID northern-hemisphere winter; flow regimes; geopotential height; temperature trends; variability; oscillation; surface
AB A crucial question in the global-warming debate concerns the extent to which recent climate change is caused by anthropogenic forcing or is a manifestation of natural climate variability(1). It is commonly thought that the climate response to anthropogenic forcing should be distinct from the patterns of natural climate variability. But, on the basis of studies of nonlinear chaotic models with preferred states or 'regimes', it has been argued(2,3) that the spatial patterns of the response to anthropogenic forcing may in fact project principally onto modes of natural climate variability. Here we use atmospheric circulation data from the Northern Hemisphere to show that recent climate change can be interpreted in terms of changes in the frequency of occurrence of natural atmospheric circulation regimes. We conclude that recent Northern Hemisphere warming may be more directly related to the thermal structure of these circulation regimes than to any anthropogenic forcing pattern itself. Conversely, the fact that observed climate change projects onto natural patterns cannot be used as evidence of no anthropogenic effect on climate. These results may help explain possible differences between trends in surface temperature and satellite-based temperature in the free atmosphere(4-6).
C1 European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England.
   CINECA Int Comp Ctr, I-40033 Bologna, Italy.
C3 European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF); CINECA, Italy
RP Palmer, TN (corresponding author), European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Shinfield Pk, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England.
EM tim.palmer@ecmw.int
NR 25
TC 491
Z9 514
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6730
BP 799
EP 802
DI 10.1038/19745
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 192BL
UT WOS:000080058100056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Horton, B
AF Horton, B
TI Out of the lab and into the marketplace
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6732
BP 175
EP 176
DI 10.1038/20221
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 196XU
UT WOS:000080335700055
PM 10335849
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Macilwain, C
AF Macilwain, C
TI Community split on Peronist reform effort
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6726
BP A14
EP A15
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 182QB
UT WOS:000079508700007
PM 10201382
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Deutscher, G
AF Deutscher, G
TI Coherence and single-particle excitations in the high-temperature superconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID point-contact spectroscopy; gap; pseudogap; behavior; crystals; state
AB The 'pseudogap' observed in the electron excitation spectrum of underdoped copper oxide superconductors has become the focus of considerable attention in the field of high-temperature superconductivity. In conventional superconductors, described by 'BCS' theory, an energy gap appears at the superconducting transition temperature (T-c); the pseudogap, in contrast, is observed well above T-c (ref. 1) and can be large compared to the conventional BCS gap(2-4). Here I compare gap energies, measured by different experimental techniques, for the copper oxide superconductors and show that these reveal the existence of two distinct energy scales: Delta(p) and Delta(c). The first, determined either by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy or by tunnelling, is the single-particle excitation energy-the energy (per particle) required to split the paired charge-carriers that are required for superconductivity. The second energy scale is determined by Andreev reflection experiments, and I associate it with the coherence energy range of the superconducting state-the macroscopic quantum condensate of the paired charges. I find that, in the overdoped regime, Delta(p) and Delta(c) converge to approximately the same value, as would be the case for a BCS superconductor where pairs form and condense simultaneously. But in the underdoped regime, where the pseudogap is observed, the two values diverge and Delta(p) is larger than Delta(c). Models that may provide a framework for understanding these results involve the existence of pairing above the condensation temperature, as might occur in a crossover from BCS to Bose-Einstein condensation behaviour(5) or from the formation of striped phases(6).
C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Fac Exact Sci, Sch Phys & Astron, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
C3 Tel Aviv University
RP Deutscher, G (corresponding author), Tel Aviv Univ, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Fac Exact Sci, Sch Phys & Astron, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
NR 28
TC 312
Z9 329
U1 0
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 4
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6718
BP 410
EP 412
DI 10.1038/17075
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 164KA
UT WOS:000078461700039
PM 29667953
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whipple, KX
   Kirby, E
   Brocklehurst, SH
AF Whipple, KX
   Kirby, E
   Brocklehurst, SH
TI Geomorphic limits to climate-induced increases in topographic relief
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mountain drainage basins; rock uplift; erosion; bedrock; morphology; elevation; incision; ranges; rates
AB Recognition of the potential for strong dynamic coupling between atmospheric and tectonic processes has sparked intense cross-disciplinary investigation and debate on the question of whether tectonics have driven long-term climate change or vice versa. It has been proposed that climate change might have driven the uplift of mountain summits through an isostatic response to valley incision. Because isostasy acts to compensate mean elevations, the debate hinges on the question of whether climate change can significantly increase topographic relief or, more precisely, increase the volume of 'missing mass' between summits and ridges. Here we Shaw that, in tectonically active mountain ranges, geomorphic constraints allow only a relatively small increase in topographic relief in response to climate change. Thus, although climate change may cause significant increases in denudation rates, potentially establishing an important feedback between surficial and crustal processes, neither fluvial nor glacial erosion is likely to induce significant isostatic peak uplift.
C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Whipple, KX (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM kxw@mit.edu
NR 38
TC 432
Z9 517
U1 0
U2 97
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6748
BP 39
EP 43
DI 10.1038/43375
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 232MK
UT WOS:000082374400033
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Esteban, CR
   Capdevila, J
   Economides, AN
   Pascual, J
   Ortiz, A
   Belmonte, JCI
AF Esteban, CR
   Capdevila, J
   Economides, AN
   Pascual, J
   Ortiz, A
   Belmonte, JCI
TI The novel Cer-like protein Caronte mediates the establishment of embryonic left-right asymmetry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homeobox gene; neuralizing activity; chick embryogenesis; heart development; nodal expression; secreted factor; organizer; cerberus; pathway; cells
AB In the chick embryo, left-right asymmetric patterns of gene expression in the lateral plate mesoderm are initiated by signals located in and around Hensen's node, Here we show that Caronte (Gar), a secreted protein encoded by a member of the Cerberus/Dan gene family, mediates the Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-dependent induction of left-specific genes in the lateral plate mesoderm, Car is induced by Shh and repressed by fibroblast growth factor-8 (FGF-8), Car activates the expression of Nodal by antagonizing a repressive activity of bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), Our results define a complex network of antagonistic molecular interactions between Activin, FGF-8, Lefty-1, Nodal, BMPs and Car that cooperate to control left-right asymmetry in the chick embryo.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Gene Express Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Regeneron Pharmaceut Inc, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; Regeneron; Scripps Research Institute
RP Belmonte, JCI (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Gene Express Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM belmonte@salk.edu
NR 50
TC 173
Z9 201
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 243
EP 251
DI 10.1038/45738
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400044
PM 10499580
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tezara, W
   Mitchell, VJ
   Driscoll, SD
   Lawlor, DW
AF Tezara, W
   Mitchell, VJ
   Driscoll, SD
   Lawlor, DW
TI Water stress inhibits plant photosynthesis by decreasing coupling factor and ATP
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carboxylase-oxygenase; abscisic-acid; elevated co2; electron-transport; drought stress; antisense rna; leaves; potentials; sunflower; photophosphorylation
AB Water stress substantially alters plant metabolism, decreasing plant growth and photosynthesis(1-4) and profoundly affecting ecosystems and agriculture, and thus human societies(5). There is controversy over the mechanisms by which stress decreases photosynthetic assimilation of CO(2). Two principal effects are invoked(2,4): restricted diffusion of CO(2) into the leaf, caused by stomatal closure(6-8), and inhibition of CO(2) metabolism(9-11). Here we show, in leaves of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), that stress decreases CO(2) assimilation more than it slows O(2) evolution, and that the effects are not reversed by high concentrations of CO(2)(12,13). Stress decreases the amounts of ATP(9,11) and ribulose bisphosphate found in the leaves, correlating with reduced CO(2) assimilation(11), but the amount and activity of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco) do not correlate. We show that ATP-synthase (coupling factor) decreases with stress and conclude that photosynthetic assimilation of CO(2) by stressed leaves is not limited by CO(2) diffusion but by inhibition of ribulose biphosphate synthesis, related to lower ATP content resulting from loss of ATP synthase.
C1 IACR Rothamsted, Dept Biochem & Physiol, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England.
   Cent Univ Venezuela, Fac Ciencias, Inst Expt Biol, Caracas 1041A, Venezuela.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Rothamsted Research; University of Central Venezuela
RP Lawlor, DW (corresponding author), IACR Rothamsted, Dept Biochem & Physiol, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England.
EM david.lawlor@bbsrc.ac.uk
NR 33
TC 729
Z9 903
U1 3
U2 227
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6756
BP 914
EP 917
DI 10.1038/44842
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 251UL
UT WOS:000083464700058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lynch, KR
   O'Neill, GP
   Liu, QY
   Im, DS
   Sawyer, N
   Metters, KM
   Coulombe, N
   Abramovitz, M
   Figueroa, DJ
   Zeng, ZZ
   Connolly, BM
   Bai, C
   Austin, CP
   Chateauneuf, A
   Stocco, R
   Greig, GM
   Kargman, S
   Hooks, SB
   Hosfield, E
   Williams, DL Jr
   Ford-Hutchinson, AW
   Caskey, CT
   Evans, JF
AF Lynch, KR
   O'Neill, GP
   Liu, QY
   Im, DS
   Sawyer, N
   Metters, KM
   Coulombe, N
   Abramovitz, M
   Figueroa, DJ
   Zeng, ZZ
   Connolly, BM
   Bai, C
   Austin, CP
   Chateauneuf, A
   Stocco, R
   Greig, GM
   Kargman, S
   Hooks, SB
   Hosfield, E
   Williams, DL Jr
   Ford-Hutchinson, AW
   Caskey, CT
   Evans, JF
TI Characterization of the human cysteinyl leukotriene CysLT1 receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-blind trial; guinea-pig lung; chronic asthma; antagonist; montelukast; potent; pharmacology; multicenter; expression; responses
AB The cysteinyl leukotrienes-leukotriene C-4(LTC4), leukotriene D-4(LTD4) and leukotriene E-4(LTE4)-are important mediators of human bronchial asthma(1-3). Pharmacological studies have determined that cysteinyl leukotrienes activate at least two receptors, designated CysLT(1) and CysLT(2) (refs 4-6). The CysLT(1)-selective antagonists, such as montelukast (Singulair)(7-10), zafirlukast (Accolate)(11) and pranlukast (Onon)(12), are important in the treatment of asthma. Previous biochemical characterization of CysLT(1) antagonists and the CysLT(1) receptor has been in membrane preparations from tissues enriched for this receptor(13). Here we report the molecular and pharmacological characterization of the cloned human CysLT(1) receptor. We describe the functional activation (calcium mobilization) of this receptor by LTD4 and LTC4, and competition for radiolabelled LTD4 binding to this receptor by the cysteinyl leukotrienes and three structurally distinct classes of CysLT(1)-receptor antagonists. We detected CysLT(1)-receptor messenger RNA in spleen, peripheral blood leukocytes and lung. In normal human lung, expression of the CysLT(1)-receptor mRNA was confined to smooth muscle cells and tissue macrophages. Finally, we mapped the human CysLT(1)-receptor gene to the X chromosome.
C1 Univ Virginia, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Merck Frosst Canada & Co, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Pointe Claire, PQ H9R 4P8, Canada.
   Merck & Co Inc, Dept Pharmacol, West Point, PA 19486 USA.
   Merck & Co Inc, Dept Human Genet, West Point, PA 19486 USA.
C3 University of Virginia; Merck & Company; Merck & Company Canada; Merck & Company; Merck & Company USA; Merck & Company; Merck & Company USA
RP Evans, JF (corresponding author), Univ Virginia, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
EM jilly_evans@merck.com
NR 28
TC 829
Z9 913
U1 0
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6738
BP 789
EP 793
DI 
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 210JP
UT WOS:000081101600055
PM 10391245
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kálmán, L
   LoBrutto, R
   Allen, JP
   Williams, JC
AF Kálmán, L
   LoBrutto, R
   Allen, JP
   Williams, JC
TI Modified reaction centres oxidize tyrosine in reactions that mirror photosystem II
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photosynthetic reaction centers; site-directed mutants; rhodobacter-sphaeroides; electron-transfer; d1 protein; donor side; y-z; oxygen; epr; histidine-190
AB The participation of tyrosine in the oxidation of water by photosystem II, a multisubunit enzyme complex involved in plant photosynthesis, exemplifies the significant role amino-acid side chains play in oxidation/reduction reactions in proteins(1). The influence of the surrounding protein on the properties of aminoacid radicals and the attributes necessary for electron transfer are not well understood. Here we report that modifications of reaction centres from the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides result in the generation of a tyrosyl radical in a manner similar to that of photosystem II. Our design incorporates a highly oxidizing bacteriochlorophyll dimer possessing a midpoint potential of more than 0.8 V, which was achieved by altering its local environment. After substitution of tyrosine residues at positions corresponding to the tyrosyl radicals of photosystem II, optical and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra showed changes consistent with oxidation of the tyrosine. The properties of this reaction include initiation by light and coupling to proton transfer, most probably to residues near the tyrosines.
C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Ctr Study Early Events Photosynth, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Attila Jozsef Univ, Inst Biophys, H-6722 Szeged, Hungary.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Szeged University
RP Allen, JP (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
EM jailen@asu.edu
NR 26
TC 62
Z9 69
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 696
EP 699
DI 10.1038/45300
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800074
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, SH
   Katsis, D
   Schmid, AW
   Mastrangelo, JC
   Tsutsui, T
   Blanton, TN
AF Chen, SH
   Katsis, D
   Schmid, AW
   Mastrangelo, JC
   Tsutsui, T
   Blanton, TN
TI Circularly polarized light generated by photoexcitation of luminophores in glassy liquid-crystal films
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID emitting diode; electroluminescence; photoluminescence
AB Optical information processing, display and storage can be accomplished with linearly or circularly polarized light, In passive (non-emitting) devices, linear polarization can be produced by anisotropic absorption of light(1), whereas circular polarization has been attained by selective reflection of unpolarized light propagating through a chiral-nematic liquid-crystal film(2). Active (light-emitting) devices capable of polarized emission are also needed. In principle, optical and electronic excitation of materials containing uniaxially and helically arranged luminophores should produce linearly and circularly polarized emission, respectively. In practice, the former is easier to achieve and is therefore more technologically advanced(3-8). Here rye report the generation of strongly circularly polarized photoluminescence from films of glass-forming chiral-nematic liquid crystals(9) in which are embedded light-emitting dopants, This host material apparently induced alignment of the luminophores to a degree that produces almost pure circular polarization within the 400-420-nm wavelength band of the emitted light. We anticipate that composite films of this sort might find applications within photonic technology such as colour-image projection(10) and stereoscopic displays(11).
C1 Univ Rochester, Mat Sci Program, Rochester, NY 14623 USA.
   Univ Rochester, Dept Chem Engn, Rochester, NY 14623 USA.
   Univ Rochester, Laser Energet Lab, Rochester, NY 14623 USA.
   Univ Rochester, Ctr Optoelect & Imaging, NSF, Ctr Photoinduced Charge Transfer, Rochester, NY 14623 USA.
   Kyushu Univ, Dept Appl Sci Elect & Mat, Fukuoka 8168580, Japan.
   Eastman Kodak Co, Kodak Res Labs B82A, Div Analyt Technol, Rochester, NY 14650 USA.
C3 University of Rochester; University of Rochester; University of Rochester; National Science Foundation (NSF); University of Rochester; Kyushu University; Eastman Kodak
RP Chen, SH (corresponding author), Univ Rochester, Mat Sci Program, 250 E River Rd, Rochester, NY 14623 USA.
NR 17
TC 343
Z9 379
U1 5
U2 186
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 11
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6719
BP 506
EP 508
DI 10.1038/17343
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 166KN
UT WOS:000078574900044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maxwell, PH
   Wiesener, MS
   Chang, GW
   Clifford, SC
   Vaux, EC
   Cockman, ME
   Wykoff, CC
   Pugh, CW
   Maher, ER
   Ratcliffe, PJ
AF Maxwell, PH
   Wiesener, MS
   Chang, GW
   Clifford, SC
   Vaux, EC
   Cockman, ME
   Wykoff, CC
   Pugh, CW
   Maher, ER
   Ratcliffe, PJ
TI The tumour suppressor protein VHL targets hypoxia-inducible factors for oxygen-dependent proteolysis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID erythropoietin gene; factor 1-alpha; alpha-subunit; heme protein; expression; stabilization; transcription; angiogenesis; hif-1-alpha; product
AB Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) has a key role in cellular responses to hypoxia, including the regulation of genes involved in energy metabolism, angiogenesis and apoptosis(1-4). The alpha subunits of HIF are rapidly degraded by the proteasome under normal conditions, but are stabilized by hypoxia(5). Cobaltous ions or iron chelators mimic hypoxia, indicating that the stimuli may interact through effects on a ferroprotein oxygen sensor(6,7). Here we demonstrate a critical role for the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumour suppressor gene product pVHL in HIF-1 regulation. In VHL-defective cells, HIF alpha-subunits are constitutively stabilized and HIF-1 is activated. Re-expression of pVHL restored oxygen-dependent instability. pVHL and HIF alpha-subunits co-immunoprecipitate, and pVHL is present in the hypoxic HIF-1 DNA-binding complex. In cells exposed to iron chelation or cobaltous ions, HIF-1 is dissociated from pVHL. These findings indicate that the interaction between HIF-1 and pVHL is iron dependent, and that it is necessary for the oxygen-dependent degradation of HIF alpha-subunits. Thus, constitutive HIF-1 activation may underlie the angiogenic phenotype of VHL-associated tumours. The pVHL/HIF-1 interaction provides a new focus for understanding cellular oxygen sensing.
C1 Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
   Univ Birmingham, Dept Paediat & Child Hlth, Sect Med & Mol Genet, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
   John Radcliffe Hosp, Inst Mol Med, Oxford OX3 9DS, England.
C3 University of Oxford; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; University of Birmingham; University of Oxford
RP Ratcliffe, PJ (corresponding author), Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Windmill Rd, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
EM peter.ratcliffe@imm.ox.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 4285
Z9 4982
U1 8
U2 409
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6733
BP 271
EP 275
DI 10.1038/20459
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 198MF
UT WOS:000080427400059
PM 10353251
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fimia, GM
   De Cesare, D
   Sassone-Corsi, P
AF Fimia, GM
   De Cesare, D
   Sassone-Corsi, P
TI CBP-independent activation of CREM and CREB by the LIM-only protein ACT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor creb; cyclic-amp; camp; gene; spermatogenesis; phosphorylation; association; expression; multiple; promoter
AB Transcriptional activation by CREB and CREM requires phosphorylation of a serine residue within the activation domain (Ser 133 in CREB; Ser 117 in CREM) which as a result interacts with the coactivator CBP1,2. The activator CREM is highly expressed in male germ cells and is required for post-meiotic gene expression(2-4). Using a two-hybrid screen, we have isolated a testis-derived complementary DNA encoding a protein that we term ACT (for activator of CREM in testis), a LIM-only protein which specifically associates with CREM, ACT is expressed coordinately with CREM in a tissue- and developmentally regulated manner. It strongly stimulates CREM transcriptional activity in yeast and mammalian cells and contains an intrinsic activation function. As ACT bypasses the classical requirements for activation, namely phosphorylation of Ser 117 and interaction with CBP, it represents a new route for transcriptional activation by CREM and CREB. ACT may define a previously undiscovered class of tissue-specific coactivators whose function could be specific for distinct cellular differentiation programmes.
C1 ULP, CNRS, INSERM, Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, F-67404 Strasbourg, France.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Sassone-Corsi, P (corresponding author), ULP, CNRS, INSERM, Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, BP 163, F-67404 Strasbourg, France.
EM paolosc@igbmc.u-strasbg.fr
NR 29
TC 198
Z9 221
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6723
BP 165
EP 169
DI 10.1038/18237
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 176DG
UT WOS:000079135200048
PM 10086359
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fanto, M
   Mlodzik, M
AF Fanto, M
   Mlodzik, M
TI Asymmetric Notch activation specifies photoreceptors R3 and R4 and planar polarity in the Drosophila eye
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell fates; tissue polarity; expression; gene; receptor; complex; member
AB Planar polarity is seen in epidermally derived structures throughout the animal kingdom(1,2). In the Drosophila eye, planar polarity is reflected in the mirror-symmetric arrangement of ommatidia (eye units) across the dorsoventral midline or equator; ommatidia on the dorsal and ventral sides of the equator exhibit opposite chirality(3-5). Photoreceptors R3 and R4 are essential in the establishment of the polarity of ommatidia(6-11). The R3 cell is thought to receive the polarizing signal, through the receptor Frizzled (Fz), before or at higher levels then the R4 cell, generating a difference between neighbouring R3 and R4 cells(6,7,9,10). Both loss-of-function and overexpression of Fz in the R3/R4 pair result in polarity defects and loss of mirror-image symmetry(6,7,9,10,12). Here we identify Notch and Delta (Dl) as dominant enhancers of the phenotypes produced by overexpression of fz and dishevelled (dsh), which encodes a signalling component downstream of Fz, and we show that Dl-mediated activation of Notch is required for establishment of ommatidial polarity. Whereas fz signalling is required to specify R3, Notch signalling induces the R4 fate. Our data indicate that Dl is a transcriptional target of Fz/Dsh signalling in R3, and activates Notch in the neighbouring R4 precursor. This two-tiered mechanism explains how small differences in the level and/or timing of Fz activation reliably generate a binary cell-fate decision, leading to specification of R3 and R4 and ommatidial chirality.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, Dev Biol Programme, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Mlodzik, M (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, Dev Biol Programme, Meyerhofstr 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 29
TC 180
Z9 227
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 11
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6719
BP 523
EP 526
DI 10.1038/17389
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 166KN
UT WOS:000078574900050
PM 10028968
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Berlow, EL
AF Berlow, EL
TI Strong effects of weak interactions in ecological communities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID capita interaction strength; ecosystem processes; biodiversity; diversity; predation; dynamics; impact
AB The loss or removal of individual species can cause dramatic changes in communities(1-5). Experiments indicate that in many communities only a few species will have such strong effects, whereas most will have weak effects owing to small per capita effects and/or low abundance(3,6-15,16). But extinction of these 'weak' interactors could significantly alter natural communities because they play important stabilizing or 'noise-dampening' roles(14,15,17-23). I demonstrate here that some 'weak' interactors may also be important by magnifying spatiotemporal variation in community structure. An analysis of published interaction strength data shows that the greatest variation in species effect occurred for the weakest interactions. A field experiment corroborates this and shows how indirect interactions can generate an inverse relationship between the mean and variance of a consumer's impact on its prey. When a species' effects are highly variable in sign and magnitude, they may average to seem weak over broad scales but be strong in local contexts. Thus, what is frequently considered to be 'noise' in species interaction data may be a critical part of the signal.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Berlow, EL (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM berlow@socrates.berkeley.edu
NR 28
TC 373
Z9 427
U1 0
U2 141
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6725
BP 330
EP +
DI 10.1038/18672
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180DF
UT WOS:000079369600050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Capaldo, K
   Corbett, JJ
   Kasibhatla, P
   Fischbeck, P
   Pandis, SN
AF Capaldo, K
   Corbett, JJ
   Kasibhatla, P
   Fischbeck, P
   Pandis, SN
TI Effects of ship emissions on sulphur cycling and radiative climate forcing over the ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID characterization experiment ace-1; marine boundary-layer; dimethyl-sulfide; sulfur; clouds; troposphere; atmosphere; oxidation; southwest; atlantic
AB The atmosphere overlying the ocean is very sensitive-physically chemically and climatically-to air pollution. Given that clouds over the ocean are of great climatic significance, and that sulphate aerosols seem to be an important control on marine cloud formation(1), anthropogenic inputs of sulphate to the marine atmosphere could exert an important influence on climate. Recently, sulphur emissions from fossil fuel burning by international shipping have been geographically characterized(2), indicating that ship sulphur emissions nearly equal the natural sulphur nux from ocean to atmosphere in many areas(3). Here we use a global chemical transport model to show that these ship emissions can be a dominant contributor to atmospheric sulphur dioxide concentrations over much of the world's oceans and in several coastal regions. The ship emissions also contribute significantly to atmospheric non-seasalt sulphate concentrations over Northern Hemisphere ocean regions and parts of the Southern Pacific Ocean, and indirect radiative forcing due to ship-emitted particulate matter (sulphate plus organic material) is estimated to contribute a substantial fraction to the anthropogenic perturbation of the Earth's radiation budget. The quantification of emissions from international shipping forces a re-evaluation of our present understanding of sulphur cycling and radiative forcing over the ocean.
C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
   Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Engn & Publ Policy, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
   Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Social & Decis Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
   Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
C3 Carnegie Mellon University; Carnegie Mellon University; Carnegie Mellon University; Duke University
RP Pandis, SN (corresponding author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
NR 29
TC 283
Z9 319
U1 3
U2 119
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6746
BP 743
EP 746
DI 10.1038/23438
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228HM
UT WOS:000082131100044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Petit, JR
   Jouzel, J
   Raynaud, D
   Barkov, NI
   Barnola, JM
   Basile, I
   Bender, M
   Chappellaz, J
   Davis, M
   Delaygue, G
   Delmotte, M
   Kotlyakov, VM
   Legrand, M
   Lipenkov, VY
   Lorius, C
   Pépin, L
   Ritz, C
   Saltzman, E
   Stievenard, M
AF Petit, JR
   Jouzel, J
   Raynaud, D
   Barkov, NI
   Barnola, JM
   Basile, I
   Bender, M
   Chappellaz, J
   Davis, M
   Delaygue, G
   Delmotte, M
   Kotlyakov, VM
   Legrand, M
   Lipenkov, VY
   Lorius, C
   Pépin, L
   Ritz, C
   Saltzman, E
   Stievenard, M
TI Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID last glacial period; east antarctica; north-atlantic; greenland climate; record; co2; future; dust; age; sensitivity
AB The recent completion of drilling at Vostok station in East Antarctica has allowed the extension of the ice record of atmospheric composition and climate to the past four glacial-interglacial cycles. The succession of changes through each climate cycle and termination was similar, and atmospheric;and climate properties oscillated between stable bounds. Interglacial periods differed in temporal evolution and duration. Atmospheric: concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane correlate well with Antarctic air-temperature throughout the record. Present-day atmospheric burdens of these two important greenhouse gases seem to have been unprecedented during the past 420,000 years.
C1 Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, CNRS, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
   CEA Saclay, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, CNRS, UMR 1572, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Arctic & Antarctic Res Inst, St Petersburg 199397, Russia.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geog, Moscow 109017, Russia.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Arctic & Antarctic Research Institute; Princeton University; University of Miami; Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Petit, JR (corresponding author), Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, CNRS, PB96, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
NR 52
TC 4324
Z9 5303
U1 27
U2 2213
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 429
EP 436
DI 10.1038/20859
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dano, S
   Sorensen, PG
   Hynne, F
AF Dano, S
   Sorensen, PG
   Hynne, F
TI Sustained oscillations in living cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID belousov-zhabotinsky reaction; briggs-rauscher reaction; metabolic oscillations; glycolytic oscillations; hopf-bifurcation; heart-cells; yeast-cells; beta-cells; make-up; muscle
AB Glycolytic oscillations in yeast have been studied for many years simply by adding a glucose pulse to a suspension of cells and measuring the resulting transient oscillations of NADH(1-12). Here we show, using a suspension of yeast cells, that living cells can be kept ia a well defined oscillating state indefinitely when starved cells, glucose and cyanide are pumped into a cuvette with outflow of surplus liquid. Our results show that the transitions between stationary and oscillatory behaviour are uniquely described mathematically by the Hopf bifurcation(13). This result characterizes the dynamical properties close to the transition point. Our perturbation experiments show that the cells remain strongly coupled very close to the transition. Therefore, the transition takes place in each of the cells and is not a desynchronization phenomenon. With these two observations, a study of the kinetic details of glycolysis, as it actually takes place in a living cell, is possible using experiments designed in the framework of nonlinear dynamics. Acetaldehyde is known to synchronize the oscillations(10). Our results show that glucose is another messenger substance, as long as the glucose transporter is not saturated.
C1 Univ Copenhagen, HC Orsted Inst, Dept Chem & CATS, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
C3 University of Copenhagen
RP Dano, S (corresponding author), Univ Copenhagen, HC Orsted Inst, Dept Chem & CATS, Univ Pk 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
NR 28
TC 218
Z9 230
U1 1
U2 64
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6759
BP 320
EP 322
DI 10.1038/46329
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 257ZP
UT WOS:000083813700056
PM 10580506
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nimmo Smith, WAM
   Thorpe, SA
   Graham, A
AF Nimmo Smith, WAM
   Thorpe, SA
   Graham, A
TI Surface effects of bottom-generated turbulence in a shallow tidal sea
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID breaking wind-waves; open-channel flow; langmuir circulation; bubble clouds; north-sea; dispersion; sonar
AB Turbulence in shelf seas strongly affects the spread of pollution (such as oil spills(1)) as well as the distribution of sediment(2) and phytoplankton blooms(3). Turbulence is known to be generated intermittently close to the sea bed(4), but little is known of its evolution through the water column, or to what extent it affects the surface. Here we present observations of the surface effects of bottom-generated turbulence in a tidally influenced and well mixed region of the North Sea, as derived from acoustic and visual images. Although the sea bed in the area is flat, we find that at any one time, 20-30% of the water surface is affected by boils-circular regions of local upwelling-of diameter 0.9 +/- 0.2 times the water depth. The signature of individual boils persists for at least 7 minutes and, in accordance with laboratory(5,6) and numerical(7) studies, shows the appearance of eddies. The boils contribute to the replacement of surface waters from depth in unstratified waters, and may therefore enhance the fluxes of gases between atmosphere and ocean.
C1 Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
C3 University of Southampton; NERC National Oceanography Centre
RP Nimmo Smith, WAM (corresponding author), Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
NR 29
TC 59
Z9 63
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6741
BP 251
EP 254
DI 10.1038/22295
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 217MP
UT WOS:000081503800040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yuan, ZM
   Shioya, H
   Ishiko, T
   Sun, XG
   Gu, JJ
   Huang, YY
   Lu, H
   Kharbanda, S
   Weichselbaum, R
   Kufe, D
AF Yuan, ZM
   Shioya, H
   Ishiko, T
   Sun, XG
   Gu, JJ
   Huang, YY
   Lu, H
   Kharbanda, S
   Weichselbaum, R
   Kufe, D
TI P73 is regulated by tyrosine kinase c-Abl in the apoptotic response to DNA damage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein; p53; activation; radiation; agents; growth
AB The protein p73 is a structural and functional homologue of the p53 tumour-suppressor protein but, unlike p53, it is not induced in response to DNA damage(1,2). The tyrosine kinase c-Abl is activated by certain DNA-damaging agents(3) and contributes to the induction of programmed cell death (apoptosis) by p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms(4). Here we show that c-Abl binds to p73 in cells, interacting through its SH3 domain with the carboxy-terminal homo-oligomerization domain of p73, c-Abl phosphorylates p73 on a tyrosine residue at position 99 both in vitro and in cells that have been exposed to ionizing radiation. Our results show that c-Abl stimulates p73-mediated transactivation and apoptosis. This regulation of p73 by c-Abl in response to PNA damage is also demonstrated by a failure of ionizing-radiation-induced apoptosis after disruption of the c-Abl-p73 interaction. These findings show that p73 is regulated by a c-Abl-dependent mechanism and that p73 participates in the apoptotic response to DNA damage.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Canc Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Radiat & Cellular Oncol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Oregon Health & Science University; University of Chicago
RP Kufe, D (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Canc Biol, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM donald_kufe@dfci.harvard.edu
NR 21
TC 525
Z9 579
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6738
BP 814
EP 817
DI 10.1038/21704
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 210JP
UT WOS:000081101600061
PM 10391251
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zangaladze, A
   Epstein, CM
   Grafton, ST
   Sathian, K
AF Zangaladze, A
   Epstein, CM
   Grafton, ST
   Sathian, K
TI Involvement of visual cortex in tactile discrimination of orientation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic brain-stimulation; coil suppression; blind humans; perception; activation; touch; site; eye; lip
AB The primary sense modalities (vision, touch and so on) are generally thought of as distinct. However, visual imagery is implicated in the normal tactile perception of some object properties, such as orientation(1), shape and size(2). Furthermore, certain tactile tasks, such as discrimination of grating orientation(1) and object recognition: are associated with activity in areas of visual cortex. Here we show that disrupting function of the occipital cortex using focal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) interferes with the tactile discrimination of grating orientation. The specificity of this effect is illustrated by its time course and spatial restriction over the scalp, and by the failure of occipital TMS to affect either detection of an electrical stimulus applied to the fingerpad or tactile discrimination of grating texture. In contrast, TMS over the somatosensory cortex blocked discrimination of grating texture as well as orientation. We also report that, during tactile discrimination of grating orientation, an evoked potential is recorded over posterior scalp regions with a latency corresponding to the peak of the TMS interference effect (about 180 ms). The findings indicate that visual cortex is closely involved in tactile discrimination of orientation. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that visual cortical processing is necessary for normal tactile perception.
C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
C3 Emory University
RP Sathian, K (corresponding author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, WMRB-6000,PO Drawer 5,1639 Pierce Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
NR 24
TC 349
Z9 386
U1 4
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 587
EP 590
DI 10.1038/44139
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900050
PM 10524625
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Olenyuk, B
   Whiteford, JA
   Fechtenkötter, A
   Stang, PJ
AF Olenyuk, B
   Whiteford, JA
   Fechtenkötter, A
   Stang, PJ
TI Self-assembly of nanoscale cuboctahedra by coordination chemistry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Self-assembled polyhedral structures are common in biology. The coats of many viruses, for example, have a structure based on icosahedral symmetry(1). The preparation of synthetic polyhedral molecular assemblies represents a challenging problem, but supramolecular chemistry(2-4) has now advanced to the Feint where the task may be addressed. Macromolecular and supramolecular entities of predefined geometric shape and with well-defined internal environments are potentially important for inclusion phenomena(5-8), molecular recognition(5,6) and catalysis(9). Here we report the use of self-assembly of molecular units driven by coordination to transition-metal ions(10) to prepare a cuboctahedron from 20 tridentate and bidentate subunits in a single step. The cuboctahedron is an archimedean semiregular polyhedron that combines square and triangular faces. Our self-assembled polyhedral capsules, characterized by NMR and electrospray mass spectrometry, are around 5 nanometres in diameter.
C1 Univ Utah, Dept Chem, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
RP Stang, PJ (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Chem, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
EM stang@chemistry.chem.utah.edu
NR 15
TC 597
Z9 645
U1 1
U2 163
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6730
BP 796
EP 799
DI 10.1038/19740
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 192BL
UT WOS:000080058100055
PM 10235260
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Merline, WJ
   Close, LM
   Dumas, C
   Chapman, CR
   Roddier, F
   Ménard, F
   Slater, DC
   Duvert, G
   Shelton, C
   Morgan, T
AF Merline, WJ
   Close, LM
   Dumas, C
   Chapman, CR
   Roddier, F
   Ménard, F
   Slater, DC
   Duvert, G
   Shelton, C
   Morgan, T
TI Discovery of a moon orbiting the asteroid 45 Eugenia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adaptive optics; satellites; 253-mathilde; 243-ida; dactyl; system; flyby
AB Evidence for asteroidal satellites (moons) has been sought for decades, because the relative frequency of such satellites will bear on the collisional history of the asteroid belt and the Solar System, yet only one has been detected unambiguously(1-3). Here we report the discovery of a satellite of the asteroid 45 Eugenia, using an adaptive optics system on a ground-based telescope. The satellite has a diameter of about 13 km, and an orbital period of about 4.7 days with a separation of 1,190 km from Eugenia. Using a previously determined(4) diameter for Eugenia, we estimate that its bulk density is about 1.2 g cm(-3), which is similar to that of the C-type asteroid Mathilde(5,6). This implies that Eugenia, also a low-albedo C-type asteroid, may be a rubble pile, or composed of primitive, icy materials of low bulk density.
C1 SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
   European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Canada France Hawaii Telescope Corp, Kamuela, HI 96743 USA.
   SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA.
   Lab Astrophys Grenoble, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France.
   WM Keck Observ, Kamuela, HI 96743 USA.
   NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA.
C3 European Southern Observatory; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; University of Hawaii System; Canada France Hawaii Telescope; Southwest Research Institute; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
RP Merline, WJ (corresponding author), SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
NR 35
TC 99
Z9 105
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 565
EP 568
DI 10.1038/44089
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Neri, P
   Parker, AJ
   Blakemore, C
AF Neri, P
   Parker, AJ
   Blakemore, C
TI Probing the human stereoscopic system with reverse correlation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binocular disparity; depth-perception; neurons; cortex
AB Our two eyes obtain slightly different views of the world. The resulting differences in the two retinal images, called binocular disparities, provide us with a stereoscopic sense of depth(1). The primary visual cortex (V1) contains neurons that are selective for the disparity(2-4) of individual elements in an image, but this information must be further analysed to complete the stereoscopic process(5,6). Here we apply the psychophysical technique of reverse correlation(7) to investigate disparity processing in human vision. Observers viewed binocular random-dot patterns, with 'signal' dots in a specific depth plane plus 'noise' dots with randomly assigned disparities. By examining the correlation between the observers' ability to detect the plane and the particular sample of 'noise' disparities presented on each trial, we revealed detection 'filters: whose disparity selectivity was remarkably similar to that of individual neurons in monkey V1. Moreover, if the noise dots were of opposite contrast in the two eyes, the tuning inverted, just like the response patterns of V1 neurons(5,6). Reverse correlation appears to probe disparity processing at the earliest stages of binocular combination, prior to the generation of a full stereoscopic depth percept.
C1 Univ Oxford, Physiol Lab, Oxford OX1 3PT, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Neri, P (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Physiol Lab, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PT, England.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 20
TC 108
Z9 118
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6754
BP 695
EP 698
DI 10.1038/44409
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 247EJ
UT WOS:000083207400056
PM 10537107
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Crooks, KR
   Soulé, ME
AF Crooks, KR
   Soulé, ME
TI Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nest predation; populations
AB Mammalian carnivores are particularly vulnerable to extinction in fragmented landscapes', and their disappearance may lead to increased numbers of smaller carnivores that are principle predators of birds and other small vertebrates. Such 'mesopredator release'(2) has been implicated in the decline and extinction of prey species(2-6). Because experimental manipulation of carnivores is logistically, financially and ethically problematic(6,7), however, few studies have evaluated how trophic cascades generated by the decline of dominant predators combine with other fragmentation effects to influence species diversity in terrestrial systems. Although the mesopredator release hypothesis has received only limited critical evaluations and remains controversial(9), it has become the basis for conservation programmes justifying the protection of carnivores(6). Here we describe a study that exploits spatial and temporal variation in the distribution and abundance of an apex predator, the coyote, in a landscape fragmented by development. It appears that the decline and disappearance of the coyote, in conjunction with the effects of habitat fragmentation, affect the distribution and abundance of smaller carnivores and the persistence of their avian prey.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Wildlands Project, Hotchkiss, CO 81419 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
RP Crooks, KR (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
NR 19
TC 1236
Z9 1565
U1 5
U2 757
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6744
BP 563
EP 566
DI 10.1038/23028
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223RT
UT WOS:000081854800055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Foote, M
   Sepkoski, JJ
AF Foote, M
   Sepkoski, JJ
TI Absolute measures of the completeness of the fossil record
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stratigraphic ranges; preservation; probability; extinctions; taxa
AB Measuring the completeness of the fossil record is essential to understanding evolution over long timescales, particularly when comparing evolutionary patterns among biological groups with different preservational properties. Completeness measures have been presented for various groups based on gaps in the stratigraphic ranges of fossil taxa(1,2) and on hypothetical lineages implied by estimated evolutionary trees(3-5). Here we present and compare quantitative, widely applicable absolute measures of completeness at two taxonomic levels for a broader sample of higher taxa of marine animals than has previously been available. We provide an estimate of the probability of genus preservation per stratigraphic interval(6,7), and determine the proportion of living families with some fossil records(8-10). The two completeness measures use very different data and calculations. The probability of genus preservation depends almost entirely on the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic records, whereas the proportion of living: families with a fossil record is influenced largely by Cenozoic data. These measurements are nonetheless highly correlated, with outliers quite explicable, and we find that completeness is rather high for many animal groups.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Geophys Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Foote, M (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Geophys Sci, 5734 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 30
TC 191
Z9 211
U1 1
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6726
BP 415
EP 417
DI 10.1038/18872
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 182PW
UT WOS:000079508200050
PM 11536900
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smetacek, V
AF Smetacek, V
TI Revolution in the ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research
RP Smetacek, V (corresponding author), Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
NR 0
TC 14
Z9 17
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6754
BP 647
EP 647
DI 10.1038/44281
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 247EJ
UT WOS:000083207400031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kruuk, LEB
   Clutton-Brock, TH
   Albon, SD
   Pemberton, JM
   Guinness, FE
AF Kruuk, LEB
   Clutton-Brock, TH
   Albon, SD
   Pemberton, JM
   Guinness, FE
TI Population density affects sex ratio variation in red deer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID parental investment; breeding success; dominance rank; cervus-elaphus; roe deer; daughters; sons; selection; patterns; mammals
AB Many mammal populations show significant deviations from an equal sex ratio at birth, but these effects are notoriously inconsistent(1). This may be because more than one mechanism affects the sex ratio and the action of these mechanisms depends on environmental conditions. Here we show that the adaptive relationship between maternal dominance and offspring sex ratio previously demonstrated in red deer (Cervus elaphus)(2,3), where dominant females produced more males, disappeared at high population density. The proportion of males born each year declined with increasing population density and with winter rainfall, both of which are environmental variables associated with nutritional stress during pregnancy. These changes in the sex ratio corresponded to reductions in fecundity, suggesting that they were caused by differential fetal loss. In contrast, the earlier association with maternal dominance is presumed to have been generated pre-implantation. The effects of one source of variation superseded the other within about two generations. Comparison with other ungulate studies indicates that positive associations between maternal quality and the proportion of male offspring born have only been documented in populations below carrying capacity.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Inst Terr Ecol, Banchory AB31 4BY, Kincardine, Scotland.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Edinburgh; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH)
RP Kruuk, LEB (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
EM Loeske.Kruuk@ed.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 300
Z9 329
U1 1
U2 121
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 459
EP 461
DI 10.1038/20917
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900046
PM 10365956
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ziemelis, K
AF Ziemelis, K
TI Display technology - Glowing developments
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light-emitting-diodes; polymers
NR 5
TC 81
Z9 86
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 408
EP +
DI 10.1038/20798
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900020
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Merkel, R
   Nassoy, P
   Leung, A
   Ritchie, K
   Evans, E
AF Merkel, R
   Nassoy, P
   Leung, A
   Ritchie, K
   Evans, E
TI Energy landscapes of receptor-ligand bonds explored with dynamic force spectroscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID avidin-biotin complex; molecular adhesion; streptavidin; binding; origins
AB Atomic force microscopy (AFM)(1,2) has been used to measure the strength of bonds between biological receptor molecules and their ligands(3-6). But for weak noncovalent bonds, a dynamic spectrum of bond strengths is predicted as the loading rate is altered, with the measured strength being governed by the prominent barriers traversed in the energy landscape along the force-driven bond-dissociation pathway(7). In other words, the pioneering early AFM measurements represent only a single point in a continuous spectrum of bond strengths, because theory predicts that these will depend on the rate at which the load is applied. Here we report the strength spectra for the bonds between streptavidin (or avidin) and biotin(8)-the prototype of receptor-ligand interactions used in earlier AFM studies(3-5), and which have been modelled by molecular dynamics(9,10). We have probed bond formation over six orders of magnitude in loading rate, and find that the bond survival time diminished from about 1 min to 0.001 s with increasing loading rate over this range. The bond strength, meanwhile, increased from about 5 pN to 170 pN. Thus, although they are among the strongest noncovalent linkages in biology (affinity of 10(13) to 10(15) M-1)(8,11), these bonds in fact appear strong or weak depending on how fast they are loaded. We are also able to relate the activation barriers derived from our strength spectra to the shape of the energy landscape derived from simulations of the biotin-avidin complex.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Pathol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
   Tech Univ Munich, Dept Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Inst Curie, F-75231 Paris, France.
   Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 University of British Columbia; University of British Columbia; Technical University of Munich; UNICANCER; Universite PSL; Institut Curie; Boston University
RP Evans, E (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys, 6224 Agr Rd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
EM evans@physics.ubc.ca
NR 23
TC 1475
Z9 1648
U1 2
U2 395
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 7
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6714
BP 50
EP 53
DI 10.1038/16219
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 155RD
UT WOS:000077959400043
PM 9892352
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Molinari, M
   Helenius, A
AF Molinari, M
   Helenius, A
TI Glycoproteins form mixed disulphides with oxidoreductases during folding in living cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein disulfide-isomerase; endoplasmic-reticulum
AB The formation of intra- and interchain disulphide bonds constitutes an integral part of the maturation of most secretory and membrane-bound proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum(1,2). Evidence indicates that members of the protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) superfamily are part of the machinery needed for proper oxidation and isomerization of disulphide bonds(3-6). Models based on in vitro studies predict that the formation of mixed disulphide bonds between oxidoreductase and substrate is intermediate in the generation of the native intrachain disulphide bond in the substrate polypeptide(7). Whether this is how thiol oxidoreductases work inside the endoplasmic reticulum is not clear. Nor has it been established which of the many members of the PDI superfamily interacts directly with newly synthesized substrate proteins, because transient mixed disulphides have never been observed in the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum during oxidative protein folding(7,8). Here we describe the mechanisms involved in co- and post-translational protein oxidation in vivo. We show that the endoplasmic-reticulum-resident oxidoreductases PDI and ERp57 are directly involved in disulphide oxidation and isomerization, and, together with the lectins calnexin and calreticulin, are central in glycoprotein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum of mammalian cells.
C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Biochem, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Helenius, A (corresponding author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Biochem, Univ Str 16, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM ari.helenius@bc.biol.ethz.ch
NR 19
TC 275
Z9 317
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 90
EP 93
DI 10.1038/47062
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600049
PM 10573423
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barroso, I
   Gurnell, M
   Crowley, VEF
   Agostini, M
   Schwabe, JW
   Soos, MA
   Maslen, GL
   Williams, TDM
   Lewis, H
   Schafer, AJ
   Chatterjee, VKK
   O'Rahilly, S
AF Barroso, I
   Gurnell, M
   Crowley, VEF
   Agostini, M
   Schwabe, JW
   Soos, MA
   Maslen, GL
   Williams, TDM
   Lewis, H
   Schafer, AJ
   Chatterjee, VKK
   O'Rahilly, S
TI Dominant negative mutations in human PPARγ associated with severe insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and hypertension
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activated receptor-gamma; smooth-muscle cells; transcriptional activation; hormone receptors; retinoic acid; ligand; gene; thiazolidinediones; identification; ppar-gamma-2
AB Thiazolidinediones are a new class of antidiabetic agent that improve insulin sensitivity and reduce plasma glucose and blood pressure in subjects with type 2 diabetes(1). Although these agents can bind and activate an orphan nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma), there is no direct evidence to conclusively implicate this receptor in the regulation of mammalian glucose homeostasis(2). Here we report two different heterozygous mutations in the ligand-binding domain of PPAR gamma in three subjects with severe insulin resistance. In the PPAR gamma crystal structure, the mutations destabilize helix 12 which mediates transactivation. Consistent with this, both receptor mutants are markedly transcriptionally impaired and, moreover, are able to inhibit the action of coexpressed wild-type PPAR gamma in a dominant negative manner. In addition to insulin resistance, all three subjects developed type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension at an unusually early age. Our findings represent the first germline loss-of-function mutations in PPAR gamma and provide compelling genetic evidence that this receptor is important in the control of insulin sensitivity, glucose homeostasis and blood pressure in man.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hosp, Cambridge Inst Med Res, Dept Clin Biochem, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, England.
   Incyte Europe Ltd, Cambridge CB4 0WA, England.
   MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, England.
   Prince Philip Hosp, Llanelli SA14 8QF, Wales.
   Selly Oak Hosp, Birmingham B29 6JD, W Midlands, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke's Hospital; Incyte; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP O'Rahilly, S (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hosp, Cambridge Inst Med Res, Dept Med, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, England.
EM kkcl@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk; sorahill@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1092
Z9 1249
U1 0
U2 44
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6764
BP 880
EP 883
DI 10.1038/47254
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 269ML
UT WOS:000084482000034
PM 10622252
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kidd, FL
   Isaac, JTR
AF Kidd, FL
   Isaac, JTR
TI Developmental and activity-dependent regulation of kainate receptors at thalamocortical synapses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; hippocampal interneurons; synaptic transmission; glutamate receptors; critical period; ampa receptors; activation; neurons; cortex; rectification
AB Most of the fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian brain is mediated by ionotrophic glutamate receptors, of which there are three subtypes: AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate), NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) and kainate. Although kainate-receptor subunits (GluR5-7, KA1 and 2) are widely expressed in the mammalian central nervous system(1,2), little is known about their function. The development of pharmacological agents that distinguish between AMPA and kainate receptors has now allowed the functions of kainate receptors to be investigated(3,4). The modulation of synaptic transmission by kainate receptors(5-7) and their synaptic activation(8-14) in a variety of brain regions have been reported. The expression of kainate receptor subunits is developmentally regulated(1,2) but their role in plasticity and development is unknown. Here we show that developing thalamocortical synapses express postsynaptic kainate receptors as well as AMPA receptors; however, the two receptor subtypes do not colocalize. During the critical period for experience-dependent plasticity, the kainate-receptor contribution to transmission decreases; a similar decrease occurs when long-term potentiation is induced in vitro. This indicates that during development there is activity-dependent regulation of the expression of kainate receptors at thalamocortical synapses.
C1 Univ Bristol, MRC, Ctr Synapt Plast, Dept Anat, Bristol BS8 1TD, Avon, England.
C3 University of Bristol
RP Isaac, JTR (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, MRC, Ctr Synapt Plast, Dept Anat, Bristol BS8 1TD, Avon, England.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 189
Z9 214
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6744
BP 569
EP 573
DI 10.1038/23040
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223RT
UT WOS:000081854800057
PM 10448859
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whitten, W
AF Whitten, W
TI Reproductive biology - Pheromones and regulation of ovulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID menstrual synchrony
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Dept Mol Med, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
C3 Australian National University
RP Whitten, W (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Dept Mol Med, POB 334, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
NR 8
TC 10
Z9 11
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 232
EP 232
DI 10.1038/45720
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400039
PM 10499577
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hau, LV
   Harris, SE
   Dutton, Z
   Behroozi, CH
AF Hau, LV
   Harris, SE
   Dutton, Z
   Behroozi, CH
TI Light speed reduction to 17 metres per second in an ultracold atomic gas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electromagnetically induced transparency; bose-einstein condensation; dispersive property; hydrogen
AB Techniques that use quantum interference effects are being attively investigated to manipulate the optical properties of quantum systems(1). One such example is electromagnetically induced transparency, a quantum effect that permits the propagation of light pulses through an otherwise opaque medium(2-5). Here we report an experimental demonstration of electromagnetically induced transparency in an ultracold gas of sodium atoms, in which the optical pulses propagate at twenty million times slower than the speed of light in a vacuum. The gas is cooled to nanokelvin temperatures by laser and evaporative cooling(6-10) The quantum interference controlling the optical properties of the medium is set up by a 'coupling' laser beam propagating at a right angle to the pulsed 'probe' beam. At nanokelvin temperatures, the variation of refractive index with probe frequency can be made very steep. In conjunction with the high atomic density, this results in the exceptionally low light speeds observed. By cooling the cloud below the transition temperature for Bose-Einstein condensation(11-13) (causing a macroscopic population of alkali atoms in the quantum ground state of the confining potential), we observe even lower pulse propagation velocities (17 m s(-1)) owing to the increased atom density. We report an inferred nonlinear refractive index of 0.18 cm(2) W-1 and find that the system shows exceptionally large optical nonlinearities, which are of potential fundamental and technological interest for quantum optics.
C1 Rowland Inst Sci Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Edward L Ginzton Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University; Stanford University
RP Hau, LV (corresponding author), Rowland Inst Sci Inc, 100 Edwin H Land Blvd, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM hau@rowland.org
NR 24
TC 3486
Z9 3822
U1 7
U2 495
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 18
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6720
BP 594
EP 598
DI 10.1038/17561
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 169GE
UT WOS:000078738500043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Prins, LJ
   Huskens, J
   de Jong, F
   Timmerman, P
   Reinhoudt, DN
AF Prins, LJ
   Huskens, J
   de Jong, F
   Timmerman, P
   Reinhoudt, DN
TI Complete asymmetric induction of supramolecular chirality in a hydrogen-bonded assembly
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-recognition; capsules; components; strands; boxes
AB Chirality at the supramolecular level involves the non-symmetric arrangement of molecular components in a non-covalent assembly(1,2). Supramolecular chirality is abundant in biology, for example in the DNA double helix(3), the triple helix of collagen(4) and the lu-helical coiled coil of myosin(5). These structures are stabilized by inter-strand hydrogen bonds, and their handedness is determined by the configuration of chiral centres in the nucleotide or peptide backbone. Synthetic hydrogen-bonded assemblies have been reported that display supramolecular chirality in solution(6-8) or in the solid state(9-12). Complete asymmetric induction of supramolecular chirality-the formation of assemblies of a single handedness-has been widely studied in polymeric superstructures(13,14). It has so far been achieved in inorganic metal-coordinated systems(15-17), but not in organic hydrogen-bonded assemblie(18-20). Here we describe the diastereoselective assembly of enantio-pure calix[4]arene dimelamines and 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid (DEB) into chiral hydrogen-bonded structures of one handedness. The system displays complete enantioselective self-resolution: the mixing of homomeric assemblies (composed of homochiral units) with opposite handedness does not lead to the formation of heteromeric assemblies. The noncovalent character of the chiral assemblies, the structural simplicity of the constituent building blocks and the ability to control the assembly process by means of peripheral chiral centres makes this system promising for the development of a wide range of homochiral supramolecular materials or enantioselective catalysts.
C1 Univ Twente, Mesa& Res Inst, Lab Supramol Chem & Technol, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
C3 University of Twente
RP Reinhoudt, DN (corresponding author), Univ Twente, Mesa& Res Inst, Lab Supramol Chem & Technol, POB 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
EM smct@ct.utwente.nl
NR 28
TC 422
Z9 438
U1 4
U2 199
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6727
BP 498
EP 502
DI 10.1038/19053
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185HQ
UT WOS:000079662800044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rühlemann, C
   Mulitza, S
   Müller, PJ
   Wefer, G
   Zahn, R
AF Rühlemann, C
   Mulitza, S
   Müller, PJ
   Wefer, G
   Zahn, R
TI Warming of the tropical Atlantic Ocean and slowdown of thermohaline circulation during the last deglaciation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID younger dryas event; climate-change; surface-temperature; atmosphere model; greenland ice; calibration; sea; age; sediments; boundary
AB Evidence for abrupt climate changes on millennial and shorter timescales is widespread in marine and terrestrial climate records(1-4). Rapid reorganization of ocean circulation is considered to exert some control over these changes(5), as are shifts in the concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases(6). The response of the climate system to these two influences is fundamentally different: slowing of thermohaline overturn in the North Atlantic Ocean is expected to decrease northward heat transport by the ocean and to induce warming of the tropical Atlantic(7,8), whereas atmospheric greenhouse forcing should cause roughly synchronous global temperature changes(9). So these two mechanisms of climate change should be distinguishable by the timing of surface-water temperature variations relative to changes in deep-water circulation. Here we present a high-temporal-resolution record of sea surface temperatures from the western tropical North Atlantic Ocean which spans the past 29,000 years, derived from measurements of temperature-sensitive alkenone unsaturation in sedimentary organic matter. We find significant warming is documented for Heinrich event HI (16,900-15,400 calendar years BP) and the Younger Dryas event (12,900-11,600 cal. yr BP), which were periods of intense cooling in the northern North Atlantic. Temperature changes in the tropical and high-latitude North Atlantic are out of phase, suggesting that the thermohaline circulation was the important trigger for these rapid climate changes.
C1 Univ Bremen, Dept Geosci, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   GEOMAR Res Ctr Marine Geosci, D-24148 Kiel, Germany.
C3 University of Bremen; Helmholtz Association; GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel
RP Rühlemann, C (corresponding author), Univ Bremen, Dept Geosci, Klagenfurter Str, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
NR 34
TC 272
Z9 301
U1 1
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 511
EP 514
DI 10.1038/990069
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, RS
   Kay, BD
AF Smith, RS
   Kay, BD
TI The existence of supercooled liquid water at 150 K
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amorphous solid water; self-diffusion; glass-transition; phase-behavior; t-g; ice; crystallization; desorption; stability; model
AB Supercooled water may offer clues to the anomalous properties of its normal liquid state(1). The supercooled state also shows anomalous thermodynamic and transport properties at low temperatures(2-4). Although there are several theoretical explanations for this behaviour, no consensus has emerged(1,2,5-12). Some theories preclude the existence of the supercooled liquid below an apparent thermodynamic singularity at 228 K (refs 2, 7, 9); others are consistent with a continuous region of metastability from the melting point at 273 K to the glass transition temperature at 136 K (refs 6, 8, 13), But the data needed to distinguish between these possibilities have not yet been forthcoming. Here we determine the diffusivity of amorphous ice by studying isotope intermixing in films less than 500 nanometres thick. The magnitude and temperature dependence of the diffusivity is consistent with the idea that the amorphous solid water melts into a deeply metastable extension of normal liquid water before crystallizing at 160 K. This argues against the idea of a singularity in the supercooled regime at ambient pressure.
C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
RP Kay, BD (corresponding author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, POB 999,Mail Stop K8-88, Richland, WA 99352 USA.
EM bd_kay@pnl.gov
NR 36
TC 356
Z9 379
U1 0
U2 80
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6730
BP 788
EP 791
DI 10.1038/19725
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 192BL
UT WOS:000080058100052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bortolotto, ZA
   Clarke, VRJ
   Delany, CM
   Parry, MC
   Smolders, I
   Vignes, M
   Ho, KH
   Miu, P
   Brinton, BT
   Fantaske, R
   Ogden, A
   Gates, M
   Ornstein, PL
   Lodge, D
   Bleakman, D
   Collingridge, GL
AF Bortolotto, ZA
   Clarke, VRJ
   Delany, CM
   Parry, MC
   Smolders, I
   Vignes, M
   Ho, KH
   Miu, P
   Brinton, BT
   Fantaske, R
   Ogden, A
   Gates, M
   Ornstein, PL
   Lodge, D
   Bleakman, D
   Collingridge, GL
TI Kainate receptors are involved in synaptic plasticity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; rat hippocampus; glur5 subtype; transmission; activation; ampa; acid; ca3; desensitization; antagonists
AB The ability of synapses to modify their synaptic strength in response to activity is a fundamental property of the nervous system and may be an essential component of learning and memory(1). There are three classes of ionotropic glutamate receptor, namely NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate), AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-4-propionic acid) and kainate receptors(2); critical roles in synaptic plasticity have been identified for two of these. Thus, at many synapses in the brain, transient activation of NMDA receptors leads to a persistent modification in the strength of synaptic transmission mediated by AMPA receptors(3,4). Here, to determine whether kainate receptors(5-7) are involved in synaptic plasticity, we have used a new antagonist, LY382884 ((3S, 4aR, 6S, 8aR)-6-( (4-carboxyphenyl)methyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid), which antagonizes kainate receptors at concentrations that do not affect AMPA or NMDA receptors. We find that LY382884 is a selective antagonist at neuronal kainate receptors containing the GluR5 subunit. it has no effect on long-term potentiation (LTP) that is dependent on NMDA receptors but prevents the induction of mossy fibre LTP, which is independent of NMDA receptors. Thus, kainate receptors can act as the induction trigger for longterm changes in synaptic transmission.
C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Med, Dept Anat, MRC Ctr Synapt Plast, Bristol BS8 1TD, Avon, England.
   Free Univ Brussels, Inst Pharmaceut, Dept Pharmaceut Chem & Drug Anal, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
   Univ Montpellier 2, Lab Plasticite Cerebrale, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
   Allelix Biopharmaceut, Mississauga, ON L4V 1V7, Canada.
   Eli Lilly & Co, Lilly Corp Ctr, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA.
C3 University of Bristol; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Montpellier; Eli Lilly; Lilly Research Laboratories
RP Bortolotto, ZA (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Sch Med, Dept Anat, MRC Ctr Synapt Plast, Bristol BS8 1TD, Avon, England.
NR 30
TC 268
Z9 311
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6759
BP 297
EP 301
DI 10.1038/46290
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 257ZP
UT WOS:000083813700051
PM 10580501
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bell, N
   Smith, J
AF Bell, N
   Smith, J
TI Coral growing on North Sea oil rigs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Cordah Environm Management Consultants, Aberdeen AB22 8GU, Scotland.
RP Bell, N (corresponding author), Cordah Environm Management Consultants, Kettock Lodge,Aberdeen Sci & Technol Pk, Aberdeen AB22 8GU, Scotland.
NR 10
TC 72
Z9 77
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 601
EP 601
DI 10.1038/45127
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ohno, Y
   Young, DK
   Beschoten, B
   Matsukura, F
   Ohno, H
   Awschalom, DD
AF Ohno, Y
   Young, DK
   Beschoten, B
   Matsukura, F
   Ohno, H
   Awschalom, DD
TI Electrical spin injection in a ferromagnetic semiconductor heterostructure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum computation; gaas; transport
AB Conventional electronics is based on the manipulation of electronic charge. An intriguing alternative is the field of 'spintronics: wherein the classical manipulation of electronic spin in semiconductor devices gives rise to the possibility of reading and writing non-volatile information through magnetism(1,2) Moreover, the ability to preserve coherent spin states in conventional semiconductors' and quantum dots(4),ay eventually enable quantum computing in the solid state(5,6). Recent studies have shown that optically excited electron spins can retain their coherence over distances exceeding 100 micrometres (ref. 7). But to inject spin-polarized carriers electrically remains a formidable challenge(8,9), Here we report the fabrication of all-semiconductor, light-emitting spintronic devices using III-V heterostructures based on gallium arsenide. Electrical spin injection into a nonmagnetic semiconductor is achieved (in zero magnetic field) using a p-type ferromagnetic semiconductor(10) as the spin polarizer. Spin polarization of the injected holes is determined directly from the polarization of the emitted electroluminescence following the recombination of the holes with the injected (unpolarized) electrons.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Quantum Inst, Ctr Spintron & Quantum Computat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Tohoku Univ, Res Inst Elect Commun, Lab Elect Intelligent Syst, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Tohoku University
RP Awschalom, DD (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Quantum Inst, Ctr Spintron & Quantum Computat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
NR 16
TC 2405
Z9 2593
U1 4
U2 677
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 790
EP 792
DI 10.1038/45509
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Houry, WA
   Frishman, D
   Eckerskorn, C
   Lottspeich, F
   Hartl, FU
AF Houry, WA
   Frishman, D
   Eckerskorn, C
   Lottspeich, F
   Hartl, FU
TI Identification of in vivo substrates of the chaperonin GroEL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coli rna-polymerase; heat-shock proteins; escherichia-coli; molecular chaperones; polypeptide binding; atp hydrolysis; gene-products; in-vivo; sequence; domain
AB The chaperonin GroEL has an essential role in mediating protein folding in the cytosol of Escherichia coli. Here we show that GroEL interacts strongly with a well-defined set of approximately 300 newly translated polypeptides, including essential components of the transcription/translation machinery and metabolic enzymes. About one third of these proteins are structurally unstable and repeatedly return to GroEL for conformational maintenance. GroEL substrates consist preferentially of two or more domains with ap-folds, which contain a-helices and buried P-sheets with extensive hydrophobic surfaces. These proteins are expected to fold slowly and be prone to aggregation. The hydrophobic binding regions of GroEL may be well adapted to interact with the non-native states of ap-domain proteins.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biochem, Dept Cellular Biochem, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Biochem, GSF Forschungszentrum Umwelt & Gesundheit, Munich Informat Ctr Prot Sequences, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Biochem, Dept Prot Analyt, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
   Toplab GmbH, Proteom Div, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health; Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society
RP Hartl, FU (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biochem, Dept Cellular Biochem, Klopferspitz 18A, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
NR 48
TC 427
Z9 489
U1 1
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 147
EP 154
DI 10.1038/45977
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400039
PM 10647006
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gold, J
   Bennett, PJ
   Sekuler, AB
AF Gold, J
   Bennett, PJ
   Sekuler, AB
TI Signal but not noise changes with perceptual learning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temporal cortex; visual-cortex; discrimination; plasticity; representation; efficiency; monkeys; improvement; orientation; hyperacuity
AB Perceptual discrimination improves with practice. This 'perceptual learning' is often specific to the stimuli presented during training(1-5): indicating that practice may alter the response characteristics of cortical sensory neurons(6,7). Although much is known about how learning modifies cortical circuits(8), it remains unclear how these changes relate to behaviour. Different theories assume that practice improves discrimination by enhancing the signal(1,9,10) diminishing internal noise(11,12) or both(13). Here, to distinguish among these alternatives, we fashioned sets of faces and textures whose signal strength could be varied, and we trained observers to identify these patterns embedded in noise. Performance increased by up to 400% across several sessions over several days. Comparisons of human performance to that of an ideal discriminator showed that learning increased the efficiency with which observers encoded task-relevant information. Observer response consistency, measured by a double-pass technique in which identical stimuli are shown twice in each experimental session(14,15), did not change during training, showing that learning had no effect on internal noise. These results indicate that perceptual learning may enhance signal strength, and provide important constraints for theories of learning.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Psychol, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto
RP Bennett, PJ (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Psychol, 100 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada.
NR 30
TC 268
Z9 317
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 176
EP 178
DI 10.1038/46027
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400048
PM 10647007
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Asefa, T
   MacLachlan, MJ
   Coombs, N
   Ozin, GA
AF Asefa, T
   MacLachlan, MJ
   Coombs, N
   Ozin, GA
TI Periodic mesoporous organosilicas with organic groups inside the channel walls
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID liquid-crystal templates; molecular-sieves; functionalized mcm-41; co-condensation; pore structure; silica; precursors; mechanism; chemistry; catalysts
AB Surfactant-mediated synthesis methods have attracted much interest for the production of inorganic mesoporous materials, which can, on removal of the surfactant template, incorporate polymeric, organic, inorganic and organometallic 'guests' in their pores(1,2). These materials-initially made of silica(3-5), but now also available in the form of other oxides(6-9), sulphides(10,11), phosphates(12) and metals(13)-could find application in fields ranging from catalysis, adsorption and sensing technology to nanoelectronics. The extension of surfactant-mediated synthesis to produce inorganic-organic hybrid material (that is, materials that contain organic groups as an integral part of their framework structure) promises access to an even wider range of application possibilities. Such hybrid materials have been produced in the form of amorphous silicates (xerogels) that indeed display unique properties different to those of the individual components(14-20), but their random networks with broad pore-size distributions severely limit the shape and size selectivity of these materials. Mesoporous hybrid materials with periodic frameworks have been synthesized, but the organic groups are all terminally bonded to the pore surface, rather than incorporated into the pore walls(21-26). Here we describe a periodic mesoporous organosilica containing bridge-bonded ethene groups directly integrated into the silica framework. We are able to solvent-extract and ion-exchange the surfactant templates to create a stable and periodic mesoporous ethenesilica with high surface area and ethene groups that are readily accessible for chemical reaction. Recent syntheses of similar periodic mesoporous organosilicas(27,28) and the ability to incorporate a variety of bridging organic and organometallic species raise the prospect of being able to fuse organic synthesis and inorganic materials chemistry to generate new materials with interesting chemical, mechanical electronic, optical and magnetic properties.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Chem, Mat Chem Res Grp, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto
RP Ozin, GA (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Chem, Mat Chem Res Grp, 80 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
EM gozin@alchemy.chem.utoronto.ca
NR 31
TC 1658
Z9 1778
U1 3
U2 798
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6764
BP 867
EP 871
DI 10.1038/47229
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 269ML
UT WOS:000084482000030
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Botvinick, M
   Nystrom, LE
   Fissell, K
   Carter, CS
   Cohen, JD
AF Botvinick, M
   Nystrom, LE
   Fissell, K
   Carter, CS
   Cohen, JD
TI Conflict monitoring versus selection-for-action in anterior cingulate cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-brain; activation; system; pet
AB The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), on the medial surface of the frontal lobes of the brain, is widely believed to be involved in the regulation of attention(1,2), Beyond this, however, its specific contribution to cognition remains uncertain, One influential theory has interpreted activation within the ACC as reflecting 'selection-for-action'(3-5), a set of processes that guide the selection of environmental objects as triggers of or targets for action. We have proposed an alternative hypothesis, in which the ACC serves not to exert top-down attentional control but instead to detect and signal the occurrence of conflicts in information processing(6-8). Here, to test this theory against the selection-for-action theory, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure brain activation during performance of a task where, for a particular subset of trials, the strength of selection-for action is inversely related to the degree of response conflict. Activity within the ACC was greater during trials featuring high levels of conflict (and weak selection-for-action) than during trials with low levels of conflict (and strong selection-for-action), providing evidence in favour of the conflict-monitoring account of ACC function.
C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Psychol, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
   Univ Pittsburgh, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Psychol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Psychol, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
C3 Carnegie Mellon University; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; Princeton University; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh
RP Botvinick, M (corresponding author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Psychol, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
NR 20
TC 1667
Z9 1905
U1 3
U2 137
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 179
EP 181
DI 10.1038/46035
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400049
PM 10647008
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hsieh, JC
   Kodjabachian, L
   Rebbert, ML
   Rattner, A
   Smallwood, PM
   Samos, CH
   Nusse, R
   Dawid, IB
   Nathans, J
AF Hsieh, JC
   Kodjabachian, L
   Rebbert, ML
   Rattner, A
   Smallwood, PM
   Samos, CH
   Nusse, R
   Dawid, IB
   Nathans, J
TI A new secreted protein that binds to Wnt proteins and inhibits their activities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID xenopus embryos
AB The Wnt proteins constitute a large family of extracellular signalling molecules that are found throughout the animal kingdom and are important for a wide variety of normal and pathological developmental processes(1,2). Here we describe Wnt-inhibitory factor-1 (WIF-1), a secreted protein that binds to Wnt proteins and inhibits their activities. WIF-1 is present in fish, amphibia and mammals, and is expressed during Xenopus and zebrafish development in a Complex pattern that includes paraxial presomitic mesoderm, notochord, branchial arches and neural crest derivatives. We use Xenopus embryos to show that WIF-1 overexpression affects somitogenesis (the generation of trunk mesoderm segments), in agreement with its normal expression in paraxial mesoderm. In vitro, WIF-1 binds to Drosophila Wingless and Xenopus Wnt8 produced by Drosophila S2 cells. Together with earlier results obtained with the secreted Frizzled-related proteins(1.2), our results indicate that Wnt proteins interact with structurally diverse extracellular inhibitors, presumably to fine-tune the spatial and temporal patterns of Wnt activity.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Ophthalmol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   NICHHD, Genet Mol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst,Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University
RP Nathans, J (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
NR 17
TC 612
Z9 756
U1 2
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6726
BP 431
EP 436
DI 10.1038/18899
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 182PW
UT WOS:000079508200054
PM 10201374
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tan, Y
   Li, WH
AF Tan, Y
   Li, WH
TI Vision - Trichromatic vision in prosimians
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID color-vision; bush-baby; pigments; photopigments; monkey; gene; red
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Tan, Y (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, 1101 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 13
TC 138
Z9 155
U1 0
U2 46
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 36
EP 36
DI 10.1038/46947
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600033
PM 10573416
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goldacker, T
   Abetz, V
   Stadler, R
   Erukhimovich, I
   Leibler, L
AF Goldacker, T
   Abetz, V
   Stadler, R
   Erukhimovich, I
   Leibler, L
TI Non-centrosymmetric superlattices in block copolymer blends
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID abc triblock copolymers; achiral molecules; liquid-crystals; morphology; thermodynamics; methacrylate); domains; phase
AB Materials with a macroscopic electric polarization display a variety of useful properties, such as piezo- and pyroelectricity and second-order nonlinear optical activity(1). Macroscopic polarization results when dipolar molecules are orientated in the same direction, or when ions are organized in a non-centrosymmetric crystal structure(2). Centrosymmetric molecules have no dipole moment and so cannot generate a macroscopic polarization. Non-centrosymmetry in amorphous materials can be engineered by depositing particular sequences of layers on top of each other, or by applying external fields (generally electric) to orientate the molecules(3). Here we report the formation of a non-centrosymmetric structure in an amorphous material through spontaneous self-assembly. Block copolymers are known to form ordered structures at the microscale owing to segregation of the different blocks(4,5). We show that a mixture of a ternary triblock copolymer and a binary diblock copolymer will organize itself into a noncentrosymmetric layered structure in which the layers are occupied by different blocks. The structure is periodic with a length scale of around 60 nm.
C1 Univ Bayreuth, Lehrstuhl Makromol Chem 2, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
   Moscow State Univ, Dept Phys, RU-117234 Moscow, Russia.
   Elf Atochem, CNRS, UMR 167, F-92303 Levallois, France.
C3 University of Bayreuth; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Abetz, V (corresponding author), Univ Bayreuth, Lehrstuhl Makromol Chem 2, POB 101251, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
NR 22
TC 190
Z9 200
U1 1
U2 86
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6723
BP 137
EP 139
DI 10.1038/18191
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 176DG
UT WOS:000079135200040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Russell, DF
   Wilkens, LA
   Moss, F
AF Russell, DF
   Wilkens, LA
   Moss, F
TI Use of behavioural stochastic resonance by paddle fish for feeding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID noise; mechanoreceptors; crayfish; system
AB Stochastic resonance is the phenomenon whereby the addition of an optimal level of noise to a weak information-carrying input to certain nonlinear systems can enhance the information content at their outputs(1-4). Computer analysis of spike trains has been needed to reveal stochastic resonance in the responses of sensory receptors(5-7) except for one study on human psychophysics(8). But is an animal aware of, and can it make use of, the enhanced sensory information from stochastic resonance? Here, we show that stochastic resonance enhances the normal feeding behaviour of paddlefish (Polyodon spathula)(9,10), which use passive electroreceptors(11,12) to detect electrical signals from planktonic prey(13). We demonstrate significant broadening of the spatial range for the detection of plankton when a noisy electric field of optimal amplitude is applied in the water. We also show that swarms of Daphnia plankton are a natural source of electrical noise. Our demonstration of stochastic resonance at the level of a vital animal behaviour, feeding, which has probably evolved for functional success, provides evidence that stochastic resonance in sensory nervous systems is an evolutionary adaptation(14).
RP Russell, DF (corresponding author), Univ Missouri, Ctr Neurodynam, St Louis, MO 63121 USA.
NR 26
TC 418
Z9 455
U1 1
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6759
BP 291
EP 294
DI 10.1038/46279
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 257ZP
UT WOS:000083813700049
PM 10580499
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Romashkova, JA
   Makarov, SS
AF Romashkova, JA
   Makarov, SS
TI NF-κB is a target of AKT in anti-apoptotic PDGF signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kinase-c-zeta; growth-factor; cell-death; protein; activation; phosphorylation; fibroblasts; induction; ras; transduction
AB The mechanisms of cell proliferation and transformation are intrinsically linked to the process of apoptosis: the default of proliferating cells is to die unless specific survival signals are provided(1,2). Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a principal survival factor that inhibits apoptosis and promotes proliferation(1), but the mechanisms mediating its anti-apoptotic properties are not completely understood. Here we show that the transcription factor NF-kappa B3-5 is important in PDGF signalling. NF-kappa B transmits two signals: one is required for the induction of proto-oncogene c-myc and proliferation, and the second, an anti-apoptotic signal, counterbalances c-Myc cytotoxicity. We have traced a putative pathway whereby PDGF activates NF-kappa B through pas and phospatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI(3)K) to the PKB/Akt protein kinase and the I kappa B kinase (IKK); NF-kappa B thus appears to be a target of the anti-apoptotic Ras/PI(3)K/Akt pathway(6,7). We show that, upon PDGF stimulation, Akt transiently associates in vivo with IKK and induces IKK activation. These findings establish a role for NF-kappa B in growth factor signalling and define an anti-apoptotic Ras/PI(3)K/Akt/IKK/NF-kappa B pathway, thus linking anti-apoptotic signalling with transcription machinery.
C1 Univ N Carolina, Thurston Arthrit Res Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Ctr Inflammatory Disorders, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP Makarov, SS (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Thurston Arthrit Res Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
NR 30
TC 1670
Z9 1891
U1 0
U2 61
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6748
BP 86
EP 90
DI 10.1038/43474
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 232MK
UT WOS:000082374400047
PM 10485711
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tomlin, S
AF Tomlin, S
TI Photonics - Crystals to order
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 1
TC 3
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 637
EP 637
DI 10.1038/21320
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800027
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sommer, U
AF Sommer, U
TI Ecology - Competition and coexistence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phytoplankton; diversity
C1 Inst Meereskunde, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
RP Sommer, U (corresponding author), Inst Meereskunde, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
NR 11
TC 29
Z9 34
U1 1
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 366
EP 367
DI 10.1038/46453
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Summons, RE
   Jahnke, LL
   Hope, JM
   Logan, GA
AF Summons, RE
   Jahnke, LL
   Hope, JM
   Logan, GA
TI 2-Methylhopanoids as biomarkers for cyanobacterial oxygenic photosynthesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID prokaryotic triterpenoids; methylobacterium-organophilum; hopane series; 2-beta-methylhopanoids; localization; biosynthesis; antiquity; origin
AB Oxygenic photosynthesis is widely accepted as the most important bioenergetic process happening in Earth's surface environment(1). It is thought to have evolved within the cyanobacterial lineage, but it has been difficult to determine when it began. Evidence based on the occurrence and appearance of stromatolites(2) and microfossils' indicates that phototrophy occurred as long ago as 3,465 Myr although no definite physiological inferences can be he made from these objects. Carbon isotopes and other geological phenomena(4,5) provide clues but are also equivocal, Biomarkers are potentially useful because the three domains of extant life-Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya-have signature membrane lipids with recalcitrant carbon skeletons. These lipids turn into hydrocarbons in sediments and can be found wherever the record is sufficiently well preserved. Here we show that 2-methylbacteriohopanepolyols occur in a high proportion of cultured cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial mats, Their 2-methylhopane hydrocarbon derivatives are abundant in organic-rich sediments as old as 2,500 Myr. These biomarkers may help constrain the age of the oldest cyanobacteria and the advent of oxygenic photosynthesis. They could also be used to quantify the ecological importance of cyanobacteria through geological time.
C1 Australian Geol Survey Org, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
   NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Exobiol Biol Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
C3 Geoscience Australia; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center
RP Summons, RE (corresponding author), Australian Geol Survey Org, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
NR 28
TC 749
Z9 878
U1 4
U2 163
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6744
BP 554
EP 557
DI 10.1038/23005
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223RT
UT WOS:000081854800052
PM 10448856
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kelber, A
AF Kelber, A
TI Why 'false' colours are seen by butterflies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polarization; vision; twist
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
   Lund Univ, Dept Zool, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
C3 Australian National University; Lund University
RP Kelber, A (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, POB 475, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
EM almut.kelber@zool.lu.se
NR 9
TC 65
Z9 71
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6759
BP 251
EP 251
DI 10.1038/46204
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 257ZP
UT WOS:000083813700035
PM 10580493
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parker, EN
AF Parker, EN
TI Solar physics - Sunny side of global warming
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID irradiance variability
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Parker, EN (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 6
TC 18
Z9 21
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 416
EP 417
DI 10.1038/20816
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900025
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McCann, LI
   Dykman, M
   Golding, B
AF McCann, LI
   Dykman, M
   Golding, B
TI Thermally activated transitions in a bistable three-dimensional optical trap
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brownian particle; escape; kramers
AB Activated escape from a metastable state underlies many physical, chemical and biological processes: examples include diffusion in solids, switching in superconducting junctions(1,2), chemical reactions(3,4) and protein folding(5,6). Kramers presented the first quantitative calculation(7) of thermally driven transition rates in 1940. Despite widespread acceptance of Kramers' theory(8), there have been few opportunities to test it quantitatively as a comprehensive knowledge of the system dynamics is required. A trapped brownian particle (relevant to our understanding of the kinetics, transport and mechanics of biological matter(9,10)) represents an ideal test system. Here we report a detailed experimental analysis of the brownian dynamics of a sub-micrometre sized dielectric particle confined in a double-well optical trap. We show how these dynamics can be used to directly measure the full three-dimensional confining potential-a technique that can also be applied to other optically trapped objects(11,12). Excellent agreement is obtained between the predictions of Kramers' theory and the measured transition rates, with no adjustable or free parameters over a substantial range of barrier heights.
C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
C3 Michigan State University
RP Golding, B (corresponding author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
NR 20
TC 167
Z9 188
U1 1
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 785
EP 787
DI 10.1038/45492
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van Schilfgaarde, M
   Abrikosov, IA
   Johansson, B
AF van Schilfgaarde, M
   Abrikosov, IA
   Johansson, B
TI Origin of the Invar effect in iron-nickel alloys
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spin dynamics; transition; instability; anomaly; disorder; magnets; metals; states; films; fe
AB In 1897 Guillaume(1) discovered that face-centred cubic alloys of iron and nickel with a nickel concentration of around 35 atomic per cent exhibit anomalously low (almost zero) thermal expansion over a wide temperature range. This effect, known as the Invar effect, has since been found in various ordered and random alloys and even in amorphous materials'. Other physical properties of Invar systems, such as atomic volume, elastic modulus, heat capacity, magnetization and Curie (or Neel) temperature, also show anomalous behaviour. Invar alloys are used in instrumentation, for example as hair springs in watches. It has long been realized that the effect is related to magnetism(2,3); but a full understanding is still lacking. Here we present nb initio calculations of the volume dependences of magnetic and thermodynamic properties for the most typical Invar system, a random face-centred cubic iron-nickel alloy, in which we allow for noncollinear spin alignments-that is, spins that may be canted with respect to the average magnetization direction. We find that the magnetic structure is characterized, even at zero temperature, by a continuous transition from the ferromagnetic state at high volumes to a disordered non-collinear configuration at low volumes. There is an additional, comparable contribution to the net magnetization from the changes in the amplitudes of the local magnetic moments. The non-collinearity gives rise to an anomalous volume dependence of the binding energy, and explains other peculiarities of Invar systems.
C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA.
   Univ Uppsala, Dept Phys, Condensed Matter Theory Grp, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories; Uppsala University
RP van Schilfgaarde, M (corresponding author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA.
NR 28
TC 548
Z9 579
U1 9
U2 319
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6739
BP 46
EP 49
DI 10.1038/21848
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 213DA
UT WOS:000081255700044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bishop, E
   Fisher, N
AF Bishop, E
   Fisher, N
TI Human model for angiogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor
AB There is currently intense interest in angiogenesis, the multistep process whereby new blood vessels are formed from pre-existing vasculature, This stems from the key role angiogenesis plays in many physiological and pathological processes including wound healing, development of collateral circulation following an ischaemic episode, solid tumour growth and diabetic retinopathy, Inhibition of angiogenesis is considered to be one of the most promising of the potential, anti-cancer therapies because the ability for a tumour to grow beyond a few millimetres in size is directly related to its ability to induce angiogenesis, So an improved understanding of how this is achieved and the ability to screen for compounds that could inhibit angiogenesis may lead to more effective therapies (for a review, see ref, 1), We have thus developed a model of human angiogenesis that involves ail the critical steps of the angiogenic process and can be adapted to screen many compounds.
C1 TCS Biol Ltd, Buckingham MK18 5UA, England.
   Univ Aberdeen, Cell Pathol Unit, Aberdeen AB24 5UA, Scotland.
C3 University of Aberdeen
RP Fisher, N (corresponding author), TCS Biol Ltd, Buckingham MK18 5UA, England.
NR 3
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 1999
VL 0
IS 
BP 26
EP +
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 201VB
UT WOS:000080615900003
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yanson, AI
   Yanson, IK
   van Ruitenbeek, JM
AF Yanson, AI
   Yanson, IK
   van Ruitenbeek, JM
TI Observation of shell structure in sodium nanowires
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID simple metal-clusters; conductance quantization; jellium model; na clusters; contacts; physics; forces; atoms
AB The quantum states of a system of particles in a finite spatial domain in general consist of a set of discrete energy eigenvalues; these are usually grouped into bunches of degenerate or close-lying levels(1), called shells. In fermionic systems, this gives rise to a local minimum in the total energy when all the states of a given shell are occupied, In particular, the closed-shell electronic configuration of the noble gases produces their exceptional stability. Shell effects have previously been observed for protons and neutrons in nuclei, and for clusters of metal atoms(2-4). Here we report the observation of shell effects in an open system-a sodium metal nanowire connecting two bulk sodium metal electrodes, which are progressively pulled apart. We measure oscillations in the statistical distribution of conductance values, for contact cross-sections containing up to a hundred atoms or more. The period follows the law expected from shell-closure effects, similar to the abundance peaks at 'magic' numbers of atoms in metal clusters(3,4).
C1 Leiden Univ, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Natl Acad Sci, B Verkin Inst Low Temp Phys & Engn, UA-310164 Kharkov, Ukraine.
C3 Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; National Academy of Sciences Ukraine; B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics & Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
RP van Ruitenbeek, JM (corresponding author), Leiden Univ, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, POB 9504, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
NR 22
TC 135
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6740
BP 144
EP 146
DI 10.1038/22074
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214JM
UT WOS:000081324900047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, HW
   Lanzetta, KM
   Pascarelle, S
AF Chen, HW
   Lanzetta, KM
   Pascarelle, S
TI Spectroscopic identification of a galaxy at a probable redshift of z = 6.68
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID star-forming galaxy; hubble deep field
AB The detection and identification of distant galaxies is an important goal of observational cosmology, as such galaxies are seen at a time when the Universe was very young The development of new techniques and instrumentation permits the search for ever-fainter galaxies, and so aids attempts to determine when the first stars and galaxies formed. Here we report the identification of a galaxy at a probable redshift of 6.68, the most distant object yet detected. The galaxy's spectrum is characterized by an abrupt discontinuity at a wavelength lambda approximate to 9,300 Angstrom, which we interpret as arising from the absorption of light at shorter wavelengths by hydrogen gas along the Line of sight (the Lyman-alpha decrement), and by an emission line at lambda approximate to 9,334 Angstrom, which we interpret as the Lyman-alpha line at a redshift of 6.68, The galaxy is relatively bright: the ultraviolet luminosity density contributed by this one galaxy is almost ten times the value measured at z = 3.
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Chen, HW (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
NR 12
TC 54
Z9 56
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6728
BP 586
EP 588
DI 10.1038/19251
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 186WX
UT WOS:000079754700047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hostetler, SW
   Mix, AC
AF Hostetler, SW
   Mix, AC
TI Reassessment of ice-age cooling of the tropical ocean and atmosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID last glacial maximum; climate; model; circulation; simulation; variability; atlantic
AB The CLIMAP(1) project's reconstruction of past sea surface temperature inferred limited ice-age cooling in the tropical oceans. This conclusion has been controversial, however, because of the greater cooling indicated by other terrestrial and ocean proxy data(2-6). A new faunal sea surface temperature reconstruction, calibrated using the variation of foraminiferal species through time, better represents ice-age faunal assemblages and so reveals greater cooling than CLIMAP in the equatorial current systems of the eastern Pacific and tropical Atlantic oceans(7). Here we explore the climatic implications of this revised sea surface temperature field for the Last Glacial Maximum using an atmospheric general circulation model. Relative to model results obtained using CLIMAP sea surface temperatures, the cooler equatorial oceans modify seasonal air temperatures by 1-2 degrees C or more across parts of South America, Africa and southeast Asia and cause attendant changes in regional moisture patterns. In our simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum,the Amazon lowlands, for example, are cooler and drier, whereas the Andean highlands are cooler and wetter than:the control simulation. Our results may:help to resolve some of the apparent disagreements between oceanic and continental proxy climate data. Moreover, they suggest a wind-related mechanism for enhancing the export of water vapour from the Atlantic to the Indo-Pacific oceans, which may link variations in deep-water production and high-latitude climate changes to equatorial, sea surface temperatures.
C1 US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; Oregon State University
RP Hostetler, SW (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
NR 29
TC 89
Z9 99
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 673
EP 676
DI 10.1038/21401
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zengler, K
   Richnow, HH
   Rosselló-Mora, R
   Michaelis, W
   Widdel, F
AF Zengler, K
   Richnow, HH
   Rosselló-Mora, R
   Michaelis, W
   Widdel, F
TI Methane formation from long-chain alkanes by anaerobic microorganisms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microbial processes; hydrocarbons; degradation; enrichment; sediments
AB Biological formation of methane is the terminal process of biomass degradation in aquatic habitats where oxygen, nitrate, ferric iron and sulphate have been depleted as electron accepters. The pathway leading from dead biomass to methane through the metabolism of anaerobic bacteria and archaea is well understood for easily degradable biomolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids(1,2). However, little is known about the organic compounds that lead to methane in old anoxic sediments where easily degradable biomolecules are no longer available. One class of naturally formed long-lived compounds in such sediments is the saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes)(3-5). Alkanes are usually considered to be inert in the absence of oxygen, nitrate or sulphate(6), and the analysis of alkane patterns is often used for biogeochemical characterization of sediments(7,8), However, alkanes might be consumed in anoxic sediments below the zone of sulphate reduction(9,10), but the underlying process has not been elucidated. Here we used enrichment cultures to show that the biological conversion of long-chain alkanes to the simplest hydrocarbon, methane, is possible under strictly anoxic conditions.
C1 Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   Univ Hamburg, Inst Biogeochem & Marine Chem, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Hamburg
RP Widdel, F (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, Celsiusstr 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
EM fwiddel@mpi-bremen.de
NR 28
TC 491
Z9 578
U1 1
U2 153
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 266
EP 269
DI 10.1038/45777
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400050
PM 10499582
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Collier Cameron, A
   Horne, K
   Penny, A
   James, D
AF Collier Cameron, A
   Horne, K
   Penny, A
   James, D
TI Probable detection of starlight reflected from the giant planet orbiting τ Bootis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stars; andromedae; companions
AB In the four years following the discovery of a planet orbiting the star 51 Pegasi, about 20 other planets have been detected through their influence on the radial velocities of lines in the stellar spectra. The orbital motion of the planet is detected through the smaller 'reflex motion' of the star, which can be measured using high-precision spectroscopy. This indirect technique cannot investigate the radius or composition of the planet, and can place only a lower limit on its mass. Here we report the probable detection of Doppler-shifted starlight reflected from the planet known to orbit tau Bootis with a period of just a few days. We find that the orbital inclination is about i = 29 degrees, from which we infer that the mass is about eight times that of Jupiter. The planet has the size and reflectivity expected for a gas-giant planet.
C1 Univ St Andrews, Sch Phys & Astron, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland.
   Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
C3 University of St Andrews; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
RP Collier Cameron, A (corresponding author), Univ St Andrews, Sch Phys & Astron, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland.
EM andrew.cameron@st-and.ac.uk
NR 16
TC 105
Z9 109
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 751
EP 755
DI 10.1038/45451
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lu, QX
   Gore, M
   Zhang, Q
   Camenisch, T
   Boast, S
   Casagranda, F
   Lai, C
   Skinner, MK
   Klein, R
   Matsushima, GK
   Earp, HS
   Goff, SP
   Lemke, G
AF Lu, QX
   Gore, M
   Zhang, Q
   Camenisch, T
   Boast, S
   Casagranda, F
   Lai, C
   Skinner, MK
   Klein, R
   Matsushima, GK
   Earp, HS
   Goff, SP
   Lemke, G
TI Tyro-3 family receptors are essential regulators of mammalian spermatogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tyrosine kinase receptor; protein-s; genomic structure; sertoli cells; gas6; identification; expression; growth; mer; axl
AB We have generated and analysed null mutations in the mouse genes encoding three structurally related receptors with tyrosine kinase activity: Tyro 3, Axl, and Mer(1-4). Mice lacking any single receptor, or any combination of two receptors, are viable and fertile, but male animals that lack all three receptors produce no mature sperm, owing to the progressive death of differentiating germ cells. This degenerative phenotype appears to result from a failure of the tropic support that is normally provided by Sertoli cells of thc seminiferous tubules, whose function depends on testosterone and additional factors produced by Leydig cells(5-7). Tyro 3, Axl and Mer are all normally expressed by Sertoli cells during postnatal development, whereas their ligands, Gas6 and protein S, are produced by Leydig cells before sexual maturity, and by both Leydig and Sertoli cells thereafter. Here we show that the concerted activation of Tyro 3, Axl and Mer in Sertoli cells is critical to the role that these cells play as nurturers of developing germ cells. Additional observations indicate that these receptors may also be essential for the tropic maintenance of diverse cell types in the mature nervous, immune and reproductive systems.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Mol Neurobiol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Ctr Neurosci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   European Mol Biol Lab, Dev Biol Programme, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Neuropharmacol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Washington State Univ, Ctr Reprod Biol, Dept Genet & Cell Biol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Columbia University; Columbia University; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Scripps Research Institute; Washington State University
RP Lemke, G (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Mol Neurobiol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 30
TC 430
Z9 517
U1 2
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6729
BP 723
EP 728
DI 10.1038/19554
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 189RP
UT WOS:000079920100054
PM 10227296
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boekema, EJ
   van Breemen, JFL
   Brisson, A
   Ubbink-Kok, T
   Konings, WN
   Lolkema, JS
AF Boekema, EJ
   van Breemen, JFL
   Brisson, A
   Ubbink-Kok, T
   Konings, WN
   Lolkema, JS
TI Biological motors - Connecting stalks in V-type ATPase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rotational catalysis; electron-microscopy; synthase
C1 Univ Groningen, Groningen Biomol Sci & Biotechnol Inst, NL-9747 Groningen, Netherlands.
C3 University of Groningen
RP Boekema, EJ (corresponding author), Univ Groningen, Groningen Biomol Sci & Biotechnol Inst, NL-9747 Groningen, Netherlands.
NR 10
TC 76
Z9 80
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6748
BP 37
EP 38
DI 10.1038/43369
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 232MK
UT WOS:000082374400031
PM 10485704
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rittenhouse, CD
   Shouval, HZ
   Paradiso, MA
   Bear, MF
AF Rittenhouse, CD
   Shouval, HZ
   Paradiso, MA
   Bear, MF
TI Monocular deprivation induces homosynaptic long-term depression in visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID synaptic plasticity; striate cortex; transmission; blockade; period
AB Brief monocular deprivation during early postnatal development can lead to a depression of synaptic transmission that renders visual cortical neurons unresponsive to subsequent visual stimulation through the deprived eye. The Bienenstock-Cooper-Munro (BCM) theory(1) proposes that homosynaptic mechanisms of long-term depression (LTD) account for the deprivation effects(2,3). Homosynaptic depression, by definition, occurs only at active synapses. Thus, in contrast to the commonly held view that the synaptic depression caused by monocular deprivation is simply a result of retinal inactivity, this theoretical framework indicates that the synaptic depression may actually be driven by the residual activity in the visually deprived retina(4). Here we examine the validity of this idea by comparing the consequences of brief monocular deprivation by lid suture with those of monocular inactivation by intra-ocular treatment with tetrodotoxin. Lid suture leaves the retina spontaneously active, whereas tetrodotoxin eliminates all activity. In agreement with the BCM theory, our results show that monocular lid suture causes a significantly greater depression of deprived-eye responses in kitten visual cortex than does treatment with tetrodotoxin. These findings have important implications for mechanisms of experience-dependent plasticity in the neocortex.
C1 Brown Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Brown Univ, Dept Neurosci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
C3 Brown University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Brown University
RP Bear, MF (corresponding author), Brown Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
EM mbear@brown.edu
NR 27
TC 193
Z9 221
U1 1
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 28
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6717
BP 347
EP 350
DI 10.1038/16922
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 162BE
UT WOS:000078324600049
PM 9950426
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tyler, JK
   Adams, CR
   Chen, SR
   Kobayashi, R
   Kamakaka, RT
   Kadonaga, JT
AF Tyler, JK
   Adams, CR
   Chen, SR
   Kobayashi, R
   Kamakaka, RT
   Kadonaga, JT
TI The RCAF complex mediates chromatin assembly during DNA replication and repair
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; ii transcription; yeast; protein; genes; identification; acetylation; repression; telomeres; invitro
AB Chromatin assembly is a fundamental biological process that is essential for the replication and maintenance of the eukaryotic genome(1-4). In dividing cells, newly synthesized DNA is rapidly assembled into chromatin by the deposition of a tetramer of the histone proteins H3 and H4, followed by the deposition of two dimers of histones H2A and H2B to complete the nucleosome-the fundamental repeating unit of chromatin(5). Here we describe the identification, purification, cloning, and characterization of replication-coupling assembly factor (RCAF), a novel protein complex that facilitates the assembly of nucleosomes onto newly replicated DNA in vitro. RCAF comprises the Drosophila homologue of anti-silencing function 1 protein ASF1(6) and histones H3 and H4. The specific acetylation pattern of H3 and H4 in RCAF is identical to that of newly synthesized histones. Genetic analyses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae demonstrate that ASF1 is essential for normal fell cycle progression, and suggest that RCAF mediates chromatin assembly after DNA replication and the repair of double-strand DNA damage in vivo.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Mol Genet, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD); Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
RP Tyler, JK (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 28
TC 467
Z9 562
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 555
EP 560
DI 10.1038/990147
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200063
PM 10591219
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baer, B
   Schmid-Hempel, P
AF Baer, B
   Schmid-Hempel, P
TI Experimental variation in polyandry affects parasite loads and fitness in a bumble-bee
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hymenoptera; variability; pathogens; reproduction; insects
AB In many species of animals, females typically mate with more than one male (polyandry). Some social insects carry this behaviour to extremes(1). For example, honeybee queens mate with ten to twenty (car even more) males on their nuptial flights(2). The reasons for this behaviour remain unknown, given the obvious costs of time, energy and exposure to predation. Several potential benefits of polyandry have been proposed(1,3,4), but none are well supported yet. Here we test the hypothesis that genetic diversity among a female's offspring may offer some protection from parasitism(5-7). We artificially inseminated queens of a bumble-bee (Bombus terrestris L.) with sperm of either low or high genetic diversity. The resulting colonies were exposed to parasitism under field conditions. High-diversity colonies had fewer parasites and showed greater reproductive success, on average, than did low-diversity colonies. We suggest that female mating frequency may be influenced in part by parasites.
C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, ETH Zentrum NW, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Schmid-Hempel, P (corresponding author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, ETH Zentrum NW, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM psh@eco.umnw.ethz.ch
NR 24
TC 367
Z9 393
U1 2
U2 153
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 14
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6715
BP 151
EP 154
DI 10.1038/16451
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 157WQ
UT WOS:000078085000043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mao, CD
   Sun, WQ
   Shen, ZY
   Seeman, NC
AF Mao, CD
   Sun, WQ
   Shen, ZY
   Seeman, NC
TI A nanomechanical device based on the B-Z transition of DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-crossover molecules; resonance energy-transfer; junction; shuttle
AB The assembly of synthetic, controllable molecular mechanical systems(1-7) is one of the goals of nanotechnology. Protein-based molecular machines, often driven by an energy source such as ATP, are abundant in biology(8,9). It has been shown previously that branched motifs of DNA can provide components for the assembly of nanoscale objects(10), links(11) and arrays(12). Here we show that such structures can also provide the basis for dynamic assemblies: switchable molecular machines. We have constructed a supramolecular device consisting of two rigid DNA 'double-crossover' (DX) molecules connected by 4.5 double-helical turns. One domain of each DX molecule is attached to the connecting helix. To effect switchable motion in this assembly, we use the transition between the B and Z(13,14) forms of DNA. In conditions that favour B-DNA, the two unconnected domains of the DX molecules lie on the same side of the central helix, In Z-DNA-promoting conditions, however, these domains switch to opposite sides of the helix. This relative repositioning is detected by means of fluorescence resonance energy transfer spectroscopy, which measures the relative proximity of two dye molecules attached fa the free ends of the DX molecules, The switching event induces atomic displacements of 20-60 Angstrom.
C1 NYU, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10003 USA.
C3 New York University
RP Seeman, NC (corresponding author), NYU, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10003 USA.
NR 27
TC 726
Z9 866
U1 1
U2 235
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 14
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6715
BP 144
EP 146
DI 10.1038/16437
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 157WQ
UT WOS:000078085000040
PM 9923675
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ramirez, AP
   Hayashi, A
   Cava, RJ
   Siddharthan, R
   Shastry, BS
AF Ramirez, AP
   Hayashi, A
   Cava, RJ
   Siddharthan, R
   Shastry, BS
TI Zero-point entropy in 'spin ice'
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-transition; behavior; system
AB Common water ice (ice I-h) is an unusual solid-the oxygen atoms form a periodic structure but the hydrogen atoms are highly disordered due to there being two inequivalent O-H bond lengths'. Pauling showed that the presence of these two bond lengths leads to a macroscopic degeneracy of possible ground states(2,3), such that the system has finite entropy as the temperature tends towards zero. The dynamics associated with this degeneracy are experimentally inaccessible, however, as ice melts and the hydrogen dynamics cannot be studied independently of oxygen motion(4). An analogous system(5) in which this degeneracy can be studied is a magnet with the pyrochlore structure-termed 'spin ice'-where spin orientation plays a similar role to that of the hydrogen position in ice I-h. Here we present specific-heat data for one such system, Dy2Ti2O7, from which we infer a total spin entropy of 0.67Rln2. This is similar to the value, 0.71Rln2, determined for ice I-h, SO confirming the validity of the correspondence. We also find, through application of a magnetic field, behaviour not accessible in water ice-restoration of much of the ground-state entropy and new transitions involving transverse spin degrees of freedom.
C1 Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Indian Inst Sci, Dept Phys, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India.
C3 AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; Princeton University; Indian Institute of Science (IISC) - Bangalore
RP Ramirez, AP (corresponding author), Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, 600 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
NR 16
TC 1091
Z9 1186
U1 1
U2 244
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6734
BP 333
EP 335
DI 10.1038/20619
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200PA
UT WOS:000080547800052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ye, YH
   Lukinova, N
   Fortini, ME
AF Ye, YH
   Lukinova, N
   Fortini, ME
TI Neurogenic phenotypes and altered Notch processing in Drosophila Presenilin mutants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; alzheimers-disease; vestigial gene; wing formation; in-vivo; expression; receptor; protein; signal; delta
AB Presenilin proteins have been implicated both in developmental signalling by the cell-surface protein Notch and in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Loss of presenilin function leads to Notch/lin-12-like mutant phenotypes in Caenorhabditis elegans(1,2) and to reduced Notch1 expression in the mouse paraxial mesoderm(3). In humans, presenilins that are associated with Alzheimer's disease stimulate overproduction of the neurotoxic 42-amino-acid beta-amyloid derivative (A beta 42) of the amyloid-precursor protein APP(4). Here we describe loss-of-function mutations in the Drosophila Presenilin gene that cause lethal Notch-like phenotypes such as maternal neurogenic effects during embryogenesis, loss of lateral inhibition within proneural cell dusters, and absence of wing margin formation. We show that presenilin is required for the normal proteolytic production of carboxy-terminal Notch fragments that are needed for receptor maturation and signalling, and that genetically it acts upstream of both the membrane-bound form and the activated nuclear form of Notch. Our findings provide evidence for the existence of distinct processing sites or modifications in the extracellular domain of Notch. They also link the role of presenilin in Notch signalling to its effect on amyloid production in Alzheimer's disease.
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania
RP Fortini, ME (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM fortini@mail.med.upenn.edu
NR 30
TC 454
Z9 518
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6727
BP 525
EP 529
DI 10.1038/19096
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185HQ
UT WOS:000079662800051
PM 10206647
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tinney, CG
AF Tinney, CG
TI Brown dwarfs: the stars that failed
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID low mass stars; large-magellanic-cloud; denis-p j1228.2-1547; main-sequence; gliese 229b; stellar; luminosity; spectra; lithium; cluster
AB In recent years, new astronomical instruments have reversed three decades of fruitless searching for brown dwarfs, the failed stars that are too small to burn nuclear fuel. These discoveries have confirmed predictions about the importance of methane and dust in the atmospheres of brown dwarfs. But they also demonstrate that, contrary to expectation, brown dwarfs do not contribute significantly to our Galaxy's dark matter.
C1 Anglo Australian Observ, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia.
RP Tinney, CG (corresponding author), Anglo Australian Observ, POB 296, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia.
NR 62
TC 14
Z9 16
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 7
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6714
BP 37
EP 40
DI 10.1038/16195
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 155RD
UT WOS:000077959400038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Orphanides, G
   Wu, WH
   Lane, WS
   Hampsey, M
   Reinberg, D
AF Orphanides, G
   Wu, WH
   Lane, WS
   Hampsey, M
   Reinberg, D
TI The chromatin-specific transcription elongation factor FACT comprises human SPT16 and SSRP1 proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase-ii; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; cell-proliferation; histone octamer; in-vitro; yeast; cdc68; repression; mutations; binding
AB The regulation of gene expression depends critically upon chromatin structure(1). Transcription of protein-coding genes can be reconstituted on naked DNA with only the general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II (ref. 2), This minimal system cannot transcribe DNA packaged into chromatin, indicating that accessory factors may facilitate access to DNA. Two classes of accessory factor, ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling enzymes(3) and histone acetyltransferases(4), facilitate transcription initiation from chromatin templates. FACT (for facilitates chromatin transcription) is a chromatin-specific elongation factor required for transcription of chromatin templates in vitro(5,6) Here we show that FACT comprises a new human homologue of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spt16/Cdc68 protein and the high-mobility group-1-like protein structure-specific recognition protein-1. Yeast SPT16/CDC68 is an essential gene that has been implicated in transcription and cell-cycle regulation. Consistent with our biochemical analysis of FACT, we provide evidence that Spt16/Cdc68 is involved in transcript elongation in vivo. Moreover, FACT specifically interacts with nucleosomes and histone H2A/H2B dimers, indicating that it may work by promoting nucleosome disassembly upon transcription. In support of this model, we show that FACT activity is abrogated by covalently crosslinking nucleasomal histones.
C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Biochem, Div Nucl Acids Enzymol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Harvard Microchem Facil, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences; Harvard University
RP Reinberg, D (corresponding author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM reinbedf@umdnj.edu
NR 29
TC 471
Z9 575
U1 2
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6741
BP 284
EP 288
DI 10.1038/22350
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 217MP
UT WOS:000081503800049
PM 10421373
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bar, I
   Goffinet, AM
AF Bar, I
   Goffinet, AM
TI Developmental neurobiology - Decoding the Reelin signal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mouse; scrambler; proteins
C1 Univ Namur, Sch Med, Neurobiol Unit, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
C3 University of Namur
RP Bar, I (corresponding author), Univ Namur, Sch Med, Neurobiol Unit, 61 Rue Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
EM Andre.Goffinet@fundp.ac.be
NR 10
TC 27
Z9 32
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 645
EP 646
DI 10.1038/21340
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800032
PM 10385113
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, JJ
   Lindquist, S
AF Liu, JJ
   Lindquist, S
TI Oligopeptide-repeat expansions modulate 'protein-only' inheritance in yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human prion protein; de-novo appearance; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; sup35 gene; propagation; psi; determinant; translation; termination; hypothesis
AB The yeast [PSI+] element represents a new type of genetic inheritance, in which changes in phenotype are transmitted by a 'protein only' mechanism(1-3) reminiscent of the 'protein-only' transmission of mammalian prion diseases(1,4). The underlying molecular mechanisms for both are poorly understood and it is not clear how similar they might be. Sup35, the [PSI+] protein determinant, and PrP, the mammalian prion determinant, have different functions, different cellular locations and no sequence similarity; however, each contains five imperfect oligopeptide repeats-PQGGYQQYN in Sup35 and PHGGGWGQ in PrP5,6. Repeat expansions in PrP produce spontaneous prion diseases(7,8). Here we show that replacing the wild-type SUP35 gene with a repeat-expansion mutation induces new [PSI+] elements, the first mutation of its type among these newly described elements of inheritance. In vitro, fully denatured repeat-expansion peptides can adopt conformations rich in beta-sheets and form higher-order structures much more rapidly than wild-type peptides. Our results provide insight into the nature of the conformational changes underlying protein-based mechanisms of inheritance and suggest a link between this process and those producing neurodegenerative prion diseases in mammals.
C1 Univ Chicago, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol Genet & Cell Biol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Chicago
RP Lindquist, S (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol Genet & Cell Biol, 5841 S Maryland Ave,MC1028, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 29
TC 181
Z9 211
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6744
BP 573
EP 576
DI 10.1038/23048
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223RT
UT WOS:000081854800058
PM 10448860
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maechler, P
   Wollheim, CB
AF Maechler, P
   Wollheim, CB
TI Mitochondrial glutamate acts as a messenger in glucose-induced insulin exocytosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brain synaptic vesicles; pancreatic beta-cells; secretory vesicle; rat-brain; ca2+; dehydrogenase; transport; forms
AB The hormone insulin is stored in secretory granules and released from the pancreatic beta-cells by exocytosis(1). In the consensus model of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, ATP is generated by mitochondrial metabolism, promoting closure of ATP-sensitive potassium (K-ATP) channels, which depolarizes the plasma membrane(2,3). Subsequently, opening of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels increases the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](c)) which constitutes the main trigger initiating insulin exocytosis(1,3.4), Nevertheless, the Ca2+ signal alone is not sufficient for sustained secretion. Furthermore, glucose elicits a secretory response under conditions of damped, elevated [Ca2+](c) (refs 5, 6), A mitochondrial messenger must therefore exist which is distinct from ATP(7,8). We have identified this as glutamate, We show that glucose generates glutamate from beta-cell mitochondria, A membrane-permeant glutamate analogue sensitizes the glucose-evoked secretory response, acting downstream of mitochondrial metabolism. In permeabilized cells, under conditions of fixed [Ca2+](c), added glutamate directly stimulates insulin exocytosis, independently of mitochondrial function. Glutamate uptake by the secretory granules is likely to be involved, as inhibitors of vesicular glutamate transport suppress the glutamate-evoked exocytosis. These results demonstrate that glutamate acts as an intracellular messenger that couples glucose metabolism to insulin secretion.
C1 Univ Geneva, Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Div Clin Biochem, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
C3 University of Geneva
RP Maechler, P (corresponding author), Univ Geneva, Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Div Clin Biochem, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
EM pierre.maechler@medecine.unige.ch
NR 29
TC 426
Z9 470
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 685
EP 689
DI 10.1038/45280
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800071
PM 10604477
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eysel, U
AF Eysel, U
TI Neurobiology - Turning a corner in vision research
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cat visual-cortex; mechanisms; selectivity; connections; neurons; map
C1 Ruhr Univ Bochum, Sch Med, Dept Neurophysiol, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
C3 Ruhr University Bochum
RP Eysel, U (corresponding author), Ruhr Univ Bochum, Sch Med, Dept Neurophysiol, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
NR 13
TC 25
Z9 28
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 641
EP +
DI 10.1038/21329
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800030
PM 10385111
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Koechlin, E
   Basso, G
   Pietrini, P
   Panzer, S
   Grafman, J
AF Koechlin, E
   Basso, G
   Pietrini, P
   Panzer, S
   Grafman, J
TI The role of the anterior prefrontal cortex in human cognition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID working-memory; episodic memory; retrieval; recognition; activation; system; brain; task
AB Complex problem-solving and planning involve the most anterior part of the frontal lobes including the fronto-polar prefrontal cortex (FPPC)(1-6), which is especially well developed in humans compared with other primates(7,8). The specific role of this region in human cognition, however, is poorly understood. Here we show using functional magnetic resonance imaging, that bilateral regions in the FPPC alone are selectively activated when subjects have to keep in mind a main goal while performing concurrent (sub)goals. Neither keeping in mind a goal over time (working memory) nor successively allocating attentional resources between alternative goals (dual-task performance) could by themselves activate these regions. Our results indicate that the FPPC selectively mediates the human ability to hold in mind goals while exploring and processing secondary goals, a process generally required in planning and reasoning.
C1 NINDS, Cognit Neurosci Sect, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
RP Grafman, J (corresponding author), NINDS, Cognit Neurosci Sect, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM jgr@box-j.nih.gov
NR 27
TC 808
Z9 919
U1 1
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6732
BP 148
EP 151
DI 10.1038/20178
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 196XU
UT WOS:000080335700049
PM 10335843
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miao, JW
   Charalambous, P
   Kirz, J
   Sayre, D
AF Miao, JW
   Charalambous, P
   Kirz, J
   Sayre, D
TI Extending the methodology of X-ray crystallography to allow imaging of micrometre-sized non-crystalline specimens
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase retrieval; microscopy; resolution
AB The contrast and penetrating power afforded by soft X-rays when they interact with matter makes this form of radiation ideal for studying micrometre-sized objects(1,2). But although soft X-rays are useful for probing detail too fine for visible light microscopy in specimens too thick for electron microscopy, the highest-resolution applications of X-ray imaging have been traditionally limited to crystalline samples. Here we demonstrate imaging (at similar to 75 nm resolution) of a non-crystalline sample, consisting of an array of gold dots, by measuring the soft X-ray diffraction pattern from which an image can be reconstructed. The crystallographic phase problem(3)-the usually unavoidable loss of phase information in the diffraction intensity-is overcome by oversampling(4) the diffraction pattern, and the image is obtained using an iterative algorithm(5). Our X-ray microscopy technique requires no high-resolution X-ray optical elements or detectors. We believe that resolutions of 10-20 nm should be achievable; this would provide an imaging resolution about 100 times lower than that attainable with conventional X-ray crystallography, but our method is applicable to structures roughly 100 times larger. This latter feature may facilitate the imaging of small whole cells or large subcellular structures in cell biology.
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Kings Coll London, London WC2R 2LS, England.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; University of London; King's College London
RP Miao, JW (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
EM miao@xray1.physics.sunysb.edu
NR 20
TC 1681
Z9 1858
U1 5
U2 332
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6742
BP 342
EP 344
DI 10.1038/22498
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 219CH
UT WOS:000081590000043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vazquez-Torres, A
   Jones-Carson, J
   Bäumler, AJ
   Falkow, S
   Valdivia, R
   Brown, W
   Le, M
   Berggren, R
   Parks, WT
   Fang, FC
AF Vazquez-Torres, A
   Jones-Carson, J
   Bäumler, AJ
   Falkow, S
   Valdivia, R
   Brown, W
   Le, M
   Berggren, R
   Parks, WT
   Fang, FC
TI Extraintestinal dissemination of Salmonella by CD18-expressing phagocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID peyers-patches; m-cells; typhimurium; identification; mutants; immunization; construction; expression; mutations; infection
AB Specialized epithelia known as M cells overlying the lymphoid follicles of Peyer's patches are important in the mucosal immune system, but also provide a portal of entry for pathogens such as Salmonella typhimurium, Mycobacterium bovis, Shigella flexneri, Yersinia enterocolitica and reoviruses(1-4). Penetration of intestinal M cells and epithelial cells by Salmonella typhimurium requires the invasion genes of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI1)(3,5-9) SPI1-deficient S, typhimurium strains gain access to the spleen following oral administration and cause lethal infection in mice(5) without invading M cells(3,9) or localizing in Payer's patches(10), which indicates that Salmonella uses an alternative strategy to disseminate from the gastrointestinal tract, Here we report that Salmonella is transported from the gastrointestinal tract to the bloodstream by CD18-expressing phagocytes, and that CD18-deficient mice are resistant to dissemination of Salmonella to the liver and spleen after oral administration. This CD18-dependent pathway of extraintestinal dissemination may be important for the development of systemic immunity to gastrointestinal pathogens, because oral challenge with SPI1-deficient S. typhimurium elicits a specific systemic Ige humoral immune response, despite an inability to stimulate production of specific mucosal IgA.
C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Med, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pathol, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
   Natl Jewish Ctr Immunol & Resp Med, Dept Immunol, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ, Dept Med Microbiol & Immunol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Dept Med, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
   NCI, Cel Regulat & Carcinogenesis Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; National Jewish Health; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Stanford University; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Fang, FC (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Med, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
EM ferric.fang@uchsc.edu
NR 29
TC 552
Z9 683
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6755
BP 804
EP 808
DI 10.1038/44593
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 250BG
UT WOS:000083368700056
PM 10548107
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kulkarni, SR
   Djorgovski, SG
   Odewahn, SC
   Bloom, JS
   Gal, RR
   Koresko, CD
   Harrison, FA
   Lubin, LM
   Armus, L
   Sari, R
   Illingworth, GD
   Kelson, DD
   Magee, DK
   van Dokkum, PG
   Frail, DA
   Mulchaey, JS
   Malkan, MA
   McClean, IS
   Teplitz, HI
   Koerner, D
   Kirkpatrick, D
   Kobayashi, N
   Yadigaroglu, IA
   Halpern, J
   Piran, T
   Goodrich, RW
   Chaffee, FH
   Feroci, M
   Costa, E
AF Kulkarni, SR
   Djorgovski, SG
   Odewahn, SC
   Bloom, JS
   Gal, RR
   Koresko, CD
   Harrison, FA
   Lubin, LM
   Armus, L
   Sari, R
   Illingworth, GD
   Kelson, DD
   Magee, DK
   van Dokkum, PG
   Frail, DA
   Mulchaey, JS
   Malkan, MA
   McClean, IS
   Teplitz, HI
   Koerner, D
   Kirkpatrick, D
   Kobayashi, N
   Yadigaroglu, IA
   Halpern, J
   Piran, T
   Goodrich, RW
   Chaffee, FH
   Feroci, M
   Costa, E
TI The afterglow, redshift and extreme energetics of the γ-ray burst of 23 January 1999
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 28 february 1997; standard stars; fireball model; jets
AB Long-lived emission, known as afterglow, has now been detected from about a dozen gamma-ray bursts. Distance determinations place the bursts at cosmological distances, with redshifts,z, ranging from similar to 1 to 3, The energy required to produce these bright gamma-ray flashes is enormous: up to similar to 10(53) erg, or to per cent of the rest-mass energy of a neutron star, if the emission is isotropic. Here we present optical and near-infrared observations of the afterglow of GRB990123, and we determine a redshift of z greater than or equal to 1.6, This is to date the brightest gamma-ray burst with a well-localized position and if the gamma-rays were emitted isotropically, the energy release exceeds the rest-mass energy of a neutron st ar, so challenging current theoretical models of the sources. We argue, however, that our data may provide evidence of beamed (rather than isotropic) radiation, thereby reducing the total energy released to a lever where stellar-death models are still tenable.
C1 CALTECH, Palomar Observ 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Ctr Infrared Proc & Anal, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Lick Observ, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Sci, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
   Kapteyn Astron Inst, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Univ Penn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Natl Astron Observ Japan, Subaru Telescope, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Astron, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   WM Keck Observ, Kamuela, HI 96743 USA.
   CNR, Ist Astrofis Spaziale, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
C3 California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Carnegie Institution for Science; University of Groningen; Kapteyn Astronomical Institute; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); Carnegie Institution for Science; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; University of Pennsylvania; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); Columbia University; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
RP Kulkarni, SR (corresponding author), CALTECH, Palomar Observ 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM srk@astro.caltech.edu
NR 61
TC 443
Z9 470
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6726
BP 389
EP 394
DI 10.1038/18821
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 182PW
UT WOS:000079508200042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stoddard, PK
AF Stoddard, PK
TI Predation enhances complexity in the evolution of electric fish signals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID order gymnotiformes; electroreception; lepidoptera; courtship; arctiidae
AB Theories of sexual selection assume that predation is a restrictive, simplifying force in the evolution of animal display characters' and many empirical studies have shown that predation opposes excessive elaboration of sexually selected traits(2). In an unexpected turnaround, I show here that predation pressure on neotropical, weakly electric fish (order Gymnotiformes) seems to have selected for greater signal complexity, by favouring characters that have enabled further signal elaboration by sexual selection. Most gymnotiform fish demonstrate adaptations that lower detectability of their electrolocation/communication signals by key predators. A second wave phase added to the ancestral monophasic signal shifts the emitted spectrum above the most sensitive frequencies of electroreceptive predators. By using playback trials with the predatory electric eel (Electrophorus electricus), I show that these biphasic signals are less detectable than the primitive monophasic signals. But sexually mature males of many species in the family Hypopomidae extend the duration of the second phase of their electric signal pulses(3) and further amplify this sexual dimorphism nightly during the peak hours of reproduction(4). Thus a signal element that evolved for crypsis has itself been modified by sexual selection.
C1 Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; Florida International University
RP Stoddard, PK (corresponding author), Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA.
EM stoddard@fiu.edu
NR 30
TC 137
Z9 171
U1 1
U2 83
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6741
BP 254
EP 256
DI 10.1038/22301
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 217MP
UT WOS:000081503800041
PM 10421365
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carvalho, AB
   Clark, AG
AF Carvalho, AB
   Clark, AG
TI Genetic recombination - Intron size and natural selection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID small drosophila intron; melanogaster; sequences
C1 Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Dept Genet, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
   Penn State Univ, Inst Mol Evolutionary Genet, Mueller Lab 208, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Carvalho, AB (corresponding author), Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Dept Genet, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
NR 13
TC 110
Z9 125
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 344
EP 344
DI 10.1038/43827
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600041
PM 10517631
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Qin, HX
   Srinivasula, SM
   Wu, G
   Fernandes-Alnemri, T
   Alnemri, ES
   Shi, YG
AF Qin, HX
   Srinivasula, SM
   Wu, G
   Fernandes-Alnemri, T
   Alnemri, ES
   Shi, YG
TI Structural basis of procaspase-9 recruitment by the apoptotic protease-activating factor 1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID programmed cell-death; adapter molecule; cytochrome-c; ced-4; oligomerization; association; caspase-2; apaf-1; raidd; card
AB Caspase-9-mediated apoptosis (programmed cell death) plays a central role in the development and homeostasis of all multicellular organisms. Mature caspase-9 is derived from its procaspase precursor as a result of recruitment by the activating factor Apaf-1. The crystal structures of the caspase-recruitment domain of Apaf-1 by itself and In complex with the prodomain of procaspase-9 have been determined at 1.6 and 2.5 Angstrom resolution, respectively. These structures and other evidence reveal that each molecule of Apaf-1 interacts with a molecule of procaspase-9 through two highly charged and complementary surfaces formed by non-conserved residues; these surfaces determine recognition specificity through networks of intermolecular hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions. Mutation of the important interface residues in procaspase-9 or Apaf-1 prevents or reduces activation of procaspase-9 In a cell-free system. Wild-type, but not mutant, prodomains of caspase-9 completely inhibit catalytic processing of procaspase-9. Furthermore, analysis of homologues from Caenorhabditis elegans indicates that recruitment of CED-3 by CED-4 is probably mediated by the same set of: conserved structural motifs, with a corresponding change in the specificity-determining residues.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Thomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Kimmel Canc Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University; Thomas Jefferson University
RP Shi, YG (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Washington Rd, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM ygshi@princeto.edu
NR 32
TC 364
Z9 422
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6736
BP 549
EP 557
DI 10.1038/21124
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 204RR
UT WOS:000080778400046
PM 10376594
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miltner, WHR
   Braun, C
   Arnold, M
   Witte, H
   Taub, E
AF Miltner, WHR
   Braun, C
   Arnold, M
   Witte, H
   Taub, E
TI Coherence of gamma-band EEG activity as a basis for associative learning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cat visual-cortex; current-density; responses; synchronization; oscillations; generation; attention; stimulus; rhythms; humans
AB Different regions of the brain must communicate with each other to provide the basis for the integration of sensory information, sensory-motor coordination and many other functions that are critical for learning, memory, information processing, perception and the behaviour of organisms. Hebb(1) suggested that this is accomplished by the formation of assemblies of cells whose synaptic linkages are strengthened whenever the cells are activated or 'ignited' synchronously. Hebb's seminal concept has intrigued investigators since its formulation, but the technology to demonstrate its existence had been lacking until the past decade. Precious studies have shown that very fast electroencephalographic activity in the gamma band (20-70 Hz) increases during, and may be involved in, the formation of percepts and memor(2-6), linguistic processing(7), and other behavioural and preceptual functions(8-12). We show here that increased gamma-band activity is also involved in associative learning. In addition, we find that another measure, gamma-band coherence, increases between regions of the brain that receive the two classes of stimuli involved in an associative-learning procedure in humans. An increase in coherence could fulfil the criteria required for the formation of hebbian cell assemblies', binding together parts of the brain that must communicate with one another in order for associative learning to take place. In this way, coherence may be a signature for this and other types of learning.
C1 Univ Jena, Inst Psychol, Dept Biol & Clin Psychol, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
   Eberhard Kals Univ, Inst Med Psychol & Behav Neurosci, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Univ Jena, Inst Med Stat Informat & Documentat, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
   Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Psychol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
C3 Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham
RP Miltner, WHR (corresponding author), Univ Jena, Inst Psychol, Dept Biol & Clin Psychol, Steiger 3-1, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
EM miltner@biopsy.uni-jena.de
NR 28
TC 621
Z9 717
U1 4
U2 75
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 4
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6718
BP 434
EP 436
DI 10.1038/17126
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 164KA
UT WOS:000078461700048
PM 9989409
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Herrnstein, JR
   Moran, JM
   Greenhill, LJ
   Diamond, PJ
   Inoue, M
   Nakai, N
   Miyoshi, M
   Henkel, C
   Riess, A
AF Herrnstein, JR
   Moran, JM
   Greenhill, LJ
   Diamond, PJ
   Inoue, M
   Nakai, N
   Miyoshi, M
   Henkel, C
   Riess, A
TI A geometric distance to the galaxy NGC4258 from orbital motions in a nuclear gas disk
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID active galactic nuclei; ngc-4258
AB The accurate measurement of extragalactic distances is a central challenge of modern astronomy, being required for any realistic description of the age, geometry and fate of the Universe. The measurement of relative extragalactic distances has become fairly routine, but estimates of absolute distances are rare(1). In the vicinity of the Sun, direct geometric techniques for obtaining absolute distances, such as orbital parallax, are feasible, but such techniques have hitherto been difficult to apply to other galaxies. As a result, uncertainties in the expansion rate and age of the Universe are dominated by uncertainties in the absolute calibration of the extragalactic distance ladder(2). Here we report a geometric distance to the galaxy NGC4258, which we infer from the direct measurement of orbital motions in a disk of gas surrounding the nucleus of this galaxy. The distance so determined-7.2 +/- 0.3 Mpc-is the most precise absolute extragalactic distance yet measured, and is likely to play an important role in future distance-scale calibrations.
C1 Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Jodrell Bank, Merlin & VLBI Natl Facil, Macclesfield SK11 9DL, Cheshire, England.
   Natl Astron Observ, Nobeyama Radio Observ, Minamisa Ku, Nagano 38413, Japan.
   Natl Astron Observ, VERA Project Off, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan.
   Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Harvard University; Smithsonian Institution; University of Manchester; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); Max Planck Society; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Herrnstein, JR (corresponding author), Natl Radio Astron Observ, POB O, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
NR 19
TC 381
Z9 410
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6744
BP 539
EP 541
DI 10.1038/22972
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223RT
UT WOS:000081854800047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Muller, DA
   Sorsch, T
   Moccio, S
   Baumann, FH
   Evans-Lutterodt, K
   Timp, G
AF Muller, DA
   Sorsch, T
   Moccio, S
   Baumann, FH
   Evans-Lutterodt, K
   Timp, G
TI The electronic structure at the atomic scale of ultrathin gate oxides
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interface; resolution; states
AB The narrowest feature on present-day integrated circuits is the gate oxide-the thin dielectric layer that forms the basis of field-effect device structures. Silicon dioxide is the dielectric of choice and, if present miniaturization trends continue, the projected oxide thickness by 2012 will be less than one nanometre, or about five silicon atoms across(1). At least two of those five atoms will be at the silicon-oxide interfaces, and so will have very different electrical and optical properties from the desired bulk oxide, while constituting a significant fraction of the dielectric layer. Here we use electron-energy-loss spectroscopy in a scanning transmission electron microscope to measure the chemical composition and electronic structure, at the atomic scale, across gate oxides as thin as one nanometre. We are able to resolve the interfacial states that result from the spillover of the silicon conduction-band wavefunctions into the oxide. The spatial extent of these states places a fundamental limit of 0.7 nm (four silicon atoms across) on the thinnest: usable silicon dioxide gate dielectric. And for present-day oxide growth techniques, interface roughness will raise this limit to 1.2 nm.
C1 AT&T Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
C3 Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T; Nokia Corporation; Nokia Bell Labs
RP Muller, DA (corresponding author), AT&T Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
NR 20
TC 879
Z9 1104
U1 3
U2 188
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6738
BP 758
EP 761
DI 10.1038/21602
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 210JP
UT WOS:000081101600046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McNamara, JM
   Gasson, CE
   Houston, AI
AF McNamara, JM
   Gasson, CE
   Houston, AI
TI Incorporating rules for responding into evolutionary games
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vigilance; predation; risk
AB Evolutionary game theory(1,2) is concerned with the evolutionarily stable outcomes of the process of natural selection. The theory is especially relevant when the fitness of an organism depends on the behaviour of other members of its population. Here we focus on the interaction between two organisms that have a conflict of interest. The standard approach to such two-player games is to assume that each player chooses a single action and that the evolutionarily stable action of each player is the best given the action of its opponent. We argue that, instead, most two-player games should be modelled as involving a series of interactions in which opponents negotiate the final outcome, Thus we should be concerned with evolutionarily stable negotiation rules rather than evolutionarily stable actions. The evolutionarily stable negotiation rule of each player is the best rule given the rule of its opponent. As we show, the action chosen as a result of the negotiation is not the best action given the action of the opponent. This conclusion necessitates a fundamental change in the way that evolutionary games are modelled.
C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Math, Bristol BS8 1TW, Avon, England.
   Univ Bristol, Sch Biol Sci, Bristol BS8 1UG, Avon, England.
C3 University of Bristol; University of Bristol
RP McNamara, JM (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Sch Math, Univ Walk, Bristol BS8 1TW, Avon, England.
EM john.mcnamara@bristol.ac.uk
NR 17
TC 340
Z9 368
U1 0
U2 108
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 368
EP 371
DI 10.1038/43872
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600049
PM 10517633
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hadfield, SJ
   Axton, JM
AF Hadfield, SJ
   Axton, JM
TI Reproduction - Germ cells colonized by endosymbiotic bacteria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila; plasm
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Hadfield, SJ (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
NR 11
TC 48
Z9 54
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 482
EP 482
DI 10.1038/45002
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200043
PM 10591206
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kaas, JH
   Reiner, A
AF Kaas, JH
   Reiner, A
TI Evolutionary neurobiology - The neocortex comes together
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID turtle
C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Psychol, Nashville, TN 37240 USA.
   Univ Tennessee, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, Memphis, TN 38163 USA.
C3 Vanderbilt University; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Health Science Center
RP Kaas, JH (corresponding author), Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Psychol, 301 Wilson Hall, Nashville, TN 37240 USA.
EM Jon.H.Kaas@vanderbilt.edu; areiner@utmem.edu
NR 7
TC 8
Z9 9
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 418
EP 419
DI 10.1038/20821
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900027
PM 10365953
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kelz, MB
   Chen, JS
   Carlezon, WA
   Whisler, K
   Gilden, L
   Beckmann, AM
   Steffen, C
   Zhang, YJ
   Marotti, L
   Self, DW
   Tkatch, T
   Baranauskas, G
   Surmeier, DJ
   Neve, RL
   Duman, RS
   Picciotto, MR
   Nestler, EJ
AF Kelz, MB
   Chen, JS
   Carlezon, WA
   Whisler, K
   Gilden, L
   Beckmann, AM
   Steffen, C
   Zhang, YJ
   Marotti, L
   Self, DW
   Tkatch, T
   Baranauskas, G
   Surmeier, DJ
   Neve, RL
   Duman, RS
   Picciotto, MR
   Nestler, EJ
TI Expression of the transcription factor ΔFosB in the brain controls sensitivity to cocaine
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleus-accumbens neurons; dopamine-receptors; gene-expression; sensitization; induction; addiction; proteins; mice; rat; psychomotor
AB Acute exposure to cocaine transiently induces several Fos family transcription factors in the nucleus accumbens(1), a region of the brain that is important for addiction(2,3). In contrast, chronic exposure to cocaine does not induce these proteins, but instead causes the persistent expression of highly stable isoforms of Delta FosB(4-6). Delta FoSB is also induced in the nucleus accumbens by repeated exposure to other drugs of abuse, including amphetamine, morphine, nicotine and phencyclidine(7-10). The sustained accumulation of Delta FosB in the nucleus accumbens indicates that this transcription factor may mediate some of the persistent neural and behavioural plasticity that accompanies chronic drug exposure(1). Using transgenic mice in which Delta FosB can be induced in adults in the subset of nucleus accumbens neurons in which cocaine induces the protein,we show that Delta FosB expression increases the responsiveness of an animal to the rewarding and locomotor-activating effects of cocaine. These effects of Delta FosB appear to be mediated partly by induction of the AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole) glutamate receptor subunit GluR2 in the nucleus accumbens. These results support a model in which Delta FosB, by altering gene expression, enhances sensitivity to cocaine and may thereby contribute to cocaine addiction.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Lab Mol Psychiat, New Haven, CT 06508 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Yale Ctr Genes & Behav, New Haven, CT 06508 USA.
   Connecticut Mental Hlth Ctr, New Haven, CT 06508 USA.
   Harvard Univ, McLean Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Belmont, MA 02178 USA.
   Harvard Univ, McLean Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Belmont, MA 02178 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Inst Neurosci, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; McLean Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; McLean Hospital; Northwestern University
RP Nestler, EJ (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Lab Mol Psychiat, New Haven, CT 06508 USA.
NR 30
TC 512
Z9 617
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 272
EP 276
DI 10.1038/45790
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400052
PM 10499584
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lissauer, JJ
AF Lissauer, JJ
TI How common are habitable planets?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID impacts; asteroids; systems; comets; earth
AB The Earth is teeming with life, which occupies a diverse array of environments; other bodies in our Solar System offer fewer, if any, niches that are habitable by life as we know it. Nonetheless, astronomical studies suggest that many habitable planets may be present within our Galaxy.
C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center
RP Lissauer, JJ (corresponding author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
NR 12
TC 19
Z9 20
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP C11
EP C14
DI 10.1038/35011503
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MZ
UT WOS:000084014100002
PM 10591221
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marubio, LM
   Arroyo-Jimenez, MD
   Cordero-Erausquin, M
   Léna, C
   Le Novère, N
   d'Exaerde, AD
   Huchet, M
   Damaj, MI
   Changeux, JP
AF Marubio, LM
   Arroyo-Jimenez, MD
   Cordero-Erausquin, M
   Léna, C
   Le Novère, N
   d'Exaerde, AD
   Huchet, M
   Damaj, MI
   Changeux, JP
TI Reduced antinociception in mice lacking neuronal nicotinic receptor subunits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleus raphe magnus; central nervous-system; acetylcholine-receptors; analgesic activity; rat-brain; modulation; thalamus; gene; pain
AB Nicotine exerts antinociceptive effects by interacting with one or more of the subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that are present throughout the neuronal pathways that respond to pain(1-5). To identify the particular subunits involved in this process, we generated mice lacking the alpha 4 subunit of the neuronal nAChR by homologous recombination techniques and studied these together with previously generated mutant mice lacking the beta 2 nAChR subunit(6). Here we show that the homozygous alpha 4(-/-) mice no longer express high-affinity [H-3]nicotine and [H-3]epibatidine binding sites throughout the brain. In addition, both types of mutant mice display a reduced antinociceptive effect of nicotine on the hot-plate test and diminished sensitivity to nicotine in the tail-flick test. Patch-clamp recordings further reveal that raphe magnus and thalamic neurons no longer respond to nicotine. The alpha 4 nAChR subunit, possibly associated with the beta 2 nAChR subunit, is therefore crucial for nicotine-elicited antinociception.
C1 Inst Pasteur, CNRS, UA D1284, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Med Coll Virginia, Dept Pharmacol, Richmond, VA 23298 USA.
C3 Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Virginia Commonwealth University
RP Changeux, JP (corresponding author), Inst Pasteur, CNRS, UA D1284, 28 Rue Dr Roux, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
NR 27
TC 478
Z9 531
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6730
BP 805
EP 810
DI 10.1038/19756
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 192BL
UT WOS:000080058100058
PM 10235262
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nelson, KE
   Clayton, RA
   Gill, SR
   Gwinn, ML
   Dodson, RJ
   Haft, DH
   Hickey, EK
   Peterson, LD
   Nelson, WC
   Ketchum, KA
   McDonald, L
   Utterback, TR
   Malek, JA
   Linher, KD
   Garrett, MM
   Stewart, AM
   Cotton, MD
   Pratt, MS
   Phillips, CA
   Richardson, D
   Heidelberg, J
   Sutton, GG
   Fleischmann, RD
   Eisen, JA
   White, O
   Salzberg, SL
   Smith, HO
   Venter, JC
   Fraser, CM
AF Nelson, KE
   Clayton, RA
   Gill, SR
   Gwinn, ML
   Dodson, RJ
   Haft, DH
   Hickey, EK
   Peterson, LD
   Nelson, WC
   Ketchum, KA
   McDonald, L
   Utterback, TR
   Malek, JA
   Linher, KD
   Garrett, MM
   Stewart, AM
   Cotton, MD
   Pratt, MS
   Phillips, CA
   Richardson, D
   Heidelberg, J
   Sutton, GG
   Fleischmann, RD
   Eisen, JA
   White, O
   Salzberg, SL
   Smith, HO
   Venter, JC
   Fraser, CM
TI Evidence for lateral gene transfer between Archaea and Bacteria from genome sequence of Thermotoga maritima
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; protein; eubacteria; spirochete; trees
AB The 1,860,725-base-pair genome of Thermotoga maritima MSB8 contains 1,877 predicted coding regions, 1,014 (54%) of which have functional assignments and 863 (46%) of which are of unknown function. Genome analysis reveals numerous pathways involved in degradation of sugars and plant polysaccharides, and 108 genes that have orthologues only in the genomes of other thermophilic Eubacteria and Archaea. Of the Eubacteria sequenced to date, T. maritima has the highest percentage (24%) of genes that are most similar to archaeal genes. Eighty-one archaeal-like genes are clustered in 15 regions of the T. maritima genome that range in sire from 4 to 20 kilobases. Conservation of gene order between T. maritima and Archaea in many of the clustered regions suggests that lateral gene transfer may have occurred between thermophilic Eubacteria and Archaea.
C1 Inst Genome Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
C3 J. Craig Venter Institute
RP Fraser, CM (corresponding author), Inst Genome Res, 9712 Med Ctr Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
EM btm@tigi.org
NR 45
TC 1190
Z9 1965
U1 2
U2 132
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6734
BP 323
EP 329
DI 10.1038/20601
PG 23
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200PA
UT WOS:000080547800050
PM 10360571
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carbone, C
   Mace, GM
   Roberts, SC
   Macdonald, DW
AF Carbone, C
   Mace, GM
   Roberts, SC
   Macdonald, DW
TI Energetic constraints on the diet of terrestrial carnivores
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID consumption
AB Species in the mammalian order Carnivora exhibit a huge diversity of life histories with body sizes spanning more than three orders of magnitude. Despite this diversity, most terrestrial carnivores can be classified as either feeding on invertebrates and small vertebrates or on large vertebrates. Small carnivores feed predominantly on invertebrates probably because they are a superabundant: resource (sometimes 90% of animal biomass(1-3)); however, intake rates of invertebrate feeders are low, about one tenth of those of vertebrate feeders(4,5). Although small carnivores can subsist on this diet because of low absolute energy requirements, invertebrate feeding appears to be unsustainable for larger carnivores. Here we show, by reviewing the most common live prey in carnivore diets, that there is a striking transition from feeding on small prey (less than half of predator mass) to large prey (near predator mass), occurring at predator masses of 21.5-25kg. We test the hypothesis that this dichotomy is the consequence of mass-related energetic requirements and we determine the predicted maximum mass that an invertebrate diet can sustain. Using a simple energetic model and known invertebrate intake rates, we predict a maximum sustainable mass of 21.5 kg, which matches the point where predators shift from small to large prey.
C1 Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, London NW1 4RY, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Wildlife Conservat Res Unit, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
C3 Zoological Society of London; University of Oxford
RP Carbone, C (corresponding author), Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, Regents Pk, London NW1 4RY, England.
NR 29
TC 509
Z9 601
U1 1
U2 142
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6759
BP 286
EP 288
DI 10.1038/46266
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 257ZP
UT WOS:000083813700047
PM 10580498
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Berghammer, AJ
   Klingler, M
   Wimmer, EA
AF Berghammer, AJ
   Klingler, M
   Wimmer, EA
TI Genetic techniques - A universal marker for transgenic insects
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yellow-fever mosquito; transposable element; aedes-aegypti; transformation; drosophila; mariner; fly
C1 Univ Munich, Inst Zool, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Bayreuth, Lehrstuhl Genet, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
C3 University of Munich; University of Bayreuth
RP Berghammer, AJ (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Inst Zool, Luisenstr 14, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
NR 12
TC 293
Z9 337
U1 2
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 370
EP 371
DI 10.1038/46463
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600041
PM 10586872
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blelloch, R
   Kimble, J
AF Blelloch, R
   Kimble, J
TI Control of organ shape by a secreted metalloprotease in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sequence-tagged sites; i n-proteinase; progelatinase-a; gene; superfamily; expression; activation; cloning
AB The molecular controls governing organ shape are poorly understood. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the gonad acquires a U-shape by the directed migration of a specialized 'leader' cell, which is located at the tip of the growing gonadal 'arm'(1). The gon-1 gene is essential for gonadal morphogenesis: in gon-1 mutants, no arm elongation occurs and somatic gonadal structures are severely malformed(2). Here we report that gon-1 encodes a secreted protein with a metalloprotease domain and multiple thrombospondin type-1-like repeats. This motif architecture is typical of a small family of genes that include bovine procollagen I N-protease (P1NP), which cleaves collagen(3), and murine ADAMTS-1, the expression of which correlates with tumour cell progression(4). We find that gon-1 is expressed in two sites, leader cells and muscle, and that expression in each site has a unique role in forming the gonad. We speculate that GON-1 controls morphogenesis by remodelling basement membranes and that regulation of its activity is crucial for achieving organ shape.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Cell & Mol Biol Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biochem, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Med Genet, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Mol Biol Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Kimble, J (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM jekimble@facstaff.wisc.edu
NR 24
TC 166
Z9 197
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6736
BP 586
EP 590
DI 10.1038/21196
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 204RR
UT WOS:000080778400056
PM 10376599
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trotter, Y
   Celebrini, S
AF Trotter, Y
   Celebrini, S
TI Gaze direction controls response gain in primary visual-cortex neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID posterior parietal neurons; eye position; prestriate cortex; viewing distance; macaque monkey; geniculate; activation; modulation; striate; mst
AB To localize objects in space, the brain needs to combine information about the position of the stimulus on the retinae with information about the location of the eyes in their orbits. Interaction between these two types of information occurs in several cortical areas(1-12), but the role of the primary visual cortex (area V1) in this process has remained unclear. Here we show that, for half the cells recorded in area V1 of behaving monkeys, the classically described visual responses are strongly modulated by gaze direction, Specifically, we find that selectivity for horizontal retinal disparity-the difference in the position of a stimulus on each retina which relates to relative object distance-and for stimulus orientation may be present at a given gaze direction, but be absent or poorly expressed at another direction. Shifts in preferred disparity also occurred in several neurons. These neural changes were most often present at the beginning of the visual response, suggesting a feedforward gain control by eye position signals. Cortical neural processes for encoding information about the three-dimensional position of a stimulus in space therefore start as early as area V1.
C1 Univ Toulouse 3, Fac Med Rangueil, Ctr Rech Cerveau & Cognit, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
C3 Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Trotter, Y (corresponding author), Univ Toulouse 3, Fac Med Rangueil, Ctr Rech Cerveau & Cognit, 133 Route Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
EM trotter@cerco.ups-tlse.fr
NR 28
TC 151
Z9 162
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6724
BP 239
EP 242
DI 10.1038/18444
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 177UA
UT WOS:000079228400053
PM 10094046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marshall, J
   Oberwinkler, J
AF Marshall, J
   Oberwinkler, J
TI The colourful world of the mantis shrimp
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stomatopod crustaceans; compound eyes; oil droplets; photoreceptors; color; retina; vision
C1 Univ Queensland, VTHRC, Brisbane, Qld 4071, Australia.
   Univ Groningen, Dept Neurobiophys, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
C3 University of Queensland; University of Groningen
RP Marshall, J (corresponding author), Univ Queensland, VTHRC, Brisbane, Qld 4071, Australia.
NR 16
TC 99
Z9 118
U1 5
U2 128
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6756
BP 873
EP 874
DI 10.1038/44751
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 251UL
UT WOS:000083464700043
PM 10553902
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mankoo, BS
   Collins, NS
   Ashby, P
   Grigorieva, E
   Pevny, LH
   Candia, A
   Wright, CVE
   Rigby, PWJ
   Pachnis, V
AF Mankoo, BS
   Collins, NS
   Ashby, P
   Grigorieva, E
   Pevny, LH
   Candia, A
   Wright, CVE
   Rigby, PWJ
   Pachnis, V
TI Mox2 is a component of the genetic hierarchy controlling limb muscle development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID skeletal myogenesis; pax-3 expression; met receptor; mouse; cells; migration; myod; musculature; embryos; define
AB The skeletal muscles of the limbs develop from myogenic progenitors that originate in the paraxial mesoderm and migrate into the limb-bud mesenchyme(1). Among the genes known to be important for muscle development in mammalian embryos are those encoding the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs; MyoD, Myf5, myogenin and MRF4)(2-4) and Pax3, a paired-type homeobox gene that is critical for the development of limb musculature(5-7). Mox1 and Mox2 are closely related homeobox genes that are expressed in overlapping patterns in the paraxial mesoderm and its derivatives(8,9), Here we show that mice homozygous for a null mutation of Mox2 have a developmental defect of the limb musculature, characterized by an overall reduction in muscle mass and elimination of specific muscles. Mox2 is not needed for the migration of myogenic precursors into the limb bud, but it is essential for normal appendicular muscle formation and for the normal regulation of myogenic genes, as demonstrated by the downregulation of Pax3 and Myf5 but not MyoD in Mox2-deficient limb buds. Our findings show that the MOX2 homeoprotein is an important regulator of vertebrate limb myogenesis.
C1 Natl Inst Med Res, MRC, Div Dev Neurobiol, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Natl Inst Med Res, MRC, Div Eukaryot Mol Genet, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Natl Inst Med Res, MRC, Div Dev Genet, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Vanderbilt Univ Sch Med, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; MRC National Institute for Medical Research; MRC National Institute for Medical Research; Vanderbilt University
RP Pachnis, V (corresponding author), Natl Inst Med Res, MRC, Div Dev Neurobiol, Ridgeway,Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, England.
EM v-pachni@nimr.mrc.ac.uk
NR 26
TC 149
Z9 173
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6739
BP 69
EP 73
DI 10.1038/21892
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 213DA
UT WOS:000081255700052
PM 10403250
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coffin, JM
   Rosenberg, N
AF Coffin, JM
   Rosenberg, N
TI Retroviruses - Closing the joint
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID combined immune-deficiency; defect; mice
C1 Tufts Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
   Tufts Univ, Dept Pathol & Microbiol, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
C3 Tufts University; Tufts University
RP Coffin, JM (corresponding author), Tufts Univ, Dept Mol Biol, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
NR 9
TC 13
Z9 17
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 413
EP +
DI 10.1038/20810
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900023
PM 10365951
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kahana, MJ
   Sekuler, R
   Caplan, JB
   Kirschen, M
   Madsen, JR
AF Kahana, MJ
   Sekuler, R
   Caplan, JB
   Kirschen, M
   Madsen, JR
TI Human theta oscillations exhibit task dependence during virtual maze navigation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human hippocampal-formation; rhythm; modulation; rat
AB Theta oscillations (electroencephalographic activity with a frequency of 4-8 Hz) have long been implicated in spatial navigation in rodents(1-3); however, the role of theta oscillators in human spatial navigation has not been explored. Here we describe subdural recordings from epileptic patients learning to navigate computer-generated mazes. Visual inspection of the raw intracranial signal revealed striking episodes of high-amplitude slow-wave oscillations at a number of areas of the cortex, including temporal cortex. Spectral analysis showed that these oscillations were in the theta band. These episodes of theta activity, which typically last several cycles, are dependent on task characteristics. Theta oscillations occur more frequently in more complex mazes; they are also more frequent during recall trials than during learning trials.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Volen Ctr Complex Syst, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Surg, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Brandeis University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Kahana, MJ (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Volen Ctr Complex Syst, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
NR 27
TC 491
Z9 577
U1 1
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6738
BP 781
EP 784
DI 10.1038/21645
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 210JP
UT WOS:000081101600053
PM 10391243
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kinsley, CH
   Madonia, L
   Gifford, GW
   Tureski, K
   Griffin, GR
   Lowry, C
   Williams, J
   Collins, J
   McLearie, H
   Lambert, KG
AF Kinsley, CH
   Madonia, L
   Gifford, GW
   Tureski, K
   Griffin, GR
   Lowry, C
   Williams, J
   Collins, J
   McLearie, H
   Lambert, KG
TI Motherhood improves learning and memory - Neural activity in rats is enhanced by pregnancy and the demands of rearing offspring.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hippocampal
C1 Univ Richmond, Dept Psychol, Richmond, VA 23173 USA.
   Randolph Macon Coll, Dept Psychol, Ashland, VA 23005 USA.
C3 University of Richmond
RP Kinsley, CH (corresponding author), Univ Richmond, Dept Psychol, Richmond, VA 23173 USA.
EM ckinsley@richmond.edu
NR 12
TC 234
Z9 270
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 137
EP 138
DI 10.1038/45957
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400034
PM 10647003
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krüger, H
   Krivov, AV
   Hamilton, DP
   Grün, E
AF Krüger, H
   Krivov, AV
   Hamilton, DP
   Grün, E
TI Detection of an impact-generated dust cloud around Ganymede
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID jovian magnetosphere; discovery; streams; system; origin; belts; ring
AB Dust pervades the Solar System, and is concentrated in the ring systems surrounding the giant planets and along the plane of the planetary orbits (the Zodiacal cloud). Individual dust gains are thought to be generated when impacts loft material from larger bodies(20,21,23-27), such as satellites. Uncertainties in theoretical models of this ejection process are large, and there have hitherto been no direct measurements with which to constrain these models. Here we report in situ measurements of submicrometre dust within a fe ev radii of Jupiter's satellite Ganymede. The directions, speeds and distribution of masses of the grains indicate that they come from Ganymede, and are consistent with an ejection process resulting from hypervelocity impacts of interplanetary dust onto Ganymede's surface. Dust appears also to be concentrated near Callisto and Europa, suggesting that these satellites too are significant sources of dusty debris.
C1 Max Planck Inst Kernphys, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany.
   St Petersburg State Univ, Inst Astron, St Petersburg 198904, Russia.
   Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Saint Petersburg State University; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Krüger, H (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Kernphys, Postfach 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 25
TC 74
Z9 79
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6736
BP 558
EP 560
DI 10.1038/21136
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 204RR
UT WOS:000080778400047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gatesy, SM
   Middleton, KM
   Jenkins, FA
   Shubin, NH
AF Gatesy, SM
   Middleton, KM
   Jenkins, FA
   Shubin, NH
TI Three-dimensional preservation of foot movements in Triassic theropod dinosaurs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; speeds
AB Dinosaur footprints have been used extensively as biostratigraphic markers, environmental indicators, measures of faunal diversity and evidence of group behaviour(1-5). Trackways have also been used to estimate locomotor posture, gait and speed(6-11), but most prints, being shallow impressions of a foot's plantar surface, provide little evidence of the details of limb excursion. Here we describe Late Triassic trackways from East Greenland, made by theropods walking on substrates of different consistency and sinking to variable depths, that preserve three-dimensional records of foot movement. Triassic theropod prints share many features with those of ground-dwelling birds, but also demonstrate significant functional differences in position of the hallux (digit I), foot posture and hindlimb excursion.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Museum Comparat Zool, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Brown University; Harvard University; Harvard University; University of Pennsylvania
RP Gatesy, SM (corresponding author), Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
NR 30
TC 216
Z9 236
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6732
BP 141
EP 144
DI 10.1038/20167
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 196XU
UT WOS:000080335700047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bockrath, M
   Cobden, DH
   Lu, J
   Rinzler, AG
   Smalley, RE
   Balents, L
   McEuen, PL
AF Bockrath, M
   Cobden, DH
   Lu, J
   Rinzler, AG
   Smalley, RE
   Balents, L
   McEuen, PL
TI Luttinger-liquid behaviour in carbon nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum wires; temperatures; conductance
AB Electron transport in conductors is usually well described by Fermi-liquid theory, which assumes that the energy states of the electrons near the Fermi level E(F) are not qualitatively altered by Coulomb interactions. In one-dimensional systems, however, even weak Coulomb interactions cause strong perturbations, The resulting system, known as a Luttinger liquid, is predicted to be distinctly different from its two- and three-dimensional counterparts(1). For example, tunnelling into a Luttinger liquid at energies near the Fermi level is predicted to be strongly suppressed, unlike in two- and three-dimensional metals. Experiments on one-dimensional semiconductor wires(2,3) have been interpreted by using Luttinger-liquid theory, but an unequivocal verification of the theoretical predictions has not yet been obtained, Similarly, the edge excitations seen in fractional quantum Hall conductors are consistent with Luttinger-liquid behaviour(4,5), but recent experiments failed to confirm the predicted relationship between the electrical properties of the bulk state and those of the edge states(6). Electrically conducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) represent quantum wires(7-10) that may exhibit Luttinger-liquid behaviour(11,12). Here we present measurements of the conductance of bundles ('ropes') of SWNTs as a function of temperature and voltage that agree with predictions for tunnelling into a Luttinger liquid. In particular, we find that the conductance and differential conductance scale as power laws with respect to temperature and bias voltage, respectively, and that the functional forms and the exponents are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Rice Univ, Rice Quantum Inst, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
   Rice Univ, Dept Chem & Phys, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Theoret Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Rice University; Rice University; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP McEuen, PL (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM mceuen@socrates.berkeley.edu
NR 21
TC 1406
Z9 1541
U1 2
U2 228
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 18
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6720
BP 598
EP 601
DI 10.1038/17569
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 169GE
UT WOS:000078738500044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kataoka, DE
   Troian, SM
AF Kataoka, DE
   Troian, SM
TI Patterning liquid flow on the microscopic scale
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fingering instability; spreading films; advancing front; contact line; driven; gradients; monolayers; dynamics; surface; silicon
AB Microscopic fluidic devices, ranging from surgical endoscopes(1) and microelectromechanical systems(2) to the commercial 'lab-on-a-chip' (ref. 29), allow chemical analysis and synthesis on scales unimaginable a decade ago, These devices transport miniscule quantities of liquid along networked channels. Several techniques have been developed to control small-scale flow, including micromechanical(3) and electrohydrodynamic(4) pumping, electro-osmotic flow(5), electrowetting(6,7) and thermocapillary pumping(8-10). Most of these schemes require micro-machining of interior channels and kilovolt sources to drive electrokinetic flow Recent work(8-10) has suggested the use of temperature instead of electric fields to derive droplet movement. Here we demonstrate a simple, alternative technique utilizing temperature gradients to direct microscopic flow on a selectively patterned surface (consisting of alternating stripes of bare and coated SiO2). The liquid is manipulated by simultaneously applying a shear stress at the air-liquid interface and a variable surface energy pattern at the liquid-solid interface. To further this technology, we provide a theoretical estimate of the smallest feature size attainable with this technique.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Princeton University
RP Troian, SM (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 29
TC 303
Z9 337
U1 5
U2 198
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 794
EP 797
DI 10.1038/45521
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500060
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dowdeswell, JA
   Elverhoi, A
   Andrews, JT
   Hebbeln, D
AF Dowdeswell, JA
   Elverhoi, A
   Andrews, JT
   Hebbeln, D
TI Asynchronous deposition of ice-rafted layers in the Nordic seas and North Atlantic Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID greenland continental-margin; last glacial period; heinrich events; labrador-sea; sheet; sediments; strait; slope; paleoceanography; fluctuations
AB Instabilities in ice-stream now within the North American Laurentide Ice Sheet, leading to the periodic release of armadas of icebergs into the North Atlantic Ocean over the past 60,000 years, have produced extensive layers of coarse-grained iceberg-rafted debris (Heinrich layers) in North Atlantic sediments(1,2). Correlation of these layers with iceberg-discharge events from the ice sheets on Greenland, Iceland and Scandinavia, suggested in previous studies for some Heinrich layers and in some areas(3-5), would imply that ice-sheet instability had been synchronous across the North Atlantic, presumably in response to a common environmental cause. Here we show a lack of widespread systematic correlations, both between ice-rafted debris layers in different sediment cores from the Nordic seas, and between the Nordic layers and the North Atlantic Heinrich layers. This suggests that the full-glacial Nordic ice sheets did not exhibit unstable behaviour coincident with iceberg discharge from the vast Hudson Bay drainage basin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet(6,7). Off the Hudson Strait, significant ice-sheet discharge of melt water is indicated by size-sorted sandy and muddy turbidite sediments, different from the poorly sorted debris flows which dominate sedimentation on the margins of the Nordic seas(8-10). Together, these results suggest that the dynamics of Quaternary ice sheets surrounding the Nordic seas were different from the outlet glacier draining the Hudson Bay basin, and they provide evidence against a common circum-North-Atlantic mechanism driving the discharge of icebergs.
C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol Glaciol Ctr, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England.
   Univ Oslo, Dept Geol, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
   Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Bremen, FB Geowissensch, D-28344 Bremen, Germany.
C3 University of Bristol; University of Oslo; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Bremen
RP Dowdeswell, JA (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol Glaciol Ctr, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England.
NR 31
TC 68
Z9 72
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6742
BP 348
EP 351
DI 10.1038/22510
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 219CH
UT WOS:000081590000045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Backhaus, S
   Swift, GW
AF Backhaus, S
   Swift, GW
TI A thermoacoustic Stirling heat engine
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tube
AB Electrical and mechanical power, together with other forms of useful work, are generated worldwide at a rate of about 10(12) watts, mostly using heat engines. The efficiency of such engines is limited by the laws of thermodynamics and by practical considerations such as the cost of building and operating them. Engines with high efficiency help to conserve fossil fuels and other natural resources, reducing global-warming emissions and pollutants. In practice, the highest efficiencies are obtained only in the most expensive, sophisticated engines, such as the turbines in central utility electrical plants. Here we demonstrate an inexpensive thermoacoustic engine that employs the inherently efficient Stirling cycle(1). The design is based on a simple acoustic apparatus with no moving parts. Our first small laboratory prototype, constructed using inexpensive hardware (steel pipes), achieves an efficiency of 0.30, which exceeds the values of 0.10-0.25 attained in other heat engines(5,6) with no moving parts. Moreover, the efficiency of our prototype is comparable to that of the common internal combustion engine(2) (0.25-0.40) and piston-driven Stirling engines(3,4) 4 (0.20-0.38).
C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Condensed Matter & Thermal Phys Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Backhaus, S (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Condensed Matter & Thermal Phys Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
NR 20
TC 517
Z9 645
U1 3
U2 190
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6734
BP 335
EP 338
DI 10.1038/20624
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200PA
UT WOS:000080547800053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ross-Macdonald, P
   Coelho, PSR
   Roemer, T
   Agarwal, S
   Kumar, A
   Jansen, R
   Cheung, KH
   Sheehan, A
   Symoniatis, D
   Umansky, L
   Heldtman, M
   Nelson, FK
   Iwasaki, H
   Hager, K
   Gerstein, M
   Miller, P
   Roeder, GS
   Snyder, M
AF Ross-Macdonald, P
   Coelho, PSR
   Roemer, T
   Agarwal, S
   Kumar, A
   Jansen, R
   Cheung, KH
   Sheehan, A
   Symoniatis, D
   Umansky, L
   Heldtman, M
   Nelson, FK
   Iwasaki, H
   Hager, K
   Gerstein, M
   Miller, P
   Roeder, GS
   Snyder, M
TI Large-scale analysis of the yeast genome by transposon tagging and gene disruption
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; protein localization; expression; recombination; binds
AB Economical methods by which gene function maybe analysed on a genomic scale are relatively scarce. To fill this need, we have developed a transposon-tagging strategy for the genome-wide analysis of disruption phenotypes, gene expression and protein localization, and have applied this method to the large-scale analysis of gene function in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we present the largest collection of defined yeast mutants ever generated within a single genetic background-a collection of over 11,000 strains, each carrying a transposon inserted within a region of the genome expressed during vegetative growth and/or sporulation. These insertions affect nearly 2,000 annotated genes, representing about one-third of the 6,200 predicted genes in the yeast genome(1,2). We have used this collection to determine disruption phenotypes for nearly 8,000 strains using 20 different growth conditions; the resulting data sets were clustered to identify groups of functionally related genes. We have also identified over 300 previously non-annotated open reading frames and analysed by indirect immunofluorescence over 1,300 transposon-tagged proteins. In total, our study encompasses over 260,000 data points, constituting the largest functional analysis of the yeast genome ever undertaken.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anesthesiol, Ctr Med Informat, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Yale Univ, Keck Fdn, Biotechnol Resource Lab, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; Yale University
RP Snyder, M (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, POB 208103, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
NR 30
TC 410
Z9 479
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 413
EP 418
DI 10.1038/46558
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600057
PM 10586881
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cullen, JJ
AF Cullen, JJ
TI Oceanography - Iron, nitrogen and phosphorus in the ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, Ctr Environm Observat Technol & Res, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada.
C3 Dalhousie University
RP Cullen, JJ (corresponding author), Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, Ctr Environm Observat Technol & Res, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada.
NR 0
TC 18
Z9 27
U1 0
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 372
EP 372
DI 10.1038/46469
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gibbs, M
AF Gibbs, M
TI Parasitology - Chaperonin camouflage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
C3 Australian National University
RP Gibbs, M (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, GPO Box 475, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
NR 1
TC 5
Z9 6
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 415
EP 415
DI 10.1038/20813
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900024
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tang, XP
   Geyer, U
   Busch, R
   Johnson, WL
   Wu, Y
AF Tang, XP
   Geyer, U
   Busch, R
   Johnson, WL
   Wu, Y
TI Diffusion mechanisms in metallic supercooled liquids and glasses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alloy; transition; relaxation; alignment; motion
AB The mechanisms of atomic transport in supercooled liquids and the nature of the glass transition are long-standing problems(1-4) Collective atomic motion is thought to play an important role(4-6) in both phenomena. A metallic supercooled liquid represents an ideal system for studying intrinsic collective motions because of its structural similarity to the "dense random packing of spheres" model(7), which is conceptually simple. Unlike polymeric and network glasses, metallic supercooled liquids have only recently become experimentally accessible, following the discovery of bulk metallic glasses(8-12). Here we report a Be-9 nuclear magnetic resonance study of Zr-based bulk metallic glasses(8,9) in which we investigate microscopic transport in supercooled liquids around the glass transition regime. Combining our results with diffusion measurements, we demonstrate that two distinct processes contribute to long-range transport in the supercooled liquid state: single-atom hopping and collective motion, the latter being the dominant process. The effect of the glass transition is clearly visible in the observed diffusion behaviour of the Be atoms.
C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Phys & Astron, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ Gottingen, Erstes Phys Inst, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.
   CALTECH, WM Keck Lab Engn Mat, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of Gottingen; California Institute of Technology
RP Wu, Y (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Phys & Astron, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
NR 22
TC 249
Z9 272
U1 0
U2 160
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 160
EP 162
DI 10.1038/45996
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sugita, Y
AF Sugita, Y
TI Grouping of image fragments in primary visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID illusory contours; perception; mechanisms; monkey; inhibition; responses
AB In the visual world, objects are partially occluded by nearer objects, separating them into image fragments. However, the image fragments of the object can easily be grouped and organized together by the visual system(1-4). Psychophysical data(1-4) and theoretical analysis(5) indicate that such perceptual grouping might be mediated in the early stages of visual processing. Here I show that some orientation-selective cells in the primary visual cortex (V1) have response properties that can mediate the grouping of image fragments. These cells stopped responding to a stimulus bar when it was partly occluded by a small patch. The cells also did not respond when the patch had uncrossed disparity so that it appeared to be behind the bar. However, the cells began responding again when the patch had crossed disparity so that it appeared to be in front of the bar. These results indicate that cells as early as V1 have the computational power to make inferences about the nature of partially invisible forms seen behind occluding structures.
C1 Natl Inst Biosci & Human Technol, Lab Neural Informat Proc, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058566, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058566, Japan.
C3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Sugita, Y (corresponding author), Natl Inst Biosci & Human Technol, Lab Neural Informat Proc, Higashi 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058566, Japan.
NR 21
TC 187
Z9 199
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 269
EP 272
DI 10.1038/45785
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400051
PM 10499583
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Franceschetti, A
   Zunger, A
AF Franceschetti, A
   Zunger, A
TI The inverse hand-structure problem of finding an atomic configuration with given electronic properties
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alloys
AB Modern crystal-growth techniques, such as molecular beam epitaxy or metal-organic chemical-vapour deposition, are capable of producing prescribed crystal structures, sometimes even in defiance of equilibrium, bulk thermodynamics. These techniques open up the possibility of exploring different atomic arrangements in search of a configuration that possesses given electronic and optical properties'. Unfortunately, the number of possible combinations is so vast, and the electronic properties are so sensitive to the details of the crystal structure, that simple trial-and-error methods (such as those used in combinatorial synthesis(2)) are unlikely to be successful. Here we describe a theoretical method that addresses the problem of finding the atomic configuration of a complex, multi-component system having a target electronic-structure property. As an example, we predict that the configuration of an Al0.25Ga0.75As alloy having the largest Optical bandgap is a (GaAs)(2)(AlAs)(1)(GaAs)(4)(AlAs)(1) superlattice oriented in the [201] direction.
C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); National Renewable Energy Laboratory - USA
RP Franceschetti, A (corresponding author), Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA.
NR 12
TC 254
Z9 275
U1 1
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 60
EP 63
DI 10.1038/46995
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Palnichenko, AV
   Jonas, AM
   Charlier, JC
   Aronin, AS
   Issi, JP
AF Palnichenko, AV
   Jonas, AM
   Charlier, JC
   Aronin, AS
   Issi, JP
TI Diamond formation by thermal activation of graphite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth; films
AB Synthetic diamond is used in applications ranging from abrasives, tool coatings, bearing surfaces, microelectronics and optics to techniques to produce diamond as the thermodynamically stable form(3), but it can also be grown at low pressures as a metastable carbon phase(1,2). Here we report the production of high-purity cubic diamond microparticles (10-100 mu m), which form in a highly concentrated carbon-vapour phase, followed by deposition of the crystals on the substrate, The carbon-vapour phase is generated by thermal activation of graphite, and the fast initial growth-rates of diamond, in the range 100-500 mu m s(-1), are at least two orders of magnitude higher than previously reported(1,2). We expect that tuning of experimental parameters to optimize the density of the carbon-vapour phase will allow us to grow larger diamond crystals, thereby opening a wider range of potential practical applications.
C1 Univ Catholique Louvain, Unite Phys Chim & Phys Mat, B-1348 Louvain, Belgium.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia.
   Univ Catholique Louvain, Unite Chim & Phys Hauts Polymeres, B-1348 Louvain, Belgium.
C3 Universite Catholique Louvain; Russian Academy of Sciences; Osipyan Institute of Solid State Physics RAS; Universite Catholique Louvain
RP Charlier, JC (corresponding author), Univ Catholique Louvain, Unite Phys Chim & Phys Mat, Pl Croix Sud 1, B-1348 Louvain, Belgium.
EM charlier@pcpm.ucl.ac.be
NR 17
TC 56
Z9 58
U1 2
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 162
EP 165
DI 10.1038/46000
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pattyn, A
   Morin, X
   Cremer, H
   Goridis, C
   Brunet, JF
AF Pattyn, A
   Morin, X
   Cremer, H
   Goridis, C
   Brunet, JF
TI The homeobox gene Phox2b is essential for the development of autonomic neural crest derivatives
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mice lacking gdnf; enteric nervous-system; mouse model; expression; kidney; neurons; defects; sox10; ret; precursors
AB The sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric ganglia are the main components of the peripheral autonomic nervous system(1), and are all derived from the neural crest(2). The factors needed for these structures to develop include the transcription factor Mash 1 (refs 3-5), the glial-derived neurotrophic factor GNDF (refs 6-8) and its receptor subunits(9-12), and the neuregulin signalling system(13), each of which is essential for the differentiation and survival of subsets of autonomic neurons. Here we show that all autonomic ganglia fail to form properly and degenerate in mice lacking the homeodomain transcription factor Phox2b, as do the three cranial sensory ganglia that are part of the autonomic reflex circuits. in the anlagen of the enteric nervous system and the sympathetic ganglia, Phox2b is needed for the expression of the GDNF-receptor subunit Ret and for maintaining Mash1 expression. Mutant ganglionic anlagen also fail to switch on the genes that encode two enzymes needed for the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter noradrenaline, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase, demonstrating that Phox2b regulates the noradrenergic phenotype in vertebrates.
C1 Univ Meditterranee, AP Marseille, INSERM, CNRS,Dev Biol Inst Marseille,Lab Genet & Physiol, F-13288 Marseille 9, France.
C3 Aix-Marseille Universite; Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Brunet, JF (corresponding author), Univ Meditterranee, AP Marseille, INSERM, CNRS,Dev Biol Inst Marseille,Lab Genet & Physiol, Luminy Case 907, F-13288 Marseille 9, France.
NR 27
TC 704
Z9 811
U1 1
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6734
BP 366
EP 370
DI 10.1038/20700
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200PA
UT WOS:000080547800062
PM 10360575
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zheng, BH
   Larkin, DW
   Albrecht, U
   Sun, ZS
   Sage, M
   Eichele, G
   Lee, CC
   Bradley, A
AF Zheng, BH
   Larkin, DW
   Albrecht, U
   Sun, ZS
   Sage, M
   Eichele, G
   Lee, CC
   Bradley, A
TI The mPer2 gene encodes a functional component of the mammalian circadian clock
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila period gene; suprachiasmatic nucleus; transcription; light; rhythms; timeless; homolog; pas; regulators; expression
AB Circadian rhythms are driven by endogenous biological clocks that regulate many biochemical, physiological and behavioural professes in a wide range of life forms'. In mammals, there is a master circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus. Three putative mammalian homologues (mPer1, mPer2 and mPer3) of the Drosophila circadian clock gene period (per) have been identified(2-8). The mPer genes share a conserved PAS domain (a dimerization domain found in Per, Amt and Sim) and show a circadian expression pattern in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. To assess the in vivo function of mPer2, we generated and characterized a deletion mutation in the PAS domain of the mouse mPer2 gene. Here we show that mice homozygous for this mutation display a shorter circadian period followed by a loss of circadian rhythmicity in constant darkness. The mutation also diminishes the oscillating expression of both mPer1 and mPer2 in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, indicating that mPer2 may regulate mPer1 in vivo. These data provide evidence that an mPer gene functions in the circadian clock, and define mPer2 as a component of the mammalian circadian oscillator.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Div Neurosci, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Verna & Marrs Mclean Dept Biochem, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Lee, CC (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM ching@bcm.tmc.edu
NR 30
TC 614
Z9 729
U1 0
U2 40
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6740
BP 169
EP 173
DI 10.1038/22118
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214JM
UT WOS:000081324900055
PM 10408444
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Littleton, JT
   Serano, TL
   Rubin, GM
   Ganetzky, B
   Chapman, ER
AF Littleton, JT
   Serano, TL
   Rubin, GM
   Ganetzky, B
   Chapman, ER
TI Synaptic function modulated by changes in the ratio of synaptotagmin I and IV
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neurotransmitter release; mutational analysis; binding; domain; drosophila; vesicles; proteins; sensor; region; snare
AB Communication within the nervous system is mediated by Ca2+-triggered fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic plasma membrane. Genetic and biochemical evidence indicates that synaptotagmin I may function as a Ca2+ sensor in neuronal exocytosis because it can bind Ca2+ and penetrate into lipid bilayers(1-4). Chronic depolarization or seizure activity results in the upregulation of a distinct and unusual isoform of the synaptotagmin family, synaptotagmin IV (ref. 5). We have identified a Drosophila homologue of synaptotagmin IV that is enriched on synaptic vesicles and contains an evolutionarily conserved substitution of aspartate to serine that abolishes its ability to bind membranes in response to Ca2+ influx. Synaptotagmin IV forms hetero-oligomers with synaptotagmin I, resulting in synaptotagmin clusters that cannot effectively penetrate lipid bilayers and are less efficient at coupling Ca2+ to secretion in vivo: upregulation of synaptotagmin IV, but not synaptotagmin I, decreases evoked neurotransmission. These findings indicate that modulating the expression of synaptotagmins with different Ca2+-binding affinities can lead to heteromultimers that can regulate the efficiency of excitation-secretion coupling in vivo and represent a new molecular mechanism for synaptic plasticity.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Genet Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Physiol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Littleton, JT (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Genet Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
NR 20
TC 140
Z9 159
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6746
BP 757
EP 760
DI 10.1038/23462
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228HM
UT WOS:000082131100048
PM 10466723
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pfannschmidt, T
   Nilsson, A
   Allen, JF
AF Pfannschmidt, T
   Nilsson, A
   Allen, JF
TI Photosynthetic control of chloroplast gene expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sinapis-alba l; redox state; protein-phosphorylation; extinction coefficients; photosystem-ii; messenger-rnas; mitochondria; plastoquinone; stoichiometry; transcription
AB Redox chemistry-the transfer of electrons or hydrogen atoms-is central to energy conversion in respiration and photosynthesis. In photosynthesis in chloroplasts, two separate, light-driven reactions, termed photosystem I and photosystem II, are connected in series by a chain of electron carriers(1-3). The redox state of one connecting electron carrier, plastoquinone, governs the distribution of absorbed light energy between photosystems I and II by controlling the phosphorylation of a mobile, light-harvesting, pigment-protein complex(4,5). Here we show that the redox state of plastoquinone also controls the rate of transcription of genes encoding reaction-centre apoproteins of photosystem I and photosystem II. As a result of this control, the stoichiometry between the two photosystems changes in a way that counteracts the inefficiency produced when either photosystem limits the rate of the other. In eukaryotes, these reaction-centre proteins are encoded universally within the chloroplast. Photosynthetic control of chloroplast gene expression indicates an evolutionary explanation for this rule: the redox signal-transduction pathway can be short, the response rapid, and the control direct.
C1 Lund Univ, S-22007 Lund, Sweden.
C3 Lund University
RP Allen, JF (corresponding author), Lund Univ, Box 7007m, S-22007 Lund, Sweden.
EM john.allen@plantcell.lu.se
NR 30
TC 487
Z9 532
U1 2
U2 77
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 18
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6720
BP 625
EP 628
DI 10.1038/17624
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 169GE
UT WOS:000078738500052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Banavar, JR
   Maritan, A
   Rinaldo, A
AF Banavar, JR
   Maritan, A
   Rinaldo, A
TI Size and form in efficient transportation networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID population
AB Many biological processes, from cellular metabolism to population dynamics, are characterized by allometric scaling (power-law) relationships between size and rate(1-10). An outstanding question is whether typical allometric scaling relationships-the power-law dependence of a biological rate on body mass-can be understood by considering the general features of branching networks serving a particular volume. Distributed networks in nature stern from the need for effective connectivity(11), and occur both in biological systems such as cardiovascular and respiratory networks(1-8) and plant vascular and root systems(1,9,10), and in inanimate systems such as the drainage network of river basins(12), Here we derive a general relationship between size and flow rates in arbitrary networks with local connectivity. Our theory accounts in a general way for the quarter-power allometric scaling of living organisms(1-10), recently derived(8) under specific assumptions for particular network geometries. It also predicts scaling relations applicable to all efficient transportation networks, which we verify from observational data on the river drainage basins. Allometric scaling is therefore shown to originate from the general features of networks irrespective of dynamical or geometric assumptions.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, Davey Lab 104, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Ctr Phys Mat, Davey Lab 104, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   SISSA, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
   Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
   MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Ralph M Parsons Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Padua, Dipartimento Ingn Idraul Marittina & Geotecn, Padua, Italy.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA); Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Padua
RP Banavar, JR (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, Davey Lab 104, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
NR 12
TC 645
Z9 705
U1 3
U2 135
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6732
BP 130
EP 132
DI 10.1038/20144
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 196XU
UT WOS:000080335700043
PM 10335841
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Garris, PA
   Kilpatrick, M
   Bunin, MA
   Michael, D
   Walker, QD
   Wightman, RM
AF Garris, PA
   Kilpatrick, M
   Bunin, MA
   Michael, D
   Walker, QD
   Wightman, RM
TI Dissociation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens from intracranial self-stimulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID invivo microdialysis; brain-stimulation; rat-brain; reward; striatum; recovery
AB Mesolimbic dopamine-releasing neurons appear to be important in the brain reward system(1,2). One behavioural paradigm that supports this hypothesis is intracranial self-stimulation (ICS), during which animals repeatedly press a lever to stimulate their own dopamine-releasing neurons electrically(3-6). Here we study dopamine release from dopamine terminals in the nucleus accumbens core and shell in the brain by using rapid-responding voltammetric microsensors(7) during electrical stimulation of dopamine cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra brain regions. In rats in which stimulating electrode placement failed to elicit dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, ICS behaviour was not learned In contrast, ICS was acquired when stimulus trains evoked extracellular dopamine in either the core or the shell of the nucleus accumbens. In animals that could learn ICS, experimenter-delivered stimulation always elicited dopamine release. In contrast, extracellular dopamine was rarely observed during ICS itself. Thus, although activation of mesolimbic dopamine-releasing neurons seems to be a necessary condition for ICS, evoked dopamine release is actually diminished during ICS. Dopamine may therefore be a neural substrate for novelty(8) or reward expectation(9) rather than reward itself.
C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Chem, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Neurobiol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Illinois State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Normal, IL 61790 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Illinois State University
RP Wightman, RM (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Chem, CB 3290,Venable Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
NR 30
TC 267
Z9 329
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6722
BP 67
EP 69
DI 10.1038/18019
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 174KG
UT WOS:000079033900052
PM 10078530
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hutloff, A
   Dittrich, AM
   Beier, KC
   Eljaschewitsch, B
   Kraft, R
   Anagnostopoulos, I
   Kroczek, RA
AF Hutloff, A
   Dittrich, AM
   Beier, KC
   Eljaschewitsch, B
   Kraft, R
   Anagnostopoulos, I
   Kroczek, RA
TI ICOS is an inducible T-cell co-stimulator structurally and functionally related to CD28
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunoglobulin superfamily; differentiation factors; germinal-centers; ctla-4; activation; antigen; costimulation; recognition; expression; ligation
AB The T-cell-specific cell-surface receptors CD28 and CTLA-4 are important regulators of the immune system. CD28 potently enhances those T-cell functions that are essential for an effective antigen-specific immune response(1-5), and the homologous CTLA-4 counterbalances the CD28-mediated signals and thus prevents an otherwise fatal overstimulation of the lymphoid system(6-9). Here we report the identification of a third member of this family of molecules, inducible co-stimulator (ICOS), which is a homodimeric protein of relative molecular mass 55,000-60,000 (M-r 55K-60K). Matching CD28 in potency, ICOS enhances all basic T-cell responses to a foreign antigen, namely proliferation, secretion of lymphokines, upregulation of molecules that mediate cell-cell interaction, and effective help for antibody secretion by B cells. Unlike the constitutively expressed CD28, ICOS has to be de novo induced on the T-cell surface, does not upregulate the production of interleukin-2, but superinduces the synthesis of interleukin-10, a B-cell-differentiation factor. In vivo, ICOS is highly expressed on tonsillar T cells, which are closely associated with B cells in the apical light zone of germinal centres, the site of terminal B-cell maturation. Our results indicate that ICOS is another major regulator of the adaptive immune system.
C1 Robert Koch Inst, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
   Max Delbruck Centrum, Dept Prot Chem, D-13122 Berlin, Germany.
   Free Univ Berlin, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Inst Pathol, D-12200 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Robert Koch Institute; Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine; Free University of Berlin; Humboldt University of Berlin; Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin
RP Kroczek, RA (corresponding author), Robert Koch Inst, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
NR 30
TC 1234
Z9 1663
U1 2
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 21
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6716
BP 263
EP 266
DI 10.1038/16717
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 159QH
UT WOS:000078184800055
PM 9930702
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Empedocles, SA
   Neuhauser, R
   Bawendi, MG
AF Empedocles, SA
   Neuhauser, R
   Bawendi, MG
TI Three-dimensional orientation measurements of symmetric single chromophores using polarization microscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nanocrystallite quantum dots; spectroscopy; molecules
AB a complete understanding of any complex molecular system generally requires a knowledge of the three-dimensional (3D) orientation of its components relative both to each other, and to directional perturbations such as interfaces and electromagnetic fields, Far-field polarization microscopy is a convenient and widespread technique for detecting and measuring the orientation of single chromophores. But because the polarized electromagnetic field that is used to probe the system lacks a significant longitudinal component, it was thought that, in general, only 2D orientation information could be obtained(1-3). Here we demonstrate that far-field polarization microscopy can yield the 3D orientation of certain highly symmetric single chromophores (CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots in the present case). The key requirement is that the chromophores must have a degenerate transition dipole oriented isotropically in two dimensions, which gives rise to a perpendicular 'dark axis' that does not couple to the light field. By measuring the fluorescence intensity from the dipole as a function of polarization angle, it is possible to calculate both the tilt angle between the dark axis and the sample plane, as well as the in-plane orientation, and hence obtain the 3D orientation of the chromophore.
C1 MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Ctr Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Bawendi, MG (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM mgb@mit.edu
NR 24
TC 241
Z9 284
U1 2
U2 79
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6732
BP 126
EP 130
DI 10.1038/20138
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 196XU
UT WOS:000080335700042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bolle, CA
   Aksyuk, V
   Pardo, F
   Gammel, PL
   Zeldov, E
   Bucher, E
   Boie, R
   Bishop, DJ
   Nelson, DR
AF Bolle, CA
   Aksyuk, V
   Pardo, F
   Gammel, PL
   Zeldov, E
   Bucher, E
   Boie, R
   Bishop, DJ
   Nelson, DR
TI Observation of mesoscopic vortex physics using micromechanical oscillators
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-tc superconductors; single-crystal silicon; 2h-nbse2; lattice; transition; disorder
AB It has long been known that magnetic fields penetrate type II superconductors in the form of quantized superconducting vortices. Most recent research in this area has, however, focused on the collective properties of large numbers of strongly interacting vortices(1,2): the study of vortex physics on the mesoscopic scale (a regime in which a small number of vortices are confined in a small. volume) has in general been hampered by the lack of suitable experimental probes. Here we use a silicon micromachined mechanical resonator to resolve the dynamics of single vortices in micrometre-sized samples of the superconductor 2H-NbSe2. Measurements at and slightly above the lower critical field, H-cl (the field at which magnetic flux first penetrates the superconductor), where only a few vortices are present, reveal a rich spectrum of sharp, irreversible vortex rearrangements. At higher fields, where tens of vortices are present, the sharp features become reversible, suggesting that we are resolving a new regime of vortex dynamics in which the detailed configuration of pinning sites, sample geometry and vortex interactions produce significant changes in the measurable vortex resonse. This behaviour can be described within the framework of interacting vortex lines in a '1 + 1'-dimensional random potential-an important (but largely untested) theoretical model for disorder-dominated systems(11,12).
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Harvard University; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Bishop, DJ (corresponding author), Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, 700 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
NR 18
TC 91
Z9 97
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6731
BP 43
EP 46
DI 10.1038/19924
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 194BK
UT WOS:000080172100048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chowdhury, TR
   Basu, GK
   Mandal, BK
   Biswas, BK
   Samanta, G
   Chowdhury, UK
   Chanda, CR
   Lodh, D
   Lal Roy, S
   Saha, KC
   Roy, S
   Kabir, S
   Quamruzzaman, Q
   Chakraborti, D
AF Chowdhury, TR
   Basu, GK
   Mandal, BK
   Biswas, BK
   Samanta, G
   Chowdhury, UK
   Chanda, CR
   Lodh, D
   Lal Roy, S
   Saha, KC
   Roy, S
   Kabir, S
   Quamruzzaman, Q
   Chakraborti, D
TI Arsenic poisoning in the Ganges delta
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID west-bengal; 6 districts; groundwater; india; bangladesh; calamity; drinking; water
C1 Jadavpur Univ, Sch Environm Studies, Calcutta 700032, W Bengal, India.
   Dhaka Community Hosp Trust, Dhaka 1217, Bangladesh.
C3 Jadavpur University
RP Chowdhury, TR (corresponding author), Jadavpur Univ, Sch Environm Studies, Calcutta 700032, W Bengal, India.
NR 11
TC 299
Z9 368
U1 0
U2 71
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 545
EP 546
DI 10.1038/44056
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900035
PM 10524620
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marszalek, PE
   Lu, H
   Li, HB
   Carrion-Vazquez, M
   Oberhauser, AF
   Schulten, K
   Fernandez, JM
AF Marszalek, PE
   Lu, H
   Li, HB
   Carrion-Vazquez, M
   Oberhauser, AF
   Schulten, K
   Fernandez, JM
TI Mechanical unfolding intermediates in titin modules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunoglobulin-like modules; molecular-dynamics; cardiac myocytes; protein titin; elasticity; domains; force; extensibility; region
AB The modular protein titin, which is responsible for the passive elasticity of muscle, is subjected to stretching forces. Previous work on the experimental elongation of single titin molecules has suggested that force causes consecutive unfolding of each domain in an all-or-none fashion(1-6). To avoid problems associated with the heterogeneity of the modular, naturally occurring titin, we engineered single proteins to have multiple copies of single immunoglobulin domains of human cardiac titin(7). Here we report the elongation of these molecules using the atomic force microscope. We find an abrupt extension of each domain by similar to 7 Angstrom before the first unfolding event. This fast initial extension before a full unfolding event produces a reversible 'unfolding intermediate'. Steered molecular dynamics(8,9) simulations show that the rupture of a pair of hydrogen bonds near the amino terminus of the protein domain causes an extension of about 6 Angstrom, which is in good agreement with our observations. Disruption of these hydrogen bonds by site-directed mutagenesis eliminates the unfolding intermediate. The unfolding intermediate extends titin domains by similar to 15% of their slack length, and is, therefore a likely to be an important previously unrecognized component of titin elasticity.
C1 Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Beckman Inst Adv Sci & Technol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 Mayo Clinic; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Fernandez, JM (corresponding author), Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
EM fernandez-julio@mayo.edu
NR 30
TC 687
Z9 777
U1 2
U2 136
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 100
EP 103
DI 10.1038/47083
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600052
PM 10573426
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chua, K
   Reed, R
AF Chua, K
   Reed, R
TI The RNA splicing factor hSlu7 is required for correct 3′ splice-site choice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 2nd catalytic step; u5 snrna loop-1; cross-linking; yeast; protein; 3'-splice-site; mutations; selection; suggest; slu7
AB The production of correctly spliced messenger RNA requires two catalytic splicing steps(1-3). During step II, exon 1 attacks an adenine-guanine (AG) dinucleotide at the 3' splice site. This AG is usually located between 18 and 40 nucleotides downstream from the branch site, and closer AGs are skipped in favour of AGs located more optimally downstream(4-6). At present, little is understood about how the correct AG is distinguished from other AGs. Here we describe a metazoan splicing factor (hSlu7) that is required for selection of the correct AG. In the absence of hSlu7, use of the correct AG is suppressed and incorrect AGs are activated. We investigated this loss of fidelity by analysing spliceosomes assembled in the absence of hSlu7. These studies reveal that exon 1 is loosely associated with these spliceosomes. Thus, the improperly held exon cannot access the correct AG, but can attack other AGs indiscriminately. We conclude that hSlu7 is required to hold exon 1 tightly within the spliceosome for attack on a prespecified AG.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Reed, R (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 27
TC 79
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 207
EP 210
DI 10.1038/46086
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400057
PM 10647016
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bayliss, A
   Groves, C
   McCormac, G
   Baillie, M
   Brown, D
   Brennand, M
AF Bayliss, A
   Groves, C
   McCormac, G
   Baillie, M
   Brown, D
   Brennand, M
TI Precise dating of the Norfolk timber circle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calibration
C1 Ancient Monuments Lab, London W1X 1AB, England.
   Univ Sheffield, Archaeol Res Sch, Dendrochronol Lab, Sheffield S1 4DN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Queens Univ Belfast, Sch Archaeol & Palaeoecol, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland.
   Norfolk Archaeol Unit, Norwich NR3 1AU, Norfolk, England.
C3 University of Sheffield; Queens University Belfast
RP Bayliss, A (corresponding author), Ancient Monuments Lab, English Heritage,23 Savile Row, London W1X 1AB, England.
NR 9
TC 12
Z9 13
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 479
EP 479
DI 10.1038/44993
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Uhlmann, F
   Lottspeich, F
   Nasmyth, K
AF Uhlmann, F
   Lottspeich, F
   Nasmyth, K
TI Sister-chromatid separation at anaphase onset is promoted by cleavage of the cohesin subunit Scc1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID schizosaccharomyces-pombe; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; dna-replication; fission yeast; budding yeast; cell-cycle; structural maintenance; cut2 proteolysis; chromosm; proteins
AB Cohesion between sister chromatids is established during DNA replication and depends on a multiprotein complex called cohesin. Attachment of sister kinetochores to the mitotic spindle during mitosis generates forces that would immediately split sister chromatids were it not opposed by cohesion. Cohesion is essential for the alignment of chromosomes in metaphase but must be abolished for sister separation to start during anaphase. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, loss of sister-chromatid cohesion depends on a separating protein (separin) called Esp 1 and is accompanied by dissociation from the chromosomes of the cohesion subunit Scc1. Here we show that Esp1 causes the dissooiation of Scc1 from chromosomes by stimulating its cleavage by proteolysis. A mutant Scc1 is described that is resistant to Esp1-dependent cleavage and which blocks both sister-chromatid separation and the dissociation of Scc1 from chromosomes. The evolutionary conservation of separins indicates that the proteolytic cleavage of cohesion proteins might be a general mechanism for triggering anaphase.
C1 Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   Max Planck Inst Biochem, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
C3 Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP); Max Planck Society
RP Nasmyth, K (corresponding author), Res Inst Mol Pathol, Dr Bohr Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
NR 37
TC 792
Z9 998
U1 0
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6739
BP 37
EP 42
DI 10.1038/21831
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 213DA
UT WOS:000081255700042
PM 10403247
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Graziano, MSA
   Reiss, LAJ
   Gross, CG
AF Graziano, MSA
   Reiss, LAJ
   Gross, CG
TI A neuronal representation of the location of nearby sounds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual responses; premotor cortex; perception; space; monkey
AB Humans can accurately perceive the location of a sound source-not only the direction, but also the distance(1-9). Sounds near the head, within ducking or reaching distance, have a special saliency. However, little is known about this perception of auditory distance. The direction to a sound source can be determined by interaural differences, and the mechanisms of direction perception have been studied intensively(1); but except for studies on echolocation in the bat(10), little is known about how neurons encode information on auditory distance. Here we describe neurons in the brain of macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) that represent the auditory space surrounding the head, within roughly 30 cm, These neurons, which are located in the ventral premotor cortex, have spatial receptive fields that extend a limited distance outward from the head.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Psychol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Princeton University
RP Graziano, MSA (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Psychol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM graziano@princeton.edu
NR 26
TC 254
Z9 278
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 4
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6718
BP 428
EP 430
DI 10.1038/17115
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 164KA
UT WOS:000078461700046
PM 9989407
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pease, R
AF Pease, R
TI Andes observatories belatedly take root
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6726
BP A13
EP A13
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 182QB
UT WOS:000079508700006
PM 10201381
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marincovich, L
   Gladenkov, AY
AF Marincovich, L
   Gladenkov, AY
TI Evidence for an early opening of the Bering Strait
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID circulation; extinction; invasion; climate; island
AB The first opening of the Bering Strait was an important palaeogeographical and biogeographical event for marine and terrestrial biotas in Asia and North America(1-3), and an oceanographic event of global importance(4-6). This event, however, has never been precisely dated, so it has not been accurately incorporated into models of global biogeography and oceanography. A recent find of the bivalve mollusc Astarte in southern Alaska is a dear signal that the strait had opened by at least the Late Miocene or earliest Pliocene epochs, because this genus otherwise dwelled only in the Arctic and North Atlantic oceans at that time(1,2). Here we show that marine diatoms with Astarte are correlative with subzone b of the Neodenticula kamtschatica zone of the North Pacific diatom biochronology, yielding an age range of 4.8-5.5 Myr (refs 7, 8). Stratigraphic information suggests that this may be a minimum age range for the strait's first opening, which evidently occurred between 4.8 and 7.3-7.4 Myr ago. Our results contrast with past studies(9-13) that suggested an age of 3.1-4.1 Myr for the initial opening of the Bering Strait.
C1 Calif Acad Sci, Dept Invertebrate Zool & Geol, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Lithosphere, Moscow 109180, Russia.
C3 California Academy of Sciences; Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Marincovich, L (corresponding author), Calif Acad Sci, Dept Invertebrate Zool & Geol, Golden Gate Pk, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA.
NR 32
TC 281
Z9 322
U1 1
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 14
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6715
BP 149
EP 151
DI 10.1038/16446
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 157WQ
UT WOS:000078085000042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schober, M
   Schaefer, M
   Knoblich, JA
AF Schober, M
   Schaefer, M
   Knoblich, JA
TI Bazooka recruits Inscuteable to orient asymmetric cell divisions in Drosophila neuroblasts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; polarity; prospero; protein; yeast; numb; localization; mechanisms; mitosis; gene
AB Asymmetric cell divisions can be generated by the segregation of determinants into one of the two daughter cells(1-4). In Drosophila, neuroblasts divide asymmetrically along the apical-basal axis shortly after their delamination from the neuroectodermal epithelium. Several proteins, including Numb and Miranda, segregate into the basal daughter cell and are needed for the determination of its correct cell fate(5-10). Both the apical-basal orientation of the mitotic spindle and the localization of Numb and Miranda to the basal cell cortex are directed by Inscuteable, a protein that localizes to the apical cell cortex before and during neuroblast mitosis(11,12). Here we show that the apical localization of Inscuteable requires Bazooka, a protein containing a PDZ domain that is essential for apical-basal polarity in epithelial cells(13,14). Bazooka localizes with Inscuteable in neuroblasts and binds to the Inscuteable localization domain in vitro and in vivo. In embryos lacking both maternal and zygotic bazooka function, Inscuteable no longer localizes asymmetrically in neuroblasts and is instead uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm. Mitotic spindles in neuroblasts are misoriented in these embryos, and the proteins Numb and Miranda fail to localize asymmetrically in metaphase. Our results suggest that direct binding to Bazooka mediates the asymmetric localization of Inscuteable and connects the asymmetric division of neuroblasts to the axis of epithelial apical-basal polarity.
C1 Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
C3 Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)
RP Knoblich, JA (corresponding author), Res Inst Mol Pathol, Dr Bohr Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
NR 25
TC 318
Z9 385
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 548
EP 551
DI 10.1038/990135
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200061
PM 10591217
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thunell, R
   Tappa, E
   Varela, R
   Llano, M
   Astor, Y
   Muller-Karger, F
   Bohrer, R
AF Thunell, R
   Tappa, E
   Varela, R
   Llano, M
   Astor, Y
   Muller-Karger, F
   Bohrer, R
TI Increased marine sediment suspension and fluxes following an earthquake
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID turbidites; ocean
AB Earthquakes are commonly cited as one possible triggering mechanism for turbidity hows-dense sediment-water plumes that can transport large volumes of sediment great distances down slope-in both marine and lacustrine settings(1-6). Heezen and Ewing(1) were the first to make such a suggestion, attributing breaks in a sea-floor telephone cable in the North Atlantic Ocean to turbidity flows generated by the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake. A number of workers have consequently used sedimentary turbidite records to reconstruct the earthquake histories of various regions(2,7,8). Here we present direct observations of a seismicallyinduced turbidity flow. Measurements of light scattering and sediment fluxes in the Cariaco basin indicate that the earthquake that occurred along the coast of northern Venezuela on 9 July 1997 resulted in considerable downslope displacement of sediments-probably >10(5) tonnes into the deep part of the basin. In such a seismically active region, this mechanism of sediment transport may be responsible for a significant component of the long-term sediment accumulation in the basin. Furthermore, this process may result in the sequestration in deep sea sediments of large amounts of carbon initially deposited at shadow depths.
C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
   Fdn La Salle Ciencias Nat, Estac Invest Marinas Margarita, Porlamar 6301, Venezuela.
   Univ S Florida, Dept Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA.
C3 University of South Carolina System; University of South Carolina Columbia; State University System of Florida; University of South Florida
RP Thunell, R (corresponding author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
EM thunell@geol.sc.edu
NR 13
TC 65
Z9 72
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6724
BP 233
EP 236
DI 10.1038/18430
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 177UA
UT WOS:000079228400051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ditmire, T
   Zweiback, J
   Yanovsky, VP
   Cowan, TE
   Hays, G
   Wharton, KB
AF Ditmire, T
   Zweiback, J
   Yanovsky, VP
   Cowan, TE
   Hays, G
   Wharton, KB
TI Nuclear fusion from explosions of femtosecond laser-heated deuterium clusters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-emission; atomic clusters; multiphoton ionization; neutron-production; coulomb explosion; pulses; irradiation; dynamics; states; matter
AB As a form of matter intermediate between molecules and bulk solids, atomic clusters have been much studied(1). Light-induced processes in dusters can lead to photo-fragmentation(2,3) and Coulombic fission(4), producing atom and ion fragments with a few electron volts (eV) of energy. However, recent studies of the photoionization of atomic dusters with high intensity (>10(16)Wcm(-2)) femtosecond laser pulses have shown that these interactions can be far more energetid(5-13)-excitation of large atomic dusters can produce a superheated microplasma that ejects ions with kinetic energies up to 1 MeV (ref. 10). This phenomenon suggests that through irradiation of deuterium dusters, it would be possible to create plasmas with sufficient average ion energy for substantial nuclear fusion. Here we report the observation of nuclear fusion from the explosions of deuterium clusters heated with a compact, high-repetition-rate table-top laser. We achieve an efficiency of about 10(5) fusion neutrons per joule of incident laser energy, which approaches the efficiency of large-scale laser-driven fusion experiments. Our results should facilitate a range of fusion experiments using: small-scale lasers, and may ultimately lead to the development of a table-top neutron source, which could potentially find wide application in materials studies.
C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Laser Program, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; University of California System
RP Ditmire, T (corresponding author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Laser Program, L-477, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
NR 28
TC 773
Z9 844
U1 7
U2 226
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6727
BP 489
EP 492
DI 10.1038/19037
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185HQ
UT WOS:000079662800041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fong, HF
   Bourges, P
   Sidis, Y
   Regnault, LP
   Ivanov, A
   Gu, GD
   Koshizuka, N
   Keimer, B
AF Fong, HF
   Bourges, P
   Sidis, Y
   Regnault, LP
   Ivanov, A
   Gu, GD
   Koshizuka, N
   Keimer, B
TI Neutron scattering from magnetic excitations in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-temperature superconductors; order-parameter; resonance peak; yba2cu3o6+x; energy; dynamics; symmetry; momentum; bilayer; state
AB Many of the physical properties of the copper oxide high-temperature superconductors appear to defy the conventional 'one-electron' theory of metals. The development of alternative theories incorporating strong electron correlations is currently at the forefront of research in condensed-matter physics. In this context, inelastic neutron scattering can provide valuable insight into collective magnetic excitations in the copper oxide superconductors and so guide these theoretical efforts. Such measurements require large single crystals, and have hitherto been restricted to just two families of high-temperature superconductors-La2-xSrxCuO4 (ref. 1) and YBa2Cu3O6+x (ref. 2). Although the magnetic spectra of these two materials bear certain similarities, there are also important differences. In particular, a sharp resonant spin excitation dominates the spectrum in the superconducting state of YBa2Cu3O6+x (refs 3-10), but is not observed in La2-xSrxCuO4 (ref. 1). Here we report inelastic neutron scattering measurements of a different copper oxide system-Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta-in which we observe a magnetic resonance peak in the superconducting state. This result implies that this excitation phenomenon is a general feature of the copper oxide superconductors, so extending the empirical basis for its theoretical description.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Ctr Etud Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Leon Brillouin Lab, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   CEA Grenoble, Dept Rech Fondamentale Mat Condensee, F-38054 Grenoble 9, France.
   Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
   Univ New S Wales, Sch Phys, Dept Adv Elect Mat, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
   ISTEC, Superconduct Res Lab, Koto Ku, Tokyo 135, Japan.
   Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
C3 Princeton University; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL); University of New South Wales Sydney; International Superconductivity Technology Center (ISTEC); Max Planck Society
RP Keimer, B (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM keimer@pupgg.princeton.edu
NR 31
TC 325
Z9 352
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6728
BP 588
EP 591
DI 10.1038/19255
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 186WX
UT WOS:000079754700048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marti, J
   Soriano, C
   Dingwell, DB
AF Marti, J
   Soriano, C
   Dingwell, DB
TI Tube pumices as strain markers of the ductile-brittle transition during magma fragmentation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bubble-growth; silicate melts; decompression; vesicularity; relaxation; argentina; rheology
AB Magma fragmentation-the process by which relatively slow-moving magma transforms into a violent gas flow carrying fragments of magma-is the defining feature of explosive volcanism. Yet of all the processes involved in explosively erupting systems, fragmentation is possibly the least understood(1,2). Several theoretical and laboratory studies on magma degassing(3-7) and fragmentations(8-11) have produced a general picture of the sequence of events leading to the fragmentation of silicic magma(12-14). But there remains a debate(2) over whether magma fragmentation is a consequence of the textural evolution of magma to a foamed state where disintegration of walls separating bubbles becomes inevitable due to a foam-collapse criterion, or whether magma is fragmented purely by stresses that exceed its tensile strength. Here we show that tube pumice-where extreme bubble elongation is observed-is a well-preserved magmatic 'strain marker' of the stress state immediately before and during fragmentation. Structural elements in the pumice record the evolution of the magma's mechanical response from viscous behaviour (foaming and foam elongation) through the plastic or viscoelastic stage, and finally to brittle behaviour. These observations directly support the hypothesis that fragmentation occurs when magma undergoes a ductile-brittle transition and stresses exceed the magma's tensile strength.
C1 Univ Bayreuth, Bayer Geoinst, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
   CSIC, Inst Earth Sci, Dept Nat Hazards, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
C3 University of Bayreuth; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)
RP Dingwell, DB (corresponding author), Univ Bayreuth, Bayer Geoinst, POB 101251, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
EM don.dingwell@uni-bayreuth.de
NR 30
TC 65
Z9 72
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 650
EP 653
DI 10.1038/45219
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800062
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sumner, AL
   Shepson, PB
AF Sumner, AL
   Shepson, PB
TI Snowpack production of formaldehyde and its effect on the Arctic troposphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ozone depletion; boundary-layer; polar sunrise; atmosphere; bromine; methane; water; sea; oh
AB The oxidative capacity(1) of the atmosphere determines the lifetime and ultimate fate of atmospheric trace species. It is controlled by the presence of highly reactive radicals, particularly OH. formed as a result of ozone photolysis. The dramatic depletion of ozone in Arctic surface air during polar sunrise(2,3) therefore offers an opportunity to improve our understanding of the processes controlling ozone abundance and hence the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. Ozone destruction is catalysed by bromine atoms' and is terminated once bromine reacts with formaldehyde to form relatively inert hydrogen bromide, but neither the activation of bromine nor the contribution of formaldehyde are fully understood. Particularly troubling is the failure of current models(5-7) to simulate the high formaldehyde concentrations(7-9) in Arctic surface air. Here we report measurements in Arctic snow and near-surface air, which suggest that photochemical production at the air-snow interface accounts for the discrepancy between observed and predicted formaldehyde concentrations. The strength of this source is comparable to that of the dominant formaldehyde source in the free troposphere (the reaction between OH. and methane) and implies that formaldehyde photolysis can be a dominant source of oxidizing free radicals in the lower polar troposphere. We expect that formaldehyde will also affect photochemistry at the snow surface to facilitate the release of bromine into the lower troposphere-the initial step in Arctic tropospheric ozone depletion.
C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Chem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
   Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
C3 Purdue University System; Purdue University; Purdue University System; Purdue University
RP Shepson, PB (corresponding author), Purdue Univ, Dept Chem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
NR 31
TC 257
Z9 289
U1 1
U2 64
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6724
BP 230
EP 233
DI 10.1038/18423
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 177UA
UT WOS:000079228400050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cingolani, G
   Petosa, C
   Weis, K
   Müller, CW
AF Cingolani, G
   Petosa, C
   Weis, K
   Müller, CW
TI Structure of importin-β bound to tbe IBB domain of importin-α
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear-protein import; factor p97; nucleocytoplasmic transport; karyopherin-alpha; export receptor; pore complexes; transfer-rna; identification; sequence; binding
AB Cytosolic proteins bearing a classical nuclear localization signal enter the nucleus bound to a heterodimer of importin-alpha and importin-beta (also called karyopherin-alpha and -beta). The formation of this heterodimer involves the importin-beta-binding (IBB) domain of importin-alpha, a highly basic amino-terminal region of roughly 40 amino-acid residues. Here we report the crystal structure of human importin-beta bound to the IBB domain of importin-alpha, determined at 2.5 Angstrom and 2.3 Angstrom resolution in two crystal forms. Importin-beta consists of 19 tandemly repeated HEAT motifs and wraps intimately around the IBB domain. The association involves two separate regions of importin-beta, recognizing structurally distinct parts of the IBB domain: an amino-terminal extended moiety and a carboxy-terminal helix. The structure indicates that significant conformational changes occur when importin-beta binds or releases the IBB domain domain and suggests how dissociation of the importin-alpha/beta heterodimer may be achieved upon nuclear entry.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, Grenoble Outstn, ILL, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL); European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Müller, CW (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, Grenoble Outstn, ILL, BP 156, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
EM mueller@embl-grenoble.fr
NR 50
TC 482
Z9 575
U1 1
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6733
BP 221
EP 229
DI 10.1038/20367
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 198MF
UT WOS:000080427400046
PM 10353244
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bonkowsky, JL
   Yoshikawa, S
   O'Keefe, DD
   Scully, AL
   Thomas, JB
AF Bonkowsky, JL
   Yoshikawa, S
   O'Keefe, DD
   Scully, AL
   Thomas, JB
TI Axon routing across the midline controlled by the Drosophila Derailed receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth cone guidance; neuronal pathway selection; cns midline; commissural axons; genetic-analysis; nervous-system; protein; encodes; member; expression
AB In nervous systems with symmetry about the midline, many neurons project axons from one side to the other. Although several of the components controlling midline crossing have been identified(1-4), little is known about how axons choose the appropriate pathway when crossing. For example, in the Drosophila embryo axons cross the midline in one of two distinct tracts, the anterior or posterior commissure (AC or PC, respectively). Here we show that the Derailed (Drl) receptor tyrosine kinase is expressed by neurons that project in the AC, and that in the absence of Drl such neurons often project abnormally into the PC. Conversely, misexpression of Drl in PC neurons forces them to cross in the AC. The behaviour of Drl-misexpressing neurons and the in vivo binding pattern of a soluble Drl receptor probe indicate that Drl acts as a guidance receptor for a repellent ligand present in the PC. Our results show that Drl is a novel component in the control of midline crossing.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Mol Neurobiol Lab, San Diego, CA 92186 USA.
C3 Salk Institute
RP Thomas, JB (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Mol Neurobiol Lab, POB 85800, San Diego, CA 92186 USA.
NR 30
TC 107
Z9 136
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 540
EP 544
DI 10.1038/990122
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200059
PM 10591215
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tormo, J
   Natarajan, K
   Margulies, DH
   Marluzza, RA
AF Tormo, J
   Natarajan, K
   Margulies, DH
   Marluzza, RA
TI Crystal structure of a lectin-like natural killer cell receptor bound to its MHC class I ligand
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mannose-binding protein; carbohydrate-recognition domain; inhibitory receptor; 3-dimensional structure; ly-49a recognizes; h-2d(d); peptide; complex; specificity; molecules
AB Natural killer (NK) cell function is regulated by NK receptors that interact with MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules on target cells. The murine NK receptor Ly49A inhibits NK cell activity by interacting with H-2D(d) through its G-type-lectin-like NK receptor domain. Here we report the crystal structure of the complex between the Ly49A NK receptor domain and unglycosylated H-2D(d), The Ly49A dimer interacts extensively with two H-2D(d) molecules at distinct sites, At one interface, a single Ly49A subunit contacts one side of the MHC-I peptide-binding platform, presenting an open cavity towards the conserved glycosylation site on the H-2D(d) alpha 2 domain, At a second, larger interface, the Ly49A dimer binds in a region overlapping the CD8-binding site. The smaller interface probably represents the interaction between Ly49A on the NK cell and MHC-I on the target cell, whereas the larger one suggests an interaction between Ly49A and MHC-I on the NK cell itself. Both Ly49A binding sites on MHC-I are spatially distinct from that of the T-cell receptor.
C1 Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   CSIC, Inst Biol Mol Barcelona, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
   NIAID, Mol Biol Sect, Immunol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; Universities at Shady Grove; University of Maryland Baltimore; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP Marluzza, RA (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9,600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
EM dhm@nih.gov; mariuzza@carb.nist.gov
FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [ZIAAI000394] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 49
TC 233
Z9 252
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 623
EP 631
DI 10.1038/45170
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800055
PM 10604468
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scita, G
   Nordstrom, J
   Carbone, R
   Tenca, P
   Giardina, G
   Gutkind, S
   Bjarnegärd, M
   Betsholtz, C
   Di Fiore, PP
AF Scita, G
   Nordstrom, J
   Carbone, R
   Tenca, P
   Giardina, G
   Gutkind, S
   Bjarnegärd, M
   Betsholtz, C
   Di Fiore, PP
TI EPS8 and E3B1 transduce signals from Ras to Rac
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sh3 domain; binding-protein; rho-gtpases; growth; kinase; cdc42; affinity; pathways
AB The small guanine nucleotide (GTP)-binding protein Rac regulates mitogen-induced cytoskeletal changes and c-Jun aminoterminal kinase (JNK), and its activity is required for Ras-mediated cell transformation(1). Epistatic analysis placed Rac as a key downstream target in pas signalling(2); however, the biochemical mechanism regulating the cross-talk among these small GTP-binding proteins remains to be elucidated. Eps8 (relative molecular mass 97,000) is a substrate of receptors with tyrosine kinase activity(3) which binds, through its SH3 domain, to a protein designated E3b1/Abi-1 (refs 4, 5). Here we show that Eps8 and E3b1/Abi-1 participate in the transduction of signals from pas to Rac, by regulating Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activities. We also show that Eps8, E3b1 and Sos-1 form a tri-complex in vivo that exhibits Rac-specific GEF activity in vitro. We propose a model in which Eps8 mediates the transfer of signals between Ras and pac, by forming a complex with E3b1 and Sos-1.
C1 European Inst Oncol, Dept Expt Oncol, I-20141 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Gothenburg, Dept Med Biochem, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Univ Bari, Ist Microbiol, I-70124 Bari, Italy.
   NIH, Mol Signaling Unit, Cellular Dev & Oncol Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 IRCCS European Institute of Oncology (IEO); University of Gothenburg; Universita degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA
RP Di Fiore, PP (corresponding author), European Inst Oncol, Dept Expt Oncol, Via Ripamonti 435, I-20141 Milan, Italy.
EM pdifiore@ieo.cilea.it
NR 23
TC 290
Z9 328
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 290
EP 293
DI 10.1038/45822
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400057
PM 10499589
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Page, CC
   Moser, CC
   Chen, XX
   Dutton, PL
AF Page, CC
   Moser, CC
   Chen, XX
   Dutton, PL
TI Natural engineering principles of electron tunnelling in biological oxidation-reduction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photosynthetic reaction-center; delta-g-degrees; rhodopseudomonas-viridis; rhodobacter-sphaeroides; desulfovibrio-gigas; protein-structure; crystal-structure; nife hydrogenase; temperature; oxidase
AB We have surveyed proteins with known atomic structure whose function involves electron transfer; in these, electrons can travel up to 14 Angstrom between redox centres through the protein medium. Transfer over longer distances always involves a chain of cofactors. This redox centre proximity alone is sufficient to allow tunnelling of electrons at rates far faster than the substrate redox reactions it supports. Consequently, there has been no necessity for proteins to evolve optimized routes between redox centres. Instead, simple geometry enables rapid tunnelling to high-energy intermediate states. This greatly simplifies any analysis of redox protein mechanisms and challenges the need to postulate mechanisms of superexchange through redox centres or the maintenance of,charge neutrality when investigating electron-transfer reactions. Such tunnelling also allows sequential electron transfer in catalytic sites to surmount radical transition states without involving the movement of hydride ions, as is generally assumed. The 14 Angstrom or less spacing of redox centres provides highly robust engineering for electron transfer, and may reflect selection against designs that have proved more vulnerable to mutations during the course of evolution.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Johnson Res Fdn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania
RP Dutton, PL (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Johnson Res Fdn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM dutton@mail.med.upenn.edu
NR 50
TC 1614
Z9 1817
U1 2
U2 337
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 47
EP 52
DI 10.1038/46972
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600036
PM 10573417
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Emptage, N
   Bliss, T
   Fine, A
   Lambert, A
AF Emptage, N
   Bliss, T
   Fine, A
   Lambert, A
TI Fluorescent imaging of synaptic transmission at single synapses in the central nervous system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Changes in the efficacy of the communication between neurons may form the basis of an information storage mechanism underlying learning and memory in the mammalian brain. This idea was put forward after the discovery of synapses, discrete junctions between neurons. Research in this area has generally used electrophysiological methods to monitor a cell's overall synaptic activity but, by the use of imaging, it is now possible to examine activity at a single synapse in living central nervous system tissue.
C1 Natl Inst Med Res, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Carl Zeiss LTD, Welwyn Garden City AL7 1LU, Herts, England.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; Carl Zeiss AG
RP Emptage, N (corresponding author), Natl Inst Med Res, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, England.
NR 1
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 1999
VL 0
IS 
BP 26
EP +
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185DQ
UT WOS:000079653200002
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boyer, TG
   Martin, MED
   Lees, E
   Ricciardi, RP
   Berk, AJ
AF Boyer, TG
   Martin, MED
   Lees, E
   Ricciardi, RP
   Berk, AJ
TI Mammalian Srb Mediator complex is targeted by adenovirus E1A protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase-ii; transcriptional regulation; activated transcription; kinase; gene; holoenzyme; pathway; family; domain; cells
AB Adenovirus E1A proteins prepare the host cell for viral replication, stimulating cell cycling and viral transcription through interactions with critical cellular regulatory proteins such as RB1,2 and CBP3. Here we show that the E1A zinc-finger domain that is required to activate transcription of viral early genes binds to a host-cell multiprotein complex containing homologues of yeast Srb/Mediator proteins(4,5). This occurs through a stable interaction with the human homologue of Caenorhabditis elegans SUR-2, a protein required for many developmental processes in the nematode(6). This human Srb/Mediator complex stimulates transcription in vitro in response to both the E1A zinc-finger and the herpes simplex virus VP16 activation domains. Interaction with human Sur-2 is also required for transcription to be activated by the activation domain of a transcription factor of the ETS-family in response to activated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   DNAX Res Inst Mol & Cellular Biol Inc, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Dent Med, Dept Microbiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Biochem Biophys, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Merck & Company; Dnax Research Institute Of Molecular & Cellular Biology Inc.; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania
RP Berk, AJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 28
TC 257
Z9 312
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6733
BP 276
EP 279
DI 10.1038/20466
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 198MF
UT WOS:000080427400060
PM 10353252
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Velev, OD
   Tessier, PM
   Lenhoff, AM
   Kaler, EW
AF Velev, OD
   Tessier, PM
   Lenhoff, AM
   Kaler, EW
TI Materials - A class of porous metallic nanostructures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photonic crystals
C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Chem Engn, Ctr Mol & Engn Thermodynam, Newark, DE 19716 USA.
C3 University of Delaware
RP Velev, OD (corresponding author), Univ Delaware, Dept Chem Engn, Ctr Mol & Engn Thermodynam, Newark, DE 19716 USA.
NR 10
TC 482
Z9 531
U1 2
U2 131
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 548
EP 548
DI 10.1038/44065
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ni, M
   Tepperman, JM
   Quail, PH
AF Ni, M
   Tepperman, JM
   Quail, PH
TI Binding of phytochrome B to its nuclear signalling partner PIF3 is reversibly induced by light
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID regulatory activity; terminal-domain; transduction; protein
AB The phytochrome photoreceptor family directs plant gene expression by switching between biologically inactive and active conformers in response to the sequential absorption of red and far-red photons(1,2). Several intermediates that act late in the phytochrome signalling pathway have been identified, but fewer have been identified that act early in the pathway(3,4). We have cloned a nuclear basic helix-loop-helix protein, PIF3, which can bind to non-photoactive carboxy-terminal fragments of phytochromes A and B and functions in phytochrome signalling in vivo(5). Here we show that full-length photoactive phytochrome B binds PIF3 in vitro only upon light-induced conversion to its active form, and that photoconversion back to its inactive form causes dissociation from PIF3. We conclude that photosensory signalling by phytochrome B involves light-induced, conformer-specific recognition of the putative transcriptional regulator PIF3, providing a potential mechanism for direct photoregulation of gene expression.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
RP Quail, PH (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 17
TC 385
Z9 474
U1 2
U2 92
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6746
BP 781
EP 784
DI 10.1038/23500
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228HM
UT WOS:000082131100054
PM 10466729
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jhi, SH
   Ihm, J
   Louie, SG
   Cohen, ML
AF Jhi, SH
   Ihm, J
   Louie, SG
   Cohen, ML
TI Electronic mechanism of hardness enhancement in transition-metal carbonitrides
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solids
AB Transition-metal carbides and nitrides are hard materials widely used for cutting tools and wear-resistant coatings. Their hardness is not yet understood at a fundamental level, A clue may lie in the puzzling fact that transition-metal carbonitrides that have the rock-salt structure (such as TiCxN1-x) have the greatest hardness for a valence-electron concentration of about 8.4 per cell(1-3), which suggests that the hardness may be determined more by the nature of the bonding than by the conventional microstructural features that determine the hardness of structural metals and alloys. To investigate this possibility, we have evaluated the shear modulus of various transition-metal carbides and nitrides using nb initio pseudopotential calculations. Our results show that the behaviour of these materials can be understood on a fundamental level in terms of their electronic band structure. The unusual hardness originates from a particular band of sigma bonding states between the non-metal p orbitals and the metal d orbitals that strongly resists shearing strain or shape change. Filling of these states is completed at a valence-electron concentration of about 8.4, and any additional electrons would go into a higher band which is unstable against shear deformations.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
   Seoul Natl Univ, Ctr Theoret Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Seoul National University (SNU); Seoul National University (SNU); United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Louie, SG (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 17
TC 747
Z9 809
U1 6
U2 206
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6732
BP 132
EP 134
DI 10.1038/20148
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 196XU
UT WOS:000080335700044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Friedrichs, OD
   Dress, AWM
   Huson, DH
   Klinowski, J
   Mackay, AL
AF Friedrichs, OD
   Dress, AWM
   Huson, DH
   Klinowski, J
   Mackay, AL
TI Systematic enumeration of crystalline networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID classification; topology; tilings; nets
AB The systematic enumeration of all possible networks of atoms in inorganic structures is of considerable interest. Of particular importance are the 4-connected networks (those in which each. atom is connected to exactly four neighbours), which are relevant to a wide range of systems-crystalline elements, hydrates, covalently bonded crystals, silicates and many synthetic compounds. Systematic enumeration is especially desirable in the study of zeolites and related materials, of which there are now 121 recognized structural types(1), with several new types being identified every year. But as the number of possible 4-connected three-dimensional networks is infinite, and as there exists no systematic procedure for their derivation, the prediction of new structural types has hitherto relied on empirical methods (see, for example, refs 2-4). Here we report a partial solution to this problem, based on recent advances in mathematical tiling theory(5-8). We establish that there are exactly 9, 117 and 926 topological types of, respectively, 4-connected uninodal, binodal and trinodal networks, derived from simple tilings based on tetrahedra. (Here nodality refers to the number of topologically distinct vertices from which the network is composed.) We also show that there are at least 145 more distinct uninodal networks based on a more complex tiling unit. Of the total number of networks that we have derived, only two contain neither three- nor four-membered ring, and most of the binodal and trinodal networks are new.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
   Univ Bielefeld, FSP Mathematisierung Strukturbildungsporzesse, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany.
   CUNY City Coll, Dept Chem Engn, New York, NY 10031 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Math, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Dept Crystallog, London WC1E 7HX, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Bielefeld; City University of New York (CUNY) System; City College of New York (CUNY); Princeton University; University of London; Birkbeck University London
RP Klinowski, J (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
NR 20
TC 230
Z9 242
U1 1
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6745
BP 644
EP 647
DI 10.1038/23210
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226QU
UT WOS:000082032900046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sutovsky, P
   Moreno, RD
   Ramalho-Santos, J
   Dominko, T
   Simerly, C
   Schatten, G
AF Sutovsky, P
   Moreno, RD
   Ramalho-Santos, J
   Dominko, T
   Simerly, C
   Schatten, G
TI Development - Ubiquitin tag for sperm mitochondria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna; inheritance; fate
C1 Oregon Reg Primate Res Ctr, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA.
   Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Cell Dev Biol, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA.
   Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Obstet Gynecol, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA.
   Int Ctr Canc Res & Dev Biol, Santiago, Chile.
   Univ Coimbra, Dept Zool, Ctr Neurosci, Coimbra, Portugal.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon National Primate Research Center; Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Health & Science University; Universidade de Coimbra
RP Sutovsky, P (corresponding author), Oregon Reg Primate Res Ctr, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA.
EM schatten@ohsu.edu
NR 14
TC 482
Z9 576
U1 2
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 371
EP 372
DI 10.1038/46466
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600042
PM 10586873
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hojo, M
   Morimoto, T
   Maluccio, M
   Asano, T
   Morimoto, K
   Lagman, M
   Shimbo, T
   Suthanthiran, M
AF Hojo, M
   Morimoto, T
   Maluccio, M
   Asano, T
   Morimoto, K
   Lagman, M
   Shimbo, T
   Suthanthiran, M
TI Cyclosporine induces cancer progression by a cell-autonomous mechanism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-factor-beta; monoclonal-antibody; carcinoma; tumor; expression; therapy; mice; transplantation; factor-beta-1; interleukin-2
AB Malignancy is a common and dreaded complication following, organ transplantation(1-4). The high incidence of neoplasm and its aggressive progression, which are associated with immunosuppressive therapy, are thought to be due to the resulting impairment of the organ recipient's immune-surveillance system(5-9). Here we report a mechanism for the heightened malignancy that is independent of host immunity. We show that cyclosporine (cyclosporin A), an immunosuppressant that has had a major impact on improving patient outcome following organ transplantation(4,5), induces phenotypic changes, including invasiveness of non-transformed cells, by a cell-autonomous mechanism. Our studies show that cyclosporine treatment of adenocarcinoma cells results in striking morphological alterations, including membrane ruffling and numerous pseudopodial protrusions, increased cell motility, and anchorage-independent (invasive) growth. These changes are prevented by treatment with monoclonal antibodies directed at transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). In vivo, cyclosporine enhances tumour growth in immunodeficient SCID-beige Mice; anti-TGF-beta monoclonal antibodies but not control antibodies prevent the cyclosporine-induced increase in the number of metastases. Our findings suggest that immunosuppressants like cyclosporine can promote cancer progression by a direct cellular effect that is independent of its effect on the host's immune cells, and that cyclosporine-induced TGF-beta production is involved in this.
C1 Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Transplantat Med & Extracorporeal Therapy, Div Nephrol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Med, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Surg, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Teikyo Univ, Sch Med, Mizonokuchi Hosp, Dept Pediat,Takatsu Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213, Japan.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Natl Def Med Coll, Dept Urol, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359, Japan.
C3 Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Teikyo University; New York University; National Defense Medical College - Japan
RP Hojo, M (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Transplantat Med & Extracorporeal Therapy, Div Nephrol, 525 E 68th St, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 30
TC 936
Z9 1036
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 11
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6719
BP 530
EP 534
DI 10.1038/17401
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 166KN
UT WOS:000078574900052
PM 10028970
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, J
   Ishihara, A
   Oxford, G
   Johnson, B
   Jacobson, K
AF Lee, J
   Ishihara, A
   Oxford, G
   Johnson, B
   Jacobson, K
TI Regulation of cell movement is mediated by stretch-activated calcium channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID keratocytes; locomotion; translocation; microfilament; mechanism; adhesions; migration; dynamics; tension; release
AB Intracellular calcium regulates many of the molecular processes that are essential for cell movement(1). It is required for the production of actomyosin-based contractile forces(2-4) the regulation of the structure and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton(5,6), and the formation and disassembly of cell-substratum adhesions(7,8). Calcium also serves as a second messenger in many biochemical signal-transduction pathways(7). However, despite the pivotal role of calcium in motile processes; it is not clear how calcium regulates overall cell movement. Here we show that transient increases in intracellular calcium, [Ca2+](i), during the locomotion of fish epithelial keratocytes, occur more frequently in cells that become temporarily 'stuck' to the substratum or when subjected to mechanical stretching. We find that calcium transients arise from the activation of stretch-activated calcium channels, which triggers an influx of extracellular calcium. In addition, the subsequent increase in [Ca2+](i) is involved in detachment of the rear cell margin. Thus, we have defined a mechanism by which cells can detect and transduce mechanical forces into biochemical signals that can modulate locomotion.
C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Mol & Cell Physiol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ Connecticut, Dept Physiol & Neurobiol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of Connecticut
RP Lee, J (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
NR 30
TC 321
Z9 383
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6742
BP 382
EP 386
DI 10.1038/22578
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 219CH
UT WOS:000081590000055
PM 10432119
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Verkhovsky, MI
   Jasaitis, A
   Verkhovskaya, ML
   Morgan, JE
   Wikström, M
AF Verkhovsky, MI
   Jasaitis, A
   Verkhovskaya, ML
   Morgan, JE
   Wikström, M
TI Proton translocation by cytochrome c oxidase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID paracoccus-denitrificans; oxygen; pump
AB Cell respiration in mitochondria and some bacteria is catalysed by cytochrome c oxidase, which reduces O-2 to water, coupled with translocation of four protons across the mitochondrial or bacterial membrane. The enzyme's catalytic cycle consists of a reductive phase, in which the oxidized enzyme receives electrons from cytochrome c, and an oxidative phase, in which the reduced enzyme is oxidized by O-2. Previous studies indicated that proton translocation is coupled energetically only to the oxidative phase, but this has been challenged. Here, with the purified enzyme inlaid in liposomes, we report time-resolved measurements of membrane potential, which show that hall: of the electrical charges due to proton-pumping actually cross the membrane during reduction after a preceding oxidative phase. pH measurements confirm that proton translocation also occurs during reduction, but only when immediately preceded by an oxidative phase. We conclude that all the energy for proton translocation is conserved in the enzyme during its oxidation by O-2. One half of it is utilized for proton-pumping during oxidation, but the other half is unlatched for this purpose only during re-reduction of the enzyme.
C1 Univ Helsinki, Inst Biomed Sci, Dept Med Chem, Helsinki Bioenerget Grp, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Univ Helsinki, Bioctr Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
C3 University of Helsinki; University of Helsinki
RP Wikström, M (corresponding author), Univ Helsinki, Inst Biomed Sci, Dept Med Chem, Helsinki Bioenerget Grp, POB 8, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
NR 17
TC 204
Z9 228
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6743
BP 480
EP 483
DI 10.1038/22813
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221FZ
UT WOS:000081715000058
PM 10440381
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stableford, B
AF Stableford, B
TI Emortality - at last!
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 355
EP 355
DI 10.1038/46431
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600030
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leonhard, K
   Stiegler, A
   Neupert, W
   Langer, T
AF Leonhard, K
   Stiegler, A
   Neupert, W
   Langer, T
TI Chaperone-like activity of the AAA domain of the yeast Yme1 AAA protease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atp-dependent degradation; precursor protein; membrane-fusion; inner membrane; mitochondria; biogenesis; family; import
AB The AAA domain, a conserved Walker-type ATPase module, is a feature of members of the AAA family of proteins(1,2), which are involved in many cellular processes, including vesicular transport(3-7), organelle biogenesis(8), microtubule rearrangement(9) and protein degradation(10-12), The function of the AAA domain, however, has not been explained. Membrane-anchored AAA proteases of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells comprise a subfamily of AAA proteins(13-15) that have metal-dependent peptidase activity and mediate the degradation of non-assembled membrane proteins. Inactivation of an orthologue of this protease family in humans causes neurodegeneration in hereditary spastic paraplegia(16). Here we investigate the AAA domain of the yeast protein Yme1, a subunit of the i-AAA protease located in the inner membrane of mitochondria(17,18). We show that Yme1 senses the folding state of solvent-exposed domains and specifically degrades unfolded membrane proteins. Substrate recognition and binding are mediated by the amino-terminal region of the AAA domain. The purified AAA. domain of Yme1 binds unfolded polypeptides and suppresses their aggregation. Our results indicate that the AAA domain of Yme1 has a chaperone-like activity and suggest that the AAA domains of other AAA proteins may have a similar function.
C1 Univ Munich, Inst Physiol Chem, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of Munich
RP Langer, T (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Inst Physiol Chem, Goethestr 33, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
EM langer@bio-med.uni-muenchen.de
NR 29
TC 186
Z9 211
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6725
BP 348
EP 351
DI 10.1038/18704
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180DF
UT WOS:000079369600055
PM 10192337
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reynolds, AJ
   Lawrence, C
   Cserhalmi-Friedman, PB
   Christiano, AM
   Jahoda, CAB
AF Reynolds, AJ
   Lawrence, C
   Cserhalmi-Friedman, PB
   Christiano, AM
   Jahoda, CAB
TI Trans-gender induction of hair follicles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dermal papilla cells; growth
C1 Univ Durham, Dept Biol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
   Royal Victoria Infirm, Dept Dermatol, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4LP, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Dermatol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Genet & Dev, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Durham University; Newcastle University - UK; Columbia University; Columbia University
RP Reynolds, AJ (corresponding author), Univ Durham, Dept Biol Sci, South Rd, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
EM c.a.b.jahoda@durham.ac.uk
NR 10
TC 186
Z9 222
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 33
EP 34
DI 10.1038/46938
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600030
PM 10573414
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stokroos, I
   Kalicharan, D
   Jongebloed, WL
   Robins, A
AF Stokroos, I
   Kalicharan, D
   Jongebloed, WL
   Robins, A
TI Applications of CryoSEM in medical research
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) allows imaging resolution clown to 0.5-1.5 nm, With this improved resolution, the cryo-preparation technique (Cryo-FE-SEWI) can now compete with freeze-fracture replication techniques for the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and with standard TEM techniques that use ultra-thin sections of biological tissue after chemical fixation. Here we compare cryo-prepared animal tissue with TEM images of the same biological structures that have been chemically fixed, dehydrated in ethanol, embedded in Epon and ultra-thin sectioned.
C1 Lab Cell Biol & Electon Micropscopy, NL-9713 EZ Groningen, Netherlands.
   Oxford Intruments, Res Instruments, Abingdon OX13 5QX, Oxon, England.
RP Stokroos, I (corresponding author), Lab Cell Biol & Electon Micropscopy, Oostersingel 69-2, NL-9713 EZ Groningen, Netherlands.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 1999
VL 0
IS 
BP 30
EP 30
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 201VB
UT WOS:000080615900004
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sirringhaus, H
   Brown, PJ
   Friend, RH
   Nielsen, MM
   Bechgaard, K
   Langeveld-Voss, BMW
   Spiering, AJH
   Janssen, RAJ
   Meijer, EW
   Herwig, P
   de Leeuw, DM
AF Sirringhaus, H
   Brown, PJ
   Friend, RH
   Nielsen, MM
   Bechgaard, K
   Langeveld-Voss, BMW
   Spiering, AJH
   Janssen, RAJ
   Meijer, EW
   Herwig, P
   de Leeuw, DM
TI Two-dimensional charge transport in self-organized, high-mobility conjugated polymers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene); electrical-property; optical spectroscopy; polythiophene; absorption; oligomers; cast
AB Self-organization in many solution-processed, semiconducting conjugated polymers results in complex microstructures, in which ordered microcrystalline domains are embedded in an amorphous matrix(I). This has important consequences for electrical properties of these materials: charge transport is usually limited by the most difficult hopping processes and is therefore dominated by the disordered matrix, resulting in low charge-carrier mobilities(2) (less than or equal to 10(-5) cm(2)V(-1)s(-1)). Here we use thin-film, field-effect transistor structures to probe the transport properties of the ordered microcrystalline domains in the conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene), P3HT, Self-organization in P3HT results in a lamella structure with two-dimensional conjugated sheets formed by interchain stacking. We find that, depending on processing conditions, the lamellae can adopt two different orientations-parallel and normal to the substrate-the mobilities of which differ by more than a factor of 100, and can reach values as high as 0.1 cm(2) V-1 s(-1) (refs 3, 4). Optical spectroscopy of the field-induced charge, combined with the mobility anisotropy, reveals the two-dimensional interchain character of the polaronic charge carriers, which exhibit lower relaxation energies than the corresponding radical cations on isolated one-dimensional chains. The possibility of achieving high mobilities via two-dimensional transport in self-organized conjugated lamellae is important for applications of polymer transistors in logic circuits(5) and active-matrix displays(4,6).
C1 Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
   Riso Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Phys & Chem Dept, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
   Eindhoven Univ Technol, Lab Macromol & Organ Chem, NL-5600 MD Eindhoven, Netherlands.
   Philips Res Labs, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, Netherlands.
C3 University of Cambridge; Technical University of Denmark; Eindhoven University of Technology; Philips; Philips Research
RP Sirringhaus, H (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
NR 22
TC 4289
Z9 4814
U1 28
U2 2024
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6754
BP 685
EP 688
DI 10.1038/44359
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 247EJ
UT WOS:000083207400052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Burzlaff, NI
   Rutledge, PJ
   Clifton, IJ
   Hensgens, CMH
   Pickford, M
   Adlington, RM
   Roach, PL
   Baldwin, JE
AF Burzlaff, NI
   Rutledge, PJ
   Clifton, IJ
   Hensgens, CMH
   Pickford, M
   Adlington, RM
   Roach, PL
   Baldwin, JE
TI The reaction cycle of isopenicillin N synthase observed by X-ray diffraction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID penicillin biosynthesis; lactam formation; crystallography; program; sulfur
AB Isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS), a non-haem iron-dependent oxidase, catalyses the biosynthesis of isopenicillin N (IPN), the precursor of all penicillins and cephalosporins'. The key steps in this reaction are the two iron-dioxygen-mediated ring closures of the tripeptide delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipoyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valin (ACV). It has been proposed that the four-membered beta-lactam ring forms initially, associated with a highly oxidized iron(rv)-oxo (ferryl) moiety, which subsequently mediates closure of the five-membered thiazolidine ring(2). Here we describe observation of the IPNS reaction in crystals by X-ray crystallography. IPNS.Fe2+.substrate crystals were grown anaerobically(3,4), exposed to high pressures of oxygen to promote reaction and frozen, and their structures were elucidated by X-ray diffraction. Using the natural substrate ACV, this resulted in the IPNS.Fe2+.IPN product complex. With the substrate analogue, delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipoyl)-L-cysteinyl-L-S-methyl-cysteine (ACmC) in the crystal, the reaction cycle was interrupted at the monocyclic stage. These mono- and bicyclic structures support our hypothesis of a two-stage reaction sequence leading to penicillin. Furthermore, the formation of a monocyclic sulphoxide product from ACmC is most simply explained by the interception of a high-valency iron-ore species.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dyson Perrins Lab, Oxford OX1 3QY, England.
   Univ Oxford, Oxford Ctr Mol Sci, Oxford OX1 3QY, England.
   Univ Oxford, Lab Mol Biophys, Oxford OX1 3QY, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford; University of Oxford
RP Baldwin, JE (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dyson Perrins Lab, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QY, England.
EM jack.baldwin@chem.oz.ac.uk
NR 21
TC 172
Z9 196
U1 1
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6754
BP 721
EP 724
DI 10.1038/44400
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 247EJ
UT WOS:000083207400062
PM 10537113
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rojas, JR
   Trievel, RC
   Zhou, JX
   Mo, Y
   Li, XM
   Berger, SL
   Allis, CD
   Marmorstein, R
AF Rojas, JR
   Trievel, RC
   Zhou, JX
   Mo, Y
   Li, XM
   Berger, SL
   Allis, CD
   Marmorstein, R
TI Structure of Tetrahymena GCN5 bound to coenzyme A and a histone H3 peptide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gcn5-related n-acetyltransferase; crystal-structure; in-vivo; refinement; complexes; protein; superfamily; acetylation; dynamics; ada
AB Gene activation is a highly regulated process that requires the coordinated action of proteins to relieve chromatin repression and to promote transcriptional activation. Nuclear histone acetyltransferase (HAT) enzymes provide a mechanistic link between chromatin destabilization and gene activation by acetylating the E-amino group of specific lysine residues within the aminoterminal tails of core histones to facilitate access to DNA by transcriptional activators(1,2). Here we report the high-resolution crystal structure of the HAT domain of Tetrahymena GCN5 (tGCN5) bound with both its physiologically relevant ligands, coenzyme A (CoA) and a histone H3 peptide, and the structures of nascent tGCN5 and a tGCN5/acetyl-CoA complex. Our structural data reveal histone-binding specificity for a random-coil structure Containing a G-K-X-P recognition sequence, and show that CoA is essential for reorienting the enzyme for histone binding. Catalysis appears to involve water-mediated proton extraction from the substrate lysine by a glutamic acid general base and a backbone amide that stabilizes the transition-state reaction intermediate. Comparison with related N-acetyltransferases indicates a conserved structural framework for CoA binding and catalysis, and structural variability in regions associated with substrate-specific binding.
C1 Univ Penn, Wistar Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Rochester, Dept Biol, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
C3 The Wistar Institute; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; University of Rochester
RP Marmorstein, R (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Wistar Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
NR 29
TC 236
Z9 279
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6748
BP 93
EP 98
DI 10.1038/43487
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 232MK
UT WOS:000082374400049
PM 10485713
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luz, B
   Barkan, E
   Bender, ML
   Thiemens, MH
   Boering, KA
AF Luz, B
   Barkan, E
   Bender, ML
   Thiemens, MH
   Boering, KA
TI Triple-isotope composition of atmospheric oxygen as a tracer of biosphere productivity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vostok ice core; carbon-dioxide; ozone; stratosphere; exchange; co2; fractionation; transport; model; mass
AB Oxygen has three naturally occurring isotopes, of mass numbers 16, 17 and 18, Their ratio in atmospheric O-2 depends primarily on the isotopic composition of photosynthetically produced O-2 from terrestrial and aquatic plants(1-3), and on isotopic fractionation due to respiration(4). These processes fractionate isotopes in a mass-dependent way, such that O-17 enrichment would be approximately half of the O-18 enrichment relative to O-16. But some photochemical reactions in the stratosphere give rise to a mass-independent isotope fractionation, producing approximately equal O-17 and O-18 enrichments in stratospheric ozone(5) and carbon dioxide(6,7), and consequently driving an atmospheric O-2 isotope anomaly. Here we present an experimentally based estimate of the size of the O-17/O-16 anomaly in tropospheric O-2, and argue that it largely reflects the influences of biospheric cycling and stratospheric photochemical processes. We propose that because the biosphere removes the isotopically anomalous stratosphere-derived O-2 by respiration, and replaces it with isotopically 'normal' oxygen by photosynthesis, the magnitude of the tropospheric O-17 anomaly can be used as a tracer of global biosphere production. We use measurements of the triple-isotope composition of O-2 trapped in bubbles in polar ice to estimate global biosphere productivity at various times over the past 82,000 years. In a second application, we use the isotopic signature of oxygen dissolved in aquatic systems to estimate gross primary production on broad time and space scales.
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geol & Geophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Princeton University; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Luz, B (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
EM boazluz@cc.huji.ac.il
NR 29
TC 259
Z9 311
U1 5
U2 165
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6744
BP 547
EP 550
DI 10.1038/22987
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223RT
UT WOS:000081854800050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Langford, D
AF Langford, D
TI COMP.BASILISK FAQ - Frequently asked questions about basilisks.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 465
EP 465
DI 10.1038/44964
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Orgel, LE
AF Orgel, LE
TI Are you serious, Dr Mitchell?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute
RP Orgel, LE (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 0
TC 17
Z9 18
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 17
EP 17
DI 10.1038/46903
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600020
PM 10573410
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rodriguez-Esteban, C
   Tsukui, T
   Yonei, S
   Magallon, J
   Tamura, K
   Belmonte, JCI
AF Rodriguez-Esteban, C
   Tsukui, T
   Yonei, S
   Magallon, J
   Tamura, K
   Belmonte, JCI
TI The T-box genes Tbx4 and Tbx5 regulate limb outgrowth and identity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID programmed cell-death; vertebrate limb; chick limb; brachyury; specification; mesoderm; bmp-2; shape; fgf
AB During embryonic development, initially similar fields can develop into distinct structures, such as the vertebrate fore- and hindlimbs, Although considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the genetic control underlying the establishment of the different Limb axes(1-3), the molecular cues that specify the differential development of the fore- and hindlimbs are unknown. Possible candidates for genes determining limb identity are PitxI, a gene whose transcripts are detected in the early hind- but not forelimb bud, and two members of the T-box (Tbx) gene family, Tbx4 and Tbx5, which are specifically expressed in the hindlimb and forelimb buds, respectively(4-6). Here we show that Tbx4 and Tbx5 are essential regulators of limb outgrowth whose roles seem to be tightly linked to the activity of three signalling proteins that are required for limb outgrowth and patterning: fibroblast growth factor (FGF), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Wnt. In addition, we provide evidence that Tbx4 and Tbx5 are involved in controlling limb identity. Our findings provide insight into how similar developmental fields can evolve into homologous but distinct structures.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Gene Express Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute
RP Belmonte, JCI (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Gene Express Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM belmonte@salk.edu
NR 30
TC 244
Z9 284
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6730
BP 814
EP 818
DI 10.1038/19769
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 192BL
UT WOS:000080058100060
PM 10235264
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nogues, G
   Rauschenbeutel, A
   Osnaghi, S
   Brune, M
   Raimond, JM
   Haroche, S
AF Nogues, G
   Rauschenbeutel, A
   Osnaghi, S
   Brune, M
   Raimond, JM
   Haroche, S
TI Seeing a single photon without destroying it
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum-nondemolition measurements; backaction evading measurements; circular states; cavity; field; atoms; generation; number; optics
AB Light detection is usually a destructive process, in that detectors annihilate photons and convert them into electrical signals, making it impossible to see a single photon twice. But this limitation is not fundamental-quantum non-demolition strategies(1-3) permit repeated measurements of physically observable quantities, yielding identical results. For example, quantum non-demolition measurements of light intensity have been demonstrated(4-14), suggesting possibilities for detecting weak forces and gravitational waves(3). But such experiments, based on nonlinear optics, are sensitive only to macroscopic photon fluxes. The non-destructive measurement of a single photon requires an extremely strong matter-radiation coupling; this can be realized in cavity quantum electrodynamics(15), where the strength of the interaction between an atom and a photon can overwhelm all dissipative couplings to the environment. Here we report a cavity quantum electrodynamics experiment in which we detect a single photon non-destructively. We use atomic interferometry to measure the phase shift in an atomic wavefunction, caused by a cycle of photon absorption and emission. Our method amounts to a restricted quantum non-demolition measurement which can be applied only to states containing one or zero photons. It may lead to quantum logic gates(16) based on cavity quantum electrodynamics, and multi-atom entanglement(17).
C1 Ecole Normale Super, Dept Phys, Lab Kastler Brossel, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
C3 Universite PSL; College de France; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite
RP Haroche, S (corresponding author), Ecole Normale Super, Dept Phys, Lab Kastler Brossel, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
NR 30
TC 375
Z9 422
U1 0
U2 96
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6741
BP 239
EP 242
DI 10.1038/22275
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 217MP
UT WOS:000081503800036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peters, JM
   McKay, RM
   McKay, JP
   Graff, JM
AF Peters, JM
   McKay, RM
   McKay, JP
   Graff, JM
TI Casein kinase I transduces Wnt signals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glycogen-synthase kinase-3; early xenopus-embryos; c-elegans embryos; beta-catenin; caenorhabditis-elegans; spemann organizer; axis formation; budding yeast; protein; transcription
AB The Wnt signalling cascade is essential for the development of both invertebrates and vertebrates, and is altered during tumorigenesis. Although a general framework for Wnt signalling has been elucidated, not all of the components have been identified. Here we describe a serine kinase, casein kinase I (CKI), which was isolated by expression cloning in Xenopus embryos. CKI reproduces several properties of Wnt signals, including generation of complete dorsal axes, stabilization of beta-catenin and induction of genes that are direct targets of Wnt signals. Dominant-negative forms of CKI and a pharmacological blocker of CKI inhibited Wnt signals in Xenopus, Inhibiting CKI in Caenorhabditis elegans generated worms with a mom phenotype, indicative of a loss of Wnt signals. In addition, CKI bound to and increased the phosphorylation of dishevelled, a known component of the Wnt pathway. These data indicate that CKI may be a conserved component of the Wnt pathway.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Ctr Dev Biol, Dept Mol Biol, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas
RP Graff, JM (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Ctr Dev Biol, Dept Mol Biol, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd,NB 5-208, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
EM graff02@utsw.swmed.edu
NR 50
TC 385
Z9 456
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 345
EP 350
DI 10.1038/43830
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600042
PM 10517632
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Arai, Y
   Yasuda, R
   Akashi, K
   Harada, Y
   Miyata, H
   Kinosita, K
   Itoh, H
AF Arai, Y
   Yasuda, R
   Akashi, K
   Harada, Y
   Miyata, H
   Kinosita, K
   Itoh, H
TI Tying a molecular knot with optical tweezers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single actin-filaments; torsional rigidity; f-actin; dna; force; motor; mechanics; myosin; steps; bond
AB Filamentous structures are abundant in cells. Relatively rigid filaments, such as microtubules and actin, serve as intracellular scaffolds that support movement and force, and their mechanical properties are crucial to their function in the cell. Some aspects of the behaviour of DNA, meanwhile, depend critically on ins flexibility-for example, DNA-binding proteins can induce sharp bends in the helix(1). The mechanical characterization of such filaments has generally been conducted without controlling the filament shape, by the observation of thermal motions(2-5) or of the response to external forces(6-9) or flows(10-12). Controlled buckling of a microtubule has been reported(13), but the analysis of the buckled shape was complicated. Here we report the continuous control of the radius of curvature of a molecular strand by tying a knot in it, using optical tweezers to manipulate the strand's ends. We find that actin filaments break at the knot when the knot diameter falls below 0.4 mu m. The pulling force at breakage is around 1 pN, two orders of magnitude smaller than the tensile stress of a straight filament. The flexural rigidity of the filament remained unchanged down to this diameter. We have also knotted a single DNA molecule, opening up the possibility of studying curvature-dependent interactions with associated proteins. We find that the knotted DNA is stronger than actin.
C1 Keio Univ, Fac Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Kohoku Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2238522, Japan.
   CREST Genet Programming Team 13, Miyamae Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 2160001, Japan.
   Hamamatsu Photon KK, Tsukuba Res Lab, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3002635, Japan.
C3 Keio University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Hamamatsu Photonics
RP Harada, Y (corresponding author), Keio Univ, Fac Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Kohoku Ku, Hiyoshi 3-14-1, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2238522, Japan.
NR 24
TC 283
Z9 344
U1 1
U2 97
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 446
EP 448
DI 10.1038/20894
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900042
PM 10365955
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bennett, DP
   Rhie, SH
   Becker, AC
   Butler, N
   Dann, J
   Kaspi, S
   Leibowitz, EM
   Lipkin, Y
   Maoz, D
   Mendelson, H
   Peterson, BA
   Quinn, J
   Shemmer, O
   Thomson, S
   Turner, SE
AF Bennett, DP
   Rhie, SH
   Becker, AC
   Butler, N
   Dann, J
   Kaspi, S
   Leibowitz, EM
   Lipkin, Y
   Maoz, D
   Mendelson, H
   Peterson, BA
   Quinn, J
   Shemmer, O
   Thomson, S
   Turner, SE
TI Discovery of a planet orbiting a binary star system from gravitational microlensing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lensing experiment; candidate
AB The properties of the recently discovered(1,2) extrasolar planets were not anticipated by theoretical work on the formation of planetary systems, most models for which were developed to explain our Solar System. Indeed, the observational technique used to detect these planets (measurement of radial-velocity shifts in stellar spectral lines) do not yet have the sensitivity to detect planetary systems like our own(3). Here we report observations and modelling of the gravitational microlensing event MACHO-97-BLG-41. We infer that the lens system consists of a planet of about 3 Jupiter masses orbiting a binary stellar system consisting of a late-K dwarf star and an M dwarf. The stars are separated by similar to 1.8 astronomical units (1 AU is the Earth-Sun distance), and the planet is orbiting them at a distance of about 7 AU. We had expected to find first the microlensing signature of jovian planets around single stars, so this result suggests that such planets orbiting short-period binary stars may be common.
C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46530 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Phys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Wise Observ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   Australian Natl Univ, Mt Stromlo & Siding Spring Observ, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia.
   Monash Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Melbourne, Vic 3168, Australia.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of Notre Dame; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv University; Australian National University; Monash University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Bennett, DP (corresponding author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46530 USA.
NR 29
TC 73
Z9 77
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 57
EP 59
DI 10.1038/46990
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cha, A
   Snyder, GE
   Selvin, PR
   Bezanilla, F
AF Cha, A
   Snyder, GE
   Selvin, PR
   Bezanilla, F
TI Atomic scale movement of the voltage-sensing region in a potassium channel measured via spectroscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shaker k+ channel; resonance energy-transfer; sodium-channels; fluorescence; s4; activation; currents; sequence; chelate
AB Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that are essential for nerve impulses and regulate ion flow across cell membranes in response to changes in membrane potential. They are made up of four homologous domains or subunits, each of which contains six transmembrane segments(1,2). Studies of potassium channels have shown that the second (S2) and fourth (S4) segments contain several charged residues, which sense changes in voltage and form part of the voltage sensor(3-5). Although these regions clearly undergo conformational changes in response to voltage(6-10), little is known about the nature of these changes because voltage-dependent distance changes have not been measured. Here we use lanthanide-based resonance energy transfer(11,12) to measure distances between Shaker potassium channel subunits at specific residues. Voltage-dependent distance changes of up to 3.2 Angstrom were measured at several sites near the S4 segment. These movements directly correlated with electrical measurements of the voltage sensor, establishing the link between physical changes and electrical charge movement. Measured distance changes suggest that the region associated with the S4 segment undergoes a rotation and possible tilt, rather than a large transmembrane movement, in response to voltage. These results demonstrate the first in situ measurement of atomic scale movement in a transmembrane protein.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Anesthesiol, Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Ctr Biophys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Bezanilla, F (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 25
TC 431
Z9 497
U1 0
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 809
EP 813
DI 10.1038/45552
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500065
PM 10617201
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dettmann, CP
   Cohen, EGD
   van Beijeren, H
AF Dettmann, CP
   Cohen, EGD
   van Beijeren, H
TI Statistical mechanics - Microscopic chaos from brownian motion?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kolmogorov-entropy
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Ctr Studies Phys & Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Univ Utrecht, Inst Theoret Phys, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Rockefeller University; Utrecht University
RP Dettmann, CP (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Ctr Studies Phys & Biol, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 5
TC 53
Z9 55
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6756
BP 875
EP 875
DI 10.1038/44759
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 251UL
UT WOS:000083464700045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hieronymus, CF
   Bercovici, D
AF Hieronymus, CF
   Bercovici, D
TI Discrete alternating hotspot islands formed by interaction of magma transport and lithospheric flexure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hawaiian-emperor chain; mantle plumes; pacific plate; volcano; constraints; propagation; beneath; models; flow
AB The large-scale geometry and age progression of many hotspot island chains, such as the Hawaiian-Emperor chain, are well explained by the steady movement of tectonic plates over stationary hotspots. But on a smaller scale, hotspot tracks are composed of discrete volcanic islands whose spacing correlates with lithospheric thickness(1). Moreover, the volcanic shields themselves are often not positioned along single lines, but in more complicated patterns, such as the dual line known as the Kea and Loa trends of the Hawaiian islands(2,3). Here we make use of the hypothesis that. island spacing is controlled by lithospheric flexure(1) to develop a simple nonlinear model coupling magma flow, which feeds volcanic growth, to the flexure caused by volcanic loads on the underlying plate. For a steady source of melt underneath a moving lithospheric plate, magma is found to reach the surface and build a chain of separate volcanic edifices with realistic spacing. If a volcano is introduced away from the axis of the chain, as might occur following a change in the direction of plate motion, the model perpetuates the asymmetry for long distances and times, thereby producing an alternating: series of edifices similar to that observed in the Kea and Loa trends of the Hawaiian island chain.
C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Danish Lithosphere Ctr, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
C3 University of Hawaii System
RP Bercovici, D (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
EM dberco@soest.hawaii.edu
NR 29
TC 70
Z9 74
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 18
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6720
BP 604
EP 607
DI 10.1038/17584
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 169GE
UT WOS:000078738500046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bakker, TCM
   Künzler, R
   Mazzi, D
AF Bakker, TCM
   Künzler, R
   Mazzi, D
TI Sexual selection - Condition-related mate choice in sticklebacks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lek paradox; preferences
C1 Univ Bern, Inst Zool, Abt Verhaltensokol, CH-3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland.
C3 University of Bern
RP Bakker, TCM (corresponding author), Univ Bonn, Inst Evolut Biol & Okol, Immenburg 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
EM tbakker@evolution.uni-bonn.de
NR 11
TC 117
Z9 133
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 234
EP 234
DI 10.1038/45727
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, H
   Tessier-Lavigne, M
AF Wang, H
   Tessier-Lavigne, M
TI En passant neurotrophic action of an intermediate axonal target in the developing mammalian CNS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sensory neurons; commissural axons; nervous-system; spinal-cord; survival; promote; death; guidance; netrins
AB During development, neurons extend axons to their targets, then become dependent for their survival on trophic substances secreted by their target cells. Competition for limiting amounts of these substances is thought to account for much of the extensive naturally-occurring cell death that is seen throughout the nervous system. Here we show that spinal commissural neurons, a group of long projection neurons in the central nervous system (CNS), are also dependent for their survival on trophic support from one of their intermediate targets, the floor plate of the spinal cord. This dependence occurs during a several-day-long period when their axons extend along the floor plate, following which they develop additional trophic requirements. A dependence of neurons on trophic support derived en passant from their intermediate axonal targets provides a mechanism for rapidly eliminating misprojecting neurons, which may help to prevent the formation of aberrant neuronal circuits during the development of the nervous system.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Tessier-Lavigne, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 21
TC 53
Z9 65
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6755
BP 765
EP 769
DI 10.1038/44521
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 250BG
UT WOS:000083368700045
PM 10548102
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gvirtzman, Z
   Nur, A
AF Gvirtzman, Z
   Nur, A
TI The formation of Mount Etna as the consequence of slab rollback
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tyrrhenian subduction zone; mantle; sea; evolution; basins; origin
AB Mount Etna, the largest volcano in Europe, lies close to the subduction-related Aeolian magmatic are but shows no trace of subducted material in its magmas, Mount Etna is also situated on continental crust yet shows oceanic basalt affinities(1-3), with isotopic ratios of helium and carbon suggesting that it is fed by the same type of mantle source as are mid-ocean ridge basalts(4,5). Here we propose that although this giant volcano is not subduction-related-in the sense that it is not part of the magmatic arc-its formation is strongly related to the nearby subduction process. Based on a three-dimensional model of the tectonic plates in this region, we propose that the voluminous melting under Mount Etna results from 'suction' of asthenospheric material from under the neighbouring African plate. Such lateral flow is expected when descending slabs migrate backwards in the mantle (rollback) leaving low-pressure regions behind(6,7) them. This was previously identified at the northern end of the Tonga are (southwest Pacific Ocean) where such flow feeds arc(8) or backarc(9) magmatism. Here we show that in the south Tyrrhenian subduction zone, slab rollback pulls asthenospheric material much farther along the plate contact, reaching the base of the crust in the forearc region. This explains the voluminous melting under Mount Etna and also the recent uplift of the forearc region (the Calabrian peninsula)(10).
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Gvirtzman, Z (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
NR 28
TC 359
Z9 370
U1 0
U2 69
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6755
BP 782
EP 785
DI 10.1038/44555
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 250BG
UT WOS:000083368700050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liang, XH
   Jackson, S
   Seaman, M
   Brown, K
   Kempkes, B
   Hibshoosh, H
   Levine, B
AF Liang, XH
   Jackson, S
   Seaman, M
   Brown, K
   Kempkes, B
   Hibshoosh, H
   Levine, B
TI Induction of autophagy and inhibition of tumorigenesis by beclin 1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID isolated rat hepatocytes; protein-degradation; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; cells; mechanisms; brca1; yeast; fibroblasts; vacuole
AB The process of autophagy, or bulk degradation of cellular proteins through an autophagosomic-lysosomal pathway(1), is important in normal growth control and may be defective in tumour cells(2) However, little is known about the genetic mediators of autophagy in mammalian cells or their role in tumour development. The mammalian gene encoding Beclin 1 (ref. 3), a novel Bcl-2-interacting, coiled-coil protein, has structural similarity to the yeast autophagy gene, apg6/vps30 (refs 4, 5), and is mono-allelically deleted in 40-75% of sporadic human breast cancers and ovarian cancers(6). Here we show using gene-transfer techniques, that beclin 1 promotes autophagy in autophagy-defective yeast with a targeted disruption of agp6/vps30, and in human MCF7 breast carcinoma cells. The autophagy-promoting activity of beclin 1 in MCF7 cells is associated with inhibition of MCF7 cellular proliferation, in vitro clonigenicity and tumorigenesis in nude mice. Furthermore, endogenous Beclin 1 protein expression is frequently low in human breast epithelial carcinoma cell lines and tissue, but is expressed ubiquitously at high levels in normal breast epithelia. Thus, beclin 1 is a mammalian autophagy gene that can inhibit tumorigenesis and is expressed at decreased levels in human breast carcinoma. These findings suggest that decreased expression of autophagy proteins may contribute to the development or progression of breast and other human malignancies.
C1 Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Med, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Addenbrookes Hosp, Cambridge Inst Med Res, Dept Clin Biochem, Cambridge CB2 2XY, England.
   GSF Munich, Natl Res Ctr Environm & Hlth, Inst Clin Mol Biol, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke's Hospital; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health; University of Munich
RP Levine, B (corresponding author), Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Med, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM levine@cuccfa.ccc.columbia.edu
NR 27
TC 2911
Z9 3498
U1 3
U2 456
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 672
EP 676
DI 10.1038/45257
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800068
PM 10604474
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Farell, B
AF Farell, B
TI Psychophysics - Putting plaids in perspective - Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Syracuse Univ, Inst Sensory Res, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA.
   SUNY Hlth Sci Ctr, Ctr Vis Res, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA.
C3 Syracuse University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; SUNY Upstate Medical University
RP Farell, B (corresponding author), Syracuse Univ, Inst Sensory Res, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA.
NR 8
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 342
EP 343
DI 10.1038/43822
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600039
PM 16862104
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Plomin, R
AF Plomin, R
TI Genetics and general cognitive ability
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intelligence
AB General cognitive ability (g), often referred to as 'general intelligence', predicts social outcomes such as educational and occupational levels far better than any other behavioural trait. g is one of the most heritable behavioural traits, and genes that contribute to the heritability of g will certainly be identified. What are the scientific and social implications of finding genes associated with g?
C1 Kings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, London SE5 8AF, England.
C3 University of London; King's College London
RP Plomin, R (corresponding author), Kings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, DeCrespigny Pk,Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England.
EM r.plomin@iop.kcl.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 179
Z9 197
U1 1
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP C25
EP C29
DI 10.1038/35011520
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MZ
UT WOS:000084014100004
PM 10591222
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Macilwain, C
AF Macilwain, C
TI Chile tries to bridge gap in scientific standards
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6726
BP A11
EP A12
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 182QB
UT WOS:000079508700005
PM 10201380
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lux, T
   Marchesi, M
AF Lux, T
   Marchesi, M
TI Scaling and criticality in a stochastic multi-agent model of a financial market
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stock-market; exchange; volatility; dynamics
AB Financial prices have been found to exhibit some universal characteristics(1-6) that resemble the scaling laws characterizing physical systems in which large numbers of units interact. This raises the question of whether scaling in finance emerges in a similar way-from the interactions of a large ensemble of market participants. However, such an explanation is in contradiction to the prevalent 'efficient market hypothesis'(7) in economics, which assumes that the movements of financial prices are an immediate and unbiased reflection of incoming news about future earning prospects. Within this hypothesis, scaling in price changes would simply reflect similar scaling in the 'input' signals that influence them. Here we describe a multi-agent model of financial markets which supports the idea that scaling arises from mutual interactions of participants. Although the 'news arrival process' in our model lacks both power-law scaling and any temporal dependence in volatility, we find that it generates such behaviour as a result of interactions between agents.
C1 Univ Bonn, Dept Econ, D-53113 Bonn, Germany.
   Univ Cagliari, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, I-09123 Cagliari, Italy.
C3 University of Bonn; University of Cagliari
RP Lux, T (corresponding author), Univ Bonn, Dept Econ, Adenauerallee 24-42, D-53113 Bonn, Germany.
EM lux@iiw.uni-bonn.de
NR 23
TC 1032
Z9 1170
U1 2
U2 145
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 11
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6719
BP 498
EP 500
DI 10.1038/17290
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 166KN
UT WOS:000078574900041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sever, S
   Muhlberg, AB
   Schmid, SL
AF Sever, S
   Muhlberg, AB
   Schmid, SL
TI Impairment of dynamin's GAP domain stimulates receptor-mediated endocytosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coated vesicle formation; gtpase-activating proteins; mx proteins; gene; drosophila; yeast; microtubules; assembles; shibire; forms
AB Dynamin is a GTP-hydrolysing protein that is an essential participant in clathrin-mediated endocytosis by cells. It self-assembles into 'collars' in vitro which also form in vivo at the necks of invaginated coated pits. This self-assembly stimulates dynamin's GTPase activity and it has been proposed that dynamin hydrolyses GTP in order to generate the force needed to sever vesicles from the plasma membrane. A mechanism is now described in which self-assembly of dynamin is coordinated by a domain of dynamin with a GTPase-activating function. Unexpectedly, when dynamin mutants defective in self-assembly-stimulated GTPase activity are overexpressed, receptor-mediated endocytosis is accelerated. The results indicate that dynamin, like other members of the GTPase superfamily, functions as a molecular regulator in receptor-mediated endocytosis, rather than as a force-generating GTPase.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute
RP Schmid, SL (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 41
TC 317
Z9 364
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6727
BP 481
EP 486
DI 10.1038/19024
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185HQ
UT WOS:000079662800039
PM 10206643
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hoffert, MI
   Caldeira, K
   Covey, C
   Duffy, PB
   Santer, BD
AF Hoffert, MI
   Caldeira, K
   Covey, C
   Duffy, PB
   Santer, BD
TI Global warming - Solar variability and the Earth's climate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 NYU, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10003 USA.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Div Atmospher Sci, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
C3 New York University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
RP Hoffert, MI (corresponding author), NYU, Dept Phys, 4 Washington Pl, New York, NY 10003 USA.
NR 16
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6755
BP 764
EP 764
DI 10.1038/44519
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 250BG
UT WOS:000083368700044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fujita, M
   Fujita, N
   Ogura, K
   Yamaguchi, K
AF Fujita, M
   Fujita, N
   Ogura, K
   Yamaguchi, K
TI Spontaneous assembly of ten components into two interlocked, identical coordination cages
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID <2>catenane; catenanes; molecules; order; rings
AB Supermolecules consisting of interlinked ring-like molecules (catenanes)(1) are an interesting target for chemical synthesis both for their intrinsic interest as non-covalently bound but robust assemblies and because of the perspective they offer on materials chemistry(2), Catenanes have been prepared by metal-ion templating(3,4) and self-assembly through other non-covalent interactions(5-12). Here we report the synthesis of a catenane composed not of two interlocking rings but of two cages. This structure is prepared by metal-mediated self-assembly(13-15). The framework of each cage is assembled from five components: two tridentate ligands held together with three metal ions. Because each cage framework can bind an aromatic ring, two cage units will bind one another during their assembly process through the formation of a quadruple aromatic stack, giving rise to the ten-component interlocked supermolecule(16,17).
C1 Inst Mol Sci, Coordinat Chem Labs, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Grad Univ Adv Studies, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Chiba Univ, Fac Engn, Dept Appl Chem, Inage Ku, Chiba 2638522, Japan.
   Chiba Univ, Ctr Chem Anal, Inage Ku, Chiba 2638522, Japan.
C3 National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; Institute for Molecular Science (IMS); Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan; Chiba University; Chiba University
RP Fujita, M (corresponding author), Inst Mol Sci, Coordinat Chem Labs, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
NR 24
TC 393
Z9 418
U1 6
U2 171
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6739
BP 52
EP 55
DI 10.1038/21861
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 213DA
UT WOS:000081255700046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Das, A
   Gilbert, CD
AF Das, A
   Gilbert, CD
TI Topography of contextual modulations mediated by short-range interactions in primary visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monkey striate cortex; functionally characterized sites; cross-correlation analysis; horizontal connections; orientation selectivity; direction selectivity; intrinsic connections; cortical dynamics; cat; sensitivity
AB Neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) respond differently to a simple visual element presented in isolation from when it is embedded within a complex image. This difference, a specific modulation by surrounding elements in the image, is mediated by short- and long-range connections within V1 and by feedback from other areas. Here we study the role of short-range connections in this process, and relate it to the layout of local inhomogeneities in the cortical maps of orientation and space. By measuring correlation between neuron pairs located in optically imaged maps of V1 orientation columns we show that the strength of local connections between cells is a graded function of lateral separation across cortex, largely radially symmetrical and relatively independent of orientation preferences. We then show the contextual influence of flanking visual elements on neuronal responses varies systematically with a neuron's position within the cortical orientation map. The strength of this contextual influence on a neuron can be predicted from a model of local connections based on simple overlap with particular features of the orientation map. This Indicates that local Intracortical circuitry could endow neurons with a graded specialization for processing angular visual features such as corners and T functions, and this specialization could have its own functional cortical map, linked with the orientation map.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University
RP Gilbert, CD (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM gilbert@rockvax.rockefeller.edu
NR 45
TC 246
Z9 282
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 655
EP 661
DI 10.1038/21371
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800050
PM 10385116
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lansac, Y
   Glaser, MA
   Clark, NA
   Lavrentovich, OD
AF Lansac, Y
   Glaser, MA
   Clark, NA
   Lavrentovich, OD
TI Photocontrolled nanophase segregation in a liquid-crystal solvent
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photochemical control; smectic-a; molecular-dynamics; polarization
AB Materials whose structure or electrical or optical properties can be controlled with light are said to be photoactive. Liquid crystals are of interest as photoactive media, because their fluidity maintains the possibility of molecular motion in response to photon absorption, while their orientational and/or positional ordering offers the possibility of cooperative behaviour that can amplify relatively weak photochemical effects. Moreover, liquid crystals impose their own ordering on solutes. For example, smectic A liquid crystals, comprised of one-dimensional stacks of fluid layers with the molecular axes aligned normal to the layers', produce a modulation in solute concentration with a period equal to the layer spacing(2,3). Here we present computer simulations which show that the positional ordering of a photoactive solute tan azobenzene derivative, denoted 7AB) in a smectic host (denoted 8CB) depends sensitively on its photochemical state. The photoactive molecules are driven from within the smectic layers to locations between the layers by trans-to-cis photoisomerization, This would explain the recent observation(4-7) of a reversible increase in the smectic A layer spacing of a solution of 7AB in 8CB accompanying the photoisomerization process, The effect might be exploited for low-power, high-resolution optical data storage, and more generally for the manipulation of organic materials at the nanometre scale.
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Condensed Matter Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Ferroelect Liquid Crystal Mat Res Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Kent State Univ, Inst Liquid Crystal, Kent, OH 44242 USA.
   Kent State Univ, Chem Phys Program, Kent, OH 44242 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University System of Ohio; Kent State University; Kent State University Salem; Kent State University Kent; University System of Ohio; Kent State University; Kent State University Kent; Kent State University Salem
RP Glaser, MA (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Condensed Matter Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM matthew.glaser@colorado.edu
NR 21
TC 114
Z9 116
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6722
BP 54
EP 57
DI 10.1038/17995
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 174KG
UT WOS:000079033900048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Arsuaga, JL
   Lorenzo, C
   Carretero, JM
   Gracia, A
   Martínez, I
   García, N
   de Castro, JMB
   Carbonell, E
AF Arsuaga, JL
   Lorenzo, C
   Carretero, JM
   Gracia, A
   Martínez, I
   García, N
   de Castro, JMB
   Carbonell, E
TI A complete human pelvis from the Middle Pleistocene of Spain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sierra-de-atapuerca; los-huesos; sexual dimorphism; size variation; sima; site; hominids; patterns
AB The Middle Pleistocene site of Sima de los Huesos in Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain, has yielded around 2,500 fossils from at least 33 different hominid individuals'. These have been dated at more than 200,000 years ago(2-4) and have been classified as ancestors of Neanderthals(5,6), An almost complete human male pelvis (labelled Pelvis 1) has been found, which we associate with two fragmentary femora. Pelvis 1 is robust and very broad with avery long superior pubic ramus, marked iliac flare, and a long femoral neck. This pattern is probably the primitive condition from which modern humans departed. A modern human newborn would pass through the birth canal of Pelvis 1 and this would be even larger in a female individual. We estimate the body mass of this individual at 95 kg or more. Using the cranial capacities of three specimens from Sima de los Huesos, the encephalization quotients are substantially smaller than in Neanderthals and modern humans.
C1 Univ Complutense Madrid, Fac Ciencias Geol, Inst Geol Econ, Dept Paleontol, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
   Univ Burgos, Fac Humanidades & Educ, Dept Ciencias Hist & Geog, Burgos 09071, Spain.
   CSIC, Museo Nacl Ciencias Nat, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
   Univ Rovira & Virgili, Lab Arqueol, Tarragona 43005, Spain.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC-UCM - Instituto de Geologia Economica (IGE); Complutense University of Madrid; Universidad de Burgos; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN); Universitat Rovira i Virgili
RP Arsuaga, JL (corresponding author), Univ Complutense Madrid, Fac Ciencias Geol, Inst Geol Econ, Dept Paleontol, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
NR 23
TC 163
Z9 186
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6733
BP 255
EP 258
DI 10.1038/20430
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 198MF
UT WOS:000080427400054
PM 10353247
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, C
   Stewart, RJ
   Kopecek, J
AF Wang, C
   Stewart, RJ
   Kopecek, J
TI Hybrid hydrogels assembled from synthetic polymers and coiled-coil protein domains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-transition; gel; heterodimer; switch
AB Stimuli-sensitive polymer hydrogels, which swell or shrink in response to changes in the environmental conditions, have been extensively investigated and used as 'smart' biomaterials and drug-delivery systems(1,2). Most of these responsive hydrogels are prepared from a limited number of synthetic polymers and their derivatives, such as copolymers of (meth)acrylic acid, acrylamide and N-isopropyl acrylamide(3-12). Water-soluble synthetic polymers have also been crosslinked with molecules of biological origin, such as oligopeptides(13) and oligodeoxyribonudeotides(14), or with intact native proteins(15). Very often there are several factors influencing the relationship between structure and properties in these systems, making it difficult to engineer hydrogels with specified responses to particular stimuli. Here we report a hybrid hydrogel system assembled from water-soluble synthetic polymers and a well-defined protein-folding motif, the coiled coil. These hydrogels undergo temperature-induced collapse owing to the cooperative conformational transition of the coiled-coil protein domain. This system shows that well-characterized water-soluble synthetic polymers can be combined with well-defined folding motifs of proteins in hydrogels with engineered volume-change properties(16,17).
C1 Univ Utah, Dept Bioengn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Univ Utah, Dept Pharmaceut & Pharmaceut Chem, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
RP Kopecek, J (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Bioengn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
EM Jindrich.Kopecek@m.cc.utah.edu
NR 30
TC 526
Z9 642
U1 2
U2 306
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 4
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6718
BP 417
EP 420
DI 10.1038/17092
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 164KA
UT WOS:000078461700042
PM 9989405
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rowe, D
   Muehlenbachs, A
AF Rowe, D
   Muehlenbachs, A
TI Low-temperature thermal generation of hydrocarbon gases in shallow shales
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natural-gas; sedimentary basin; organic-matter; carbon; components
AB The thermal generation of hydrocarbon gases in sedimentary systems is generally thought to be an exclusively high-temperature process', although previous work has indicated that significant generation may take place at burial temperatures as low as 65 degrees C (ref. 2). Here we present the carbon-isotope signatures of gases from the Western Canadian sedimentary basin. The isotope data show that low-temperature thermal generation of non-methane hydrocarbons occurs at temperatures lower than 62 degrees C and possibly as low as 20 degrees C, We can distinguish between gases of shallow(3,4) and deep origin by using the carbon-isotope compositions of the non-methane components (ethane, propane and butane); the shallow gases have isotopic compositions consistent with a thermal origin, whereas the deep gases-although of abiogenic origin-bear isotopic signatures that have been biologically altered These findings have allowed the development of a successful tool for detecting the source of leaking gases around oil wells in this basin, enabling cheaper and more effective remediation.
C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada.
C3 University of Alberta
RP Rowe, D (corresponding author), Univ Alberta, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, 1-26 ESB, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada.
EM kmuehlen@gpu.srv.ualberta.ca
NR 21
TC 68
Z9 80
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6722
BP 61
EP 63
DI 10.1038/18007
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 174KG
UT WOS:000079033900050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Corson, J
   Mallozzi, R
   Orenstein, J
   Eckstein, JN
   Bozovic, I
AF Corson, J
   Mallozzi, R
   Orenstein, J
   Eckstein, JN
   Bozovic, I
TI Vanishing of phase coherence in underdoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID superconducting films; normal-state; gap
AB Although the binding of electrons into Cooper pairs is essential in forming the superconducting state, its remarkable properties-zero resistance and perfect diamagnetism-require phase coherence among the pairs as well. When coherence is lost at the transition temperature T-c, pairing remains, together with phase correlations which are finite in space and time. In conventional metals, Cooper pairs with short-range phase coherence survive no more than 1 K above T-c. In underdoped high-T-c copper oxides, spectroscopic evidence for some form of pairing is found up to a temperature T*, which is roughly 100 K above T-c (refs 1-3). How this pairing and Cooper-pair formation are related is a central problem in high-T-c superconductivity. The nature of this relationship hinges on the extent to which phase correlations accompany pairing in the normal state(4). Here we report measurements of high-frequency conductivity that track the phase-correlation time tau in the normal state of the Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta,s family of underdoped copper oxide superconductors. Just above T-c,we find that tau reflects the motion of thermally generated topological defects in the phase, or vortices(5,6). However, vortex proliferation reduces tau to a value indistinguishable from the lifetime of normal-state electrons at 100 K, well below T*.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Oxxel GmbH, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Orenstein, J (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM joeo@ux5.lbl.gov
NR 17
TC 496
Z9 543
U1 1
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6724
BP 221
EP 223
DI 10.1038/18402
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 177UA
UT WOS:000079228400047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saxena, D
   Flores, S
   Stotzky, G
AF Saxena, D
   Flores, S
   Stotzky, G
TI Transgenic plants - Insecticidal toxin in root exudates from Bt corn
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thuringiensis subsp kurstaki; bacillus-thuringiensis; soil; tenebrionis
C1 NYU, Dept Biol, Microbial Ecol Lab, New York, NY 10003 USA.
   Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela.
C3 New York University; Venezuelan Institute Science Research
RP Saxena, D (corresponding author), NYU, Dept Biol, Microbial Ecol Lab, New York, NY 10003 USA.
EM gs5@is2.nyu.edu
NR 10
TC 288
Z9 414
U1 0
U2 98
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 480
EP 480
DI 10.1038/44997
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200041
PM 10591205
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bryan-Brown, GP
   Wood, EL
   Sage, IC
AF Bryan-Brown, GP
   Wood, EL
   Sage, IC
TI Weak surface anchoring of liquid crystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alignment; interface; energy
AB Current nematic liquid-crystal (LC) displays rely on voltage-induced reorientation of the director (the average molecular direction) within the bulk of the LC layer. In these devices, the surface region of the LC is strongly anchored to the cell walls and does not undergo reorientation at normal operating voltages. This situation is not optimal and indeed modelling has shown that weak anchoring of the LC can in principle lead to lower operating voltages and improved steepness in the electro-optic response(1). Achieving weak anchoring in practice has proved difficult. Soft rubbing of a polymer(2) or photoinduced ordering of a polymer(3) coating the cell walls can lead to weak azimuthal (in-plane) anchoring, but a memory effect is still present which prevents high-speed surface reorientation. Some surface treatments, such as obliquely evaporated silicon oxide, can also induce weak anchoring, but only for a restricted range of temperatures(4,5). Here we report a different approach to weak anchoring, which relies on the addition of small percentages of oligomeric molecules to the LC. This approach results in very small zenithal tout of substrate plane) and azimuthal tin plane) anchoring energies, When applied to nematic displays, such treatments lead to a halving of the operating voltage.
C1 Defense Evaluat & Res Agcy, Malvern WR14 3PS, Worcs, England.
RP Bryan-Brown, GP (corresponding author), Defense Evaluat & Res Agcy, St Andrews Rd, Malvern WR14 3PS, Worcs, England.
NR 12
TC 123
Z9 142
U1 1
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6734
BP 338
EP 340
DI 10.1038/20646
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200PA
UT WOS:000080547800054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gong, JG
   Costanzo, A
   Yang, HQ
   Melino, G
   Kaelin, WG Jr
   Levrero, M
   Wang, JYJ
AF Gong, JG
   Costanzo, A
   Yang, HQ
   Melino, G
   Kaelin, WG Jr
   Levrero, M
   Wang, JYJ
TI The tyrosine kinase c-Abl regulates p73 in apoptotic response to cisplatin-induced DNA damage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mismatch repair deficiency; flow-cytometry; cells; protein; p53; radiation; stress; mice
AB Cancer chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin exert their cytotoxic effect by inducing DNA damage and activating programmed cell death (apoptosis), The tumour-suppressor protein p53 is an important activator of apoptosis. Although p53-deficient cancer cells are less responsive to chemotherapy, their resistance is not complete, which suggests that other apoptotic pathways may exist. A p53-related gene, p73, which encodes several proteins as a result of alternative splicing(1,2), can also induce apoptosis(3). Here we show that the amount of p73 protein in the cell is increased by cisplatin. This induction of p73 is not seen in cells unable to carry out mismatch repair and in which the nuclear enzyme c-Abl tyrosine kinase is not activated by cisplatin, The half-life of p73 is prolonged by cisplatin and by co-expression with c-Abl tyrosine kinase; the apoptosis-inducing function of p73 is also enhanced by the c-Abl kinase, Mouse embryo fibroblasts deficient in mismatch repair or in c-Abl do not upregulate p73 and are more resistant to killing by cisplatin. Our results indicate that c-Abl and p73 are components ofa mismatch-repair-dependent apoptosis pathway which contributes to cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Canc, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Roma La Sapienza, Fdn A Cesalpino, Gene Express Lab, I-00161 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dept Expt Med, IRCCS, Ist Dermopatico Immacolata,Biochem Lab, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Sapienza University Rome; IRCCS Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI); University of Rome Tor Vergata; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
RP Wang, JYJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM jywang@ucsd.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA043054, R37 CA043054] Funding Source: Medline
NR 22
TC 827
Z9 933
U1 2
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6738
BP 806
EP 809
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 210JP
UT WOS:000081101600059
PM 10391249
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Amelino-Camelia, G
AF Amelino-Camelia, G
TI Gravity-wave interferometers as quantum-gravity detectors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID measurability; mechanics; uncertainty; distances; antenna; length; ligo
AB Nearly all theoretical approaches to the unification of quantum mechanics and gravity predict(1-4) that, at very short distance scales, the classical picture of space-time breaks down, with space-time becoming somewhat 'fuzzy' (or 'foamy'). The properties of this fuzziness and the length scale that characterizes its onset are potentially a means for determining which (if any) of the existing models of quantum gravity is correct, But it is generally believed(5) that these quantum space-time effects are too small to be probed by technologies currently available. Here I argue that modern gravity-wave interferometers are sensitive enough to test certain space-time fuzziness models, because quantum space-time effects should provide an additional source of noise in the interferometers that can be tightly constrained experimentally, The noise levels recently achieved in one interferometer(6) are sufficient to rule out values of the length scale that characterizes one of the space-time fuzziness models down to the Planck length (similar to 10(-35) m) and beyond, while the sensitivity required to test another model should be achievable with interferometers now under construction.
C1 Univ Neuchatel, Inst Phys, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
   Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
C3 University of Neuchatel; Sapienza University Rome
RP Amelino-Camelia, G (corresponding author), CERN, Div Theory, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
NR 33
TC 216
Z9 222
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6724
BP 216
EP 218
DI 10.1038/18377
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 177UA
UT WOS:000079228400045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dhalluin, C
   Carlson, JE
   Zeng, L
   He, C
   Aggarwal, AK
   Zhou, MM
AF Dhalluin, C
   Carlson, JE
   Zeng, L
   He, C
   Aggarwal, AK
   Zhou, MM
TI Structure and ligand of a histone acetyltransferase bromodomain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proteins; nmr; coactivator; acetylation; activation; assignment; c-13; cbp
AB Histone acetylation is important in chromatin remodelling and gene activation(1-4). Nearly all known histone-acetyltransferase (HAT)-associated transcriptional co-activators contain bromodomains, which are similar to 110-amino-acid modules found in many chromatin-associated proteins(5-9). Despite the wide occurrence of these bromodomains, their three-dimensional structure and binding partners remain unknown. Here we report the solution structure of the bromodomain of the HAT co-activator P/CAF (p300/CBP-associated factor)(10,11). The structure reveals an unusual left-handed up-and-down four-helix bundle. In addition, we show by a combination of structural and site-directed mutagenesis studies that bromodomains can interact specifically with acetylated lysine, making them the first known protein modules to do so, The nature of the recognition of acetyl-lysine by the P/CAF bromodomain is similar to that of acetyl-CoA by histone acetyltransferase. Thus, the bromodomain is functionally linked to the HAT activity of co-activators in the regulation of gene transcription.
C1 CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Struct Biol Program, New York, NY 10029 USA.
C3 City University of New York (CUNY) System; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
RP Zhou, MM (corresponding author), CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Struct Biol Program, Box 1218, New York, NY 10029 USA.
NR 29
TC 1396
Z9 1784
U1 0
U2 157
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 491
EP 496
DI 10.1038/20974
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900054
PM 10365964
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU MacGlashan, GS
   Andreev, YG
   Bruce, PG
AF MacGlashan, GS
   Andreev, YG
   Bruce, PG
TI Structure of the polymer electrolyte poly(ethylene oxide)6:LiAsF6
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; complex; salts
AB Polymer electrolytes-salts (such as LiCF3SO3) dissolved in solid, high-molar-mass polymers (for example, poly(ethylene oxide), PEO)(1-3)-hold the key to the development of all-solid-state rechargeable Lithium batteries(4). They also represent an unusual class of coordination compounds in the solid state(5). Conductivities of up to 10(-4) S cm(-1) may be obtained, but higher levels are needed for applications in batteries(5-7). To achieve such levels requires a better understanding of the conduction mechanism, and crucial to this is a knowledge of polymer-electrolyte structure. Crystalline forms of polymer electrolytes are obtained at only a few discrete compositions. The structures of 3 : 1 and 4: 1 complexes (denoting the ratio of ether oxygens to cations) have been determined(5,8,9). But the 6:1 complex is of greater interest as the conductivity of polymer electrolytes increases significantly on raising the polymer content from 3:1 to 6: 1 (refs 10, 11). Furthermore, many highly conducting polymer-electrolytes) stems form crystalline 6:1 complexes whereas those with lower conductivities do not. Here we report the structure of the PEO:LiAsF6 complex with a 6:1 composition. Determination of the structure was carried out ab initio by employing a method for flexible molecular structures, involving full profile fitting to the X-ray powder diffraction data by simulated annealing(12). Whereas in the 3:1 complexes the polymer chains form helices, those in the 6:1 complex form double non-helical chains which interlock to form a cylinder. The lithium ions reside inside these cylinders and, in contrast to other complexes, are not coordinated by the anions.
C1 Univ St Andrews, Sch Chem, St Andrews KY16 9ST, Fife, Scotland.
C3 University of St Andrews
RP Bruce, PG (corresponding author), Univ St Andrews, Sch Chem, St Andrews KY16 9ST, Fife, Scotland.
NR 23
TC 449
Z9 518
U1 8
U2 417
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6730
BP 792
EP 794
DI 10.1038/19730
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 192BL
UT WOS:000080058100053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bruna, EM
AF Bruna, EM
TI Biodiversity - Seed germination in rainforest fragments
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID habitat fragmentation; rain-forest
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   INPA, Natl Inst Res Amazon, Biol Dynam Forest Fragments Project, BR-69011970 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis; Institute Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia
RP Bruna, EM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
NR 11
TC 113
Z9 132
U1 0
U2 55
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 139
EP 139
DI 10.1038/45963
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knoll, B
   Keilmann, F
AF Knoll, B
   Keilmann, F
TI Near-field probing of vibrational absorption for chemical microscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optical microscopy; resolution; scattering
AB Identification of chemical compounds by vibrational spectroscopy at infrared wavelengths requires macroscopic samples: the spatial resolution is diffraction-limited to a scale of about half the wavelength, or about five micrometres, The scanning near-field optical microscope(1,2), however, can reveal sub-wavelength detail because it uses near-field probing rather than beam focusing. Here we demonstrate the use of the aperture-less approach to scanning near-field optical microscopy(3-6) to obtain contrast in vibrational absorption on a scale of about 100 nanometres, about one-hundredth of a wavelength. We record infrared scattering from the tip of an atomic force microscope scanned over a composite polymer film. At the boundary between different polymers we observe contrast changes owing to changes in vibrational absorption. The contrast is strongly enhanced in the near field of the probe tip, which we interpret as evidence of surface-enhanced infrared absorption(7). When extended to multi-wavelength operation, this approach should enable imaging of chemical composition at nanometre resolution.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biochem, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Keilmann, F (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biochem, Klopferspitz 18A, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
NR 14
TC 837
Z9 928
U1 5
U2 244
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6732
BP 134
EP 137
DI 10.1038/20154
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 196XU
UT WOS:000080335700045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wodarz, A
   Ramrath, A
   Kuchinke, U
   Knust, E
AF Wodarz, A
   Ramrath, A
   Kuchinke, U
   Knust, E
TI Bazooka provides an apical cue for Inscuteable localization in Drosophila neuroblasts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID asymmetric cell-division; caenorhabditis-elegans; daughter-cell; prospero; protein; staufen; miranda; gene; segregation; polarity
AB Asymmetric cell division generates daughter cells with different developmental fates from progenitor cells that contain localized determinants. During this division, the asymmetric localization of cell-fate determinants and the orientation of the mitotic spindle must be precisely coordinated. In Drosophila neuroblasts, inscuteable controls both spindle orientation and the asymmetric localization of the cell-fate determinants Prospero and Numb(1). Inscuteable itself is localized in an apical cortical crescent and thus reflects the intrinsic asymmetry of the neuroblast(1,2). Here we show that localization of Inscuteable depends on Bazooka, a protein containing three PDZ domains with overall sequence similarity to Par-3 of Caenorhabditis elegans(3). Bazooka and Inscuteable form a complex that also contains Staufen, a protein responsible for the asymmetric localization of prospero messenger RNA. We propose that, after delamination of the neuroblast from the neuroepithelium, Bazooka provides an asymmetric cue in the apical cytocortex that is required to anchor Inscuteable, As Bazooka is also responsible for the maintenance of apical-basal polarity in epithelial tissues(4), it may be the missing link between epithelial polarity and neuroblast polarity.
C1 Univ Dusseldorf, Inst Genet, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
C3 Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf
RP Wodarz, A (corresponding author), Univ Dusseldorf, Inst Genet, Univ Str 1, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
NR 27
TC 383
Z9 449
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 544
EP 547
DI 10.1038/990128
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200060
PM 10591216
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU De Strooper, B
   Annaert, W
   Cupers, P
   Saftig, P
   Craessaerts, K
   Mumm, JS
   Schroeter, EH
   Schrijvers, V
   Wolfe, MS
   Ray, WJ
   Goate, A
   Kopan, R
AF De Strooper, B
   Annaert, W
   Cupers, P
   Saftig, P
   Craessaerts, K
   Mumm, JS
   Schroeter, EH
   Schrijvers, V
   Wolfe, MS
   Ray, WJ
   Goate, A
   Kopan, R
TI A presenilin-1-dependent γ-secretase-like protease mediates release of Notch intracellular domain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amyloid precursor protein; alzheimers-disease gene; caenorhabditis-elegans; signal-transduction; beta; cleavage; proteolysis; inhibition; expression; receptor
AB Signalling through the receptor protein Notch, which is involved in crucial cell-fate decisions during development, requires ligand-induced cleavage of Notch. This cleavage occurs within the predicted transmembrane domain, releasing the Notch intracellular domain (MCD), and is reminiscent of gamma-secsretase-mediated cleavage of beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP), a critical event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. a deficiency in presenilin-1 (PS1) inhibits processing of APP by gamma-secretase in mammalian cells, and genetic interactions between Notch and PS1 homologues in Caenorhabditis elegans indicate that the presenilins may modulate the Notch signalling pathway(1-4). Here we report that, in mammalian cells, PS1 deficiency also reduces the proteolytic release of NICD from a truncated Notch construct, thus identifying the specific biochemical step of the Notch signalling pathway that is affected by PS1. Moreover, several gamma-secretase inhibitors block this same step in Notch processing indicating that related protease activities are responsible for cleavage within the predicted transmembrane domains of Notch and APP. Thus the targeting of gamma-secretase for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease may risk toxicity caused by reduced Notch signalling.
C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven VIB, Ctr Human Genet, Neuronal Cell Biol & Gene Transfer Lab, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
   Univ Gottingen, Zentrum Biochem & Mol Zellbiol, Biochem Abt 2, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.
   Washington Univ, Div Dermatol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Pharmacol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Univ Tennessee, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Memphis, TN 38138 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 KU Leuven; Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB); University of Gottingen; Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP De Strooper, B (corresponding author), Katholieke Univ Leuven VIB, Ctr Human Genet, Neuronal Cell Biol & Gene Transfer Lab, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
EM Bart.Destrooper@med.kuleuven.ac.be; Kopan@Pharmsun.Wustl.Edu
NR 30
TC 1604
Z9 1931
U1 1
U2 105
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6727
BP 518
EP 522
DI 10.1038/19083
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185HQ
UT WOS:000079662800049
PM 10206645
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Merfeld, DM
   Zupan, L
   Peterka, RJ
AF Merfeld, DM
   Zupan, L
   Peterka, RJ
TI Humans use internal models to estimate gravity and linear acceleration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID squirrel-monkey; vestibuloocular reflex; semicircular canals; eccentric rotation; ocular responses; viewing distance; roll tilt; motion; orientation; integration
AB Because sensory systems often provide ambiguous information, neural processes must exist to resolve these ambiguities. It is likely that similar neural processes are used by different sensory systems. For example, many tasks require neural processing to distinguish linear acceleration from gravity(1), but Einstein's equivalence principle states that all linear accelerometers must measure both linear acceleration and gravity. Here we investigate whether the brain uses internal models, defined as neural systems that mimic physical principles, to help estimate linear acceleration and gravity(2-4). Internal models may be used in motor control(5-7), sensorimotor integration(8-10) and sensory processing(11-14), but direct experimental evidence for such models is limited. To determine how humans process ambiguous gravity and linear acceleration cues, subjects were tilted after being rotated at a constant velocity about an Earth-vertical axis. We show that the eye movements evoked by this post-rotational tilt include a response component that compensates for the estimated Linear acceleration even when no actual linear acceleration occurs. These measured responses are consistent with our internal model predictions that the nervous system can develop a non-zero estimate of linear acceleration even when no true linear acceleration is present.
C1 Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Inst Neurol Sci, Portland, OR 97209 USA.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University
RP Merfeld, DM (corresponding author), Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirm, Vestibular Physiol Lab, 243 Charles St, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM dan_merfeld@meei.harvard.edu
NR 28
TC 398
Z9 434
U1 1
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6728
BP 615
EP 618
DI 10.1038/19303
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 186WX
UT WOS:000079754700056
PM 10217143
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, HJ
   Fischer, H
   Wahlen, M
   Mastroianni, D
   Deck, B
AF Smith, HJ
   Fischer, H
   Wahlen, M
   Mastroianni, D
   Deck, B
TI Dual modes of the carbon cycle since the Last Glacial Maximum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ice-core; atmospheric co2; greenland ice; record
AB The most conspicuous feature of the record of past climate contained in polar ice is the rapid warming which occurs after long intervals of gradual cooling. During the last four transitions from glacial to interglacial conditions, over which such abrupt warmings occur, ice records indicate that the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere increased by roughly 80 to 100 parts per million by volume (refs 1-4). But the causes of the atmospheric CO2 concentration increases are unclear. Here we present the stable-carbon-isotope composition (delta(13)CO(2)) Of CO2 extracted from air trapped in ice at Taylor Dome, Antarctica, rom the Last Glacial Maximum to the onset of Holocene times. The global carbon cycle is shown to have operated in two distinct primary modes on the timescale of thousands of years, one when climate was changing relatively slowly and another when warming was rapid, each with a characteristic average stable-carbon-isotope composition of the net CO2 exchanged by the atmosphere with the land and oceans. delta(13)CO(2) increased betiveen 16.5 and 9 thousand years ago by slightly more than would be estimated to be caused by the physical effects of a 5 degrees C rise in global average sea surface temperature driving a CO2 efflux from the ocean, but our data do not allow specific causes to be constrained.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography
RP Smith, HJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM hjsmith@aaas.org
NR 30
TC 152
Z9 172
U1 1
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6741
BP 248
EP 250
DI 10.1038/22291
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 217MP
UT WOS:000081503800039
PM 11536907
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gottesman, D
   Chuang, IL
AF Gottesman, D
   Chuang, IL
TI Demonstrating the viability of universal quantum computation using teleportation and single-qubit operations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID error-correction; computers; state
AB Algorithms such as quantum factoring(1) and quantum search(2) illustrate the great theoretical promise of quantum computers; but the practical implementation of such devices will require careful consideration of the minimum resource requirements, together with the development of procedures to overcome inevitable residual imperfections in physical systems(3-5). Many designs have been proposed, but none allow a large quantum computer to be built in the near future(6). Moreover, the known protocols for constructing reliable quantum computers from unreliable components can be complicated often requiring many operations to produce a desired transformation(3-5,7,8). Here we show how a single technique-a generalization of quantum teleportation(9)-reduces resource requirements for quantum computers and unifies known protocols for fault-tolerant quantum computation. We show that single quantum bit (qubit) operations, Bell-basis measurements and certain entangled quantum states such as Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states(10)-all of which are within the reach of current technology-are sufficient to construct a universal quantum computer. We also present systematic constructions for an infinite class of reliable quantum gates that make the design of fault-tolerant quantum computers much more straightforward and methodical.
C1 IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Microsoft Corp, Res, Redmond, WA 98052 USA.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Microsoft
RP Chuang, IL (corresponding author), IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, 650 Harry Rd, San Jose, CA 95120 USA.
EM ichuang@almaden.ibm.com
NR 23
TC 1531
Z9 1706
U1 2
U2 126
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 390
EP 393
DI 10.1038/46503
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Butler, JH
   Battle, M
   Bender, ML
   Montzka, SA
   Clarke, AD
   Saltzman, ES
   Sucher, CM
   Severinghaus, JP
   Elkins, JW
AF Butler, JH
   Battle, M
   Bender, ML
   Montzka, SA
   Clarke, AD
   Saltzman, ES
   Sucher, CM
   Severinghaus, JP
   Elkins, JW
TI A record of atmospheric halocarbons during the twentieth century from polar firn air
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lifetime experiment; methyl-chloride; emissions; trends; sf6; chlorofluorocarbons; uncertainty; distributions; hydrocarbons; abundance
AB Measurements of trace gases in air trapped in polar firn (unconsolidated snow) demonstrate that natural sources of chlorofluorocarbons, halons, persistent chlorocarbon solvents and sulphur hexafluoride to the atmosphere are minimal or non-existent. Atmospheric concentrations of these gases, reconstructed back to the late nineteenth century, are consistent with atmospheric histories derived from anthropogenic emission rates and known atmospheric lifetimes. The measurements confirm the predominance of human activity in the atmospheric budget of organic chlorine, and allow the estimation of atmospheric histories of halogenated gases of combined anthropogenic and natural origin. The pre-twentieth-century burden of methyl chloride was close to that at present, while the burden of methyl bromide was probably over half of today's value.
C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
   Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA.
C3 National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University of Rhode Island; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Miami
RP Butler, JH (corresponding author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
NR 52
TC 185
Z9 215
U1 2
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6738
BP 749
EP 755
DI 10.1038/21586
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 210JP
UT WOS:000081101600044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McGreevey, LS
   Seeley, RJ
AF McGreevey, LS
   Seeley, RJ
TI Quantification of hypothalamic mRNA changes during fasting using phosphor imaging
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neuropeptide-y; energy-balance; weight; mouse; rats
AB Growing evidence indicates that specific hypothalamic neuropeptides, such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), act as critical control systems for the regulation of food intake and body weight, NPY is the most prevalent peptide in the central nervous system (CNS) of a variety of mammals and NPY cell bodies in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus seem to be critical effecters in the control of feeding. Exogenous NPY administered into the CNS produces robust increases in food intake and repeated administration results in increased body Weight(1-3). In contrast, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) decreases food intake and repeated administration produces decreased body weight(4). If these hypothalamic systems are important in endogenous control of food intake during periods of negative energy balance, NPY activity should increase while CRH activity should decrease(5,6). To test this hypothesis we measured NPY and CRH gene expression using radiolabelled oligonucleotide probes. We also present a new method for quantifying in situ hybridization data by using a phosphor imaging system to locate and quantify those probes.
C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Psychiat, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; University of Cincinnati
RP McGreevey, LS (corresponding author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Psychiat, PB 670659, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA.
NR 13
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 1999
VL 0
IS 
BP 24
EP 24
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185DQ
UT WOS:000079653200001
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Piazza, V
   Pellegrini, V
   Beltram, F
   Wegscheider, W
   Jungwirth, T
   MacDonald, AH
AF Piazza, V
   Pellegrini, V
   Beltram, F
   Wegscheider, W
   Jungwirth, T
   MacDonald, AH
TI First-order phase transitions in a quantum Hall ferromagnet
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron double-layers; instability; collapse; integer; system
AB The single-particle energy spectrum of a two-dimensional electron gas in a perpendicular magnetic field consists of equally spaced energy states, known as Landau levels. Each level is split owing to spin interactions, and its degeneracy is proportional to the magnetic field strength. When the ratio, v (or 'filling factor'), of the number of electrons and the degeneracy of a Landau level takes an integer or particular fractional values, quantum Hall effects(1) occur, characterized by a vanishingly small longitudinal resistance and a quantized (transverse) Hall voltage(2). The quantum Hall regime may be used for the controlled study of many-particle cooperative phenomena, such as order-disorder phase transitions (analogous to those observed in conventional magnets). Both isotropic and anisotropic ferromagnetic ground states have been predicted(3-8) to occur in the quantum Hall regime, some of which have been investigated experimentally(9-13) in samples with different geometries and filling factors. Here we report evidence for first-order phase transitions in quantum Hall states (v = 2, 4) confined to a wide gallium arsenide quantum well. We observe hysteresis and an anomalous temperature dependence in the longitudinal resistivity, indicative of a transition between two distinct ground states of an Ising quantum Hall ferromagnet. The microscopic origin of the anisotropy field is identified using detailed many-body calculations.
C1 Scuola Normale Super Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
   Ist Nazl Fis Mat, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
   Walter Schottky Inst, Munich, Germany.
   Indiana Univ, Dept Phys, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
   Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Phys, CR-16200 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
C3 Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); Technical University of Munich; Walter Schottky Institute; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; Czech Academy of Sciences; Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences
RP Piazza, V (corresponding author), Scuola Normale Super Pisa, Piazza Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
NR 17
TC 135
Z9 149
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 638
EP 641
DI 10.1038/45189
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Olson, P
   Aurnou, J
AF Olson, P
   Aurnou, J
TI A polar vortex in the Earth's core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inner-core; geomagnetic-field; rotation; motions
AB Numerical dynamo models have been successful in explaining the origin of the Earth's magnetic field and its secular variation by convection in the electrically conducting fluid outer core(1-7). An important component of the convection in the numerical dynamos are polar vortices beneath the core-mantle boundary in each hemisphere. These polar vortices in the outer core have been proposed as sources for both the anomalous rotation of the inner core and the toroidal part of the geomagnetic field(2,8). Here we use the observed structure of the Earth's magnetic field and its variation since 1870 to infer the existence of an anticyclonic polar vortex with a polar upwelling in the northern hemisphere of the core, consistent with the polar vortices found in numerical dynamos.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University
RP Olson, P (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
EM olson@gibbs.eps.jhu.edu
NR 28
TC 109
Z9 121
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 170
EP 173
DI 10.1038/46017
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sicardy, B
   Roddier, F
   Roddier, C
   Perozzi, E
   Graves, JE
   Guyon, O
   Northcott, MJ
AF Sicardy, B
   Roddier, F
   Roddier, C
   Perozzi, E
   Graves, JE
   Guyon, O
   Northcott, MJ
TI Images of Neptune's ring arcs obtained by a ground-based telescope
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stellar occultation observations; adaptive optics; system; orbits
AB Neptune has a collection of incomplete narrow rings, known as ring arcs, which should in isolation be destroyed by differential motion in a matter of months. Yet since first discovered(1) by stellar occultations in 1984, they appear to have persisted(2-6), perhaps through a gravitational resonance effect involving the satellite Galatea(6-8). Here we report ground-based observations of the ring arcs, obtained using an adaptive optics system. Our data, and those obtained using the Hubble Space Telescope (reported in a companion paper(9)), indicate that the ring arcs are near, but not within the resonance with Galatea, in contrast to what is predicted by some models.
C1 Univ Paris 06, Observ Paris, Inst Univ France, DESPA, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Telespazio SpA, I-00156 Rome, Italy.
   Ecole Normale Super, F-75230 Paris 05, France.
C3 Institut Universitaire de France; Sorbonne Universite; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; University of Hawaii System; Thales Group; Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS)
RP Sicardy, B (corresponding author), Univ Paris 06, Observ Paris, Inst Univ France, DESPA, F-92195 Meudon, France.
EM Bruno.Sicardy@obspm.fr
NR 19
TC 36
Z9 38
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6746
BP 731
EP 733
DI 10.1038/23410
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228HM
UT WOS:000082131100039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Feher, VA
   Cavanagh, J
AF Feher, VA
   Cavanagh, J
TI Millisecond-timescale motions contribute to the function of the bacterial response regulator protein Spo0F
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID n-15 nmr relaxation; high-resolution nmr; backbone dynamics; bacillus-subtilis; staphylococcal nuclease; molecular recognition; signal-transduction; phosphorylation; domain; spectroscopy
AB Protein backbones and side chains display varying degrees of flexibility, which allows many slightly different but related conformational substates to occur(1). Such fluctuations are known to differ in both timescale and magnitude, from rotation of methyl groups (nanoseconds) to the flipping of buried tyrosine rings (seconds)(2,3), Because many mechanisms for protein function require conformational change, it has been proposed that some of these ground-state fluctuations are related to protein function(4). But exactly which aspects of motion are functionally relevant remains to be determined. Only a few examples so far exist where function can be correlated to structural fluctuations with known magnitude and timescale(5,6). As part of an investigation of the mechanism of action of the Bacillus subtilis response regulator Spo0F, we have explored the relationship between the motional characteristics and protein-protein interactions. Here we use a set of nuclear magnetic resonance N-15 relaxation measurements to determine the relative timescales of Spo0F backbone fluctuations on the picosecond-to-millisecond timescale, We show that regions having motion on the millisecond timescale correlate with residues and surfaces that are known to be critical for protein-protein interactions.
C1 New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, Albany, NY 12201 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Wadsworth Center
RP Cavanagh, J (corresponding author), New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, Albany, NY 12201 USA.
EM johnc@wadsworth.org
NR 30
TC 196
Z9 212
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6741
BP 289
EP 293
DI 10.1038/22357
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 217MP
UT WOS:000081503800050
PM 10421374
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gershon, D
AF Gershon, D
TI How to win venture-capital financing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 1
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6732
BP 181
EP 182
DI 10.1038/20241
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 196XU
UT WOS:000080335700058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takeda, N
   Umemoto, K
   Yamaguchi, K
   Fujita, M
AF Takeda, N
   Umemoto, K
   Yamaguchi, K
   Fujita, M
TI A nanometre-sired hexahedral coordination capsule assembled from 24 components
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular capsule; hydrogen-bonds; complex; encapsulation; symmetry; cage
AB Molecular capsules consist of closed, hollow frameworks within which encapsulated molecules are isolated from interaction with external molecules', In this environment, otherwise reactive molecules can be stabilized(2-5). Although some molecular capsules have been prepared by conventional synthetic chemistry(1), recent progress in non-covalent synthesis has allowed the creation of capsules held together by hydrogen bonds(6-9). Hero we report the use of transition-metal-based coordination chemistry(10-19) to assemble a stable, nanometre-scale capsule from 24 small components: 18 metal ions and six triangular ligands, The capsule is roughly hexahedral and comprises six edge-sharing triangles with two metal ions on each edge. The internal space has a volume of 900 Angstrom(3) and is fully closed to all but very small molecules.
C1 Inst Mol Sci, Coordinat Chem Labs, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Grad Univ Adv Studies, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Chiba Univ, Ctr Chem Anal, Chiba 2638522, Japan.
C3 National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; Institute for Molecular Science (IMS); Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan; Chiba University
RP Fujita, M (corresponding author), Nagoya Univ, Sch Engn, Dept Appl Chem, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648603, Japan.
NR 21
TC 400
Z9 424
U1 2
U2 75
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6730
BP 794
EP 796
DI 10.1038/19734
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 192BL
UT WOS:000080058100054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cogoni, C
   Macino, G
AF Cogoni, C
   Macino, G
TI Gene silencing in Neurospora crassa requires a protein homologous to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-stranded-rna; transgenic plants; sequence; expression; dna; interference; inactivation; suppression; degradation; cloning
AB In plants and fungi, the introduction of transgenes can lead to post-transcriptional gene silencing(1,2). This phenomenon, in which expression of the transgene and of endogenous genes containing sequences homologous to the transgene can be blocked, is involved in virus resistance(3-5) and genome maintenance(6,7). Transgene-induced gene silencing has been termed quelling in Neurospora crassa and co-suppression in plants. Quelling-defective (qde) mutants of N. crassa, in which transgene-induced gene silencing is impaired, have been isolated(8). Here we report the cloning of qde-1, the first cellular component of the gene-silencing mechanism to be isolated, which defines a new gene family conserved among different species including plants, animals and fungi. The qde-1 gene product is similar to an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase found in the tomato(9). The identification of qde-1 strongly supports models that implicate an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in the post-transcriptional gene-silencing mechanism. The presence of qde-1 homologues in a variety of species of plants and fungi indicates that a conserved gene-silencing mechanism may exist, which could have evolved to preserve genome integrity and to protect the genome against naturally occurring transposons and viruses.
C1 Univ Rome La Sapienza, Dipartimento Biotecnol Cellulari & Ematol, Sez Genet Mol, I-00161 Rome, Italy.
C3 Sapienza University Rome
RP Macino, G (corresponding author), Univ Rome La Sapienza, Dipt Biotecnol Cellulari & Ematol, Sez Genet Mol, Viale Regina Elena 324, I-00161 Rome, Italy.
NR 30
TC 513
Z9 699
U1 0
U2 54
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6732
BP 166
EP 169
DI 10.1038/20215
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 196XU
UT WOS:000080335700054
PM 10335848
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lake, B
   Aeppli, G
   Mason, TE
   Schröder, A
   McMorrow, DF
   Lefmann, K
   Isshiki, M
   Nohara, M
   Takagi, H
   Hayden, SM
AF Lake, B
   Aeppli, G
   Mason, TE
   Schröder, A
   McMorrow, DF
   Lefmann, K
   Isshiki, M
   Nohara, M
   Takagi, H
   Hayden, SM
TI Spin gap and magnetic coherence in a clean high-temperature superconductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID la2-xsrxcuo4; fluctuations; la1.86sr0.14cuo4; spectroscopy; anisotropy; scattering; dynamics
AB A notable aspect of high-temperature superconductivity in the copper oxides is the unconventional nature of the underlying paired-electron state. A direct manifestation of the unconventional state is a pairing energy-that is, the energy required to remove one electron from the superconductor-that varies (between zero and a maximum value) as a function of momentum, or wavevector(1,2): the pairing energy for conventional superconductors is wavevector-independent(3,4). The wavefunction describing the superconducting state will include the pairing not only of charges, but also of the spins of the paired charges. Each pair is usually in the form of a spin singlet(5), so there will also be a pairing energy associated with transforming the spin singlet into the higher-energy spin triplet form without necessarily unbinding the charges. Here we use inelastic neutron scattering to determine the wavevector-dependence of spin pairing in La2-xSrxCuO4, the simplest high-temperature superconductor. We find that the spin pairing energy (or 'spin gap') is wavevector independent, even though superconductivity significantly alters the wavevector dependence of the spin fluctuations at higher energies.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
   Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
   Riso Natl Lab, Dept Condensed Matter Phys & Chem, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
   NEC Res Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Univ Karlsruhe, Dept Phys, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1068666, Japan.
   Univ Bristol, HH Wills Phys Lab, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England.
C3 University of Toronto; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Technical University of Denmark; NEC Corporation; Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; University of Tokyo; University of Bristol
RP Lake, B (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, 60 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
NR 30
TC 107
Z9 110
U1 1
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6739
BP 43
EP 46
DI 10.1038/21840
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 213DA
UT WOS:000081255700043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vaganov, EA
   Hughes, MK
   Kirdyanov, AV
   Schweingruber, FH
   Silkin, PP
AF Vaganov, EA
   Hughes, MK
   Kirdyanov, AV
   Schweingruber, FH
   Silkin, PP
TI Influence of snowfall and melt timing on tree growth in subarctic Eurasia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID latitudes
AB The causes of a reduced sensitivity of high-latitude tree growth to variations in summer temperature for recent decades(1,2), compared to earlier this century, are unknown. This sensitivity change is problematic, in that relationships between tree-ring properties and temperature are widely used for reconstructing past climate. Here we report an analysis of tree-ring and climate data from the forest-tundra zone, in combination with a mechanistic model of tree-ring growth, to argue that an increasing trend of winter precipitation over the past century in many subarctic regions(3-5) led to delayed snow melt in these permafrost environments. As a result, the initiation of cambial activity (necessary for the formation of wood cells) has been delayed relative to the pre-1960 period in the Siberian subarctic. Since the early 1960s, less of the growth season has been during what had previously been the period of maximal growth sensitivity to temperature. This shift results not only in slower growth, but also in a reduced correlation between growth and temperature. Our results suggest that changes in winter precipitation should be considered in seeking explanations for observed changes in the timing of the 'spring greening' of high-latitude forests(6), and should be taken into account in the study of the role of the Siberian subarctic forest in the global carbon cycle.
C1 Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Russian Acad Sci, Academgorodok, Inst Forest SB, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
   Swiss Fed Inst Forest Snow & Landscape Res, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
C3 University of Arizona; Russian Academy of Sciences; Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow & Landscape Research
RP Hughes, MK (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
NR 23
TC 507
Z9 595
U1 4
U2 165
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6740
BP 149
EP 151
DI 10.1038/22087
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214JM
UT WOS:000081324900049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pilla, M
   Perachon, S
   Sautel, F
   Garrido, F
   Mann, A
   Wermuth, CG
   Schwartz, JC
   Everitt, BJ
   Sokoloff, P
AF Pilla, M
   Perachon, S
   Sautel, F
   Garrido, F
   Mann, A
   Wermuth, CG
   Schwartz, JC
   Everitt, BJ
   Sokoloff, P
TI Selective inhibition of cocaine-seeking behaviour by a partial dopamine D3 receptor agonist
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleus-accumbens; rat; lesions; reinforcement; modulation; dependence; activation; schedules; addiction; circuits
AB Environmental stimuli that are reliably associated with the effects of many abused drugs, especially stimulants such as cocaine, can produce craving and relapse in abstinent human substance abusers(1-4). In animals, such cues can induce and maintain drug-seeking behaviour and also reinstate drug-seeking after extinction(5-7). Reducing the motivational effects of drug-related cues might therefore be useful in the treatment of addiction(3). Converging pharmacological(8,9), human post-mortem(10) and genetic(11) studies implicate the dopamine D-3 receptor(12) in drug addiction. Here we have designed BP 897, the first D-3-receptor-selective agonist, as assessed in vitro with recombinant receptors and in vivo with mice bearing disrupted D-3-receptor genes. BP 897 is a partial agonist in vitro and acts in vivo as either an agonist or an antagonist. We show that BP 897 inhibits cocaine-seeking behaviour that depends upon the presentation of drug-associated cues, without having any intrinsic, primary rewarding effects. Our data indicate that compounds like BP 897 could be used for reducing the drug craving and vulnerability to relapse that are elicited by drug-associated environmental stimuli.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England.
   Lab Bioprojet, F-75002 Paris, France.
   Ctr Paul Broca, INSERM, U109, Unite Neurobiol & Pharmacol Mol, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Fac Pharm, CNRS, Lab Pharmacochim Commun Cellulaire, F-67401 Illkirch, France.
C3 University of Cambridge; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg
RP Everitt, BJ (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England.
FU Medical Research Council [G9537855] Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [G9537855] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 529
Z9 581
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6742
BP 371
EP 375
DI 10.1038/43944
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 219CH
UT WOS:000081590000052
PM 10432116
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Müller, A
   Shah, SQN
   Bögge, H
   Schmidtmann, M
AF Müller, A
   Shah, SQN
   Bögge, H
   Schmidtmann, M
TI Molecular growth from a Mo176 to a Mo248 cluster
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB In polyoxometalate chemistry a large variety of compounds, dusters and solid-state structures can be formed by the linking together of well-defined metal-oxygen building blocks(1,2). These species exhibit unusual topological and electronic properties and find applications ranging from medicine(3) to industrial processes(4). The recently reported ring-shaped mixed-valence polyoxomolybdates of the type {Mo-154} (refs 5, 6) and {Mo-176} (refs 7, 8) represent a new class of giant clusters with nanometre-sized cavities and interesting properties for host-guest chemistry. Here we describe the formation of related clusters of the type {Mo-248} formed by addition of further units to the inner surface of the {Mo-176} 'wheel'. The additional units arrange themselves into two {Mo-36} 'hub-caps' on the initial wheel-clusters that are not stable in isolation. These findings reveal a new pathway to the development of complex coordination clusters.
C1 Univ Bielefeld, Fak Chem, Lehrstuhl Anorgan Chem 1, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany.
C3 University of Bielefeld
RP Müller, A (corresponding author), Univ Bielefeld, Fak Chem, Lehrstuhl Anorgan Chem 1, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany.
EM a.mueller@uni-bielefeld.de
NR 12
TC 403
Z9 423
U1 1
U2 141
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 7
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6714
BP 48
EP 50
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 155RD
UT WOS:000077959400042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thomas, JM
   Raja, R
   Sankar, G
   Bell, RG
AF Thomas, JM
   Raja, R
   Sankar, G
   Bell, RG
TI Molecular-sieve catalysts for the selective oxidation of linear alkanes by molecular oxygen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrocarbon oxidation; cyclohexane; complexes; cytochrome-p-450; hydroxylation; zeolite
AB Terminally oxidized hydrocarbons are of considerable interest as potential feedstocks for the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, but the selective oxidation of only the terminal methyl groups in alkanes remains a challenging task. It is accomplished with high efficiency and selectivity by some enzymes; but inorganic catalysts, although inferior in overall performance under benign conditions, offer significant advantages from a processing standpoint(1). Controlled partial oxidation is easier to achieve with 'sacrificial' oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide(2), alkyl hydroperoxides or iodosylbenzene(3), than with molecular oxygen or air. These sacrificial oxidants, themselves the product of oxidation reactions, have been used in catalytic systems involving: tailored transition-metal complexes in either a homogeneous state(4-6), encapsulated in molecular sieves(7-9) or anchored to the inner surfaces of porous siliceous supports(10). Here we report the design and performance of two aluminophosphate molecular sieves containing isolated, four-coordinated Co(III) or Mn(III) ions that are substituted into the framework and act, in concert with the surrounding framework structure, as regioselective catalysts for the oxidation of linear alkanes by molecular oxygen. The catalysts operate at temperatures between 373 K and 403 K through a classical free-radical chain-autoxidation mechanism. They are thus able to use molecular oxygen as oxidant, which, in combination with their good overall performance, raises the prospect of using this type of selective inorganic catalyst for industrial oxidation processes.
C1 UCL Royal Inst Great Britain, Davy Faraday Res Lab, London W1X 4BS, England.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP Thomas, JM (corresponding author), UCL Royal Inst Great Britain, Davy Faraday Res Lab, 21 Albemarle St, London W1X 4BS, England.
NR 29
TC 392
Z9 420
U1 3
U2 218
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6724
BP 227
EP 230
DI 10.1038/18417
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 177UA
UT WOS:000079228400049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chipperfield, MP
   Jones, RL
AF Chipperfield, MP
   Jones, RL
TI Relative influences of atmospheric chemistry and transport on Arctic ozone trends
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polar vortex; winter; depletion; stratosphere; mls
AB The reduction in the amount of ozone in the atmospheric column over the Arctic region, observed during the 1990s(1,2), resembles the onset of the Antarctic ozone 'hole' in the mid-1980s, but the two polar regions differ significantly with respect to the relative contributions of chemistry and atmospheric dynamics to the ozone abundance. In the strong, cold Antarctic vortex, rapid springtime chemical ozone loss occurs throughout a large region of the lower stratosphere, whereas in the Arctic, although chemical ozone depletion has been observed(3-11), the vortex is generally much smaller, weaker and more variable(12). Here we report a model-based analysis of the relative importance of dynamics and chemistry in causing the Arctic ozone trend in the 1990s, using a state-of-the-art three-dimensional stratospheric chemistry-transport model. North of 63 degrees N we find that, on average, dynamical variations dominate the interannual variability, with little evidence for a trend towards more wintertime chemical depletion. However, increases in the burden of atmospheric halogens since the early 1970s are responsible for a large (14%) reduction in the average March column ozone, but this effect is mostly caused by increased destruction throughout the year rather than by halogen chemistry associated with wintertime polar statospheric clouds. Any influence of climate change on future average Arctic ozone amounts may thus be dominated by possible circulation changes, rather than by changes in chemical loss.
C1 Univ Leeds, Ctr Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
C3 University of Leeds; University of Cambridge
RP Chipperfield, MP (corresponding author), Univ Leeds, Ctr Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
NR 24
TC 90
Z9 93
U1 1
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6744
BP 551
EP 554
DI 10.1038/22999
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223RT
UT WOS:000081854800051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chin, L
   Tam, A
   Pomerantz, J
   Wong, M
   Holash, J
   Bardeesy, N
   Shen, Q
   O'Hagan, R
   Pantginis, J
   Zhou, H
   Horner, JW
   Cordon-Cardo, C
   Yancopoulos, GD
   DePinho, RA
AF Chin, L
   Tam, A
   Pomerantz, J
   Wong, M
   Holash, J
   Bardeesy, N
   Shen, Q
   O'Hagan, R
   Pantginis, J
   Zhou, H
   Horner, JW
   Cordon-Cardo, C
   Yancopoulos, GD
   DePinho, RA
TI Essential role for oncogenic Ras in tumour maintenance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endothelial growth-factor; vascular-permeability factor; transgenic mice; factor expression; up-regulation; angiogenesis; melanoma; cells; induction; hypoxia
AB Advanced malignancy in tumours represents the phenotypic endpoint of successive genetic lesions that affect the function and regulation of oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes(1). The established tumour is maintained through complex and poorly understood host-tumour interactions that guide processes such as angiogenesis and immune sequestration. The many different genetic alterations that accompany tumour genesis raise questions as to whether experimental cancer-promoting mutations remain relevant during tumour maintenance. Here we show thar melanoma genesis and maintenance are strictly dependent upon expression of H-Ras(V12G) in a doxycycline-inducible H-Ras mouse melanoma model null for the tumour suppressor INK4a. Withdrawal of doxycycline and H-Ras(V12G) down-regulation resulted in clinical and histological regression of primary and explanted tumours. The initial stages of regression involved marked apoptosis in the tumour cells and host-derived endothelial cells. Although the regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was found td be Ras-dependent in vitro, the failure of persistent endogenous and enforced VEGF expression to sustain tumour viability indicates that the tumour-maintaining actions of activated Ras extend beyond the regulation of VEGF expression in vivo. Our results provide genetic evidence that H-Ras(V12G) is important in both the genesis and maintenance of solid tumours.
C1 Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Dermatol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med & Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Albert Einstein Coll Med, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Regeneron Pharmaceut Inc, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Regeneron
RP DePinho, RA (corresponding author), Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 25
TC 719
Z9 883
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6743
BP 468
EP 472
DI 10.1038/22788
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221FZ
UT WOS:000081715000055
PM 10440378
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johnson, KS
   Chavez, FP
   Friederich, GE
AF Johnson, KS
   Chavez, FP
   Friederich, GE
TI Continental-shelf sediment as a primary source of iron for coastal phytoplankton
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID equatorial pacific-ocean; northern california; margin sediments; monterey bay; distributions; seawater; water
AB The availability of iron, an essential nutrient, controls rates of phytoplankton primary productivity in the open-ocean, upwelling ecosystems of the equatorial Pacific(1,2). Upwelling injects large amounts of macronutrients into the euphotic zone of eastern boundary currents, such as the California Current System (CCS), where iron can become the limiting factor on productivity(3,4). Iron addition to samples from some areas of the CCS has been shown to increase rates of biomass production(5,6), but the processes that control iron availability in these systems remain poorly understood. Here we report measurements of dissolvable iron (that is, dissolved plus leachable iron at pH 3) in transects across the CCS in March of 1997 and 1998. We found high concentrations of iron in 1997 during strong upwelling conditions. During the 1998 El Nino, the concentration of dissolvable iron in surface waters was low, even though that year was marked by high river flow and low offshore salinity. These results indicate that the primary source of iron in the CCS is resuspension of particles in the benthic boundary layer, followed by upwelling of this iron-rich water, rather than direct riverine input. This source of iron must be an I essential but variable component of the high productivity found in upwelling ecosystems.
C1 Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA.
   Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA.
C3 Moss Landing Marine Laboratories; Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
RP Johnson, KS (corresponding author), Moss Landing Marine Labs, Pob 450, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA.
EM johnson@mlml.calstate.edu
NR 26
TC 314
Z9 358
U1 2
U2 89
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6729
BP 697
EP 700
DI 10.1038/19511
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 189RP
UT WOS:000079920100047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reilly, J
   Prinn, R
   Harnisch, J
   Fitzmaurice, J
   Jacoby, H
   Kicklighter, D
   Melillo, J
   Stone, P
   Sokolov, A
   Wang, C
AF Reilly, J
   Prinn, R
   Harnisch, J
   Fitzmaurice, J
   Jacoby, H
   Kicklighter, D
   Melillo, J
   Stone, P
   Sokolov, A
   Wang, C
TI Multi-gas assessment of the Kyoto Protocol
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate-change; terrestrial; stabilization; emissions; model
AB The Kyoto Protocol allows reductions in emissions of several 'greenhouse' gases to be credited against a CO2-equivalent emissions limit, calculated using 'global warming potential' indices for each gas, Using an integrated global-systems model, it is shown that a multi-gas control strategy could greatly reduce the costs of fulfilling the Kyoto Protocol compared with a CO2-only strategy. Extending the Kyoto Protocol to 2100 without more severe emissions reductions shows little difference between the two strategies in climate and ecosystem effects. Under a more stringent emissions policy, the use of global warming potentials as applied in the Kyoto Protocol leads to considerably more mitigation of climate change for multi-gas strategies than for the-supposedly equivalent-CO2-only control, thus emphasizing the limits of global warming potentials as a tool for political decisions.
C1 MIT, Joint Program Sci & Policy Global Change, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Marine Biological Laboratory - Woods Hole
RP Reilly, J (corresponding author), MIT, Joint Program Sci & Policy Global Change, 77 Massachusetts Ave,Bldg E40, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM jreilly@mit.edu
NR 48
TC 250
Z9 280
U1 2
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 549
EP 555
DI 10.1038/44069
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van Woerden, H
   Schwarz, UJ
   Peletier, RF
   Wakker, BP
   Kalberla, PMW
AF van Woerden, H
   Schwarz, UJ
   Peletier, RF
   Wakker, BP
   Kalberla, PMW
TI A confirmed location in the Galactic halo for the high-velocity cloud 'chain A'
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID complex-m; distance; gas; hipparcos; hydrogen; origin
AB The high-velocity clouds of atomic hydrogen, discovered about 35 years ago(1,2), have velocities inconsistent with simple Galactic rotation models that generally fit the stars and gas in the Milky Way disk. Their origins and role in Galactic evolution remain poorly understood(3), largely for lack of information on their distances. The high-velocity clouds might result from gas blown from the Milky Way disk into the halo by supernovae(4,5), in which case they would enrich the Galaxy with heavy elements as they fall back onto the disk. Alternatively, they may consist of metal-poor gas-remnants of the era of galaxy formation(2,6-8), accreted by the Galaxy and reducing its metal abundance. Or they might be truly extragalactic objects in the Local Group of galaxies(7-9). Here we report a firm distance bracket for a large high-velocity cloud, chain A, which places it in the Milky Way halo (2.5 to 7 kiloparsecs above the Galactic plane), rather than at an extragalactic distance, and constrains its gas mass to between 10(5) and 2x10(6) solar masses.
C1 Kapteyn Astron Inst, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Durham, Dept Phys, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Astron, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Bonn, Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
C3 University of Groningen; Kapteyn Astronomical Institute; Durham University; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Bonn
RP van Woerden, H (corresponding author), Kapteyn Astron Inst, Postbus 800, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands.
NR 36
TC 88
Z9 91
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6740
BP 138
EP 141
DI 10.1038/22061
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214JM
UT WOS:000081324900045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zorio, DAR
   Blumenthal, T
AF Zorio, DAR
   Blumenthal, T
TI Both subunits of U2AF recognize the 3′ splice site in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor; functional-analysis; rna; cloning; domain; gene
AB Introns are defined by sequences that bind components of the splicing machinery. The branchpoint consensus, polypyrimidine (poly(Y)) tract, and AG at the splice boundary comprise the mammalian 3' splice site(1), Although the AG is crucial for the recognition of introns with relatively short poly(Y) tracts, which are termed 'AG-dependent introns'(2), the molecule responsible for AG recognition has never been identified. A key player in 3' splice site definition is the essential heterodimeric splicing factor U2AF, which facilitates the interaction of the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle with the branch point. The U2AF subunit with a relative molecular mass (M-r 65K) of 65,000 (U2AF(65)) binds to the poly(Y) tract(3-7), whereas the role of the 35K subunit (U2AF(35))(8) has not been clearly defined. It is not required for splicing in vitro(4) but it plays a critical role in vivo(9,10) Caenorhabiditis elegans introns have a highly conserved U(4)CAG/R at their 3' splice sites instead of branch-point and poly(Y) consensus sequences(11). Nevertheless, C. elegans has U2AF (refs 10, 12). Here we show that both U2AF subunits crosslink to the 3' splice site. Our results suggest that the U2AF(65)-U2AF(35) complex identifies the U(4)CAG/R, with U2AF35 being responsible for recognition of the canonical AG.
C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
   Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
RP Blumenthal, T (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, 4200 E 9th Ave, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
NR 20
TC 207
Z9 280
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 835
EP 838
DI 10.1038/45597
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500071
PM 10617207
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yeung, K
   Seitz, T
   Li, SF
   Janosch, P
   McFerran, B
   Kaiser, C
   Fee, F
   Katsanakis, KD
   Rose, DW
   Mischak, H
   Sedivy, JM
   Kolch, W
AF Yeung, K
   Seitz, T
   Li, SF
   Janosch, P
   McFerran, B
   Kaiser, C
   Fee, F
   Katsanakis, KD
   Rose, DW
   Mischak, H
   Sedivy, JM
   Kolch, W
TI Suppression of Raf-1 kinase activity and MAP kinase signalling by RKIP
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle arrest; dna-synthesis; c-fos; activation; inhibition; binding; transformation; expression; cascade; purification
AB Raf-1 phosphorylates and activates MEK-1, a kinase that activates the extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK), This kinase cascade controls the proliferation and differentiation of different cell types(1,2). Here we describe a Raf-1-interacting protein, isolated using a yeast two-hybrid screen. This protein inhibits the phosphorylation and activation of MEK by Raf-1 and is designated RKIP (Raf kinase inhibitor protein). In vitro, RKIP binds to Raf-1, MEK and ERK, but not to pas, RKIP co-immunoprecipitates with Raf-1 and MEK from cell lysates and colocalizes with Raf-1 when examined by confocal microscopy, RKIP is not a substrate for Raf-1 or MEK, but competitively disrupts the interaction between these kinases, RKIP overexpression interferes with the activation of MEK and ERK, induction of AP-1-dependent reporter genes and transformation elicited by an oncogenically activated Raf-1 kinase, Downregulation of endogenous RKIP by expression of antisense RNA or antibody microinjection induces the activation of MEK-, ERK- and AP-1-dependent transcription. RKIP represents a new class of protein-kinase-inhibitor protein that regulates the activity of the Raf/MEK/ERK module.
C1 Beatson Inst Canc Res, CRC, Beatson Labs, Glasgow G61 1BD, Lanark, Scotland.
   Brown Univ, Dept Mol Biol Cell Biol & Biochem, Richmond, RI 02912 USA.
   GSF Munich, Res Ctr Hlth & Environm, Inst Clin Mol Biol, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Whittier Diabet Program, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Franz Volhard Klinikum, Max Delbruck Ctr, D-13122 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Beatson Institute; Brown University; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine; Franz-Volhard Clinical Research Center
RP Kolch, W (corresponding author), Beatson Inst Canc Res, CRC, Beatson Labs, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, Lanark, Scotland.
EM john_sedivy@brown.edu; wkolch@beatson.gla.ac.uk
NR 26
TC 735
Z9 859
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6749
BP 173
EP 177
DI 10.1038/43686
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234AF
UT WOS:000082458800056
PM 10490027
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Preiser, PR
   Jarra, W
   Capiod, T
   Snounou, G
AF Preiser, PR
   Jarra, W
   Capiod, T
   Snounou, G
TI A rhoptry-protein-associated mechanism of clonal phenotypic variation in rodent malaria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasmodium-yoelii; multigene family; gene; erythrocytes; falciparum; expression; merozoites; parasite; invasion; vivax
AB The recognition and invasion of host cells are mediated by components of the apical complex of the ookinete, sporozoite and merozoite stages of Plasmodium parasites'. The paired rhoptries (organelles involved in host-cell recognition) in the epical complex contain many proteins of as-yet unknown function. In the rodent malaria agent P, yoelii yoelii, a multigene family codes for merozoite rhoptry proteins of relative molecular mass 235,000 (p235 proteins)(2,3); these proteins are thought to determine the subset of erythrocytes that the parasites invade(4,5). Further support for this idea came from the identification of a region in p235 with weak but significant homology to reticulocyte-binding protein-2 of P. vivax(6-8) and the demonstration that at least one p235 member binds to the erythrocyte surface membrane(9). Here, using single, micromanipulated P.y.yoelii parasites, we describe a new mechanism of gene expression by which the merozoites originating from a single schizont each express a distinct member of this multigene family. We propose that this nerv type of clonal phenotypic variation provides the parasite with a survival strategy in the mammalian host; this strategy contributes to the observed chronicity of malarial infections. This phenomenon is genetically and functionally distinct from classical antigenic variation, which is mediated by the var multigene family of P. falciparum(10-13).
C1 Natl Inst Med Res, Div Parasitol, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Natl Inst Med Res, Dept Neurophysiol & Neuropharmacol, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Northwick Pk Hosp, Imperial Coll Sch Med, Dept Infect & Trop Med, Lister Unit, Harrow HA1 3UJ, Middx, England.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; MRC National Institute for Medical Research; Imperial College London
RP Preiser, PR (corresponding author), Natl Inst Med Res, Div Parasitol, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, England.
NR 17
TC 111
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6728
BP 618
EP 622
DI 10.1038/19309
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 186WX
UT WOS:000079754700057
PM 10217144
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gatti, F
   Fontanelli, F
   Galeazzi, M
   Swift, AM
   Vitale, S
AF Gatti, F
   Fontanelli, F
   Galeazzi, M
   Swift, AM
   Vitale, S
TI Detection of environmental fine structure in the low-energy β-decay spectrum of 187Re
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heavy-neutrino; emission; tritium; search
AB Determining whether neutrinos have mass is an important test of grand unified theories. Neutrino masses can in principle be measured from small distortions' in the spectra of electrons emitted in low-energy beta-decay processes. Detailed knowledge of the beta-particles' spectral shape and the detector response is therefore required in order to distinguish(1-5) real effects from instrumental artefacts. The interaction between the emitted beta-partide and its local environment is predicted(6) to produce oscillations in the beta-particle spectrum, known as beta environmental fine structure; the effect is analogous to extended X-ray absorption fine structure(7) (EXAFS), which provides the basis for spectroscopic surface studies of local molecular structure. But the low energy resolution and high operating temperatures of traditional radiation detectors have precluded observation of beta environmental fine structure. Cryogenic microcalorimeters, operated as particle detectors, offer a means of overcoming these problems, as they can reach energy resolutions up to ten times higher than traditional detectors(8). Here we report the detection of beta environmental fine structure in the beta-decay spectrum of Re-187, using a cryogenic microcalorimeter. Our results, which are in good agreement with recent theoretical predictions(9), may facilitate studies of molecular or crystalline structures in a manner similar to EXAFS.
C1 Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-16146 Genoa, Italy.
   Univ Genoa, I-16146 Genoa, Italy.
C3 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); University of Genoa
RP Vitale, S (corresponding author), Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Via Dodecaneso 33, I-16146 Genoa, Italy.
NR 16
TC 62
Z9 63
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 14
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6715
BP 137
EP 139
DI 10.1038/16414
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 157WQ
UT WOS:000078085000037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Belloni, J
   Treguer, M
   Remita, H
   De Keyzer, R
AF Belloni, J
   Treguer, M
   Remita, H
   De Keyzer, R
TI Enhanced yield of photoinduced electrons in doped silver halide crystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high quantum sensitivity; hydrogen hypersensitization; photographic development; reduction sensitization; centers
AB The conventional photographic process(1-3) involves several steps: the photogeneration of electron-hole pairs in crystals of a silver halide; the reduction of silver cations to atoms by some fraction of these electrons; the subsequent build up of atoms to give clusters (the 'latent image'); and the complete reduction by a developer of crystallites having more than a critical number of silver atoms per cluster. The effective quantum yield, Phi(eff), of photoinduced electron-hole pairs produced per photon absorbed is less than the theoretical limit (Phi(theory) = 1), because of the fast recombination of some fraction of the pairs(1-6). Here we describe an approach for enhancing the yield of useful photogenerated electrons, in which the silver halide is doped with formate ions, HCO2-. The dopant ions act as hole scavengers, thus enhancing the escape of electrons from pair recombination. Moreover, the resulting CO2.- radical can itself transfer an electron to another silver cation, so raising the theoretical yield to two silver atoms per photon absorbed. This photoinduced bielectronic transfer mechanism is strictly proportional to the light quanta absorbed-the dopant ions do not induce spontaneous reduction of silver cations in the dark-and appears to be close to the theoretical limit of efficiency. The efficiency is constant at all illumination levels and applies to both dye-sensitized and unsensitized crystals. We suggest that this approach is a promising route for improving the performance of photographic emulsions(7).
C1 Univ Paris Sud, CNRS, Lab Physicochim Raynonnements, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Agfa Gevaert NV, R&D Labs, B-2640 Mortsel, Belgium.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; Agfa-Gevaert
RP Belloni, J (corresponding author), Univ Paris Sud, CNRS, Lab Physicochim Raynonnements, F-91405 Orsay, France.
NR 19
TC 99
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6764
BP 865
EP 867
DI 10.1038/47223
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 269ML
UT WOS:000084482000029
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Petchey, OL
   McPhearson, PT
   Casey, TM
   Morin, PJ
AF Petchey, OL
   McPhearson, PT
   Casey, TM
   Morin, PJ
TI Environmental warming alters food-web structure and ecosystem function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plant diversity; productivity; complementarity; reliability
AB We know little about how ecosystems of different complexity will respond to global warming(1-5). Microcosms permit experimental control over species composition and rates of environmental change. Here we show using microcosm experiments that extinction risk in warming environments depends on trophic position but remains unaffected by biodiversity. Warmed communities disproportionately lose top predators and herbivores, and become increasingly dominated by autotrophs and bacterivores. Changes in the relative distribution of organisms among trophically defined functional groups lead to differences in ecosystem function beyond those expected from temperature-dependent physiological rates. Diverse communities retain more species than depauperate ones, as predicted by the insurance hypothesis, which suggests that high biodiversity buffers against the effects of environmental variation because tolerant species are more likely to be found(6,7). Studies of single trophic levels clearly show that warming can affect the distribution and abundance of species(2,4,5), but complex responses generated in entire food webs greatly complicate inferences based on single functional groups.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Cook Coll, Dept Ecol Evolut & Nat Resources, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Petchey, OL (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Cook Coll, Dept Ecol Evolut & Nat Resources, 14 Coll Farm Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
NR 27
TC 644
Z9 742
U1 4
U2 395
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 69
EP 72
DI 10.1038/47023
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tripa, CE
   Yates, JT
AF Tripa, CE
   Yates, JT
TI Surface-aligned reaction of photogenerated oxygen atoms with carbon monoxide targets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adsorbed molecules; co oxidation; 193 nm; photochemistry; dissociation; adsorption; pt(335); pt(111); photodissociation; kinetics
AB Atomic and molecular species generated by the photolysis of aligned molecules adsorbed on crystalline solids tend to move preferentially in particular directions relative to the crystal surface(1). This behaviour results in surface-aligned photoreaction(1,2) if the photogenerated species is directed towards, and reacts with, adsorbed and aligned target molecules. Previously, geometrical directionality has been inferred from the reaction product yield, the angular distribution and/or the kinetic and internal energy distributions of departing photochemically produced species(3-6). Here we report measurements of the relative rate of the reaction between oxygen atoms (photogenerated from adsorbed and surface-aligned molecular oxygen) and carbon monoxide molecules adsorbed on either the step or the terrace sites of platinum single crystals. By using isotopically distinct carbon monoxide molecules, we are able to show that the oxidation rate at step sites is twice the oxidation rate at terrace sites. This observation suggests that the motion of the photogenerated oxygen atoms is aligned along the step edge, so that the atoms are 'aimed' at carbon monoxide molecules adsorbed at step sites.
C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Ctr Surface Sci, Dept Chem, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh
RP Yates, JT (corresponding author), Univ Pittsburgh, Ctr Surface Sci, Dept Chem, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
NR 18
TC 42
Z9 50
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6728
BP 591
EP 593
DI 10.1038/19260
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 186WX
UT WOS:000079754700049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zuo, JM
   Kim, M
   O'Keeffe, M
   Spence, JCH
AF Zuo, JM
   Kim, M
   O'Keeffe, M
   Spence, JCH
TI Direct observation of d-orbital holes and Cu-Cu bonding in Cu2O
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electronic-structure; d10-d10 interactions; charge-density
AB A striking feature of metal oxide chemistry is the unusual electronic and chemical behaviour of Cu(I) and Ag(I): a case in point is that detailed understanding of Cu-O bonding is essential to the theory of high-temperature copper oxide superconductors. Both cations are usually coordinated in a linear fashion to two oxygens, particularly for Cu(I). In many compounds, the Cu(I) and Ag(I) cations also adopt close-packed (and related) configurations with short metal-metal distances that are strongly suggestive of the occurrence of metal-metal bonding(1,2) despite their formal nd(10) configuration. Such observations have been explained(3,4) by invoking the participation in bonding of electronic orbitals of higher principal quantum number-that is, (n + 1)s and (n + 1)p-accompanied by the creation of d-orbital holes on the metal ion. To test this hypothesis, we have used a recently developed method of quantitative convergent-beam electron diffraction(5) combined with X-ray diffraction to map the charge-density distribution in the simple oxide Cu2O, the results of which we then compare with electronic-structure calculations. We are able to image directly the d holes on the copper atoms, and also demonstrate the existence of Cu-Cu bonding in this compound.
C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
RP Zuo, JM (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
NR 20
TC 401
Z9 448
U1 4
U2 236
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6748
BP 49
EP 52
DI 10.1038/43403
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 232MK
UT WOS:000082374400036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Habing, HJ
   Dominik, C
   de Mulzon, MJ
   Kessler, MF
   Laureijs, RJ
   Leech, K
   Metcalfe, L
   Salama, A
   Slebenmorgen, R
   Trams, N
AF Habing, HJ
   Dominik, C
   de Mulzon, MJ
   Kessler, MF
   Laureijs, RJ
   Leech, K
   Metcalfe, L
   Salama, A
   Slebenmorgen, R
   Trams, N
TI Disappearance of stellar debris disks around main-sequence stars after 400 million years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID edgeworth-kuiper belt; dust; search; iso; au
AB Almost 5 billion years ago, the Sun formed in a local contraction of a cloud of molecular gas. A rotating disk of gas and dust is believed to have fed material onto the proto-Sun for the first few million years of its life, and to have formed the planets, comets and other Solar System objects. Similar disks, but with less mass, have been observed around a few main-sequence stars such as Vega(1), The dust particles orbiting stars like Vega will be removed on timescales of the order of 1 Myr (Vega is about 350 Myr old), and therefore must be resupplied(1), at least for a time. But earlier surveys(2,3) lacked the sensitivity to determine how many nearby stars have dust disks, and to investigate how long such disks survive. Here we report infrared observations indicating that most stars younger than 300 Myr have dust disks, while most older than 400 Myr do not: ninety per cent of the disks disappear when the star is between 300 and 400 Myr old. Several events that are related to the 'clean up' of debris in the early history of our Solar System have a similar timescale.
C1 Leiden Observ, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   ESA Vilspa, LAEFF, INTA, Madrid 28080, Spain.
   Observ Paris, DESPA, F-921900 Meudon, France.
   ESA, Div Astrophys, Madrid 28080, Spain.
C3 Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Astrobiologia (INTA); Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris
RP Habing, HJ (corresponding author), Leiden Observ, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
NR 22
TC 83
Z9 86
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6752
BP 456
EP 458
DI 10.1038/46749
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243DF
UT WOS:000082981200049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cubas, P
   Vincent, C
   Coen, E
AF Cubas, P
   Vincent, C
   Coen, E
TI An epigenetic mutation responsible for natural variation in floral symmetry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flower development; antirrhinum-majus; methylation; meristem
AB Although there have been many molecular studies of morphological mutants generated in the laboratory, it is unclear how these are related to mutants in natural populations, where the constraints of natural selection and breeding structure are quite different. sere we characterize a naturally occurring mutant of Linaria vulgaris, originally described more than 250 years ago by Linnaeus(1-3), in which the fundamental symmetry of the newer is changed from bilateral to radial. We show that the mutant carries a defect in Lcyc, a homologue of the cycloidea gene which controls dorsoventral asymmetry in Antirrhinum(4). The Lcyc gene is extensively methylated and transcriptionally silent in the mutant. This modification is heritable and co-segregates with the mutant phenotype. Occasionally the mutant reverts phenotypically during, somatic development, correlating with demethylation of Lcyc and restoration of gene expression. It is surprising that the first natural morphological mutant to be characterized should trace to methylation, given the rarity of this mutational mechanism in the laboratory. This indicates that epigenetic mutations may play a more significant role in evolution than has hitherto been suspected.
C1 John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre
RP Coen, E (corresponding author), John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
NR 24
TC 945
Z9 1097
U1 2
U2 301
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6749
BP 157
EP 161
DI 10.1038/43657
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234AF
UT WOS:000082458800052
PM 10490023
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maldonado, M
   Carmona, MG
   Uriz, MJ
   Cruzado, A
AF Maldonado, M
   Carmona, MG
   Uriz, MJ
   Cruzado, A
TI Decline in Mesozoic reef-building sponges explained by silicon limitation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID demospongiae; porifera; ocean
AB Several unrelated clades of siliceous sponges proliferated on the shelves of the Jurassic Tethys Sea, becoming prominent builders in reefs and near-shore mounds(1-4). Many of these builders are characterized by massive, rock-like skeletons made of spicules with a characteristic terminal hypersilicification(4,5). Such hypertrophied spicules are generically known as desmas, irrespective of their phylogenetic origin(5). Desma-bearing sponges virtually disappeared from reefs and other neritic environments during the Cretaceous and the Early Tertiary(1,2,4,6), but have subsisted in relict populations in deeper, bathyal waters(5,7,8). The causes of the decline and bathymetric shift of these sponges remain obscure. Here we show experimentally that the concentration of silicic acid in seawater modulates the phenotypic expression of the various spicule types genetically available in a sponge species. We also show that the concentration of this nutrient in Recent surface waters is insufficient for this species to secrete its desmas. These findings indicate that silicon limitation, probably aggravated in shallow waters by the diatom burst around the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary(9,10), may have forced neritic sponges with desmas to either lighten their skeletons or move to deeper, silicon-rich environments.
C1 CSIC, Girona 17300, Spain.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)
RP Maldonado, M (corresponding author), CSIC, Camino Santa Barbara S-N, Girona 17300, Spain.
NR 30
TC 219
Z9 238
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6755
BP 785
EP 788
DI 10.1038/44560
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 250BG
UT WOS:000083368700051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moreno, E
   Morata, G
AF Moreno, E
   Morata, G
TI Caudal is the Hox gene that specifies the most posterior Drosophile segment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proximal-distal axis; brachyury gene; homeobox genes; genital disc; protein; melanogaster; hedgehog; expression; encodes; organization
AB The homeobox gene caudal (can) has a maternal embryonic function that establishes the antero-posterior body axis of Drosophila(1,2). It also has a conserved(2,4) late embryonic and imaginal function(1) related to the development of the posterior body region. Here we report the developmental role of can in adult Drosophila, It is required for the normal development of the analia structures, which derive from the most posterior body segment. In the absence of cad function, the analia develop like the immediately anterior segment (male genitalia), following the transformation rule of the canonical Hox genes(5), We also show that cad can induce ectopic analia development if expressed in the head or wing. We propose that cad is the Hox gene that determines the development of the fly's most posterior segment. cad acts in combination with the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway(6) to specify the different components of the analia: the activities of cad and of the Hh pathway induce Distal-less expression that, together with cad, promote external analia development. In the absence of the Hh pathway, cad induces internal analia development, probably by activating the brachyenteron and even-skipped genes.
C1 UAM, CSIC, Ctr Biol Mol, Madrid 28049, Spain.
C3 Autonomous University of Madrid; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM)
RP Morata, G (corresponding author), UAM, CSIC, Ctr Biol Mol, Madrid 28049, Spain.
NR 28
TC 120
Z9 135
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6747
BP 873
EP 877
DI 10.1038/23709
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 230CA
UT WOS:000082233200046
PM 10476966
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alon, U
   Surette, MG
   Barkai, N
   Leibler, S
AF Alon, U
   Surette, MG
   Barkai, N
   Leibler, S
TI Robustness in bacterial chemotaxis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; cheb methylesterase; adaptation; model; methylation; excitation; components; modulation; mechanism; behavior
AB Networks of interacting proteins orchestrate the responses of living cells to a variety of external stimuli(1), but how sensitive is the functioning of these protein networks to variations in their biochemical parameters? One possibility is chat to achieve appropriate function, the reaction rate constants and enzyme concentrations need to be adjusted in a precise manner, and any deviation from these 'fine-tuned' values ruins the network's performance. An alternative possibility is that key properties of biochemical networks are robust(2); that is, they are insensitive to the precise values of the biochemical parameters. Here we address this issue in experiments using chemotaxis of Escherichia coli, one of the best-characterized sensory systems(3,4). We focus on how response and adaptation to attractant signals vary with systematic changes in the intracellular concentration of the components of the chemotaxis network. We find that some properties, such as steady-state behaviour and adaptation time, show strong variations in response to varying protein concentrations. In contrast, the precision of adaptation is robust and does not vary with the protein concentrations. This is consistent with a recently proposed molecular mechanism for exact adaptation, where robustness is a direct consequence of the network's architecture(2).
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Calgary, Dept Microbiol & Infect Dis, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University; University of Calgary
RP Leibler, S (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM leibler@princeton.edu
NR 30
TC 901
Z9 1049
U1 2
U2 103
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 14
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6715
BP 168
EP 171
DI 10.1038/16483
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 157WQ
UT WOS:000078085000048
PM 9923680
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murray, EP
   Tsai, T
   Barnett, SA
AF Murray, EP
   Tsai, T
   Barnett, SA
TI A direct-methane fuel cell with a ceria-based anode
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-performance; direct oxidation; low-temperature; layers
AB Fuel cells constitute an attractive power-generation technology that converts chemical energy directly and with high efficiency into electricity while causing little pollution. Most fuel cells require hydrogen as the fuel, but viable near-term applications will need to use the more readily available hydrocarbons, such as methane. Present-day demonstration power plants and planned fuel-cell electric vehicles therefore include a reformer that converts hydrocarbon fuel into hydrogen. Operating fuel cells directly on hydrocarbons would obviously eliminate the need for such a reformer and improve efficiency. In the case of polymer-electrolyte fuel cells, which have been studied for vehicle applications, the direct use of methanol fuel has been reported, but resulted in fuel permeating the electrolyte(1,2). Solid oxide fuel cells-promising candidates for stationary power generation-can also use hydrocarbon fuel directly to generate energy, but this mode of operation resulted in either carbon deposition at high temperatures or poor power output at low operating temperatures(3-5). Here we report the direct electrochemical oxidation of methane in solid oxide fuel cells that generate power densities up to 0.37W cm(-2) at 650 degrees C. This performance is comparable to that of fuel cells using hydrogen(6,7) and is achieved by using ceria-containing anodes and low operating temperatures to avoid carbon deposition. We expect that the incorporation of more advanced cathodes would further improve the performance of our cells, making this:solid oxide fuel cell a promising candidate for practical and efficient fuel-cell applications.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
C3 Northwestern University
RP Barnett, SA (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
NR 18
TC 1253
Z9 1421
U1 2
U2 549
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6745
BP 649
EP 651
DI 10.1038/23220
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226QU
UT WOS:000082032900048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kirk-Davidoff, DB
   Hintsa, EJ
   Anderson, JG
   Keith, DW
AF Kirk-Davidoff, DB
   Hintsa, EJ
   Anderson, JG
   Keith, DW
TI The effect of climate change on ozone depletion through changes in stratospheric water vapour
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sulfuric-acid; atmosphere; convection; aerosol; clono2; winter; h2o
AB Several studies have predicted substantial increases in Arctic ozone depletion due to the stratospheric cooling induced by increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations(1,2). But climate change may additionally influence Arctic ozone depletion through changes in the water vapour cycle. Here we investigate this possibility by combining predictions of tropical tropopause temperatures from a general circulation model with results from a one-dimensional radiative convective model, recent progress in understanding the stratospheric water vapour budget, modelling of heterogeneous reaction rates and the results of a general circulation model on the radiative effect of increased water vapour(3). Whereas most of the stratosphere will cool as greenhouse-gas concentrations increase, the tropical tropopause may become warmer, resulting in an increase of the mean saturation mixing ratio of water vapour and hence an increased transport of water vapour from the troposphere to the stratosphere. Stratospheric water vapour concentration in the polar regions determines both the critical temperature below which heterogeneous reactions on cold aerosols become important (the mechanism driving enhanced ozone depletion) and the temperature of the Arctic vortex itself. Our results indicate that ozone loss in the later winter and spring Arctic vortex depends critically on water vapour variations which are forced by sea surface temperature changes in the tropics. This potentially important effect has not been taken into account in previous scenarios of Arctic ozone loss under climate change conditions.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Kirk-Davidoff, DB (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 28
TC 159
Z9 182
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 399
EP 401
DI 10.1038/46521
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loisel, TP
   Boujemaa, R
   Pantaloni, D
   Carlier, MF
AF Loisel, TP
   Boujemaa, R
   Pantaloni, D
   Carlier, MF
TI Reconstitution of actin-based motility of Listeria and Shigella using pure proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID filament turnover; cell motility; monocytogenes; surface; dynamics; flexneri; polymerization; sufficient; nucleation; complex
AB Actin polymerization is essential for cell locomotion and is thought to generate the force responsible for cellular protrusions. The Arp2/3 complex is required to stimulate actin assembly at the leading edge in response to signalling(1-6). The bacteria Listeria and Shigella bypass the signalling pathway and harness the Arp2/3 complex to induce actin assembly and to propel themselves in living cells(7-10). However, the Arp2/3 complex alone is insufficient to promote movement. Here we have used pure components of the actin cytoskeleton to reconstitute sustained movement in Listeria and Shigella in vitro. Actin-based propulsion is driven by the free energy released by ATP hydrolysis linked to actin polymerization, and does not require myosin. In addition to actin and activated Arp2/3 complex, actin depolymerizing factor (ADF, or cofilin) and capping protein are also required for motility as they maintain a high steady-state level of G-actin, which controls the rate of unidirectional growth of actin filaments at the surface of the bacterium. The movement is more effective when profilin, alpha-actinin and VASP (for Listeria) are also included. These results have implications for our understanding of the mechanism of actin-based motility in cells.
C1 CNRS, LEBS, Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Carlier, MF (corresponding author), CNRS, LEBS, Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM carlier@lebs.caps-gif.fr
NR 31
TC 819
Z9 922
U1 0
U2 67
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 613
EP 616
DI 10.1038/44183
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900057
PM 10524632
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Briscoe, J
   Sussel, L
   Serup, P
   Hartigan-O'Connor, D
   Jessell, TM
   Rubenstein, JLR
   Ericson, J
AF Briscoe, J
   Sussel, L
   Serup, P
   Hartigan-O'Connor, D
   Jessell, TM
   Rubenstein, JLR
   Ericson, J
TI Homeobox gene Nkx2.2 and specification of neuronal identity by graded Sonic hedgehog signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homeodomain transcription factor; motor-neurons; mice lacking; nervous-system; floor plate; neural-tube; expression; cns; differentiation; rat
AB During vertebrate development, the specification of distinct cell types is thought to be controlled by inductive signals acting at different concentration thresholds(1). The degree of receptor activation in response to these signals is a known determinant of cell fate(2), but the later steps at which graded signals are converted into all-or-none distinctions in cell identity remain poorly resolved. In the ventral neural tube, motor neuron and interneuron generation depends on the graded activity of the signalling protein Sonic hedgehog (Shh)(3-5). These neuronal subtypes derive from distinct progenitor cell populations that express the homeodomain proteins Nkx2.2 or Pax6 in response to graded Shh signalling(6,7). In mice lacking Pax6, progenitor cells generate neurons characteristic of exposure to greater Shh activity(6,8). However, Nkx2.2 expression expands dosally in Pax6 mutants(6), raising the possibility that Pax6 controls neuronal pattern indirectly. Here we provide evidence that Nkx2.2 has a primary role in ventral neuronal patterning. In Nkx2.2 mutants, Pax6 expression is unchanged but cells undergo a ventral-to-dorsal transformation in fate and generate motor neurons rather than interneurons. Thus, Nkx2.2 has an essential role in interpreting graded Shh signals and selecting neuronal identity.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Nina Ireland Lab Dev Neurobiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Columbia University
RP Rubenstein, JLR (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Nina Ireland Lab Dev Neurobiol, 402 Parnassus Ave,LPP1 Box 0984, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 30
TC 605
Z9 794
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6728
BP 622
EP 627
DI 10.1038/19315
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 186WX
UT WOS:000079754700058
PM 10217145
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Graves, LE
   Segal, S
   Goodwin, EB
AF Graves, LE
   Segal, S
   Goodwin, EB
TI TRA-1 regulates the cellular distribution of the tra-2 mRNA in C. elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sex-determining gene; nematode caenorhabditis-elegans; zinc finger proteins; molecular analysis; transformation; hedgehog; member; family
AB The GLI protein family is involved in several key developmental processes in both vertebrates and invertebrates, The Drosophila GLI protein, Cubitus interuptus (Ci), regulates segment polarity and wing and leg development. In vertebrates, the GLI proteins control neural, lung, bone and gut development(1), In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the GLI family member TRA-1 is necessary for normal sexual development(2,3). GLI, Ci and TRA-1 each contain five zinc-finger domains and bind the identical DNA sequence. Previous analyses are consistent with these proteins being transcription factors(4,5). Here we show that TRA-1 can act post-transcriptionally to govern gene activity. Our results indicate that the binding of TRA-1 to the 3' untranslated region of tra-2 regulates the export of tra-2 messenger RNA from the nucleus. The fact that TRA-1 is part of a conserved family of proteins raises the possibility that GLI family members are both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Lurie Canc Ctr, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center; Northwestern University
RP Goodwin, EB (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
EM ebg778@nwu.edu
NR 22
TC 33
Z9 40
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6738
BP 802
EP 805
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 210JP
UT WOS:000081101600058
PM 10391248
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Manne, LL
   Brooks, TM
   Pimm, SL
AF Manne, LL
   Brooks, TM
   Pimm, SL
TI Relative risk of extinction of passerine birds on continents and islands
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Greater numbers and higher proportions of recent species extinctions have been on islands rather than on continents. In contrast, predictions of massive future extinctions stem from the current clearing of continental, tropical forests(1). For instance, since 1600, 97 out of 108 bird extinctions have been on islands(2). However, 452 of the total 1,1 1 1 species currently considered to be threatened are continental(3). Island flora and fauna are uniquely vulnerable to the human introduction of previously absent predators, diseases and other menaces(4), whereas species on continents are not so ecologically logically naive. So could predictions of future continental extinctions based on island histories be exaggerated(1)? Most threatened species have small geographic ranges(5), and the ranges of island species are inevitably smaller than those of continental species. For a given range size, how do the proportions of threatened island and continental species compare? Here we compile the ranges of the passerine (perching) birds of the Americas. Corrected for range size, continental species are more-not less-likely to be threatened. We use this unexpected vulnerability of continental species with small ranges to produce a map showing where species losses might occur in the long term.
C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
   Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA.
   Univ Arkansas, Ctr Adv Spatial Technol, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA.
C3 University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville; University of Arkansas System; University of Arkansas Fayetteville; University of Arkansas System; University of Arkansas Fayetteville
RP Pimm, SL (corresponding author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, 569 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
NR 27
TC 172
Z9 201
U1 1
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6733
BP 258
EP 261
DI 10.1038/20436
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 198MF
UT WOS:000080427400055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chambers, J
   Ames, RS
   Bergsma, D
   Muir, A
   Fitzgerald, LR
   Hervieu, G
   Dytko, GM
   Foley, JJ
   Martin, J
   Liu, WS
   Park, J
   Ellis, C
   Ganguly, S
   Konchar, S
   Cluderay, J
   Leslie, R
   Wilson, S
   Sarau, HM
AF Chambers, J
   Ames, RS
   Bergsma, D
   Muir, A
   Fitzgerald, LR
   Hervieu, G
   Dytko, GM
   Foley, JJ
   Martin, J
   Liu, WS
   Park, J
   Ellis, C
   Ganguly, S
   Konchar, S
   Cluderay, J
   Leslie, R
   Wilson, S
   Sarau, HM
TI Melanin-concentrating hormone is the cognate ligand for the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor SLC-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat-brain; gene; peptides; neuropeptides; expression; cloning; binding; family; acid
AB The underlying causes of obesity are poorly understood but probably involve complex interactions between many neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems involved in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Three pieces of evidence indicate that the neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is an important component of this system. First, MCH stimulates feeding when injected directly into rat brains(1,2); second, the messenger RNA for the MCH precursor is upregulated in the hypothalamus of genetically obese mice and in fasted animals'; and third, mice lacking MCH eat less and are lean(3). MCH antagonists might, therefore, provide a treatment for obesity. However, the development of such molecules has been hampered because the identity of the MCH receptor has been unknown until now. Here we show that the 353-amino-acid human orphan G-protein-coupled receptor SLC-1 (ref, 4) expressed in HEK293 cells binds MCH with sub-nanomolar affinity, and is stimulated by MCH to mobilize intracellular Ca2+ and reduce forskolin-elevated cyclic AMP levels. We also show that SLC-1 messenger RNA and protein is expressed in the ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei of the hypothalamus, consistent with a role for SLC-1 in mediating the effects of MCH on feeding.
C1 SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Mol Screening Technol, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Neurosci, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Mol Biol, King Of Prussia, PA 19406 USA.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Renal Pharmaceut, King Of Prussia, PA 19406 USA.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Pulm Pharmacol, King Of Prussia, PA 19406 USA.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Prot Biochem, King Of Prussia, PA 19406 USA.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Gene Express Sci, King Of Prussia, PA 19406 USA.
C3 GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA
RP Chambers, J (corresponding author), SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Mol Screening Technol, New Frontier Sci Pk,So Way, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
NR 25
TC 428
Z9 484
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6741
BP 261
EP 265
DI 10.1038/22313
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 217MP
UT WOS:000081503800043
PM 10421367
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Santini, JT
   Cima, MJ
   Langer, R
AF Santini, JT
   Cima, MJ
   Langer, R
TI A controlled-release microchip
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID delivery systems; drug delivery
AB Much previous work in methods of achieving complex drug-release patterns has focused on pulsatile release from polymeric materials in response to specific stimuli(1), such as electric(2-5) or magnetic(6,7) fields, exposure to ultrasound(7,8), light(9) or enzymes(10), and changes in pH(11) or temperature(12-14), An alternative method for achieving pulsatile release involves using microfabrication technology to develop active devices that incorporate micrometre-scale pumps, valves and flow channels to deliver liquid solutions(15,16). Here we report a solid-state silicon microchip that can provide controlled release of single or multiple chemical substances on demand. The release mechanism is based on the electrochemical dissolution of thin anode membranes covering microreservoirs filled with chemicals in solid, liquid or gel form. We have conducted proof-of-principle release studies with a prototype microchip using gold and saline solution as a model electrode material and release medium, and we have demonstrated controlled, pulsatile release of chemical substances with this device.
C1 MIT, Dept Chem Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Langer, R (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Chem Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 22
TC 739
Z9 882
U1 0
U2 200
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 28
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6717
BP 335
EP 338
DI 10.1038/16898
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 162BE
UT WOS:000078324600045
PM 9988626
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liebl, U
   Lipowski, G
   Négrerie, M
   Lambry, JC
   Martin, JL
   Vos, MH
AF Liebl, U
   Lipowski, G
   Négrerie, M
   Lambry, JC
   Martin, JL
   Vos, MH
TI Coherent reaction dynamics in a bacterial cytochrome c oxidase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID paracoccus-denitrificans; reaction centers; vibrational coherence; electron-transfer; heme-proteins; primary event; spectroscopy; activation; absorption; program
AB Biological reactions in protein complexes involve structural dynamics spanning many orders of magnitude in time. In standard descriptions of catalysis by enzymes, the transition state between reactant and product is reached by thermal, stochastic motion. In the ultrashort time domain, however, the protein moiety and cofactor motions leading to altered conformations can be coherent rather than stochastic in nature(1-4). Such coherent motions may play a key role in controlling the accessibility of the transition state and explain the high efficiency of the reaction. Here we present evidence for coherent population transfer to the product state during an ultrafast reaction catalysed by a key enzyme in aerobic organisms. Using the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase aa(3) from the bacterium Paracoccus denitrificans, we have studied haem dynamics during the photo-initiated ultrafast transfer of carbon monoxide from haem a(3) to CuB by femtosecond spectroscopy. The ground state of the unliganded a(3) species is populated in a stepwise manner in time, indicating that the reaction is mainly governed by coherent vibrations (47 cm(-1)). The reaction coordinate involves conformational relaxation of the haem group and we suggest that ligand transfer also contributes.
C1 Ecole Polytech, ENSTA, Lab Opt Appl, INSERM,U451, F-91761 Palaiseau, France.
C3 Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; ENSTA Paris; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
RP Vos, MH (corresponding author), Ecole Polytech, ENSTA, Lab Opt Appl, INSERM,U451, F-91761 Palaiseau, France.
NR 30
TC 93
Z9 101
U1 1
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6749
BP 181
EP 184
DI 10.1038/43699
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234AF
UT WOS:000082458800058
PM 10490029
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hurley, K
   Cline, T
   Mazets, E
   Barthelmy, S
   Butterworth, P
   Marshall, F
   Palmer, D
   Aptekar, R
   Golenetskii, S
   Il'Inskii, V
   Frederiks, D
   McTiernan, J
   Gold, R
   Trombka, J
AF Hurley, K
   Cline, T
   Mazets, E
   Barthelmy, S
   Butterworth, P
   Marshall, F
   Palmer, D
   Aptekar, R
   Golenetskii, S
   Il'Inskii, V
   Frederiks, D
   McTiernan, J
   Gold, R
   Trombka, J
TI A giant periodic flare from the soft γ-ray repeater SGR1900+14
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 1979 march 5; burst; transient; location; event
AB Soft gamma-ray repeaters are transient sources of high-energy photons; they emit sporadic and short (about 0.1 s) bursts of 'soft' gamma-rays during periods of activity which are often broken by long stretches of quiescence. These objects are associated with neutron stars in young supernova remnants(1). The event of 5 March 1979 was the most intense burst to date, and the only one that showed a dear periodicity in the signal(2,3). Here we report the detection, on 27 August 1998, of an even more intense burst from a different soft gamma-ray repeater. This event was characterized by 'hard' gamma-rays at its peak, followed by a tail 300 s long with a soft spectrum and a dear periodicity of 5.16 s. The burst was probably initiated by a massive disruption of the crust of the neutron star, followed by an outflow of energetic particles rotating with the period of the star. A comparison of the events of 27 August 1998 and 5 March 1979 supports the idea that magnetic energy plays an important role in the genesis of such events. Although these giant hares are rare, they are not unique events and may occur at any time in a neutron star's activity cycle.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   AF Ioffe Phys Tech Inst, St Petersburg 194021, Russia.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Ioffe Physical Technical Institute; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
RP Hurley, K (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 28
TC 399
Z9 434
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 7
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6714
BP 41
EP 43
DI 10.1038/16199
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 155RD
UT WOS:000077959400039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Woodman, GF
   Luck, SJ
AF Woodman, GF
   Luck, SJ
TI Electrophysiological measurement of rapid shifts of attention during visual search
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The perception of natural visual scenes that contain many objects poses computational problems that are absent when objects are perceived in isolation(1). Vision researchers have captured this attribute of real-world perception in the laboratory by using visual search tasks, in which subjects search for a target object in arrays containing varying numbers of non-target distracter objects. Under many conditions, the amount of time required to detect a visual search target increases as the number of objects in the stimulus array increases, and some investigators have proposed that this reflects the serial application of attention to the individual objects in the array(2,3). However, other investigators have argued that this pattern of results may instead be due to limitations in the processing capacity of a parallel processing system that identifies multiple objects concurrently(4,5), Here we attempt to address this longstanding controversy by using an electrophysiological marker of the moment-by-moment direction of attention-the N2pc component of the event-related potential waveform-to show that attention shifts rapidly among objects during visual search.
C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Psychol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
C3 University of Iowa
RP Luck, SJ (corresponding author), Univ Iowa, Dept Psychol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
NR 13
TC 484
Z9 529
U1 1
U2 65
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6747
BP 867
EP 869
DI 10.1038/23698
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 230CA
UT WOS:000082233200044
PM 10476964
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hegde, RS
   Tremblay, P
   Groth, D
   DeArmond, SJ
   Prusiner, SB
   Lingappa, VR
AF Hegde, RS
   Tremblay, P
   Groth, D
   DeArmond, SJ
   Prusiner, SB
   Lingappa, VR
TI Transmissible and genetic prion diseases share a common pathway of neurodegeneration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID creutzfeldt-jakob-disease; wild-type; scrapie; protein; encephalopathy; pathogenesis; pathology; hamsters; rodents; brains
AB Prion diseases can be infectious, sporadic and genetic(1-4). The infectious forms of these diseases, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, are usually characterized by the accumulation in the brain of the transmissible pathogen, an abnormally folded isoform of the prion protein (PrP) termed PrPSc. However, certain inherited PrP mutations appear to cause neurodegeneration in the absence of PrPSc (refs 5-8), working instead by favoured synthesis of (PrP)-Pr-Ctm, a transmembrane form of PrP (ref. 9). The relationship between the neurodegeneration seen in transmissible prion diseases involving PrPSc and that associated with (PrP)-Pr-Ctm has remained unclear. Here we find that the effectiveness of accumulated PrPSc in causing neurodegenerative disease depends upon the predilection of host-encoded PrP to be made in the (PrP)-Pr-Ctm form. Furthermore, the time course of PrPSc accumulation in transmissible prion disease is followed closely by increased generation of (PrP)-Pr-Ctm. Thus, the accumulation of PrPSc appears to modulate in trans the events involved in generating or metabolising (PrP)-Pr-Ctm. Together, these data suggest that the events of (PrP)-Pr-Ctm-mediated neurodegeneration may represent a common step in the pathogenesis of genetic and infectious prion diseases.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pathol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Inst Neurodegenerat Dis, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Lingappa, VR (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, Box 0444, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 30
TC 239
Z9 259
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 822
EP 826
DI 10.1038/45574
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500068
PM 10617204
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krijgsman, W
   Hilgen, FJ
   Raffi, I
   Sierro, FJ
   Wilson, DS
AF Krijgsman, W
   Hilgen, FJ
   Raffi, I
   Sierro, FJ
   Wilson, DS
TI Chronology, causes and progression of the Messinian salinity crisis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID late miocene; plate; stratigraphy; constraints; timescale; motion
AB The Messinian salinity crisis is widely regarded as one: of the most dramatic episodes of oceanic change of the past 20 or so million years (refs 1-3), Earliest explanations were that extremely thick evaporites were deposited in a deep and desiccated Mediterranean basin that had been repeatedly isolated from the Atlantic Ocean(1,2), but elucidation of the causes of the isolation-whether driven largely by glacio-eustatic or tectonic processes-have been hampered by the absence of an accurate time frame. Here we present an astronomically calibrated chronology for the Mediterranean Messinian age based on an integrated high-resolution stratigraphy and 'tuning' of sedimentary cycle patterns to variations in the Earth's orbital parameters. We show that the onset of the Messinian. salinity crisis is synchronous over the entire Mediterranean basin, dated at 5.96 +/- 0.02 million years ago. Isolation from the Atlantic Ocean was established between 5.59 and 5.33 million years ago, causing a large fall in Mediterranean water level followed by erosion (5.59-550 million years ago) and deposition (5.50-5.33 million years ago) of non-marine sediments in a large 'Lago Mare' (Lake Sea) basin. Cyclic evaporite deposition is almost entirely related to circum-Mediterranean climate changes driven by changes in the earth's precession, and not to obliquity-induced glacio-eustatic sea-level changes. We argue in favour of a dominantly tectonic origin for the Messinian salinity crisis, although its exact timing may well have been controlled by the similar to 400-kyr component of the Earths eccentricity cycle.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Paleomagnet Lab Fort Hoofddijk, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Utrecht, Dept Geol, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ G DAnnunzio, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-66013 Chieti Scalo, Italy.
   Univ Salamanca, Fac Ciencias, Dept Geol, Salamanca 37008, Spain.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geol Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 Utrecht University; Utrecht University; G d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara; University of Salamanca; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Krijgsman, W (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Paleomagnet Lab Fort Hoofddijk, Budapestlaan 17, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
NR 32
TC 1597
Z9 1729
U1 1
U2 239
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6745
BP 652
EP 655
DI 10.1038/23231
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226QU
UT WOS:000082032900049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Birger, Y
   Shemer, R
   Perk, J
   Razin, A
AF Birger, Y
   Shemer, R
   Perk, J
   Razin, A
TI The imprinting box of the mouse Igf2r gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna methylation; mechanisms; expression; pattern; embryo; island
AB Genomic imprinting is a phenomenon characterized by parent-of-origin-specific expression. The imprint is a mark established during germ-cell development to distinguish between the paternal and maternal copies of the imprinted genes. This imprint is maintained throughout embryo development and erased in the embryonic gonads to set the stage for a new imprint(1). DNA methylation is essential in this process as shown by the presence of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in all imprinted genes(2) and by the loss of imprinting in mice that are deficient in DNA. methylation(3) or upon deletion of DMRs(4-6). Here we show that a DMR in the imprinted Igf2r gene (which encodes the receptor for insulin-like growth factor type-2) that has been shown to be necessary for imprinting(5) includes a 113-base-pair sequence that constitutes a methylation imprinting box. We identify two new cis-acting elements in this box that bind specific proteins: a de novo methylation signal and an allele-discrimination signal. We propose that this regulatory system, which we show to be involved in the establishment of differential methylation in the Igf2r DMR, represents a critical element in the imprinting process.
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, Dept Cellular Biochem, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP Razin, A (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, Dept Cellular Biochem, POB 12272, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
NR 17
TC 108
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 7
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6714
BP 84
EP 88
DI 10.1038/16291
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 155RD
UT WOS:000077959400053
PM 9892358
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sinha, S
   Anderson, JP
   Barbour, R
   Basi, GS
   Caccavello, R
   Davis, D
   Doan, M
   Dovey, HF
   Frigon, N
   Hong, J
   Jacobson-Croak, K
   Jewett, N
   Keim, P
   Knops, J
   Lieberburg, I
   Power, M
   Tan, H
   Tatsuno, G
   Tung, J
   Schenk, D
   Seubert, P
   Suomensaari, SM
   Wang, SW
   Walker, D
   Zhao, J
   McConlogue, L
   John, V
AF Sinha, S
   Anderson, JP
   Barbour, R
   Basi, GS
   Caccavello, R
   Davis, D
   Doan, M
   Dovey, HF
   Frigon, N
   Hong, J
   Jacobson-Croak, K
   Jewett, N
   Keim, P
   Knops, J
   Lieberburg, I
   Power, M
   Tan, H
   Tatsuno, G
   Tung, J
   Schenk, D
   Seubert, P
   Suomensaari, SM
   Wang, SW
   Walker, D
   Zhao, J
   McConlogue, L
   John, V
TI Purification and cloning of amyloid precursor protein β-secretase from human brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alzheimers-disease; inhibitor; mutation; terminus
AB Proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) generates amyloid beta (A beta) peptide, which is thought to be causal for the pathology and subsequent cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Cleavage by beta-secretase at the amino terminus of the A beta peptide sequence, between residues 671 and 672 of APP, leads to the generation and extracellular release of beta-cleaved soluble APP(1), and a corresponding cell-associated carboxy-terminal fragment. Cleavage of the C-terminal fragment by gamma-secretase(s) leads to the formation of A beta. The pathogenic mutation K670M671 --> N670L671 at the beta-secretase cleavage site in APP(2), which was discovered in a Swedish family with familial Alzheimer's disease, leads to increased beta-secretase cleavage of the mutant substrate(3). Here we describe a membrane-bound enzyme activity that cleaves full-length APP at the beta-secretase cleavage site, and find it to be the predominant beta-cleavage activity in human brain. We have purified this enzyme activity to homogeneity from human brain using a new substrate analogue inhibitor of the enzyme activity, and show that the purified enzyme has all the properties predicted for beta-secretase. Cloning and expression of the enzyme reveals that human brain beta-secretase is a new membrane-bound aspartic proteinase.
C1 Elan Pharmaceut, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
C3 Perrigo Company PLC; Perrigo Company PLC North America
RP Sinha, S (corresponding author), Elan Pharmaceut, 800 Gateway Blvd, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
NR 12
TC 1463
Z9 1800
U1 1
U2 84
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 537
EP 540
DI 10.1038/990114
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200058
PM 10591214
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Galama, TJ
   Briggs, MS
   Wijers, RAMJ
   Vreeswijk, PM
   Rol, E
   Band, D
   van Paradijs, J
   Kouveliotou, C
   Preece, RD
   Bremer, M
   Smith, IA
   Tilanus, RPJ
   de Bruyn, AG
   Strom, RG
   Pooley, G
   Castro-Tirado, AJ
   Tanvir, N
   Robinson, C
   Hurley, K
   Heise, J
   Telting, J
   Rutten, RGM
   Packham, C
   Swaters, R
   Davies, JK
   Fassia, A
   Green, SF
   Foster, MJ
   Sagar, R
   Pandey, AK
   Nilakshi
   Yadav, RKS
   Ofek, EO
   Leibowitz, E
   Ibbetson, P
   Rhoads, J
   Falco, E
   Petry, C
   Impey, C
   Geballe, TR
   Bhattacharya, D
AF Galama, TJ
   Briggs, MS
   Wijers, RAMJ
   Vreeswijk, PM
   Rol, E
   Band, D
   van Paradijs, J
   Kouveliotou, C
   Preece, RD
   Bremer, M
   Smith, IA
   Tilanus, RPJ
   de Bruyn, AG
   Strom, RG
   Pooley, G
   Castro-Tirado, AJ
   Tanvir, N
   Robinson, C
   Hurley, K
   Heise, J
   Telting, J
   Rutten, RGM
   Packham, C
   Swaters, R
   Davies, JK
   Fassia, A
   Green, SF
   Foster, MJ
   Sagar, R
   Pandey, AK
   Nilakshi
   Yadav, RKS
   Ofek, EO
   Leibowitz, E
   Ibbetson, P
   Rhoads, J
   Falco, E
   Petry, C
   Impey, C
   Geballe, TR
   Bhattacharya, D
TI The effect of magnetic fields on γ-ray bursts inferred from multi-wavelength observations of the burst of 23 January 1999
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID batse observations; radio telescope; photometry; afterglow; spectra
AB Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are thought to arise when an extremely relativistic outflow of particles from a massive explosion (the nature of which is still unclear) Interacts with material surrounding the site of the explosion. observations of the evolving changes in emission at many wavelengths allow us to Investigate the origin of the photons, and so potentially determine the nature of the explosion. Here we report the results of gamma-ray, optical, Infrared, submillimetre, millimetre and radio observations of the burst GRB990123 and Its afterglow. Our Interpretation of the data Indicates that the initial and afterglow emissions are associated with three distinct regions In the fireball. The peak flux of the afterglow, one day after the burst, has a lower frequency than observed for other bursts; this explains tbe short-lived radio emission. We suggest that the differences between bursts reflect variations In the magnetic-field strength in the afterglow-emitting regions.
C1 Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Ctr High Energy Astrophys, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Alabama, Dept Phys, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, CASS, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   NASA, MSFC, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA.
   Univ Space Res Assoc, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA.
   Inst Radio Astron Millimetr, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France.
   Rice Univ, Dept Space Phys & Astron, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
   Joint Astron Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
   Netherlands Fdn Res Astron, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands.
   Kapteyn Astron Inst, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Mullard Radio Astron Observ, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
   Lab Astrofis Espacial & Fis Fundamental, INTA, E-28080 Madrid, Spain.
   CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, E-18080 Granada, Spain.
   Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England.
   Univ Hertfordshire, Dept Phys Sci, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Natl Sci Fdn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   SRON, Space Res Lab, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Isaac Newton Grp, E-38780 Santa Cruz De La Palma, Islas Canarias, Spain.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Astrophys Grp, London SW7 2BZ, England.
   Univ Kent, Phys Lab, Sch Phys Sci, Unit Space Sci & Astrophys, Canterbury CT2 7NR, Kent, England.
   Uttar Pradesh State Observ, Naini Tal 263129, India.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Wise Observ, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   Kitt Peak Natl Observ, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Gemini Observ, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
   Raman Res Inst, Bangalore 560080, Karnataka, India.
C3 University of Amsterdam; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Huntsville; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; University of California System; University of California San Diego; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); Universities Space Research Association (USRA); Rice University; University of Groningen; Kapteyn Astronomical Institute; University of Cambridge; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Astrobiologia (INTA); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA); University of Cambridge; University of Hertfordshire; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; National Science Foundation (NSF); Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes; Imperial College London; University of Kent; Tel Aviv University; National Optical Astronomy Observatory; Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; University of Arizona; University of Hawaii System; University Hawaii Hilo; Department of Science & Technology (India); Raman Research Institute (RRI)
RP Galama, TJ (corresponding author), Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, Kruislaan 403, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM titus@astro.uva.nl
NR 49
TC 155
Z9 161
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6726
BP 394
EP 399
DI 10.1038/18828
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 182PW
UT WOS:000079508200043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kurts, C
   Carbone, FR
   Krummel, MF
   Koch, KM
   Miller, JFAP
   Heath, WR
AF Kurts, C
   Carbone, FR
   Krummel, MF
   Koch, KM
   Miller, JFAP
   Heath, WR
TI Signalling through CD30 protects against autoimmune diabetes mediated by CD8 T cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hodgkins-disease; antigens; selection; induction; deletion; death; mice
AB Autoantigens found on pancreatic islets can move to draining lymph nodes, where they are able to cause the activation and consequent deletion of autoreactive T cells by a mechanism termed cross-tolerance(1,2), This deletion depends on signalling through CD95 (also known as Fas), a member of the superfamily of tumour-necrosis-factor receptors(3). Here we describe a new mechanism that protects against autoimmunity: this mechanism involves another member of this superfamily, CD30, whose function was largely unknown. CD30-deficient islet-specific CD8-positive T cells are roughly 6,000-fold more autoaggressive than wild-type cells, with the transfer of as few as 160 CD30-deficient T cells leading to the complete destruction of pancreatic islets and the rapid onset of diabetes. We show that, in the absence of CD30 signalling, cells activated but not yet deleted by the CD95-dependent cross-tolerance mechanism gain the ability to proliferate extensively upon secondary encounter with antigen on parenchymal tissues, such as the pancreatic islets. Thus, CD30 signalling limits the proliferative potential of autoreactive CD8 effector T cells and protects the body against autoimmunity.
C1 Royal Melbourne Hosp, Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, Div Immunol, Parkville, Vic 3050, Australia.
   Monash Med Sch, Dept Pathol & Immunol, Prahran, Vic 3181, Australia.
   Med Hsch Hannover, Dept Nephrol, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
C3 Walter & Eliza Hall Institute; Melbourne Health; Royal Melbourne Hospital; Monash University; Hannover Medical School
RP Heath, WR (corresponding author), Royal Melbourne Hosp, Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, Div Immunol, Parkville, Vic 3050, Australia.
EM carbone@cobra.path.monash.edu.au; Heath@wehi.edu.au
NR 23
TC 104
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6725
BP 341
EP 344
DI 10.1038/18692
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180DF
UT WOS:000079369600053
PM 10192335
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kaufman, J
   Milne, S
   Göbel, TWF
   Walker, BA
   Jacob, JP
   Auffray, C
   Zoorob, R
   Beck, S
AF Kaufman, J
   Milne, S
   Göbel, TWF
   Walker, BA
   Jacob, JP
   Auffray, C
   Zoorob, R
   Beck, S
TI The chicken B locus is a minimal essential major histocompatibility complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mhc class-i; cell-interaction; polymorphism; transporters; molecules; gene; rat
AB Here we report the sequence of the region that determines rapid allograft rejection in chickens, the chicken major histocompatibility complex (MHC). This 92-kilobase region of the B locus(1-4) contains only 19 genes, making the chicken MHC roughly 20-fold smaller than the human MHC5. Virtually all the genes have counterparts in the human MHC, defining a minimal essential set of MHC genes conserved over 200 million years of divergence between birds and mammals. They are organized differently, with the class III region genes located outside the class II and class I region genes. The absence of proteasome genes(5,6) is unexpected and might explain unusual peptide-binding specificities of chicken class I molecules. The presence of putative natural killer receptor gene(s)(5,7) is unprecedented and might explain the importance of the B locus in the response to the herpes virus responsible for Marek's diseases(8-10). The small size and simplicity of the chicken MHC allows co-evolution of genes as haplotypes over considerable periods of time, and makes it possible to study the striking MHC-determined pathogen-specific disease resistances(8-10) at the molecular level.
C1 Inst Anim Hlth, Compton RG20 7NN, England.
   Sanger Ctr, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England.
   Inst Anim Physiol, D-80539 Munich, Germany.
   CNRS, UPR420, Villejuif, France.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Pirbright Institute; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; University of Munich; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Kaufman, J (corresponding author), Inst Anim Hlth, Compton RG20 7NN, England.
EM jim.kaufman@bbsrc.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 526
Z9 609
U1 0
U2 59
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6756
BP 923
EP 925
DI 10.1038/44856
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 251UL
UT WOS:000083464700061
PM 10553909
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Galarreta, M
   Hestrin, S
AF Galarreta, M
   Hestrin, S
TI A network of fast-spiking cells in the neocortex connected by electrical synapses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat frontal-cortex; nonpyramidal cells; inhibitory interneurons; gabaergic interneurons; gamma-oscillation; neuronal networks; cortical-neurons; in-vitro; hippocampus; synchronization
AB Encoding of information in the cortex is thought to depend on synchronous firing of cortical neurons(1,2). Inhibitory neurons are known to be critical in the coordination of cortical activity(3-5), but how interaction among inhibitory cells promotes synchrony is not well understood(4,6-12). To address this issue directly, we have recorded simultaneously from pairs of fast-spiking (FS) cells, a type of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing neocortical interneuron(13). Here we report a high occurrence of electrical coupling among FS cells. Electrical synapses were not found among pyramidal neurons or between FS cells and other cortical cells. Some FS cells were interconnected by both electrical and GABAergic synapses. We show that communication through electrical synapses allows excitatory signalling among inhibitory cells and promotes their synchronous spiking. These results indicate that electrical synapses establish a network of fast-spiking cells in the neocortex which may play a key role in coordinating cortical activity.
C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, Memphis, TN 38163 USA.
C3 University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Health Science Center
RP Hestrin, S (corresponding author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, 855 Monroe Ave, Memphis, TN 38163 USA.
EM shaul@nb.utmem.edu
NR 30
TC 767
Z9 865
U1 1
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 72
EP 75
DI 10.1038/47029
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600044
PM 10573418
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beck, S
   Geraghty, D
   Inoko, H
   Rowen, L
   Aguado, B
   Bahram, S
   Campbell, RD
   Forbes, SA
   Guillaudeux, T
   Hood, L
   Horton, R
   Janer, M
   Jasoni, C
   Madan, A
   Milne, S
   Neville, M
   Oka, A
   Qin, S
   Ribas-Despuig, G
   Rogers, J
   Shiina, T
   Spies, T
   Tamiya, G
   Tashiro, H
   Trowsdale, J
   Vu, Q
   Williams, L
   Yamazaki, M
AF Beck, S
   Geraghty, D
   Inoko, H
   Rowen, L
   Aguado, B
   Bahram, S
   Campbell, RD
   Forbes, SA
   Guillaudeux, T
   Hood, L
   Horton, R
   Janer, M
   Jasoni, C
   Madan, A
   Milne, S
   Neville, M
   Oka, A
   Qin, S
   Ribas-Despuig, G
   Rogers, J
   Shiina, T
   Spies, T
   Tamiya, G
   Tashiro, H
   Trowsdale, J
   Vu, Q
   Williams, L
   Yamazaki, M
TI Complete sequence and gene map of a human major histocompatibility complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human mhc; dna-replication; class-ii; region; locus; end
AB Here we report the first complete sequence and gene map of a human major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a region on chromosome 6 which is essential to the immune system (reviewed in ref. 1). When it was discovered over 50 years ago the region was thought to specify histocompatibility genes, but their nature has been resolved only in the last two decades. Although many of the 224 identified gene loci (128 predicted to be expressed) are still of unknown function, we estimate that about 40% of the expressed genes have immune system function. Over 50% of the MHC has been sequenced twice, in different haplotypes, giving insight into the extraordinary polymorphism and evolution of this region. Several genes, particularly of the MHC class II and III regions, can be traced by sequence similarity and synteny to over 700 million years ago, dearly predating the emergence of the adaptive immune system some 400 million years ago. The sequence is expected to be invaluable for the identification of many common disease loci. In the past, the search for these loci has been hampered by the complexity of high gene density and linkage disequilibrium.
C1 Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98104 USA.
   Sanger Ctr, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England.
   Tokai Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Life Sci, Isehara, Kanagawa 25911, Japan.
   Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   HGMP Resource Ctr, Hinxton CB10 1SB, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Pathol, Div Immunol, Cambridge CB2 1QP, England.
   Ctr Rech Immunol & Hematol, Strasbourg, France.
   Fujiya Co Ltd, Biosci Res Lab, Kanagawa 257, Japan.
C3 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Tokai University; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Cambridge
RP Geraghty, D (corresponding author), Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, 1124 Columbia St, Seattle, WA 98104 USA.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 20
TC 874
Z9 1003
U1 0
U2 64
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6756
BP 921
EP 923
DI 10.1038/44853
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 251UL
UT WOS:000083464700060
PM 10553908
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, P
   Wilding, TJ
   Kim, SJ
   Calejesan, AA
   Huettner, JE
   Zhuo, M
AF Li, P
   Wilding, TJ
   Kim, SJ
   Calejesan, AA
   Huettner, JE
   Zhuo, M
TI Kainate-receptor-mediated sensory synaptic transmission in mammalian spinal cord
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID substantia-gelatinosa neurons; dorsal horn; glutamate receptors; in-vitro; rat; desensitization; ampa; 2,3-benzodiazepines; antagonism; activation
AB Glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, activates three different receptors that directly gate ion channels, namely receptors for AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl isoxozole propionic acid), NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate), and kainate, a structural analogue of glutamate. The contribution of AMPA and NMDA receptors to synaptic transmission and plasticity is well established(1). Recent work on the physiological function of kainate receptors has focused on the hippocampus(2), where repetitive activation of the mossy-fibre pathway generates a slow, kainate-receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC)(3-5). Here we show that high-intensity single-shock stimulation (of duration 200 microseconds) of primary afferent sensory fibres produces a fast, kainate-receptor-mediated EPSC in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Activation of low-threshold afferent fibres generates typical AMPA-receptor-mediated EPSCs only, indicating that kainate receptors may be restricted to synapses formed by high-threshold nociceptive (pain-sensing) and thermoreceptive primary afferent fibres. Consistent with this possibility, kainate-receptor-mediated EPSCs are blocked by the analgesic mu-opiate-receptor agonist Damgo and spinal blockade of both kainate and AMPA receptors produces antinociception, Thus, spinal kainate receptors contribute to transmission of somatosensory inputs from the periphery to the brain.
C1 Washington Univ, Dept Anesthesiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Cell Biol & Physiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Zhuo, M (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Dept Anesthesiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS030888] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 218
Z9 250
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 14
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6715
BP 161
EP 164
DI 10.1038/16469
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 157WQ
UT WOS:000078085000046
PM 9923678
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bailey, RC
AF Bailey, RC
TI Gravity-driven continental overflow and Archaean tectonics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crustal deformation; stress; lithosphere; constraints; subduction; mechanisms; thickness; germany; thrust
AB Whether modern tectonic processes differ substantially from those in Archaean times (>2,500 Myr ago) remains controversial, One view(1) is that Archaean tectonic processes were some combination of modern ones, occurring faster or more shallowly because of the larger heat output of the early Earth, but others(2) have proposed that significantly different processes operated. Here I argue that gravitational spreading of Archaean continents would have caused them continuously and pervasively to 'overflow' onto adjacent ocean basins, and that this process would have naturally ceased at the end of the Archaean era. Because modern continental crust is believed to be ductile rather than brittle below a depth corresponding to a temperature of about 350-400 degrees C (ref. 3), it seems likely that such a ductile zone was universally present within the hotter Archaean continental crust. If the mean geothermal gradient of the continents had exceeded similar to 25-30 degrees C km(-1), then the resulting ductile zone would have caused continental overflow to occur, and such a process can account for many of the distinctive peculiarities observed in the Archaean geological record. The cessation of continental overflow corresponds naturally to the stabilizing 'cratonization' which marked the end of the Archaean era, with its timing dependent on the evolution of both the geothermal gradient in the continents and the depth of the ocean basins.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Geol, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Toronto
RP Bailey, RC (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Geol, 60 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
EM bailey@geophy.physics.utoranto.ca
NR 21
TC 43
Z9 46
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6726
BP 413
EP 415
DI 10.1038/18866
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 182PW
UT WOS:000079508200049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU O'Neill, RJW
   O'Neill, MJ
   Graves, JAM
AF O'Neill, RJW
   O'Neill, MJ
   Graves, JAM
TI Genome evolution - Global methylation in eutherian hybrids - Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA.
   La Trobe Univ, Dept Genet & Human Variat, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia.
C3 University of Connecticut; La Trobe University
RP O'Neill, RJW (corresponding author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA.
NR 2
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6749
BP 132
EP 132
DI 10.1038/43611
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234AF
UT WOS:000082458800044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heilbron, JL
   Bynum, WF
AF Heilbron, JL
   Bynum, WF
TI Plus ca change
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB For the past couple of centuries the penchant for prediction has been prevalent at century turns. How much have evaluations of scientific discovery and predictions for future advancement changed since those of the science commentators at the end of the last century?
C1 Univ Oxford Worcester Coll, Oxford OX1 2HB, England.
   Wellcome Inst Hist Med, London NW1 2BE, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of London; University College London
RP Heilbron, JL (corresponding author), Univ Oxford Worcester Coll, Oxford OX1 2HB, England.
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP C86
EP C88
DI 10.1038/35011581
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MZ
UT WOS:000084014100013
PM 10591230
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Young, DP
   Hall, D
   Torelli, ME
   Fisk, Z
   Sarrao, JL
   Thompson, JD
   Ott, HR
   Oseroff, SB
   Goodrich, RG
   Zysler, R
AF Young, DP
   Hall, D
   Torelli, ME
   Fisk, Z
   Sarrao, JL
   Thompson, JD
   Ott, HR
   Oseroff, SB
   Goodrich, RG
   Zysler, R
TI High-temperature weak ferromagnetism in a low-density free-electron gas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The magnetic properties of the ground state of a low-density free-electron gas in three dimensions have been the subject of theoretical speculation and controversy for seven decades(1). Not only is this a difficult theoretical problem to solve, it is also a problem which has not hitherto been directly addressed experimentally. Here we report measurements on electron-doped calcium hexaboride (CaB6) which, we argue, show that-at a density of 7 x 10(19) electrons cm(-3)-the ground state is ferromagnetically polarized with a saturation moment of 0.07 mu(B) per electron. Surprisingly, the magnetic ordering temperature of this itinerant ferromagnet is 600 K, of the order of the Fermi temperature of the electron gas.
C1 Florida State Univ, NHMFL, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87454 USA.
   ETH Honggerberg, Festkorperphys Lab, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   San Diego State Univ, Dept Phys, San Diego, CA 92182 USA.
   Louisiana State Univ, Dept Phys, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA.
   Ctr Atom Bariloche, RA-8400 Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina.
C3 State University System of Florida; Florida State University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; California State University System; San Diego State University; Louisiana State University System; Louisiana State University; Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica (CNEA); Centro Atomico Bariloche
RP Fisk, Z (corresponding author), Florida State Univ, NHMFL, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
EM fisk@magnet.fsu.edu
NR 12
TC 420
Z9 434
U1 0
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 4
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6718
BP 412
EP 414
DI 10.1038/17081
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 164KA
UT WOS:000078461700040
PM 29667965
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Burt, DW
   Bruley, C
   Dunn, IC
   Jones, CT
   Ramage, A
   Law, AS
   Morrice, DR
   Paton, IR
   Smith, J
   Windsor, D
   Sazanov, A
   Fries, R
   Waddington, D
AF Burt, DW
   Bruley, C
   Dunn, IC
   Jones, CT
   Ramage, A
   Law, AS
   Morrice, DR
   Paton, IR
   Smith, J
   Windsor, D
   Sazanov, A
   Fries, R
   Waddington, D
TI The dynamics of chromosome evolution in birds and mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rates; tree
AB Comparative mapping, which compares the location of homologous genes in different species, is a powerful tool for studying genome evolution(1). Comparative maps suggest that rates of chromosomal change in mammals can vary from one to ten rearrangements per million years(1-4). On the basis of these rates we would expect 84 to 600 conserved segments in a chicken comparison with human or mouse. Here we build comparative maps between these species and estimate that numbers of conserved segments are in the lower part of this range. We conclude that the organization of the human genome is closer to that of the chicken than the mouse and by adding comparative mapping results from a range of vertebrates, we identify three possible phases of chromosome evolution. The relative stability of genomes such as those of the chicken and human will enable the reconstruction of maps of ancestral vertebrates.
C1 Roslin Inst, Roslin EH25 9PS, Midlothian, Scotland.
   TUM, Lehrstuhl Tierzucht, D-85350 Munich, Germany.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Roslin Institute; Technical University of Munich
RP Burt, DW (corresponding author), Roslin Inst, Roslin EH25 9PS, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM Dave-Burt@bbsrc.ac.uk
NR 22
TC 235
Z9 254
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 411
EP 413
DI 10.1038/46555
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600056
PM 10586880
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Robinson, NJ
   Procter, CM
   Connolly, EL
   Guerinot, ML
AF Robinson, NJ
   Procter, CM
   Connolly, EL
   Guerinot, ML
TI A ferric-chelate reductase for iron uptake from soils
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID respiratory burst oxidase; arabidopsis-thaliana; gene family; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; evolution; protein; clones; cells
AB Iron deficiency afflicts more than three billion people worldwide(1), and plants are the principal source of iron in most diets. Low availability of iron often limits plant growth because iron forms insoluble ferric oxides, leaving only a small, organically complexed fraction in soil solutions(2). The enzyme ferric-chelate reductase is required for most plants to acquire soluble iron. Here we report the isolation of the FRO2 gene, which is expressed in iron-deficient roots of Arabidopsis. FRO2 belongs to a superfamily of flavocytochromes that transport electrons across membranes. It possesses intramembranous binding sites for haem and cytoplasmic binding sites for nucleotide cofactors that donate and transfer electrons. We show that FRO2 is allelic to the frd1 mutations that impair the activity of ferric-chelate reductase(3). There is a nonsense mutation within the first exon of FRO2 in frd1-1 and a missense mutation within FRO2 in frd1-3. Introduction of functional FRO2 complements the frd1-1 phenotype in transgenic plants. The isolation of FRO2 has implications for the generation of crops with improved nutritional quality and increased growth in iron-deficient soils.
C1 Newcastle Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Genet, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
C3 Newcastle University - UK; Dartmouth College
RP Robinson, NJ (corresponding author), Newcastle Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Genet, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, Tyne & Wear, England.
EM n.j.robinson@ncl.ac.uk; mary.lou.guerinot@dartmouth.edu
NR 28
TC 1019
Z9 1192
U1 8
U2 222
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 25
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6721
BP 694
EP 697
DI 10.1038/17800
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 171AP
UT WOS:000078840100050
PM 10067892
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mercader, N
   Leonardo, E
   Azpiazu, N
   Serrano, A
   Morata, G
   Martínez, C
   Torres, M
AF Mercader, N
   Leonardo, E
   Azpiazu, N
   Serrano, A
   Morata, G
   Martínez, C
   Torres, M
TI Conserved regulation of proximodistal limb axis development by Meis1/Hth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homeobox gene; vertebrate limb; feedback loop; messenger-rna; expression; extradenticle; drosophila; bud; differentiation; translocation
AB Vertebrate limbs grow out from the flanks of embryos, with their main axis extending proximodistally from the trunk. Distinct limb domains, each with specific traits, are generated in a proximal-to-distal sequence during development(1). Diffusible factors expressed from signalling centres promote the outgrowth of limbs and specify their dorsoventral and anteroposterior axes(2-4). However, the molecular mechanism by which limb cells acquire their proximodistal (P-D) identity is unknown(1). Here we describe the role of the homeobox genes Meis1/2 and Pbx1 in the development of mouse, chicken and Drosophila limbs. We find that Meis1/2 expression is restricted to a proximal domain, coincident with the previously reported domain in which Pbx1 is localized to the nucleus(5), and resembling the distribution of the Drosophila homologues homothorax (hth)(5,6) and extradenticle (exd)(7); that Meis1 regulates Pbx1 activity by promoting nuclear import of the Pbx1 protein; and that ectopic expression of Meis1 in chicken and hth in Drosophila disrupts distal limb development and induces distal-to-proximal transformations. We suggest that restriction of Meis1/Hth to proximal regions of the vertebrate and insect limb is essential to specify cell fates and differentiation patterns along the P-D axis of the limb.
C1 Univ Autonoma Madrid, CSIC, Ctr Nacl Biotecnol, Dept Inmunol & Oncol, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
   Univ Autonoma Madrid, CSIC, Ctr Biol Mol, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB); Autonomous University of Madrid; Autonomous University of Madrid; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM)
RP Torres, M (corresponding author), Univ Autonoma Madrid, CSIC, Ctr Nacl Biotecnol, Dept Inmunol & Oncol, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
NR 31
TC 250
Z9 278
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 425
EP 429
DI 10.1038/46580
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600060
PM 10586884
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chyb, S
   Raghu, P
   Hardie, RC
AF Chyb, S
   Raghu, P
   Hardie, RC
TI Polyunsaturated fatty acids activate the Drosophila light-sensitive channels TRP and TRPL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID capacitative calcium-entry; protein-kinase-c; arachidonic-acid; cation channels; photoreceptors; ca2+; phototransduction; expression; mutants; gene
AB Phototransduction in invertebrate microvillar photoreceptors is thought to be mediated by the activation of phospholipase C (PLC), but how this leads to gating of the light-sensitive channels is unknown(1,2). Most attention has focused on inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate, a second messenger produced by PLC from phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate; however, PLC also generates diacylglycerol, a potential precursor for several polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid and linolenic acid. Here we show that both of these fatty acids reversibly activate native light-sensitive channels (transient receptor potential (TRP) and TRP-like (TRPL)) in Drosophila photoreceptors as well as recombinant TRPL channels expressed in Drosophila S2 cells. Recombinant channels are activated rapidly in both whole-cell recordings and inside-out patches, with a half-maximal effector concentration for linolenic acid of similar to 10 mu M Four different Lipoxygenase inhibitors, which might be expected to lead to build-up of endogenous fatty [GRAPHICS] acids, also activate native TRP and TRPL channels in intact photoreceptors, As arachidonic acid may not be found in Drosophila, we suggest that another polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as linolenic acid, may be a messenger of excitation in Drosophila photoreceptors.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Anat, Cambridge CB2 3DY, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Hardie, RC (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Anat, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3DY, England.
EM rch14@hermes.cam.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 348
Z9 390
U1 1
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 21
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6716
BP 255
EP 259
DI 10.1038/16703
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 159QH
UT WOS:000078184800053
PM 9930700
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dalgaard, LZ
   Klar, AJS
AF Dalgaard, LZ
   Klar, AJS
TI Orientation of DNA replication establishes mating-type switching pattern in S-pombe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast schizosaccharomyces-pombe; fission yeast; genetic-analysis; initiation; cells; transposition; asymmetry; strands; breaks
AB The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe normally has haploid cells of two mating types, which differ at the chromosomal locus mat1. After two consecutive asymmetric cell divisions, only one in four 'grand-daughter' cells undergoes a 'mating-type switch', in which genetic information is transferred to mat1 from the mat2-P or mat3-M donor loci(1-4). This switching pattern probably results from an imprinting event at mat1 that marks one sister chromatid in a strand-specific manner(3-5), and is related to a site-specific, double-stranded DNA break at mat1(6,7). Here we show that the genetic imprint is a strand-specific, alkali-labile DNA modification at mat1. The DNA break is an artefact, created from the imprint during DNA purification. We also propose and test the model that mat1 is preferentially replicated by a centromere-distal origin(s), so that the strand-specific imprint occurs only during lagging-strand synthesis. Altering the origin of replication, by inverting mat1 or introducing an origin of replication, affects the imprinting and switching efficiencies in predicted ways. Two-dimensional gel analysis confirmed that mat1 is preferentially replicated by a centromere-distal origin(s). Thus, the DNA replication machinery may confer different developmental potential to sister cells.
C1 NCI, Gene Regulat & Chromosome Biol Lab, ABL Basic Res Program, Frederick Canc Res & Dev Ctr, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); SAIC-Frederick
RP Klar, AJS (corresponding author), NCI, Gene Regulat & Chromosome Biol Lab, ABL Basic Res Program, Frederick Canc Res & Dev Ctr, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA.
EM klar@mail.ncifcrf.gov
NR 24
TC 117
Z9 127
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6740
BP 181
EP 184
DI 10.1038/22139
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214JM
UT WOS:000081324900058
PM 10408447
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Inouye, S
   Pfau, T
   Gupta, S
   Chikkatur, AP
   Görlitz, A
   Pritchard, DE
   Ketterle, W
AF Inouye, S
   Pfau, T
   Gupta, S
   Chikkatur, AP
   Görlitz, A
   Pritchard, DE
   Ketterle, W
TI Phase-coherent amplification of atomic matter waves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bose-einstein condensate; laser
AB Atomic matter waves, like electromagnetic waves, can be focused, reflected, guided and split by currently available passive atom-optical elements. However, the key for many applications of electromagnetic waves lies in the availability of amplifiers. These active devices allow small signals to be detected, and led to the development of masers and lasers. Although coherent atomic beams have been produced(1-4), matter wave amplification has not been directly observed. Here we report the observation of phase-coherent amplification of atomic matter waves, The active medium is a Bose-Einstein condensate, pumped by light that is far off resonance. An atomic wave packet is split off the condensate by diffraction from an optical standing wave, and then amplified. We verified the phase coherence of the amplifier by observing interference of the output wave with a reference wave packet. This development provides a new tool for atom optics and atom interferometry, and opens the way to the construction of active matter-wave devices.
C1 MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Inouye, S (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 18
TC 198
Z9 218
U1 2
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 641
EP 644
DI 10.1038/45194
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schmidt, A
   Wolde, M
   Thiele, C
   Fest, W
   Kratzin, H
   Podtelejnikov, AV
   Witke, W
   Huttner, WB
   Söling, HD
AF Schmidt, A
   Wolde, M
   Thiele, C
   Fest, W
   Kratzin, H
   Podtelejnikov, AV
   Witke, W
   Huttner, WB
   Söling, HD
TI Endophilin I mediates synaptic vesicle formation by transfer of arachidonate to lysophosphatidic acid
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acyl-coenzyme-a; membrane-fusion; influenza hemagglutinin; phospholipid-metabolism; transport vesicles; binding partners; protein; dynamin; endocytosis; domain
AB Endophilin I is a presynaptic protein of unknown function that binds to dynamin, a GTPase that is implicated in endocytosis and recycling of synaptic vesicles. Here we show that endophilin I is essential for the formation of synaptic-like microvesicles (SLMVs) from the plasma membrane. Endophilin I exhibits lysophosphatidic acid acyl transferase (LPAAT) activity, and endophilin-I-mediated SLMV formation requires the transfer of the unsaturated fatty acid arachidonate to lysophosphatidic acid, converting it to phosphatidic acid. A deletion mutant lacking the SH3 domain through which endophilin I interacts with dynamin still exhibits LPAAT activity but no longer mediates SLMV formation. These results indicate that endophilin I may induce negative membrane curvature by converting an inverted-cone-shaped lipid to a cone-shaped lipid in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the bilayer. We propose that, through this action, endophilin I works with dynamin to mediate synaptic vesicle invagination from the plasma membrane and fission.
C1 Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
   Heidelberg Univ, Dept Neurobiol, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
   Univ Gottingen, Dept Clin Biochem, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Expt Med, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany.
   European Mol Biol Lab, D-69012 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; Max Planck Society; University of Gottingen; Max Planck Society; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Huttner, WB (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, Pfotenhauerstr 110, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
EM whuttner@sun0.urz.uni-heidelberg.de; hsoelin@gwdg.de
NR 49
TC 443
Z9 499
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6749
BP 133
EP 141
DI 10.1038/43613
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234AF
UT WOS:000082458800045
PM 10490020
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Haase, SB
   Reed, SI
AF Haase, SB
   Reed, SI
TI Evidence that a free-running oscillator drives G1 events in the budding yeast cell cycle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; s-phase; positive feedback; kinase; phosphorylation; identification; transition; genes; g(1); degradation
AB In yeast and somatic cells, mechanisms ensure cell-cycle events are initiated only when preceding events have been completed(1). In contrast, interruption of specific cell-cycle processes in early embryonic cells of many organisms does not affect the timing of subsequent events(2), indicating that cell-cycle events are triggered by a free-running cell-cycle oscillator. Here we present evidence for an independent cell-cycle oscillator in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We observed periodic activation of events normally restricted to the G1 phase of the cell cycle, in cells lacking mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase activities that are essential far cell-cycle progression, As in embryonic cells, G1 events cycled on schedule, in the absence of S phase or mitosis, with a period similar to the cell-cycle time of wild-type cells. Oscillations of similar periodicity were observed in cells responding to mating pheromone in the absence of G1 cyclin (Cln)- and mitotic cyclin (Clb)-associated kinase activity, indicating that the oscillator may function independently of cyclin-dependent kinase dynamics. We also show that Clb-associated kinase activity is essential for ensuring dependencies by preventing the initiation of new G1 events when cell-cycle progression is delayed.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 94303 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute
RP Reed, SI (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 94303 USA.
EM sreed@scripps.edu
NR 30
TC 97
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 394
EP 397
DI 10.1038/43930
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600056
PM 10517640
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dahl, JE
   Moldowan, JM
   Peters, KE
   Claypool, GE
   Rooney, MA
   Michael, GE
   Mello, MR
   Kohnen, ML
AF Dahl, JE
   Moldowan, JM
   Peters, KE
   Claypool, GE
   Rooney, MA
   Michael, GE
   Mello, MR
   Kohnen, ML
TI Diamondoid hydrocarbons as indicators of natural oil cracking
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gas generation; n-hexadecane; petroleum; temperature; geochemistry; reservoirs; conversion; pyrolysis; stability; kinetics
AB Oil cracking-the thermal breakdown of heavy hydrocarbons to smaller ones-takes place within oil-bearing rock formations at depths commonly accessed by commercial oil wells. The process ultimately converts oil into gas and pyrobitumen, and thus limits the occurrence of petroleum and the success of exploration. Thermal cracking of liquid petroleum increases with depth until it reaches completion at the so-called 'oil deadline' which is generally placed(1,2) at around 5 km depth and at temperatures of 150-175 degrees C. However, cracking experiments(3-8) and the discovery of relatively 'hot' oil reservoirsg(9,10) imply that petroleum is thermally more stable than previously assumed; in fact it has been suggested that liquid petroleum might persist at temperatures reaching(6,11-13) or even exceeding(3,14) 200 degrees C. But reliable estimates of the extent of oil cracking and the depth at which it occurs in any given reservoir are difficult to obtain. Here we demonstrate that the relative abundance of diamondoids, a class of petroleum compounds whose unique thermal stability leads to their progressive concentration during cracking(15), can be used to identify the occurrence and estimate the extent of oil destruction and the oil deadline in a particular basin. We are also able to identify oils consisting of mixtures of high- and low-maturity components, demonstrating that our method yields valuable information on the cracking and mixing processes affecting petroleum systems.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Mobil Explorat & Prod Tech Ctr, Dallas, TX 75265 USA.
   Conoco Inc, Houston, TX 77252 USA.
   Petrobras, Ctr Res & Dev, BR-21949900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
   Shell Int Explorat & Prod BV, NL-2280 AB Rijswijk, Netherlands.
C3 Stanford University; Exxon Mobil Corporation; ConocoPhillips; Petrobras; Royal Dutch Shell
RP Dahl, JE (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 27
TC 388
Z9 529
U1 3
U2 93
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6731
BP 54
EP 57
DI 10.1038/19953
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 194BK
UT WOS:000080172100052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dokken, TM
   Jansen, E
AF Dokken, TM
   Jansen, E
TI Rapid changes in the mechanism of ocean convection during the last glacial period
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic ocean; younger dryas event; fresh-water input; greenland ice; sea-level; circulation; climate; records; instability; variability
AB High-amplitude, rapid climate fluctuations are common features of glacial times. The prominent changes in air temperature recorded in the Greenland ice cores(1,2) are coherent with shifts in the magnitude of the northward heat flux carried by the North Atlantic surface ocean(3,4); changes in the ocean's thermohaline circulation are a key component in many explanations of this climate flickering(5). Here we use stable-isotope and other sedimentological data to reveal specific oceanic reorganizations during these rapid climate-change events. Deep water was generated more or less continuously in the Nordic Seas during the latter part of the last glacial period (60 to 10 thousand years ago), but by two different mechanisms, The deep-water formation occurred by convection in the open ocean during warmer periods (interstadials), But during colder phases (stadials), a freshening of the surface ocean reduced or stopped open-ocean convection, and deep-water formation was instead driven by brine-release during sea-ice freezing. These shifting magnitudes and modes nested within the overall continuity of deep-water formation were probably important for the structuring and rapidity of the prevailing climate changes.
C1 Univ Bergen, Dept Geol, N-5007 Bergen, Norway.
   Nansen Environm & Remote Sensing Ctr, Bergen, Norway.
   Univ Courses Svalbard UNIS, N-9170 Longyearbyen, Norway.
C3 University of Bergen; Nansen Environmental & Remote Sensing Center (NERSC); University Centre Svalbard (UNIS)
RP Dokken, TM (corresponding author), Univ Bergen, Dept Geol, Allegt 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway.
NR 30
TC 280
Z9 298
U1 0
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6752
BP 458
EP 461
DI 10.1038/46753
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243DF
UT WOS:000082981200050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lindsay, EA
   Botta, A
   Jurecic, V
   Carattini-Rivera, S
   Cheah, YC
   Rosenblatt, HM
   Bradley, A
   Baldini, A
AF Lindsay, EA
   Botta, A
   Jurecic, V
   Carattini-Rivera, S
   Cheah, YC
   Rosenblatt, HM
   Bradley, A
   Baldini, A
TI Congenital heart disease in mice deficient for the DiGeorge syndrome region
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 22q11 deletions; mouse; gene; pax3
AB The heterozygous chromosome deletion within the band 22q11 (del22q11) is an important cause of congenital cardiovascular defects(1), It is the genetic basis of DiGeorge syndrome and causes the most common deletion syndrome in humans(2). Because the deleted region is largely conserved in the mouse, we were able to engineer a chromosome deletion (Df1) spanning a segment of the murine region homologous to the human deleted region. Here we describe heterozygously deleted (Df1/+) mice with cardiovascular abnormalities of the same type as those associated with del22q11; we have traced the embryological origin of these abnormalities to defective development of the fourth pharyngeal arch arteries. Genetic complementation of the deletion using a chromosome duplicated for the Df1 DNA segment corrects the heart defects, indicating that they are caused by reduced dosage of genes located within Df1. The Df1/+ mouse model reveals the pathogenic basis of the most clinically severe aspect of DiGeorge syndrome and uncovers a new mechanism leading to aortic arch abnormalities. These mutants represent a mouse model of a human deletion syndrome generated by chromosome engineering.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat Allergy & Immunol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Baldini, A (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
NR 26
TC 332
Z9 365
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 379
EP 383
DI 10.1038/43900
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600052
PM 10517636
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Redelmeier, DA
   Tibshirani, RJ
AF Redelmeier, DA
   Tibshirani, RJ
TI Why cars in the next lane seem to go faster
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID perception
C1 Univ Toronto, Sunnybrook & Womens Coll, Hlth Sci Ctr, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Hlth Res & Policy, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Stat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 University of Toronto; Sunnybrook Health Science Center; Sunnybrook Research Institute; Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Redelmeier, DA (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Sunnybrook & Womens Coll, Hlth Sci Ctr, G-151,2075 Bayview Ave, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada.
NR 10
TC 12
Z9 13
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6748
BP 35
EP 35
DI 10.1038/43360
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 232MK
UT WOS:000082374400028
PM 10485702
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kramer, EM
   Irish, VF
AF Kramer, EM
   Irish, VF
TI Evolution of genetic mechanisms controlling petal development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mads-box; flower development; molecular evolution; homeobox gene; arabidopsis; expression; diversification; pistillata; apetala3; plants
AB Molecular genetic studies in Arabinopsis thaliana and other higher-eudicot flowering plants have led to the development of the 'ABC' model of the determination of organ identity in flowers, in which three classes of gene, A, B and C, are thought to work together to determine organ identity(1,2). According to this model, the B-class genes APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI) act to specify petal and stamen identity, Here we test whether the roles of these genes are conserved throughout the angiosperms by analysing the expression of AP3 and PI orthologues in the lower eudicot subclass Ranunculidae, We show that, although expression of these orthologues in the stamens is conserved, the expression patterns in the petals differ from those found in the higher eudicots, The differences between these expression patterns suggest that the function of AP3 and PI homologues as R-class organ-identity genes is not rigidly conserved among all angiosperms. These observations have important implications for understanding the evolution of both angiosperm petals and the genetic mechanisms that control the identities of floral organs.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University
RP Irish, VF (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, POB 208104, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM vivian.irish@yale.edu
NR 22
TC 200
Z9 227
U1 1
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6732
BP 144
EP 148
DI 10.1038/20172
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 196XU
UT WOS:000080335700048
PM 10335842
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Facchini, MC
   Mircea, M
   Fuzzi, S
   Charlson, RJ
AF Facchini, MC
   Mircea, M
   Fuzzi, S
   Charlson, RJ
TI Cloud albedo enhancement by surface-active organic solutes in growing droplets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Understanding the properties of clouds in the Earth's atmosphere is currently limited by difficulties at the fundamental level of adequately describing the processes of cloud droplet nucleation and growth. Small changes in droplet population may significantly influence cloud albedo(1) as well as formation of precipitation. Models of cloud formation based on laboratory studies with idealized composition of nuclei suggest that organic solutes significantly lower surface tension(2)-one of the parameters determining droplet population-but the lack of data on composition and properties of the organic material in the atmosphere precludes realistic laboratory or model studies. Here, we report measurements on vacuum-evaporated samples of cloud water from the Po Valley, Italy, that show a large decrease in surface tension, by up to about one-third relative to pure water, for realistic concentrations of organic solutes expected to exist in growing droplets. Such large surface-tension changes, if they occur in cloud droplets near the critical size for nucleation, lead to an increase in droplet population and hence in cloud albedo. The error produced in ignoring this effect is estimated to be comparable to other calculated direct and indirect influences of aerosols on scattering and absorption of solar radiation(3).
C1 CNR, Ist Sci Atmosfera & Oceano, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
   Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Facchini, MC (corresponding author), CNR, Ist Sci Atmosfera & Oceano, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
NR 15
TC 577
Z9 663
U1 2
U2 154
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 257
EP 259
DI 10.1038/45758
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nelken, I
   Rotman, Y
   Bar Yosef, O
AF Nelken, I
   Rotman, Y
   Bar Yosef, O
TI Responses of auditory-cortex neurons to structural features of natural sounds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID comodulation masking release; modulation; representation; cat
AB Sound-processing strategies that use the highly non-random structure off natural sounds may confer evolutionary advantage to many species. Auditory processing of natural sounds has been studied almost exclusively in the context of species-specific vocalizations(1-4), although these form only a small part of the acoustic biotope(5), To study the relationships between properties of natural soundscapes and neuronal processing mechanisms in the auditory system, we analysed sound from a range of different environments. Here we show that for many non-animal sounds and background mixtures of animal sounds, energy in different frequency bands is coherently modulated. Co-modulation of different frequency bands in background noise facilitates the detection of tones in noise by humans, a phenomenon known as co-modulation masking release (CMR)(6,7). We show that comodulation also improves the ability of auditory-cortex neurons to detect tones in noise, and we propose that this property of auditory neurons may underlie behavioural CMR. This correspondence may represent an adaptation of the auditory system for the use of an attribute of natural sounds to facilitate real-world processing tasks.
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, Dept Physiol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP Nelken, I (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, Dept Physiol, POB 12272, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
EM israel@music.md.huji.ac.il
NR 15
TC 260
Z9 305
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 14
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6715
BP 154
EP 157
DI 10.1038/16456
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 157WQ
UT WOS:000078085000044
PM 9923676
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Burton, WB
   Braun, R
AF Burton, WB
   Braun, R
TI Astronomy - Clouds from near and far
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-velocity clouds
C1 Univ Leiden Observ, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Fdn Res Astron, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands.
C3 Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University
RP Burton, WB (corresponding author), Univ Leiden Observ, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
NR 12
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 359
EP +
DI 10.1038/46440
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600033
PM 10586868
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Engert, F
   Bonhoeffer, T
AF Engert, F
   Bonhoeffer, T
TI Dendritic spine changes associated with hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID potentiation; synapses; density; ltp; specificity; induction; cultures; neurons; slice; ca1
AB Long-term enhancement of synaptic efficacy in the hippocampus is an important model for studying the cellular mechanisms of neuronal plasticity, circuit reorganization, and even learning and memory(1). Although these long-lasting functional changes are easy to induce, it has been very difficult to demonstrate that they are accompanied or even caused by morphological changes on the subcellular level Here we combined a local superfusion technique(2,3) with two-photon imaging(4), which allowed us to scrutinize specific regions of the postsynaptic dendrite where we knew that the synaptic changes had to occur. We show that after induction of long-lasting (but not short-lasting) functional enhancement of synapses in area CAI, new spines appear on the postsynaptic dendrite, whereas in control regions on the same dendrite or in slices where long-term potentiation was blocked, no significant spine growth occurred.
C1 Max Planck Inst Neurobiol, D-82152 Munich, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Bonhoeffer, T (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Neurobiol, Klopferspitz 18A, D-82152 Munich, Germany.
NR 23
TC 1350
Z9 1630
U1 0
U2 129
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6731
BP 66
EP 70
DI 10.1038/19978
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 194BK
UT WOS:000080172100056
PM 10331391
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, X
   Tang, ZL
   Wang, XL
AF Xu, X
   Tang, ZL
   Wang, XL
TI A therizinosauroid dinosaur with integumentary structures from China
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID theropod
AB Therizinosauroidea ('segnosaurs') are little-known group of Asian dinosaurs with an unusual combination of features that, until recently, obscured their evolutionary relationships. Suggested affinities include Ornithischia(1), Sauroyodomorpha(2,3), Theropoda(4-11) and Saurischia sedis mutabilis(12). Here,ve describe a new therizinosauroid from the Yixian Formation (Early Cretaceous, Liaoning, China)(13). This new taxon provides fresh evidence that therizinosauroids are nested within the coelurosaurian theropods(8-11). Our analysis suggests that several specialized therizinosauroid characters, such as the Sauropodomorpha-like tetradactyl pes(1,2), evolved independently, within this group. Most interestingly, this new dinosaur has integumentary filaments as in Sinosauropteryx(14,15). This indicates that such feather-like structures may have a broad distribution among non-avian theropods, and supports the hypothesis that the filamentous integumentary structures may be homologous to the feathers of birds(14,15).
C1 Acad Sinica, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   Changchun Univ Sci & Technol, Museum Nat Hist, Changchun 130026, Peoples R China.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS; Changchun University of Science & Technology
RP Xu, X (corresponding author), Acad Sinica, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, POB 643, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
EM xxu@sun.midwest.com.cn
NR 28
TC 193
Z9 232
U1 3
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6734
BP 350
EP 354
DI 10.1038/20670
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200PA
UT WOS:000080547800058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chan, TA
   Hermeking, H
   Lengauer, C
   Kinzler, KW
   Vogelstein, B
AF Chan, TA
   Hermeking, H
   Lengauer, C
   Kinzler, KW
   Vogelstein, B
TI 14-3-3σ is required to prevent mitotic catastrophe after DNA damage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear export; g(2) checkpoint; cyclin b1; arrest; p21; localization; kinase; phase; cells; crm1
AB 14-3-3 sigma is a member of a family of proteins that regulate cellular activity by binding and sequestering phosphorylated proteins. It has been suggested that 14-3-3 sigma promotes pre-mitotic cell-cycle arrest following DNA damage, and that its expression can be controlled by the p53 tumour suppressor gene(1). Here we describe an improved approach to the generation of human somatic-cell knockouts, which we have used to generate human colorectal cancer cells in which both 14-3-3 sigma alleles are inactivated. After DNA damage, these cells initially arrested in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, but, unlike Cells containing 14-3-3 sigma, the 14-3-3 sigma(-/-) cells were unable to maintain cell-cycle arrest. The 14-3-3 sigma(-/-) cells died ('mitotic catastrophe') as they entered mitosis. This process was associated with a failure of the 14-3-3 sigma-deficient cells to sequester the proteins (cyclin B1 and cdc2) that initiate mitosis and prevent them from entering the nucleus. These results may indicate a mechanism for maintaining the G2 checkpoint and preventing mitotic death.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Johns Hopkins Oncol Ctr, Program Human Genet, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University
RP Vogelstein, B (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Johns Hopkins Oncol Ctr, Program Human Genet, 424 N Bond St, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
NR 20
TC 802
Z9 920
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 616
EP 620
DI 10.1038/44188
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900058
PM 10524633
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rivera, C
   Voipio, J
   Payne, JA
   Ruusuvuori, E
   Lahtinen, H
   Lamsa, K
   Pirvola, U
   Saarma, M
   Kaila, K
AF Rivera, C
   Voipio, J
   Payne, JA
   Ruusuvuori, E
   Lahtinen, H
   Lamsa, K
   Pirvola, U
   Saarma, M
   Kaila, K
TI The K+/Cl- co-transporter KCC2 renders GABA hyperpolarizing during neuronal maturation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID k-cl cotransporter; hippocampal-neurons; pyramidal neurons; messenger-rnas; ionic basis; rat; inhibition; ganglia; cells; brain
AB GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the main inhibitory transmitter in the adult brain, and it exerts its fast hyperpolarizing effect through activation of anion (predominantly Cl-)-permeant GABA(A) receptors(1), However, during early neuronal development, GABA(A)-receptor-mediated responses are often depolarizing(2,3), which may be a key factor in the control of several Ca2+-dependent developmental phenomena, including neuronal proliferation, migration and targeting(4-6). To date, however, the molecular mechanism underlying this shift in neuronal electrophysiological phenotype is unknown. Here we show that, in pyramidal neurons of the rat hippocampus, the ontogenetic change in GABA(A)-mediated responses from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing is coupled to a developmental induction of the expression of the neuronal Cl--extruding K+/Cl- co-transporter, KCC2 (ref. 7). Antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of KCC2 expression produces a marked positive shift in the reversal potential of GABA, responses in functionally mature hippocampal pyramidal neurons. These data support the conclusion that KCC2 is the main Cl- extruder to promote fast hyperpolarizing postsynaptic inhibition in the brain.
C1 Univ Helsinki, Dept Biosci, Div Anim Physiol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Univ Helsinki, Inst Biotechnol, Viikki Bioctr, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Univ Calif Davis, Sch Med, Dept Human Physiol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 University of Helsinki; University of Helsinki; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Kaila, K (corresponding author), Univ Helsinki, Dept Biosci, Div Anim Physiol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
EM kai.kaila@helsinki.fi
NR 28
TC 1723
Z9 2008
U1 0
U2 77
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 21
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6716
BP 251
EP 255
DI 10.1038/16697
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 159QH
UT WOS:000078184800052
PM 9930699
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ohndorf, UM
   Rould, MA
   He, Q
   Pabo, CO
   Lippard, SJ
AF Ohndorf, UM
   Rould, MA
   He, Q
   Pabo, CO
   Lippard, SJ
TI Basis for recognition of cisplatin-modified DNA by high-mobility-group proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anticancer drug cisplatin; intrastrand cross-link; hmg-domain; duplex; box; adduct; crystal; sry
AB The anticancer activity of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin) arises from its ability to damage DNA, with the major adducts formed being intrastrand d(GpG) and d(ApG) crosslinks(1). These-crosslinks bend and unwind the duplex, and the altered structure attracts high-mobility-group domain (HMG) and other proteins(2). This binding of HMG-domain proteins to cisplatin-modified DNA-has been postulated to mediate the antitumour properties of the drug(3,4). Many HMG-domain proteins recognize altered DNA structures such as four-way junctions and cisplatin-modified DNA(5), but until now:the molecular basis for this recognition was unknown. Here we describe mutagenesis, hydroxyl-radical footprinting and X-ray studies that elucidate the structure of a 1:1. cisplatin-modified DNA/HMG-domain complex Domain A of the structure-specific HMG-domain protein HMG1 binds to the widened minor groove of a 16-base-pair DNA duplex containing a site-specific cis-[Pt(NH3)(2){d(GpG)-N7(1),-N7(2)}] adduct, The DNA is strongly kinked at a hydrophobic notch created at the platinum-DNA crosslink and protein binding extends exclusively to the 3' side of the platinated strand. A phenylalanine residue at position 37 intercalates into a hydrophobic notch created at the platinum crosslinked d(GpG) site and binding of the domain is dramatically reduced in a mutant in which alanine is substituted for phenylalanine at this position.
C1 MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Lippard, SJ (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM lippard@lippard.mit.edu
NR 30
TC 525
Z9 578
U1 2
U2 83
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 708
EP 712
DI 10.1038/21460
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800066
PM 10385126
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trique, M
   Richon, P
   Perrier, F
   Avouac, JP
   Sabroux, JC
AF Trique, M
   Richon, P
   Perrier, F
   Avouac, JP
   Sabroux, JC
TI Radon emanation and electric potential variations associated with transient deformation near reservoir lakes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID earthquake prediction; induced seismicity; water level; precursors; permeability; california; anomaly; signals; greece
AB Two of the most often cited earthquake precursors are radon emanation and electric potential variations(1-6), but these few reported examples have generally been deemed questionable(7-11). If a mechanism relating crustal deformation to radon emanation or electrical signals does indeed exist, it is thought to involve fluids(12-19). Some preliminary insight has been gained into these processes from the study of natural systems under controlled mechanical and hydrological conditions(20). Here we report electric potential variations, radon emanation and deformation measurements recorded since 1995 in the French Alps in the vicinity of two artificial lakes which have strong seasonal variations in water level of more than 50 metres. We observe that electric potential variations and radon emanations are repeatedly associated with transient deformation events induced by variations in lake levels. These events are characterized by a change in ground tilt which deviates from the expected elastic response, and are associated with periods of accelerating strain, which suggests that accelerated loading can enhance fluid transport properties. Qualitatively, this behaviour can be accounted for by a model in which straining induces fluid overpressure and dynamic flow in cracks. These observations may shed light on the sensitivity of rock transport properties to deformation.
C1 CEA, DASE, Lab Detect & Geophys, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France.
   Inst Protect & Surete Nucl, F-92265 Fontenay Aux Roses, France.
C3 CEA
RP Trique, M (corresponding author), CEA, DASE, Lab Detect & Geophys, BP 12, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France.
NR 29
TC 148
Z9 154
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6732
BP 137
EP 141
DI 10.1038/20161
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 196XU
UT WOS:000080335700046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stoddard, JL
   Jeffries, DS
   Lükewille, A
   Clair, TA
   Dillon, PJ
   Driscoll, CT
   Forsius, M
   Johannessen, M
   Kahl, JS
   Kellogg, JH
   Kemp, A
   Mannio, J
   Monteith, DT
   Murdoch, PS
   Patrick, S
   Rebsdorf, A
   Skjelkvåle, BL
   Stainton, MP
   Traaen, T
   van Dam, H
   Webster, KE
   Wieting, J
   Wilander, A
AF Stoddard, JL
   Jeffries, DS
   Lükewille, A
   Clair, TA
   Dillon, PJ
   Driscoll, CT
   Forsius, M
   Johannessen, M
   Kahl, JS
   Kellogg, JH
   Kemp, A
   Mannio, J
   Monteith, DT
   Murdoch, PS
   Patrick, S
   Rebsdorf, A
   Skjelkvåle, BL
   Stainton, MP
   Traaen, T
   van Dam, H
   Webster, KE
   Wieting, J
   Wilander, A
TI Regional trends in aquatic recovery from acidification in North America and Europe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID northeastern us; surface waters; deposition; lakes; drought; sulfur; wet
AB Rates of acidic deposition from the atmosphere ('acid rain') have decreased throughout the 1980s and 1990s across large portions of North America and Europe(1,2). Many recent studies have attributed observed reversals in surface-water acidification at national(3) and regional(4) scales to the declining deposition. To test whether emissions regulations have led to widespread recovery in surface-water chemistry, we analysed regional trends between 1980 and 1995 in indicators of acidification (sulphate, nitrate and base-cation concentrations, and measured (Gran) alkalinity) for 205 lakes and streams in eight regions of North America and Europe. Dramatic differences in trend direction and strength for the two decades are apparent. In concordance with general temporal trends in acidic deposition, lake and stream sulphate concentrations decreased in all regions with the exception of Great Britain; all but one of these regions exhibited stronger downward trends in the 1990s than in the 1980s. In contrast, regional declines in lake and stream nitrate concentrations were rare and, when detected, were very small. Recovery in alkalinity, expected wherever strong regional declines in sulphate concentrations have occurred, was observed in all regions of Europe, especially in the 1990s, but in only one region (of five) in North America. We attribute the lack of recovery in three regions (south/central Ontario, the Adirondack/Catskill mountains and midwestern North America) to strong regional declines in base-cation concentrations that exceed the decreases in sulphate concentrations.
C1 US EPA, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA.
   Environm Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada.
   Norwegian Inst Air Res, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
   Environm Canada, Sackville, NB E4L 1G6, Canada.
   Ontario Minist Environm, Dorset, ON P0A 1E0, Canada.
   Syracuse Univ, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA.
   Finnish Environm Inst, Helsinki 00251, Finland.
   Norwegian Inst Water Res, N-0411 Oslo, Norway.
   Vermont Dept Environm Conservat, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
   Environm Canada, Montreal, PQ H2Y 2E7, Canada.
   UCL, Environm Change Res Ctr, London WC1H 0AP, England.
   US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA.
   Natl Environm Res Inst, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
   Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada.
   Aquasence TEC, NL-1090 Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Monona, WI 53716 USA.
   Umwelstbundesamt, D-13581 Berlin, Germany.
   Swedish Univ Agr Sci, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Maine, Sawyer Res Ctr, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
C3 United States Environmental Protection Agency; Environment & Climate Change Canada; NILU; Environment & Climate Change Canada; Syracuse University; Finnish Environment Institute; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA); Environment & Climate Change Canada; University of London; University College London; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; Aarhus University; Danish National Environmental Research Institute; Fisheries & Oceans Canada; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; University of Maine System; University of Maine Orono
RP Stoddard, JL (corresponding author), US EPA, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA.
EM stoddard@mail.cor.epa.gov
NR 30
TC 704
Z9 784
U1 3
U2 260
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 575
EP 578
DI 10.1038/44114
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Porrill, J
   Frisby, JP
   Adams, WJ
   Buckley, D
AF Porrill, J
   Frisby, JP
   Adams, WJ
   Buckley, D
TI Robust and optimal use of information in stereo vision
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vertical disparity; depth-perception; hough transform; model
AB Differences between the left and right eye's views of the world carry information about three-dimensional scene structure and about the position of the eyes in the head The contemporary Bayesian approach to perception(1,2) implies that human performance in using this source of eye-position information can be analysed most usefully by comparison with the performance of a statistically optimal observer. Here we argue that the comparison observer should also be statistically robust, and we find that this requirement leads to qualitatively new behaviours. For example, when presented with a class of stereoscopic stimuli containing inconsistent information about eccentricity of gaze, estimates of this gaze parameter recorded from one robust ideal observer bifurcate at a critical value of stimulus inconsistency. We report an experiment in which human observers also show this phenomenon and we use the experimentally determined critical value to estimate the vertical acuity of the visual system. The Bayesian analysis also provides a highly reliable and biologically plausible algorithm that can recover eye positions even before the classic stereo-correspondence problem is solved, that is, before deciding which features in the left and right images are to be matched.
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Psychol, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Ophthalmol & Orthopt, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Sheffield; University of Sheffield
RP Frisby, JP (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Psychol, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
NR 25
TC 29
Z9 32
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 7
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6714
BP 63
EP 66
DI 10.1038/16244
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 155RD
UT WOS:000077959400047
PM 9892353
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, CA
   McClive, PJ
   Western, PS
   Reed, KJ
   Sinclair, AH
AF Smith, CA
   McClive, PJ
   Western, PS
   Reed, KJ
   Sinclair, AH
TI Evolution - Conservation of a sex-determining gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Melbourne, Royal Childrens Hosp, Dept Paediat, Melbourne, Vic 3052, Australia.
   Univ Melbourne, Royal Childrens Hosp, Ctr Hormone Res, Melbourne, Vic 3052, Australia.
C3 University of Melbourne; Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne; Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne; University of Melbourne
RP Smith, CA (corresponding author), Univ Melbourne, Royal Childrens Hosp, Dept Paediat, Melbourne, Vic 3052, Australia.
NR 8
TC 316
Z9 362
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 601
EP 602
DI 10.1038/45130
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800045
PM 10604464
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kitamura, K
   Tokunaga, M
   Iwane, AH
   Yanagida, T
AF Kitamura, K
   Tokunaga, M
   Iwane, AH
   Yanagida, T
TI A single myosin head moves along an actin filament with regular steps of 5.3 nanometres
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rabbit skeletal-muscle; molecule analysis; sliding distance; actomyosin motor; force microscopy; striated-muscle; smooth-muscle; f-actin; one atp; movement
AB Actomyosin, a complex of actin filaments and myosin motor proteins, is responsible for force generation during muscle contraction. To resolve the individual mechanical events of force generation by actomyosin, we have developed a new Instrument with which we can capture and directly manipulate individual myosin subfragment-1 molecules using a scanning probe. Single subfragment-1 molecules can be visualized by using a fluorescent label. The data that we obtain using this technique are consistent with myosin moving along an actin filament with single mechanical steps of approximately 5.3 nanometres; groups of two to five rapid steps In succession often produce displacements of 11 to 30 nanometres. This multiple stepping is produced by a single myosin head during just one biochemical cycle of ATP hydrolysis.
C1 JST, ERATO, Yanagida BioMotron Project, Osaka 5620035, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Dept Biophys Engn, Osaka 5608531, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol 1, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Natl Inst Genet, Struct Biol Ctr, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   JST, Single Mol Proc Project, ICORP, Osaka 5620035, Japan.
C3 Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Osaka; University of Osaka; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Yanagida, T (corresponding author), JST, ERATO, Yanagida BioMotron Project, 2-4-14 Senba Higashi, Osaka 5620035, Japan.
EM yanagida@phys1.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
NR 50
TC 455
Z9 490
U1 2
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 14
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6715
BP 129
EP 134
DI 10.1038/16403
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 157WQ
UT WOS:000078085000035
PM 9923673
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carazo-Salas, RE
   Guarguaglini, G
   Gruss, OJ
   Segref, A
   Karsenti, E
   Mattaj, IW
AF Carazo-Salas, RE
   Guarguaglini, G
   Gruss, OJ
   Segref, A
   Karsenti, E
   Mattaj, IW
TI Generation of GTP-bound Ran by RCC1 is required for chromatin-induced mitotic spindle formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID xenopus egg extracts; microtubule-associated protein; self-organization; respective roles; import; centrosm; transport; rangap1; nucleus; mutants
AB Chromosomes are segregated by two antiparallel arrays of microtubules arranged to form the spindle apparatus. During cell division, the nucleation of cytosolic microtubules is prevented and spindle microtubules nucleate from centrosomes (in mitotic animal cells) or around chromosomes (in plants and some meiotic cells)(1,2). The molecular mechanism by which chromosomes induce local microtubule nucleation in the absence of centrosomes is unknown(3-5), but it can be studied by adding chromatin beads to Xenopus egg extracts(6). The beads nucleate microtubules that eventually reorganize into a bipolar spindle. RCC1, the guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor for the GTPase protein Ran, is a component of chromatin. Using the chromatin bead assay, we show here that the activity of chromosome-associated RCC1 protein is required for spindle formation. Ran itself, when in the GTP-bound state (Ran-GTP), induces microtubule nucleation and spindle-like structures in M-phase extract. We propose that RCC1 generates a high local concentration of Ran-GTP around chromatin which in turn induces the local nucleation of microtubules.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Mattaj, IW (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, Meyerhofstr 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 30
TC 414
Z9 489
U1 1
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6740
BP 178
EP 181
DI 10.1038/22133
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214JM
UT WOS:000081324900057
PM 10408446
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Christoforidis, S
   McBride, HM
   Burgoyne, RD
   Zerial, M
AF Christoforidis, S
   McBride, HM
   Burgoyne, RD
   Zerial, M
TI The Rab5 effector EEA1 is a core component of endosome docking
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vesicle transport; snare activation; yeast vacuoles; alpha-snap; protein; fusion; nsf; er
AB Intracellular membrane docking and fusion requires the interplay between soluble factors and SNAREs. The SNARE hypothesis' postulates that pairing between a vesicular v-SNARE and a target membrane z-SNARE is the primary molecular interaction underlying the specificity of vesicle targeting as well as lipid bilayer fusion. This proposal is supported by recent studies using a minimal artificial system(2). However, several observations demonstrate that SNAREs function at multiple transport steps and can pair promiscuously, questioning the role of SNAREs in conveying vesicle targeting(3-6). Moreover, other proteins have been shown to be important in membrane docking or tethering(7-9). Therefore, if the minimal machinery is defined as the set of proteins sufficient to reproduce in vitro the fidelity of vesicle targeting, docking and fusion as in vivo, then SNAREs are not sufficient to specify vesicle targeting. Endosome fusion also requires cytosolic factors and is regulated by the small GTPase Rab5 (refs 10-20). Here we show that Rab5-interacting soluble proteins can completely substitute for cytosol in an in vivo endosome-fusion assay, and that the Rab5 effector EEA1 is the only factor necessary to confer minimal fusion activity. Rab5 and other associated proteins seem to act upstream of EEA1, implying that Ra65 effecters comprise both regulatory molecules and mechanical components of the membrane transport machinery. We further show that EEA1 mediates endosome docking and, together with SNAREs, leads to membrane fusion.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
   Univ Liverpool, Physiol Lab, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Max Planck Society; University of Liverpool
RP Zerial, M (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, Meyerhofstr 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 30
TC 682
Z9 833
U1 1
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 18
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6720
BP 621
EP 625
DI 10.1038/17618
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 169GE
UT WOS:000078738500051
PM 10050856
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Augustin, I
   Rosenmund, C
   Südhof, TC
   Brose, N
AF Augustin, I
   Rosenmund, C
   Südhof, TC
   Brose, N
TI Munc13-1 is essential for fusion competence of glutamatergic synoptic vesicles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmitter release; central synapse; receptor; probability; exocytosis; culture; family; pool
AB Neurotransmitter release at synapses between nerve cells is mediated by calcium-triggered exocytotic fusion of synaptic vesicles'. Before fusion, vesicles dock at the presynaptic release site where they mature to a fusion-competent state(1,2). Here we identify Munc13-1, a brain-specific presynaptic phorbol ester receptor(3,4), as an essential protein for synaptic vesicle maturation. We show that glutamatergic hippocampal neurons from mice lacking Munc13-1 form ultrastructurally normal synapses whose synaptic-vesicle cycle is arrested at the maturation step. Transmitter release from mutant synapses cannot be triggered by action potentials, calcium-ionophores or hypertonic sucrose solution. In contrast, release evoked by alpha-latrotolrin is indistinguishable from wild-type controls, indicating that the toxin can bypass Munc13-1-mediated vesicle maturation. A small subpopulation of synapses of any given glutamatergic neuron as well as all synapses of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)-containing neurons are unaffected by Munc13-1 loss, demonstrating the existence of multiple and transmitter-specific synaptic vesicle maturation processes in synapses.
C1 Max Planck Inst Expt Med, AG Mol Neurobiol, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Abt Membranbiophys, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol Genet,Ctr Basic Neurosci, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Brose, N (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Expt Med, AG Mol Neurobiol, Hermann Rein Str 3, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany.
NR 17
TC 595
Z9 724
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6743
BP 457
EP 461
DI 10.1038/22768
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221FZ
UT WOS:000081715000052
PM 10440375
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Webster, PJ
   Moore, AM
   Loschnigg, JP
   Leben, RR
AF Webster, PJ
   Moore, AM
   Loschnigg, JP
   Leben, RR
TI Coupled ocean-atmosphere dynamics in the Indian Ocean during 1997-98
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID summer monsoon rainfall; el-nino; oscillation; prediction
AB Climate variability in the Indian Ocean region seems to be, in some aspects, independent of forcing by external phenomena such as the El Nino/Southern Oscillation(1-4). But the extent to which, and how, internal coupled ocean-atmosphere dynamics determine the state of the Indian Ocean system have not been resolved. Here we present a detailed analysis of the strong seasonal anomalies in sea surface temperatures, sea surface heights, precipitation and winds that occurred in the Indian Ocean region in 1997-98, and compare the results with the record of Indian Ocean climate variability over the past 40 years. We conclude that the 1997-98 anomalies-in spite of the coincidence with the strong El Nino/Southern Oscillation event-may primarily be an expression of internal dynamics, rather than a direct response to external influences. We propose a mechanism of ocean-atmosphere interaction governing the 1997-98 event that may represent a characteristic internal mode of the Indian Ocean climate system. In the Pacific Ocean, the identification of such a mode has led to successful predictions of El Nino(5); if the proposed Indian Ocean internal mode proves to be robust, there may be a similar potential for predictability of climate in the Indian Ocean region.
C1 Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Webster, PJ (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Campus Box 311, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
NR 22
TC 1817
Z9 2053
U1 1
U2 167
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 356
EP 360
DI 10.1038/43848
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600045
PM 16862107
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gibson, JR
   Beierlein, M
   Connors, BW
AF Gibson, JR
   Beierlein, M
   Connors, BW
TI Two networks of electrically coupled inhibitory neurons in neocortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intrinsic firing patterns; rat frontal-cortex; barrel cortex; in-vitro; somatosensory cortex; circuit formation; gap-junctions; synchronization; interneurons; excitation
AB Inhibitory interneurons are critical to sensory transformations, plasticity and synchronous activity in the neocortex(1,2). There are many types of inhibitory neurons, but their synaptic organization is poorly understood. Here we describe two functionally distinct inhibitory networks comprising either fast-spiking (FS) or low-threshold spiking (LTS) neurons. Paired-cell recordings showed that inhibitory neurons of the same type were strongly interconnected by electrical synapses, but electrical synapses between different inhibitory cell types were rare. The electrical synapses;were strong enough to synchronize spikes in coupled interneurons. Inhibitory chemical synapses were also common between FS cells, and between FS and LTS cells, but LTS cells rarely inhibited one another. Thalamocortical synapses, which convey sensory information to the cortex, specifically and strongly excited only the FS cell network. The electrical and chemical synaptic connections of different types of inhibitory neurons are specific, and may allow each inhibitory network to function independently.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Neurosci, Div Biol & Med, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
C3 Brown University
RP Connors, BW (corresponding author), Brown Univ, Dept Neurosci, Div Biol & Med, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
NR 30
TC 1149
Z9 1327
U1 0
U2 54
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 75
EP 79
DI 10.1038/47035
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600045
PM 10573419
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clancy, CE
   Rudy, Y
AF Clancy, CE
   Rudy, Y
TI Linking a genetic defect to its cellular phenotype in a cardiac arrhythmia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-qt syndrome; dynamic-model; ion channels; mutations; heart; afterdepolarizations; mechanism; myocytes
AB Advances in genetics and molecular biology have provided an extensive body of information on the structure and function of the elementary building blocks of living systems. Genetic defects in membrane ion channels can disrupt the delicate balance of dynamic interactions between the ion channels and the cellular environment, leading to altered cell function(1-3). As ion-channel defects are typically studied in isolated expression systems, away from the cellular environment where they function physiologically, a connection between molecular findings and the physiology and pathophysiology of the cell is rarely established. Here we describe a single-channel-based Markovian modelling approach that bridges this gap. We achieve this by determining the cellular arrhythmogenic consequences of a mutation in the cardiac sodium channel that can lead to a clinical arrhythmogenic disorder (the long-QT syndrome) and sudden cardiac death.
C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Cardiac Bioelect Res & Training Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University
RP Rudy, Y (corresponding author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
EM yxr@po.cwru.edu
NR 21
TC 340
Z9 393
U1 1
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6744
BP 566
EP 569
DI 10.1038/23034
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223RT
UT WOS:000081854800056
PM 10448858
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kafitz, KW
   Rose, CR
   Thoenen, H
   Konnerth, A
AF Kafitz, KW
   Rose, CR
   Thoenen, H
   Konnerth, A
TI Neurotrophin-evoked rapid excitation through TrkB receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; cultured hippocampal-neurons; synaptic transmission; brain; bdnf; rat; localization; plasticity; release; potentiation
AB Neurotrophins are a family of structurally related proteins that regulate the survival, differentiation and maintenance of function of different populations of peripheral and central neurons(1-3). They are also essential for modulating activity-dependent neuronal plasticity(4-7). Here we show that neurotrophins elicit action potentials in central neurons. Even at low concentrations, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) excited neurons in the hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum. We found that BDNF and neurotrophin-4/5 depolarized neurons just as rapidly as the neurotransmitter glutamate, even at a more than thousand-fold lower concentration. Neurotrophin-3 produced much smaller responses, and nerve growth factor was ineffective. The neurotrophin-induced depolarization resulted from the activation of a sodium ion conductance which was reversibly blocked by K-252a, a protein kinase blocker which prefers tyrosine kinase Trk receptors(8). Our results demonstrate a very rapid excitatory action of neurotrophins, placing them among the most potent endogenous neuro-excitants in the mammalian central nervous system described so far.
C1 Tech Univ Munich, Inst Physiol, D-80802 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Saarlandes, Inst Physiol 1, D-66421 Homburg, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Neurobiol, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
C3 Technical University of Munich; Saarland University; Max Planck Society
RP Konnerth, A (corresponding author), Tech Univ Munich, Inst Physiol, Biedersteinerstr 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany.
NR 32
TC 471
Z9 538
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6756
BP 918
EP 921
DI 10.1038/44847
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 251UL
UT WOS:000083464700059
PM 10553907
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hunt, AW
   Cassidy, DB
   Selim, FA
   Haakenaasen, R
   Cowan, TE
   Howell, RH
   Lynn, KG
   Gotovchenko, JA
AF Hunt, AW
   Cassidy, DB
   Selim, FA
   Haakenaasen, R
   Cowan, TE
   Howell, RH
   Lynn, KG
   Gotovchenko, JA
TI Spatial sampling of crystal electrons by in-flight annihilation of fast positrons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID charge
AB Energetic, positively charged particles travelling along a low-index crystal direction undergo many highly correlated, small-angle scattering events; the effect of these interactions is to guide or 'channel' (refs 1-8) the particles through the lattice, Channelling effectively focuses positive particles into the interstitial regions of the crystal: nuclear collisional processes such as Rutherford backscattering are suppressed, while the number of interactions with valence electrons increases. The interaction of channelled positrons with electrons produces annihilation radiation that can in principle(9-12) serve as a quantitative, spatially selective probe of electronic charge and spin densities within the crystal: in the interstitial regions, two-photon annihilation is enhanced relative to single-photon annihilation, because the latter process requires a nuclear recoil to conserve momentum. Here we report observations of single- and two-photon annihilation from channelled positrons, using a monoenergetic beam flux of 10(5) particles per second. Comparison of these two annihilation modes demonstrates the ability of channelled positrons to selectively sample valence electrons in a crystal. Useful practical implementation of the technique will require the development of more intense positron beams with fluxes approaching 10(7) particles per second.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Univ Alexandria, Dept Engn Phys, Alexandria 21544, Egypt.
   Norwegian Def Res Estab, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
   Washington State Univ, Dept Phys, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Rowland Inst Sci Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Harvard University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB); Alexandria University; Norwegian Defence Research Establishment; Washington State University; Harvard University
RP Gotovchenko, JA (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 20
TC 20
Z9 20
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 157
EP 160
DI 10.1038/45990
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hutchins, DA
   Witter, AE
   Butler, A
   Luther, GW
AF Hutchins, DA
   Witter, AE
   Butler, A
   Luther, GW
TI Competition among marine phytoplankton for different chelated iron species
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID upwelling regime; ocean; fe; cyanobacteria; complexation; limitation; iron(iii); pacific; growth; hplc
AB Dissolved-iron availability plays a critical role in controlling phytoplankton growth in the oceans(1,2). The dissolved iron is overwhelmingly (similar to 99%) bound to organic ligands with a very high affinity for iron(3-5), but the origin, chemical identity and biological availability of this organically complexed Fe is largely unknown(6). The release into sea water of complexes that strongly chelate iron could result from the inducible iron-uptake systems of prokaryotes (siderophore complexes)(7-9) or by processes such as zooplankton-mediated degradation and release of intracellular material (porphyrin complexes). Here we compare the uptake of siderophore- and porphyrin-complexed Fe-55 by phytoplankton, using both cultured organisms and natural assemblages. Eukaryotic phytoplankton efficiently assimilate porphyrin-complexed iron, but this iron source is relatively unavailable to prokaryotic picoplankton (cyanobacteria), In contrast, iron bound to a variety of siderophores is relatively more available to cyanobacteria than to eukaryotes, suggesting that the two plankton groups exhibit fundamentally different iron-uptake strategies. Prokaryotes utilize iron complexed to either endogenous(7-9) or exogenous siderophores(9), whereas eukaryotes may rely on a ferrireductase system(10,11) that preferentially accesses iron chelated by tetradentate porphyrins, rather than by hexadentate siderophores. Competition between prokaryotes and eukaryotes for organically-bound iron may therefore depend on the chemical nature of available iron complexes, with consequences for ecological niche separation, plankton community size-structure and carbon export in low-iron waters.
C1 Univ Delaware, Coll Marine Studies, Lewes, DE 19958 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of Delaware; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Hutchins, DA (corresponding author), Univ Delaware, Coll Marine Studies, Lewes, DE 19958 USA.
NR 29
TC 393
Z9 440
U1 5
U2 119
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6747
BP 858
EP 861
DI 10.1038/23680
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 230CA
UT WOS:000082233200041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gao, F
   Bailes, E
   Robertson, DL
   Chen, YL
   Rodenburg, CM
   Michael, SF
   Cummins, LB
   Arthur, LO
   Peeters, M
   Shaw, GM
   Sharp, PM
   Hahn, BH
AF Gao, F
   Bailes, E
   Robertson, DL
   Chen, YL
   Rodenburg, CM
   Michael, SF
   Cummins, LB
   Arthur, LO
   Peeters, M
   Shaw, GM
   Sharp, PM
   Hahn, BH
TI Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID simian immunodeficiency virus; wild-captured chimpanzee; tantalus monkeys; lentivirus; sequence; organization; genome; type-2; africa; gabon
AB The human AIDS viruses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) represent cross-species (zoonotic) infections(1-4). Although the primate reservoir of HIV-2 has been clearly identified as the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys)(2,4-7), the origin of HIV-1 remains uncertain. Viruses related to HIV-1 have been isolated from the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)(8,9), but only three such SIVcpz infections have been documented(1,10,11), one of which involved a virus so divergent(11) that it might represent a different primate lentiviral lineage. In a search for the HIV-1 reservoir, rye have now sequenced the genome of a new SIVcpz strain (SIVcpzUS) and have determined, by mitochondrial DNA analysis, the subspecies identity of all known SIVcpz-infected chimpanzees. We find that two chimpanzee subspecies in Africa, the central P. t. troglodytes and the eastern P. t. schweinfurthii, harbour SIVcpz and that their respective viruses form two highly divergent (but subspecies-specific) phylogenetic lineages. All HIV-1 strains known to infect man, including HIV-1 groups M, N and O, are closely related to just one of these SIVcpz lineages, that found in P. t. troglodytes. Moreover, we find that HIV-1 group N is a mosaic of SIVcpzUS- and HTV-1-related sequences, indicating an ancestral recombination event in a chimpanzee host. These results, together with the observation that the natural range of P. t. troglodytes coincides uniquely with areas of HIV-1 group M, N and O endemicity, indicate that P. t. troglodytes is the primary reservoir for HIV-I and has been the source of at least three independent introductions of SIVcpz into the human population.
C1 Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Med & Microbiol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Univ Nottingham, Queens Med Ctr, Inst Genet, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England.
   CNRS, Lab Struct & Genet Informat, F-13402 Marseille, France.
   SW Fdn Biomed Res, San Antonio, TX 78245 USA.
   NCI, AIDS Vaccine Program, Frederick Canc Res & Dev Ctr, SAIC Frederick, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA.
   ORSTOM, Retrovirus Lab, F-34032 Rennes, France.
   Univ Alabama Birmingham, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
C3 University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Nottingham; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Texas Biomedical Research Institute; Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); SAIC-Frederick; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham
RP Hahn, BH (corresponding author), Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Med & Microbiol, 701 S 19th St,LHRB 613, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
EM bhahn@uab.edu
NR 28
TC 1088
Z9 1630
U1 2
U2 228
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 4
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6718
BP 436
EP 441
DI 10.1038/17130
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 164KA
UT WOS:000078461700049
PM 9989410
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Burgers, P
   Chiappe, LM
AF Burgers, P
   Chiappe, LM
TI The wing of Archaeopteryx as a primary thrust generator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flight; evolution
AB Since the late 1800s, the debate on the origin of flight in birds has centred around two antagonistic theories: the arboreal (take-off from trees) and cursorial (take-off from running) models(1-6) Despite broad acceptance of the idea that birds evolved from bipedal and predominantly terrestrial maniraptoriform dinosaurs(1.7) the cursorial model of flight origins has been less successful than the arboreal model. Three issues have contributed to this lack of success: the gap between the estimated maximum running speed of Archaeopteryx (2 metres per second) and its estimated minimum flying speed (6 metres per second)(8); the high energy demands of evolving flight against gravity(2,3); and the problem of explaining the origin of the 'flight' stroke in an earthbound organism(3,4). Here we analyse the take-off run of Archaeopteryx through lift-off from an aerodynamic perspective, and emphasize the importance of combining functional and aerodynamic considerations with those of phylogeny(1,9,10). Our calculations provide a solution to the 'velocity gap' problem and shed light on how a running Archaeopteryx (or its cursorial maniraptoriform ancestors) could have achieved the velocity necessary to become airborne by flapping feathered wings.
C1 San Diego Nat Hist Museum, San Diego, CA 92112 USA.
   Nat Hist Museum Los Angeles Cty, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA.
RP Burgers, P (corresponding author), San Diego Nat Hist Museum, POB 121390, San Diego, CA 92112 USA.
NR 28
TC 88
Z9 104
U1 1
U2 157
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6731
BP 60
EP 62
DI 10.1038/19967
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 194BK
UT WOS:000080172100054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, X
   Wang, XL
   Wu, XC
AF Xu, X
   Wang, XL
   Wu, XC
TI A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID birds; theropoda; origin
AB Dromaeosaurids, despite their notoriety, are poorly characterized meat-eating dinosaurs, and were previously known only from disarticulated or fragmentary specimens(1). Many studies have denied their close relationship to birds(2,3). Here we report the best represented and probably the earliest dromaeosaurid yet discovered, Sinornithosaurus millenii gen. et sp. nov., from Sihetun, the famous Mesozoic fish-dinosaur-bird locality in China(4,5). Sinornithosaurus not only greatly increases our knowledge of Dromaeosauridae but also provides evidence for a filamentous integument in this group. It is remarkably similar to early birds postcranially. The shoulder girdle shows that terrestrial dromaeosaurids had attained the prerequisites for powered, flapping flight(6), supporting the idea that bird flight originated from the ground up(7,8). The discovery of Sinornithosaurus widens the distribution of integumentary filaments among non-avian theropods(5,9,10). Phylogenetic analysis indicates that, among known theropods with integumentary filaments or feathers(2,5), Dromaeosauridae is the most bird-like, and is more closely related to birds than is Troodontidae.
C1 Acad Sinica, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   Changchun Univ Sci & Technol, Nat Hist Museum, Changchun 130026, Peoples R China.
   Univ Calgary, Dept Biol Sci, Vertebrate Morphol Res Grp, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS; Changchun University of Science & Technology; University of Calgary
RP Wu, XC (corresponding author), Acad Sinica, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, POB 643, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
NR 30
TC 270
Z9 337
U1 0
U2 57
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 262
EP 266
DI 10.1038/45769
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rodriguez, E
   George, N
   Lachaux, JP
   Martinerie, J
   Renault, B
   Varela, FJ
AF Rodriguez, E
   George, N
   Lachaux, JP
   Martinerie, J
   Renault, B
   Varela, FJ
TI Perception's shadow: long-distance synchronization of human brain activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neuronal responses; visual-cortex; integration; reflects; binding; monkey; task; face
AB Transient periods of synchronization of oscillating neuronal discharges in the frequency range 30-80 Hz (gamma oscillations) have been proposed to act as an integrative mechanism that may bring a widely distributed set of neurons together into a coherent ensemble that underlies a cognitive act(1-4). Results of several experiments in animals provide support for this idea (see, for example, refs 4-10), In humans, gamma oscillations have been described both on the scalp(11-16) (measured by electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography) and in intracortical recordings(17), but no direct participation of synchrony in a cognitive task has been demonstrated so far. Here we record electrical brain activity from subjects who are viewing ambiguous visual stimuli (perceived either as faces or as meaningless shapes). We show for the first time, to our knowledge, that only face perception induces a long-distance pattern of synchronization, corresponding to the moment of perception itself and to the ensuing motor response. A period of strong desynchronization marks the transition between the moment of perception and the motor response. We suggest that this desynchronization reflects a process of active uncoupling of the underlying neural ensembles that is necessary to proceed from one cognitive state to another(3).
C1 Hop La Pitie Salpetriere, CNRS, UPR 640, Lab Neurosci Cognit & Imagerie Cerebrale, F-75651 Paris 13, France.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Hopital Universitaire Pitie-Salpetriere - APHP
RP Varela, FJ (corresponding author), Hop La Pitie Salpetriere, CNRS, UPR 640, Lab Neurosci Cognit & Imagerie Cerebrale, 47 Blvd Hop, F-75651 Paris 13, France.
NR 27
TC 1535
Z9 1690
U1 2
U2 123
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 4
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6718
BP 430
EP 433
DI 10.1038/17120
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 164KA
UT WOS:000078461700047
PM 9989408
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gunn, TM
   Miller, KA
   He, L
   Hyman, RV
   Davis, RW
   Azarani, A
   Schlossman, SF
   Duke-Cohan, JS
   Barsh, GS
AF Gunn, TM
   Miller, KA
   He, L
   Hyman, RV
   Davis, RW
   Azarani, A
   Schlossman, SF
   Duke-Cohan, JS
   Barsh, GS
TI The mouse mahogany locus encodes a transmembrane form of human attractin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-msh; in-vitro; iv cd26; agouti; protein; receptors; yellow; mice; antagonism; mutations
AB Agouti protein and agouti-related protein are homologous paracrine signalling molecules that normally regulate hair colour and body weight, respectively, by antagonizing signalling through melanocortin receptors(1-7). Expression of Agouti is normally limited to the skin, but rare alleles from which Agouti is expressed ubiquitously, such as lethal yellow; have pleiotropic effects that include a yellow coat, obesity, increased linear growth, and immune defects(8-11). The mahogany (mg) mutation suppresses the effects of lethal yellow on pigmentation and body weight, and results of our previous genetic studies place mg downstream of transcription of Agouti but upstream of melanocortin receptors(12). Here we use positional cloning to identify a candidate gene for mahogany, Mgca. The predicted protein encoded by Mgca is a 1,428-amino-acid, single-transmembrane-domain protein that is expressed in many tissues, including pigment cells and the hypothalamus. The extracellular domain of the Mgca protein is the orthologue of human attractin, a circulating molecule produced by activated T cells that has been implicated in immune-cell interactions(13,14). These observations provide new insight into the regulation of energy metabolism and indicate a molecular basis for crosstalk between melanocortin-receptor signalling and immune function.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Stanford DNA Sequencing & Technol Ctr, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Div Tumor Immunol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Stanford University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School
RP Barsh, GS (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 29
TC 168
Z9 193
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6723
BP 152
EP 156
DI 10.1038/18217
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 176DG
UT WOS:000079135200045
PM 10086356
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, KK
   Yokota, H
   Kim, SH
AF Kim, KK
   Yokota, H
   Kim, SH
TI Four-helical-bundle structure of the cytoplasmic domain of a serine chemotaxis receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID disulfide cross-linking; ligand-binding domain; aspartate receptor; escherichia-coli; bacterial chemotaxis; alpha-helix; chemoreceptor; model; dimer; mutagenesis
AB The bacterial chemotaxis receptors are transmembrane receptors with a simple signalling pathway which has elements relevant to the general understanding of signal recognition and transduction across membranes, how signals are relayed between molecules in a pathway, and how adaptation to a persistent signal is achieved(1). In contrast to many mammalian receptors which signal by oligomerizing upon ligand binding(2), the chemotaxis receptors are dimeric even in the absence of their ligands, and their signalling does not depend on a monomer-dimer equilibrium(3). Bacterial chemotaxis receptors are composed of a ligand-binding domain, a transmembrane domain consisting of two helices TM1 and TM2, and a cytoplasmic domain. All known bacterial chemotaxis receptors have a highly conserved cytoplasmic domain, which unites signals from different ligand domains into a single signalling pathway to flagella motors. Here we report the crystal structure of the cytoplasmic domain of a serine chemotaxis receptor of Escherichia coli, which reveals a 200 Angstrom-long coiled-coil of two antiparallel helices connected by a 'U-turn'. Two of these domains form a long, supercoiled, four-helical bundle in the cytoplasmic portion of the receptor.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Melvin Calvin Lab 220, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Phys Biosci Div, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Kim, SH (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Melvin Calvin Lab 220, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM shkim@LBL.gov
NR 30
TC 394
Z9 459
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6746
BP 787
EP 792
DI 10.1038/23512
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228HM
UT WOS:000082131100056
PM 10466731
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buffett, B
AF Buffett, B
TI Role reversal in geomagnetism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB What drives the erratic reversal of Earth's magnetic field? Simulations that allow for variations in heat flow at the core-mantle boundary now implicate events in the mantle.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
C3 University of British Columbia
RP Buffett, B (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
NR 9
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6756
BP 861
EP 862
DI 10.1038/44724
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 251UL
UT WOS:000083464700034
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yan, RQ
   Bienkowski, MJ
   Shuck, ME
   Miao, HY
   Tory, MC
   Pauley, AM
   Brashler, JR
   Stratman, NC
   Mathews, WR
   Buhl, AE
   Carter, DB
   Tomasselli, AG
   Parodi, LA
   Heinrikson, RL
   Gurney, ME
AF Yan, RQ
   Bienkowski, MJ
   Shuck, ME
   Miao, HY
   Tory, MC
   Pauley, AM
   Brashler, JR
   Stratman, NC
   Mathews, WR
   Buhl, AE
   Carter, DB
   Tomasselli, AG
   Parodi, LA
   Heinrikson, RL
   Gurney, ME
TI Membrane-anchored aspartyl protease with Alzheimer's disease β-secretase activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amyloid precursor protein; cathepsin-d; mutation; deficiency; cleavage; neurons; gene
AB Mutations in the gene encoding the amyloid protein precursor (APP) cause autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease(1-3). Cleavage of APP by unidentified proteases, referred to as beta- and gamma-secretases(4-7), generates the amyloid beta-peptide, the main component of the amyloid plaques found in Alzheimer's disease patients(8). The disease-causing mutations flank the protease cleavage sites in APP and facilitate its cleavage. Here we identify a new membrane-bound aspartyl protease (Asp2) with beta-secretase activity. The Asp2 gene is expressed widely in brain and other tissues. Decreasing the expression of Asp2 in cells reduces amyloid beta-peptide production and blocks the accumulation of the carboxy-terminal APP fragment that is created by beta-secretase cleavage. Solubilized Asp2 protein cleaves a synthetic APP peptide substrate at the beta-secretase site, and the rate of cleavage is increased tenfold by a mutation associated with early-onset Alzheimer's disease in Sweden(3). Thus, Asp2 is a new protein target for drugs that are designed to block the production of amyloid beta-peptide peptide and the consequent formation of amyloid plaque in Alzheimer's disease.
C1 Pharmacia & Upjohn Inc, Cell & Mol Biol, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
   Pharmacia & Upjohn Inc, Genom, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
   Pharmacia & Upjohn Inc, Prot Sci, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
   Pharmacia & Upjohn Inc, Pharmacol, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
   Pharmacia & Upjohn Inc, Struct Analyt & Med Chem, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
   Pharmacia & Upjohn Inc, Neurobiol, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
   Pharmacia & Upjohn Inc, Bioinformat, S-11287 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 Pfizer; Pfizer USA; Pfizer; Pfizer USA; Pfizer; Pfizer USA; Pfizer; Pfizer USA; Pfizer; Pfizer USA; Pfizer; Pfizer USA; Pfizer; Pfizer Sweden; Pharmacia Corporation
RP Yan, RQ (corresponding author), Pharmacia & Upjohn Inc, Cell & Mol Biol, 301 Henrietta St, Kalamazoo, MI 49007 USA.
NR 19
TC 1318
Z9 1593
U1 0
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 533
EP 537
DI 10.1038/990107
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200057
PM 10591213
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mitchell, JR
   Wood, E
   Collins, K
AF Mitchell, JR
   Wood, E
   Collins, K
TI A telomerase component is defective in the human disease dyskeratosis congenita
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID small nucleolar rnas; epstein-barr-virus; ribosomal-rna; pseudouridine synthase; fibroblasts; protein; cells; cbf5p
AB The X-linked form of the human disease dyskeratosis congenita (DKC) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding dyskerin(1). Sufferers have defects in highly regenerative tissues such as skin and bone marrow, chromosome instability and a predisposition to develop certain types of malignancy. Dyskerin is a putative pseudouridine synthase, and it has been suggested that DKC may be caused by a defect in ribosomal RNA processing. Here we show that dyskerin is associated not only with H/ACA small nucleolar RNAs2, but also with human telomerase RNA, which contains an H/ACA RNA motif(3). Telomerase adds simple sequence repeats to chromosome ends using an internal region of its RNA as a template(4), and is required for the indefinite proliferation of primary human cells(5). We find that primary fibroblasts and lymphoblasts from DKC-affected males are not detectably deficient in conventional H/ACA small nucleolar RNA accumulation or function; however, DKC cells have a lower level of telomerase RNA, produce lower levels of telomerase activity and have shorter telomeres than matched normal cells. The pathology of DKC is consistent with compromised telomerase function leading to a defect in telomere maintenance, which may limit the proliferative capacity of human somatic cells in epithelia and blood.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Div Biochem & Mol Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Mitchell, JR (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Div Biochem & Mol Biol, 401 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 27
TC 900
Z9 1082
U1 1
U2 60
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 551
EP 555
DI 10.1038/990141
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200062
PM 10591218
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Qiu, YL
   Lee, JH
   Bernasconi-Quadroni, F
   Soltis, DE
   Soltis, PS
   Zanis, M
   Zimmer, EA
   Chen, ZD
   Savolainen, V
   Chase, MW
AF Qiu, YL
   Lee, JH
   Bernasconi-Quadroni, F
   Soltis, DE
   Soltis, PS
   Zanis, M
   Zimmer, EA
   Chen, ZD
   Savolainen, V
   Chase, MW
TI The earliest angiosperms: evidence from mitochondrial, plastid and nuclear genomes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inferring complex phylogeny; nucleotide-sequences; gene rbcl; origin; plants; pollen
AB Angiosperms have dominated the Earth's vegetation since the mid-Cretaceous (90 million years ago)(1), providing much of our food, fibre, medicine and timber, yet their origin and early evolution have remained enigmatic for over a century(2-8). One part of the enigma lies in the difficulty of identifying the earliest angiosperms; the other involves the uncertainty regarding the sister group of angiosperms among extant and fossil gymnosperms. Here we report a phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences of five mitochondrial, plastid and nuclear genes (total aligned length 8,733 base pairs), from all basal angiosperm and gymnosperm lineages (105 species, 103 genera and 63 families). Our study demonstrates that Amborella, Nymphaeales and Illiciales-Trimeniaceae-Austrobaileya represent the first stage of angiosperm evolution, with Amborella being sister to all other angiosperms. We also show that Gnetales are related to the conifers and are not sister to the angiosperms, thus refuting the Anthophyte Hypothesis(1). These results have far-reaching implications for our understanding of diversification, adaptation, genome evolution and development of the angiosperms.
C1 Univ Zurich, Inst Systemat Bot, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Washington State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
   Smithsonian Inst, Lab Mol Systemat, Washington, DC 20560 USA.
   Royal Bot Gardens, Jodrell Lab, Richmond TW9 3DS, Surrey, England.
C3 University of Zurich; Washington State University; Smithsonian Institution; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
RP Qiu, YL (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, Inst Systemat Bot, Zollikerstr 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 32
TC 703
Z9 790
U1 3
U2 157
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 404
EP 407
DI 10.1038/46536
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600054
PM 10586879
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kobe, B
   Kemp, BE
AF Kobe, B
   Kemp, BE
TI Active site-directed protein regulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tyrosine kinase hck; crystal-structure; bovine trypsinogen; karyopherin-alpha; insulin-receptor; domain; activation; src; resolution; insights
AB Regulation of protein function is vital for the control of cellular processes. Proteins are often regulated by allosteric mechanisms, in which effecters bind to regulatory sites distinct from the active sites and alter protein function. Intrasteric regulation, directed at the active site and thus the counterpart of allosteric control, is now emerging as an important regulatory mechanism.
C1 St Vincents Inst Med Res, Fitzroy, Vic 3065, Australia.
C3 St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research
RP Kobe, B (corresponding author), St Vincents Inst Med Res, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Vic 3065, Australia.
NR 46
TC 168
Z9 197
U1 1
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 373
EP 376
DI 10.1038/46478
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600045
PM 10586874
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bisang, C
   Long, PF
   Cortés, J
   Westcott, J
   Crosby, J
   Matharu, AL
   Cox, RJ
   Simpson, TJ
   Staunton, J
   Leadlay, PF
AF Bisang, C
   Long, PF
   Cortés, J
   Westcott, J
   Crosby, J
   Matharu, AL
   Cox, RJ
   Simpson, TJ
   Staunton, J
   Leadlay, PF
TI A chain initiation factor common to both modular and aromatic polyketide synthases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acyl carrier proteins; engineered biosynthesis; in-vitro; streptomyces-glaucescens; rational design; purification; specificity; expression; reconstitution; components
AB Antibiotic-producing polyketide synthases (PKSs) are enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis in Streptomyces and related filamentous bacteria of a remarkably broad range of bioactive metabolites, including antitumour aromatic compounds such as mithramycin(1) and macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin(2). The molecular basis for the selection of the starter unit on aromatic PKSs is unknown(3). Here we show that a component of aromatic PKS, previously named 'chain-length factor'(4), is a factor required for polyketide chain initiation and that this factor has decarboxylase activity towards malonyl-ACP (acyl carrier protein). We have re-examined the mechanism of initiation on modular PKSs and have identified as a specific initiation factor a domain of previously unknown function named KSQ, which operates like chain-length factor. Both KSQ and chain-length factor are similar to the ketosynthase domains that catalyse polyketide chain extension in modular multifunctional PKSs and in aromatic PKSs, respectively, except that the ketosynthase domain active-site cysteine residue is replaced by a highly conserved glutamine in KSQ and in chain-length factor. The glutamine residue is important both for decarboxylase activity and for polyketide synthesis.
C1 Dept Biochem, Cambridge CB2 1GA, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Chem Lab, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Leadlay, PF (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Sch Pharm, 425 N Charter St, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
NR 27
TC 237
Z9 316
U1 0
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6752
BP 502
EP 505
DI 10.1038/46829
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243DF
UT WOS:000082981200062
PM 10519556
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Willis, KJ
   Kleczkowski, A
   Crowhurst, SJ
AF Willis, KJ
   Kleczkowski, A
   Crowhurst, SJ
TI 124,000-year periodicity in terrestrial vegetation change during the late Pliocene epoch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ocean
AB The late Pliocene (similar to 3-2.6 million years ago) is an interval of exceptional interest for understanding the Earth's climate system. It was a time of progressive global cooling, resulting in the growth of large terrestrial ice sheets and the initiation of extensive Northern Hemisphere glaciation(1,2). The build up of the ice sheets was cyclical and apparently paced by the orbitally driven oscillations in incoming solar radiation (Milankovitch cycles) at periods of approximately 41 kyr (obliquity) and 23-19 kyr (precession). Here we present a high-resolution continental record of late Pliocene climate change, detailing the response of terrestrial vegetation to this interval of dramatic global environmental change. The annually laminated sequence of lake sediments from Pula maar, in Hungary, represents approximately 320 kyr of accumulation between similar to 3.0 and 2.6 million years ago. Spectral analyses of the record indicate terrestrial responses to incoming solar radiation at obliquity and precession periodicities, but the strongest response appears at a period of similar to 124 kyr. Calculations indicate that variations in insolation forcing at this periodicity were negligible at this time. The Pula record thus demonstrates that internally driven nonlinear responses of the climate system, at a period of similar to 124 kyr, were at least as important as external forcing at the orbital frequencies of precession and obliquity in driving late Pliocene large-scale environmental change.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Godwin Lab, Cambridge CB2 3RS, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Plant Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EA, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
RP Willis, KJ (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Godwin Lab, Free Sch Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RS, England.
EM kathy.willis@georg.oz.ac.uk
NR 19
TC 62
Z9 69
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 25
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6721
BP 685
EP 688
DI 10.1038/17783
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 171AP
UT WOS:000078840100047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Romanishin, W
   Tegler, SC
AF Romanishin, W
   Tegler, SC
TI Rotation rates of Kuiper-belt objects from their light curves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photometry; galaxy; 1995-go; 1993-sc; disk
AB Very little is known about the physical properties of Kuiper-belt objects', due to their relatively small size and large distance from the Earth. For example, a Kuiper-belt object with a diameter of 300 km at a typical distance of similar to 30 AU would subtend an angle of only 0.014 arcsec. It is therefore possible to investigate their surface markings, shapes and rotational properties only through variations in the light that they reflect (their light curves). Here we report a survey of optical light curves from Kuiper-belt objects. Variations are observed only for the faintest objects in the survey. We can rule out eclipsing binary objects and variations in the surface markings as the origin of these light curves, suggesting that the observed variations are due to the rotation of irregularly shaped objects. Irregular shapes may be limited to the smallest Kuiper-belt objects because the material strength in their inner regions is sufficient to maintain the shape against the weight of the overlying material. If, however, all of the objects in our survey are of essentially the same size, then the intrinsically faintest ones may be composed of a stronger and darker material than the brighter ones.
C1 Univ Oklahoma, Dept Phys & Astron, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
   No Arizona Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA.
C3 University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma - Norman; Northern Arizona University
RP Romanishin, W (corresponding author), Univ Oklahoma, Dept Phys & Astron, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
NR 21
TC 49
Z9 51
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6723
BP 129
EP 132
DI 10.1038/18168
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 176DG
UT WOS:000079135200037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ames, RS
   Sarau, HM
   Chambers, JK
   Willette, RN
   Alyar, NV
   Romanic, AM
   Louden, CS
   Foley, JJ
   Sauermelch, CF
   Coatney, RW
   Ao, ZH
   Disa, J
   Holmes, SD
   Stadel, JM
   Martin, JD
   Liu, WS
   Glover, GI
   Wilson, S
   McNulty, DE
   Ellis, CE
   Elshourbagy, NA
   Shabon, U
   Trill, JJ
   Hay, DWP
   Ohlstein, EH
   Bergsma, DJ
   Douglas, SA
AF Ames, RS
   Sarau, HM
   Chambers, JK
   Willette, RN
   Alyar, NV
   Romanic, AM
   Louden, CS
   Foley, JJ
   Sauermelch, CF
   Coatney, RW
   Ao, ZH
   Disa, J
   Holmes, SD
   Stadel, JM
   Martin, JD
   Liu, WS
   Glover, GI
   Wilson, S
   McNulty, DE
   Ellis, CE
   Elshourbagy, NA
   Shabon, U
   Trill, JJ
   Hay, DWP
   Ohlstein, EH
   Bergsma, DJ
   Douglas, SA
TI Human urotensin-II is a potent vasoconstrictor and agonist for the orphan receptor GPR14
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cloning; peptide; genes; rats
AB Urotensin-II (U-II) is a vasoactive 'somatostatin-like' cyclic peptide which was originally isolated from fish spinal cords(1,2), and which has recently been cloned from man(3). Here we describe the identification of an orphan human G-protein-coupled receptor homologous to rat GPR14 (refs 4, 5) and expressed predominantly in cardiovascular tissue, which functions as a U-II receptor. Goby and human U-II bind to recombinant human GPR14 with high affinity, and the binding is functionally coupled to calcium mobilization. Human U-II is found within both vascular and cardiac tissue (including coronary atheroma) and effectively constricts isolated arteries from non-human primates. The potency of vasoconstriction of U-II is an order of magnitude greater than that of endothelin-1, making human U-II the most potent mammalian vasoconstrictor identified so far. In vivo, human U-II markedly increases total peripheral resistance in anaesthetized non-human primates, a response associated with profound cardiac contractile dysfunction. Furthermore, as U-II immunoreactivity is also found within central nervous system and endocrine tissues, it may have additional activities.
C1 SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Mol Biol, King Of Prussia, PA 19406 USA.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Pulm & Cardiovasc Pharmacol, King Of Prussia, PA 19406 USA.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Funct Gene Anal, King Of Prussia, PA 19406 USA.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Pathol, King Of Prussia, PA 19406 USA.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Lab Anim Sci, King Of Prussia, PA 19406 USA.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Immunol, King Of Prussia, PA 19406 USA.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Prot Biochem, King Of Prussia, PA 19406 USA.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Gene Express Sci, King Of Prussia, PA 19406 USA.
   USA & So Way, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
C3 GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom
RP Ames, RS (corresponding author), SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Mol Biol, 709 Swedeland Rd, King Of Prussia, PA 19406 USA.
NR 19
TC 744
Z9 933
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 282
EP 286
DI 10.1038/45809
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400055
PM 10499587
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Haug, GH
   Sigman, DM
   Tiedemann, R
   Pedersen, TF
   Sarnthein, M
AF Haug, GH
   Sigman, DM
   Tiedemann, R
   Pedersen, TF
   Sarnthein, M
TI Onset of permanent stratification in the subarctic Pacific Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric co2; southern-ocean; north pacific; water; productivity; circulation; nitrate
AB The surface waters of the modern subarctic Pacific Ocean are isolated from the nutrient-rich waters below by a steep vertical gradient in salinity (halocline), a feature which is a dominant control on upper-ocean stratification in polar environments(1-3). The physical processes which maintain the halocline and, in turn, its physical, biological, and geochemical effects have long been subjects of intense inquiry(3,4). The stratification of polar surface waters influences the exchange of CO2 between ocean and atmosphere(5-8), so the history of the subarctic Pacific halocline may have played a role in past changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration. Here we report opal accumulation rates and nitrogen-isotope data from sediments in this region which indicate that the subarctic Pacific halocline developed abruptly 2.73 million years ago, coincident with the onset of extensive Northern Hemisphere glaciation. The halocline would have reduced the transport of nutrient-rich deep water into the euphotic zone, leading to a decrease in biological production but an increase in the fraction of nutrient stocks utilized. This increase in the efficiency of the 'biological pump' would have lowered the rate of CO2 evasion from ocean to atmosphere, potentially reducing atmospheric CO2 concentrations from the suggested higher level of the preceding mid-Pliocene warm interval(9,10).
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   GEOMAR, D-24148 Kiel, Germany.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Univ Kiel, Inst Geowissensch, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
   Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Helmholtz Association; GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel; University of British Columbia; University of Kiel; University of Southern California
RP Haug, GH (corresponding author), ETH Zurich, Inst Geol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 31
TC 243
Z9 281
U1 1
U2 76
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6755
BP 779
EP 782
DI 10.1038/44550
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 250BG
UT WOS:000083368700049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Butler, D
AF Butler, D
TI Computing 2010: from black holes to biology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB By 2010, a click on the PC on your desktop will suffice to call up instantly all the computing power you need from what by then will be the world's largest supercomputer, the Internet itself. Supercomputing for the masses will trigger a revolution in the complexity of problems that are tackled, whole disciplines will go digital and, rather than spending time collecting their own data, scientists will organize themselves around shared data sets.
C1 Nature, F-75749 Paris 15, France.
RP Butler, D (corresponding author), Nature, 3 Rue Arrivee,BP 264, F-75749 Paris 15, France.
NR 0
TC 12
Z9 14
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP C67
EP C70
DI 10.1038/35011561
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MZ
UT WOS:000084014100010
PM 10591228
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kauffmann-Zeh, A
AF Kauffmann-Zeh, A
TI Resources lacking to save Amazon biodiversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 4
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6726
BP A20
EP A21
DI 10.1038/18795
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 182QB
UT WOS:000079508700010
PM 10201385
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Frail, DA
   Kulkarni, SR
   Bloom, JS
AF Frail, DA
   Kulkarni, SR
   Bloom, JS
TI An outburst of relativistic particles from the soft γ-ray repeater SGR1900+14
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetized neutron-stars; x-ray; radio nebula; identification; sgr-1900+14; sgr1806-20
AB Soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs) are transient sources of high-energy photons, whose brief emissions are thought to arise from young(1) and highly magnetized(2-6) neutron stars. The exact cause of these outbursts, and the nature of the energy-loss mechanism that powers them, remain unknown. Here we report the discovery of a fading radio source within the X-ray error box of SGR1900+14. We argue that the radio source is a short-lived cloud of ionized gas, powered by relativistic particles ejected at the time of the intense burst of high-energy photons in late August 1998 (this period of activity also included an extremely energetic burst of gamma-rays(7) on 27 August). As the radio photons are not beamed, our observations allow us to constrain the energy released in the form of particles ejected during the burst. Moreover, the astrometrical precision of radio observations enable us to determine the exact position of the source to very high accuracy.
C1 Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   CALTECH, Owens Valley Radio Observ 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); California Institute of Technology
RP Frail, DA (corresponding author), Natl Radio Astron Observ, POB 0, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
EM dfrail@nrao.edu
NR 23
TC 136
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6723
BP 127
EP 129
DI 10.1038/18163
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 176DG
UT WOS:000079135200036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alm, RA
   Ling, LSL
   Moir, DT
   King, BL
   Brown, ED
   Doig, PC
   Smith, DR
   Noonan, B
   Guild, BC
   deJonge, BL
   Carmel, G
   Tummino, PJ
   Caruso, A
   Uria-Nickelsen, M
   Mills, DM
   Ives, C
   Gibson, R
   Merberg, D
   Mills, SD
   Jiang, Q
   Taylor, DE
   Vovis, GF
   Trost, TJ
AF Alm, RA
   Ling, LSL
   Moir, DT
   King, BL
   Brown, ED
   Doig, PC
   Smith, DR
   Noonan, B
   Guild, BC
   deJonge, BL
   Carmel, G
   Tummino, PJ
   Caruso, A
   Uria-Nickelsen, M
   Mills, DM
   Ives, C
   Gibson, R
   Merberg, D
   Mills, SD
   Jiang, Q
   Taylor, DE
   Vovis, GF
   Trost, TJ
TI Genomic-sequence comparison of two unrelated isolates of the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; diversity; strains
AB Helicobacter pylori, one of the most common bacterial pathogens of humans, colonizes the gastric mucosa, where it appears to persist throughout the host's life unless the patient is treated. Colonization induces chronic gastric inflammation which can progress to a variety of diseases, ranging in severity from superficial gastritis and peptic ulcer to gastric cancer and mucosal-associated lymphoma(1). Strain-specific genetic diversity has been proposed to be involved in the organism's ability to cause different diseases or even be beneficial to the infected host(2,3) and to participate in the lifelong chronicity of infection(4). Here we compare the complete genomic sequences of two unrelated H. pylori isolates. This is, to our knowledge, the first such genomic comparison. H. pylori was believed to exhibit a large degree of genomic and allelic diversity, but we find that the overall genomic organization, gene order and predicted proteomes (sets of proteins encoded by the genomes) of the two strains are quite similar, Between 6 to 7% of the genes are specific to each strain, with almost half of these genes being clustered in a single hypervariable region.
C1 Astra Res Ctr Boston, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Alberta, Dept Med Microbiol & Immunol, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
   Univ Alberta, Canadian Bacterial Dis Network, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
   Genome Therapeut Corp, Waltham, MA 02453 USA.
C3 University of Alberta; University of Alberta
RP Alm, RA (corresponding author), Astra Res Ctr Boston, 128 Sidney St, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM richard.alm@arch.us.astra.com
NR 20
TC 1532
Z9 2305
U1 0
U2 99
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 14
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6715
BP 176
EP 180
DI 10.1038/16495
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 157WQ
UT WOS:000078085000050
PM 9923682
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Amelin, Y
   Lee, DC
   Halliday, AN
   Pidgeon, RT
AF Amelin, Y
   Lee, DC
   Halliday, AN
   Pidgeon, RT
TI Nature of the Earth's earliest crust from hafnium isotopes in single detrital zircons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID continental-crust; jack hills; neodymium isotopes; western-australia; mantle evolution; hf; nd; differentiation; systematics; constraints
AB Continental crust forms from, and thus chemically depletes, the Earth's mantle. Evidence that the Earth's mantle was already chemically depleted by melting before the formation of today's oldest surviving crust has been presented in the form of Sm-Nd isotope studies of 3.8-4.0 billion years old rocks from Greenland(1-5) and Canada(5-7). But this interpretation has been questioned because of the possibility that subsequent perturbations may have re-equilibrated the neodymium-isotope compositions of these rocks(8). Independent and more robust evidence for the origin of the earliest crust and depletion of the Archaean mantle can potentially be provided by hafnium-isotope compositions of zircon, a mineral whose age can be precisely determined by U-Pb dating, and which can survive metamorphisms(4). But the amounts of hafnium in single zircon grains are too small for the isotopic composition to be precisely analysed by conventional methods. Here we report hafnium-isotope data, obtained using the new technique of multiple-collector plasma-source mass spectrometry(9), for 37 individual grains of the oldest known terrestrial zircons (from the Narryer Gneiss Complex, Australia, with U-Pb ages of up to 4.14 Gyr (refs 10-13)). We find that none of the grains has a depleted mantle signature, but that many were derived from a source with a hafnium-isotope composition similar to that of chondritic meteorites. Furthermore, more than half of the analysed grains seem to have formed by remelting of significantly older crust, indicating that crustal preservation and subsequent reworking might have been important processes from earliest times.
C1 Royal Ontario Museum, Dept Earth Sci, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   ETH Zurich, Dept Earth Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Curtin Univ Technol, Sch Appl Geol, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
C3 Royal Ontario Museum; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Curtin University
RP Amelin, Y (corresponding author), Royal Ontario Museum, Dept Earth Sci, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada.
NR 34
TC 734
Z9 964
U1 4
U2 157
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6733
BP 252
EP 255
DI 10.1038/20426
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 198MF
UT WOS:000080427400053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ashe, HL
   Levine, M
AF Ashe, HL
   Levine, M
TI Local inhibition and long-range enhancement of Dpp signal transduction by Sog
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dorsal-ventral pattern; drosophila embryo; morphogen gradient; short gastrulation; spemann organizer; gene; specification; localization; chordin; activin
AB Extracellular gradients of signalling molecules can specify different thresholds of gene activity in development. A gradient of Decapentaplegic (Dpp) activity subdivides the dorsal ectoderm of the Drosophila embryo into amnioserosa and dorsal epidennis(.1,2) The proteins Short gastrulation(3) (Sog) and Tolloid(4) (Tld) are required to shape this gradient. Sog has been proposed to form an inhibitory complex with either Dpp(5) or the related ligand Screw(6,7), and is subsequently processed by the protease Tld(5). Paradoxically, Sog appears to be required for amnioserosa formation(8), which is specified by peak Dpp signalling activity(1,2). Here we show that the misexpression of sag using the even-skipped stripe-2 enhancer(9) redistributes Dpp signalling in a mutant background in which npp is expressed throughout the embryo, Dpp activity is diminished near the Sog stripe and peak Dpp signalling is detected far from this stripe. However, a tethered form of Sog suppresses local Dpp activity without augmenting Dpp activity at a distance, indicating that diffusion of Sog may be required for enhanced Dpp activity and consequent amnioserosa formation, The long-distance stimulation of Dpp activity by Sog requires Tld, whereas Sog-mediated inhibition of Dpp does not The heterologous Dpp inhibitor Noggin(10) inhibits Dpp signalling but fails to augment Dpp activity. These results suggest an unusual strategy for generating a gradient threshold of growth-factor activity, whereby Sog and its protease specify peak Dpp signalling far from a localized source of Sog.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Div Genet, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Levine, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Div Genet, 401 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 28
TC 158
Z9 188
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6726
BP 427
EP 431
DI 10.1038/18892
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 182PW
UT WOS:000079508200053
PM 10201373
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kelley, JL
   Graves, JA
   Magurran, AE
AF Kelley, JL
   Graves, JA
   Magurran, AE
TI Familiarity breeds contempt in guppies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID poecilia-reticulata; behavior; fish
C1 Univ St Andrews, Inst Environm & Evolutionary Biol, St Andrews KY16 9TS, Fife, Scotland.
C3 University of St Andrews
RP Kelley, JL (corresponding author), Univ St Andrews, Inst Environm & Evolutionary Biol, Bute Bldg, St Andrews KY16 9TS, Fife, Scotland.
NR 13
TC 126
Z9 139
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6754
BP 661
EP 662
DI 10.1038/44314
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 247EJ
UT WOS:000083207400043
PM 10537103
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Minami, M
   Kinoshita, M
   Kamoshida, Y
   Tanimoto, H
   Tabata, T
AF Minami, M
   Kinoshita, M
   Kamoshida, Y
   Tanimoto, H
   Tabata, T
TI Brinker is a target of Dpp in Drosophila that negatively regulates Dpp-dependent genes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wing development; expression; gradient; xenopus; mothers; cells
AB Growth and patterning of the Drosophila wing is controlled in part by the long-range organizing activities of the Decapentaplegic protein (Dpp)(1-4). Dpp is synthesized by cells that line the anterior side of the anterior/posterior compartment border of the wing imaginal disc. From this source, Dpp is thought to generate a concentration gradient that patterns both anterior and posterior compartments. Among the gene targets that it regulates are optomotor blind (omb)(5), spalt (sal)(6), and daughters against dpp (dad)(7). We report here the molecular cloning of brinker (brk), and show that brk expression is repressed by npp. brk encodes, a protein that negatively regulates Dpp-dependent genes. Expression of brk in Xenopus embryos indicates that brk can also repress the targets of a vertebrate homologue of Dpp, bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4). The evolutionary conservation of Brk function underscores the importance of its negative role in proportioning Dpp activity.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
   Tokyo Metropolitan Inst Neurosci, Dept Neurophysiol, Fuchu, Tokyo 1838526, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
RP Tabata, T (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Bunkyo Ku, Yayoi 1-1-1, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
NR 27
TC 198
Z9 237
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6724
BP 242
EP 246
DI 10.1038/18451
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 177UA
UT WOS:000079228400054
PM 10094047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Enright, AJ
   Iliopoulos, I
   Kyrpides, NC
   Ouzounis, CA
AF Enright, AJ
   Iliopoulos, I
   Kyrpides, NC
   Ouzounis, CA
TI Protein interaction maps for complete genomes based on gene fusion events
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; enzymes
AB A large-scale effort to measure, detect and analyse protein-protein interactions using experimental methods is under way(1,2). These include biochemistry such as co-immunoprecipitation or crosslinking, molecular biology such as the two-hybrid system or phage display, and genetics such as unlinked noncomplementing mutant detection). Using the two-hybrid system(4), an international effort to analyse the complete yeast genome is in progress'. Evidently, all these approaches are tedious, labour intensive and inaccurate(6). From a computational perspective, the question is how can we predict that two proteins interact from structure or sequence alone. Here we present a method that identifies gene-fusion events in complete genomes, solely based on sequence comparison. Because there must be selective pressure for certain genes to be fused over the course of evolution, we are able to predict functional associations of proteins. We show that 215 genes or proteins in the complete genomes of Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae and Methanococcus jannaschii are involved in 64 unique fusion events. The approach is general, and can be applied even to genes of unknown function.
C1 EMBL Cambridge Outstn, European Bioinformat Inst, Computat Genom Grp, Cambridge CB10 1SD, England.
   Integrated Genom Inc, Chicago, IL 60612 USA.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); European Bioinformatics Institute
RP Ouzounis, CA (corresponding author), EMBL Cambridge Outstn, European Bioinformat Inst, Computat Genom Grp, Cambridge CB10 1SD, England.
EM ouzounis@ebi.ac.uk
NR 27
TC 816
Z9 956
U1 0
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 86
EP 90
DI 10.1038/47056
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600048
PM 10573422
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Little, P
AF Little, P
TI The book of genes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID whole-genome shotgun
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biochem, London SW7 2AZ, England.
C3 Imperial College London
RP Little, P (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biochem, Prince Consort Rd, London SW7 2AZ, England.
NR 7
TC 12
Z9 12
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 467
EP 468
DI 10.1038/44967
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200032
PM 10591200
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Silvertown, J
   Dodd, ME
   Gowing, DJG
   Mountford, JO
AF Silvertown, J
   Dodd, ME
   Gowing, DJG
   Mountford, JO
TI Hydrologically defined niches reveal a basis for species richness in plant communities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coexistence
AB Species-rich plant communities are prized repositories of biodiversity and a dwindling resource, but how the large numbers of species that characterize such communities are able to coexist is poorly understood. Resource-based competition theory predicts that stable coexistence between species depends on each being a superior competitor in its own niche(1). The theoretical problem is that plants all require the same resources and acquire them in a very limited variety of ways, so observed niche overlaps are high(2,3) and exclusion of all but the best competitor is the predicted result. This problem, central to community ecology, has elicited a variety of theoretical solutions(4-7), several of which invoke some degree of niche separation in time or space(8,9). The signature of niche separation in the field is to be found in community structure, which should indicate (i) smaller than expected niche overlaps on relevant niche axes and (ii) a trade-off between species' resource use on orthogonal axes. Here we provide evidence for the existence of both these conditions in a species-rich plant community.
C1 Open Univ, Dept Biol, Ecol & Conservat Res Grp, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
   Cranfield Univ, Silsoe Coll, Bedford MK45 4DT, England.
   NERC, Inst Terr Ecol, Huntingdon PE17 2LS, England.
C3 Open University - UK; Cranfield University; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH)
RP Silvertown, J (corresponding author), Open Univ, Dept Biol, Ecol & Conservat Res Grp, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
EM j.silvertown@open.ac.uk
NR 20
TC 425
Z9 500
U1 2
U2 194
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6739
BP 61
EP 63
DI 10.1038/21877
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 213DA
UT WOS:000081255700049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McFadden, SX
   Mishra, RS
   Valiev, RZ
   Zhilyaev, AP
   Mukherjee, AK
AF McFadden, SX
   Mishra, RS
   Valiev, RZ
   Zhilyaev, AP
   Mukherjee, AK
TI Low-temperature superplasticity in nanostructured nickel and metal alloys
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ultrafine-grained materials; nanocrystalline nickel
AB Superplasticity-the ability of a material to sustain large plastic deformation-has been demonstrated in a number of metallic, intermetallic and ceramic systems, Conditions considered necessary for superplasticity(1) are a stable fine-grained microstructure and a temperature higher than 0.5 T(m) (where T(m) is the melting point of the matrix). Superplastic behaviour is of industrial interest, as it forms the basis of a fabrication method that can be used to produce components having complex shapes from materials that are hard to machine, such as metal matrix composites and intermetallics, Use of superplastic forming may become even more widespread if lower deformation temperatures can be attained. Here we present observations of low-temperature superplasticity in nanocrystalline nickel, a nanocrystalline aluminium alloy (1420-Al), and nanocrystalline nickel aluminide (Ni(3)Al). The nanocrystalline nickel was found to be superplastic at a temperature 470 degrees C below that previously attained(2): this corresponds to 0.36T(m), the lowest normalized superplastic temperature reported for any crystalline material. The nanocrystalline Ni(3)Al was found to be superplastic at a temperature 450 degrees C below the superplastic temperature in the microcrystalline regime(3).
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Ufa State Aviat Tech Univ, Inst Phys & Adv Mat, Ufa 450000, Russia.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; Ufa University of Science & Technology
RP Mukherjee, AK (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
EM akmukherjee@ucdavis.edu
NR 14
TC 593
Z9 659
U1 6
U2 279
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6729
BP 684
EP 686
DI 10.1038/19486
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 189RP
UT WOS:000079920100043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, MSY
   Bell, GL
   Caldwell, MW
AF Lee, MSY
   Bell, GL
   Caldwell, MW
TI The origin of snake feeding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution
AB Snakes are renowned for their ability to engulf extremely large prey, and their highly flexible skulls and extremely wide gape are among the most striking adaptations found in vertebrates(1-5). However, the evolutionary transition from the relatively inflexible lizard skull to the highly mobile snake skull remains poorly understood, as they appear to be fundamentally different and no obvious intermediate stages have been identified(4,5). Here we present evidence that mosasaurs-large, extinct marine lizards related to snakes-represent a crucial intermediate stage. Mosasaurs, uniquely among lizards, possessed long, snake-like palatal teeth for holding prey. Also, although they retained the rigid upper jaws typical of lizards, they possessed highly flexible lower jaws that were not only morphologically similar to those of snakes, but also functionally similar. The highly flexible lower jaw is thus inferred to have,evolved before the highly flexible upper jaw-in the macrophagous common ancestor of mosasaurs and snakes-for accommodating large prey. The mobile upper jaw evolved later-in snakes-for dragging prey into the oesophagus. Snakes also have more rigid braincases than lizards, and the partially fused meso- and metakinetic joints of mosasaurs are transitional between the loose joints of lizards and the rigid joints of snakes. Thus, intermediate morphologies in snake skull evolution should perhaps be sought not in small burrowing lizards, as commonly assumed, but in large marine forms.
C1 Univ Queensland, Dept Zool, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
   S Dakota Sch Mines & Technol, Museum Geol, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA.
   Canadian Museum Nat, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada.
C3 University of Queensland; South Dakota School Mines & Technology
RP Lee, MSY (corresponding author), Univ Queensland, Dept Zool, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
NR 25
TC 59
Z9 67
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6745
BP 655
EP 659
DI 10.1038/23236
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226QU
UT WOS:000082032900050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dimmeler, S
   Fleming, I
   Fisslthaler, B
   Hermann, C
   Busse, R
   Zeiher, AM
AF Dimmeler, S
   Fleming, I
   Fisslthaler, B
   Hermann, C
   Busse, R
   Zeiher, AM
TI Activation of nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells by Akt-dependent phosphorylation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-kinase-b; fluid shear-stress; signal-transduction; calcium; suppression; expression; apoptosis; pathway; angiogenesis; calmodulin
AB Nitric oxide (NO) produced by the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) is a fundamental determinant of cardiovascular homesotasis: it regulates systemic blood pressure, vascular remodelling and angiogenesis(1-3). Physiologically, the most important stimulus for the continuous formation of NO is the viscous drag (shear stress) generated by the streaming blood on the endothelial layer(4-8). Although shear-stress-mediated phosphorylation of eNOS is thought to regulate enzyme activity(9,10), the mechanism of activation of eNOS is not yet known. Here we demonstrate that the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt/PKB (11-13) mediates the activation of eNOS, leading to increased NO production. Inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase/Akt pathway or mutation of the Akt site on eNOS protein (at serine 1177) attenuates the serine phosphorylation and prevents the activation of eNOS, Mimicking the phosphorylation of Ser1177 directly enhances enzyme activity and alters the sensitivity of the enzyme to Ca2+, rendering its activity maximal at sub-physiological concentrations of Ca2+. Thus, phosphorylation of eNOS by Akt represents a novel Ca2+-independent regulatory mechanism for activation of eNOS.
C1 Univ Frankfurt, Dept Internal Med 4, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
   Univ Frankfurt, Inst Cardiovasc Physiol, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
C3 Goethe University Frankfurt; Goethe University Frankfurt
RP Zeiher, AM (corresponding author), Univ Frankfurt, Dept Internal Med 4, Theodor Stern Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
NR 29
TC 3053
Z9 3472
U1 0
U2 232
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6736
BP 601
EP 605
DI 10.1038/21224
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 204RR
UT WOS:000080778400060
PM 10376603
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Benoit, M
   Ceuleneer, G
   Polvé, M
AF Benoit, M
   Ceuleneer, G
   Polvé, M
TI The remelting of hydrothermally altered peridotite at mid-ocean ridges by intruding mantle diapirs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atlantic ridge; trace-element; oman ophiolite; rocks; constraints; genesis; basalts; origin; nd; sr
AB Most gabbroic cumulates found at ocean spreading centres are thought to have been generated by the fractional crystallization of melts with the composition of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)(1). There are exceptions, however including some cumulates which appear to have come from melts that contain more silica than MORE and are much more depleted in the incompatible elements (those elements that do not readily substitute into the main mineral phases)(2). These unusual rocks bear witness to relatively deep petrological processes that ore not accessible through the study of melts erupted on the sea floor, and their origin is still debated. Fortunately, the same lithologies con be studied in detail in ophiolites (sections of oceanic crust accreted to a continent). In a fossil mantle diapir of the Oman ophiolite(3-4), rye have observed the same dichotomy between a suite of 'normal' MORE-type, cumulates ('N-cumulates') and a suite of cumulates issued from silica-enriched but incompatible-element-depleted melts ('D-cumulates'). While the N-cumulates crystallized inside the diapir, the D-cumulates occur essentially as intrusions surrounding the diapir. The combination of silica enrichment, extreme depletion in incompatible elements, and seawater isotopic signature indicates that the D-cumulates were formed by the remelting at low pressure of hydrated residual peridotites left after MORE extraction at the ridge axis. The distribution of the D-cumulates relative to the N-cumulates suggests that such depleted melts are produced episodically at ridge axes when the lithospheric mantle is reheated by a new diapiric pulse.
C1 Observ Midi Pyrenees, CNRS, UMR 5562, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
   Observ Midi Pyrenees, CNRS, UMR 5563, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU)
RP Ceuleneer, G (corresponding author), Observ Midi Pyrenees, CNRS, UMR 5562, 14 Ave Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
NR 26
TC 96
Z9 104
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 514
EP 518
DI 10.1038/990073
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lynch-Stieglitz, J
   Curry, WB
   Slowey, N
AF Lynch-Stieglitz, J
   Curry, WB
   Slowey, N
TI Weaker Gulf Stream in the Florida straits during the last glacial maximum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atlantic thermohaline circulation; western north-atlantic; intermediate water; ocean circulation; model; temperature; transport; rates; event
AB As it passes through the Florida Straits, the Gulf Stream consists of two main components: the western boundary flow of the wind-driven subtropical gyre and the northward-flowing surface and intermediate waters which are part of the 'global conveyor belt' compensating for the deep water that is exported from the North Atlantic Ocean(1), The mean flow through the Straits is largely in geostrophic balance and is thus reflected in the contrast in seawater density across the Straits(2). Here we use oxygen-isotope ratios of benthic foraminifera which lived along the ocean margins on the boundaries of the Florida Current during the Last Glacial Maximum to determine the density structure in the water and thereby reconstruct transport through the Straits using the geostrophic method-a technique which has been used successfully for estimating present-day flow(3). Our data suggest that during the Last Glacial Maximum, the density contrast across the Florida Straits was reduced, with the geostrophic flow, referenced to the bottom of the channel, at only about two-thirds of the modern value. If the wind-driven western boundary flow was not lower during the Last Glacial Maximum than today, these results indicate a significantly weaker conveyor-belt component of the Gulf Stream compared to present-day values. Whereas previous studies based on tracers suggested that deep waters of North Atlantic origin were not widespread during glacial times, indicating either a relatively weak or a shallow overturning cell, our results provide evidence that the overturning cell was indeed weaker during glacial times.
C1 Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station
RP Lynch-Stieglitz, J (corresponding author), Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
NR 31
TC 152
Z9 171
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 644
EP 648
DI 10.1038/45204
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800060
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Adachi-Yamada, T
   Fujimura-Kamada, K
   Nishida, Y
   Matsumoto, K
AF Adachi-Yamada, T
   Fujimura-Kamada, K
   Nishida, Y
   Matsumoto, K
TI Distortion of proximodistal information causes JNK-dependent apoptosis in Drosophila wing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-range action; decapentaplegic gene; morphogen gradient; imaginal disks; expression; melanogaster; survival; complex; axis; hid
AB Distinct and evolutionarily conserved signal-transduction cascades mediate the survival or death of cells during development. The c-Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNKs) of the mitogen-activated protein kinase superfamily are involved in apoptotic signalling in various cultured cells(1), However, the role of the JNK pathway in development is less well understood In Drosophila, Decapentaplegic (Dpp; a homologue of transforming growth factor-beta) and Wingless (Wg; a Wnt homologue) proteins are secretory morphogens that act cooperatively to induce formation of the proximodistal axis of appendages(2-7). Here we show that either decreased Dpp signalling in the distal wing cells or increased Dpp signalling in the proximal wing cells causes apoptosis, Inappropriate levels of Dpp signalling lead to aberrant morphogenesis in the respective wing zones, and these apoptotic zones are also determined by the strength of the Wg signal. Our results indicate that distortion of the positional information determined by Dpp and Wg signalling gradients leads to activation of the JNK apoptotic pathway, and the consequent induction of cell death thereby maintains normal morphogenesis.
C1 Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Div Biol Sci, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
C3 Nagoya University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Adachi-Yamada, T (corresponding author), Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Div Biol Sci, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
NR 27
TC 260
Z9 296
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6740
BP 166
EP 169
DI 10.1038/22112
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214JM
UT WOS:000081324900054
PM 10408443
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bianchi, GG
   McCave, IN
AF Bianchi, GG
   McCave, IN
TI Holocene periodicity in North Atlantic climate and deep-ocean flow south of Iceland
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID medieval warm period; thermohaline circulation; ice-age; water; sea
AB Climate fluctuations during the past millennium are relatively well documented(1). On a longer timescale, there is growing evidence of millennial-scale variability of Holocene climate, at periodicities of similar to 2,500 and 950 years (possibly caused by changes in solar flux)(2,3) and similar to 1,500 years (maybe related to an internal oscillation of the climate system)(4-6). But the involvement of deep water masses in these Holocene climate changes has yet to be established. Here we use sediment grain-size data from the Iceland basin to reconstruct past changes in the speed of deep-water flow. The study site is under the influence of Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW), the flow of which is an important component of the 'thermohaline' circulation that modulates European climate. Flow changes coincide with some known climate events (the Little Ice Age and the Mediaeval Warm Period), and extend over the entire Holocene epoch with a quasiperiodicity of similar to 1,500 years. The grain-size data indicate a faster ISOW flow when the climate of northern Europe is warmer. However, a second mode of operation is observed in the early Holocene, when warm climate intervals are associated with slower ISOW flow. At that time the melting remnant of land-based, glacial-age ice may have provided a sufficient source of fresh water to the ocean to reduce ISOW flow south of Iceland.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Bianchi, GG (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
NR 34
TC 581
Z9 690
U1 2
U2 121
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 11
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6719
BP 515
EP 517
DI 10.1038/17362
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 166KN
UT WOS:000078574900047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhitomirsky, ME
   Rice, TM
   Anisimov, VI
AF Zhitomirsky, ME
   Rice, TM
   Anisimov, VI
TI Magnetic properties - Ferromagnetism in the hexaborides
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 ETH Honggerberg, Inst Theoret Phys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Inst Met Phys, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Metal Physics UB RAS
RP Zhitomirsky, ME (corresponding author), ETH Honggerberg, Inst Theoret Phys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 8
TC 146
Z9 150
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6759
BP 251
EP 253
DI 10.1038/46207
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 257ZP
UT WOS:000083813700036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jacob, J
   Baltimore, D
AF Jacob, J
   Baltimore, D
TI Modelling T-cell memory by genetic marking of memory T cells in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lymphocytes-t; immunological memory; germinal-centers; virus-infection; antigen; persistence; expression; region; cd2
AB Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond with enhanced vigour to pathogens that have been encountered in the past. Following infection or immunization, most effector T cells undergo apoptotic cell death, but a small fraction of these cells, proportional to the early antigen load and initial clonal burst size(1), persist in the host as a stable pool of memory T cells(2-7). The existence of immunological memory has been recognized for over 2,000 years, but our understanding of this phenomenon is limited, primarily because memory lymphocytes cannot be unequivocally identified as they lack specific, permanent markers. Here we have developed a transgenic mouse model system whereby memory T cells and their precursors can be irreversibly marked with a reporter gene and thus can be unambiguously identified. Adoptive transfer of marked CD8(+) T cells specific for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus protected naive recipients following viral challenge, demonstrating that we have marked memory T cells. We also show that cytotoxic effector lymphocytes that develop into memory T cells can be identified in the primary response.
C1 MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Baltimore, D (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Biol, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 30
TC 249
Z9 302
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6736
BP 593
EP 597
DI 10.1038/21208
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 204RR
UT WOS:000080778400058
PM 10376601
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hsin, H
   Kenyon, C
AF Hsin, H
   Kenyon, C
TI Signals from the reproductive system regulate the lifespan of C-elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; family member; longevity; gene; daf-2; hermaphrodite; behavior; mutation; diapause; age-1
AB Understanding hew the ageing process is regulated is a fascinating and fundamental problem in biology. Here we demonstrate that signals from the reproductive system influence the Lifespan of the nematode Cacnorhabditis elegans. If the cells that give rise to the germ line are killed with a laser microbeam, the lifespan of the animal is extended. Our findings suggest that germline signals act by modulating the activity of an insulin/IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor) pathway that is known to regulate the ageing of this organism. Mutants with reduced activity of the insulin/IGF-1-receptor homologue DAF-2 have been shown to live twice as long as normal(1-3), and their longevity requires the activity of DAF-16, a member of the forkhead/winged-helix family of transcriptional regulators(1,2,4,5). We find that, in order for germline ablation to extend lifespan, DAF-16 is required, as well as a putative nuclear hormone receptor, DAF-12 (refs 6, 7). In addition, our findings suggest that signals from the somatic gonad also influence ageing, and that this effect requires DAF-2 activity. Together, our findings imply that the C. elegans insulin/IGF-1 system integrates multiple signals to define the animal's rate of ageing. This study demonstrates an inherent relationship between the reproductive state of this animal and its lifespan, and may have implications for the co-evolution of reproductive capability and longevity.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Kenyon, C (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 17
TC 770
Z9 930
U1 0
U2 92
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6734
BP 362
EP 366
DI 10.1038/20694
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200PA
UT WOS:000080547800061
PM 10360574
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Macedo-Ribeiro, S
   Bode, W
   Huber, R
   Quinn-Allen, MA
   Kim, SW
   Ortel, TL
   Bourenkov, GP
   Bartunik, HD
   Stubbs, MT
   Kane, WH
   Fuentes-Prior, P
AF Macedo-Ribeiro, S
   Bode, W
   Huber, R
   Quinn-Allen, MA
   Kim, SW
   Ortel, TL
   Bourenkov, GP
   Bartunik, HD
   Stubbs, MT
   Kane, WH
   Fuentes-Prior, P
TI Crystal structures of the membrane-binding C2 domain of human coagulation factor V
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID factor-viii; prothrombin activation; phospholipid-vesicles; phosphatidylserine; complex; protein; association; insights; cofactor; models
AB Rapid and controlled clot formation is achieved through sequential activation of circulating serine proteinase precursors on phosphatidylserine-rich procoagulant membranes of activated platelets and endothelial cells(1). The homologous complexes Xase and prothrombinase, each consisting of an active proteinase and a non-enzymatic cofactor, perform critical steps within this coagulation cascade. The activated cofactors VIIIa and Va, highly specific for their cognate proteinases, are each derived from precursors with the same A1-A2-B-A3-C1-C2 architecture(2). Membrane binding is mediated by the C2 domains of both cofactors, Here we report two crystal structures of the C2 domain of human factor Va. The conserved beta-barrel framework provides a scaffold for three protruding loops, one of which adopts markedly different conformations in the two crystal forms. We propose a mechanism of calcium-independent, stereospecific binding of factors Va and VIIIa to phospholipid membranes(3,4), on the basis of (1) immersion of hydrophobic residues at the apices of these loops in the apolar membrane core; (2) specific interactions with phosphatidylserine head groups in the groove enclosed by these loops; and (3) favourable electrostatic contacts of basic side chains with negatively charged membrane phosphate groups.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biochem, Abt Strukturforsch, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Hematol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   DESY, MPG ASMB, Prot Dynam Grp, Max Planck Res Unit Struct Mol Biol, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ Marburg, Inst Pharmazeut Chem, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Duke University; Helmholtz Association; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY); Max Planck Society; Philipps University Marburg
RP Bode, W (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biochem, Abt Strukturforsch, Klopferspitz 18A, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
EM bode@biochem.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 223
Z9 248
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 434
EP 439
DI 10.1038/46594
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600062
PM 10586886
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morris, PW
   Waters, LBFM
   Barlow, MJ
   Lim, T
   de Koter, A
   Voors, RHM
   Cox, P
   de Graauw, T
   Henning, T
   Hony, S
   Lamers, HJGLM
   Mutschke, H
   Trams, NR
AF Morris, PW
   Waters, LBFM
   Barlow, MJ
   Lim, T
   de Koter, A
   Voors, RHM
   Cox, P
   de Graauw, T
   Henning, T
   Hony, S
   Lamers, HJGLM
   Mutschke, H
   Trams, NR
TI Discovery of a massive equatorial torus in the η Carinae stellar system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wavelength spectrometer; mu-m; ultraviolet; morphology; homunculus
AB The enigmatic object eta Carinae is believed to represent an important, but short-lived, unstable phase in the life of the most massive stars, occurring shortly before they explode as supernovae or collapse directly to black holes. The putative binary(1,2) system believed to constitute eta Carinae survived an outburst in the previous century that lasted 20 years; and which created a nebula with pronounced bipolar lobes that together contain about 2.5 solar masses of material. The nebula also exhibits an equatorial 'waist' containing about 0.5 solar masses(3). The physical mechanisms responsible for the outburst and the bipolar geometry are not understood. Here we report infrared observations (spectroscopy and imaging) that reveal the presence of about 15 solar masses of material, located in an equatorial torus. The massive torus may have been created through highly non-conservative mass transfer, which removed the entire envelope of one of the stars, leaving an unstable core that erupted in the nineteenth century. The collision of the erupted material with the pre-existing torus provides a natural explanation for the bipolar shape of the nebula.
C1 Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   SRON, Space Res Lab, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Sterrenkunde, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
   UCL, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
   Univ Utrecht, Inst Astron, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Paris 11, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   SRON, Lab Space Res Groningen, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Jena, Inst Astrophys, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
   Univ Jena, Univ Observ, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
   European Space Technol Ctr, European Space Agcy, Div Astrophys, Integral Sci Operat Ctr, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands.
C3 University of Amsterdam; KU Leuven; University of London; University College London; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Utrecht University; Sorbonne Universite; Universite Paris Saclay; Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; European Space Agency; European Space Research & Technology Centre
RP Morris, PW (corresponding author), Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, Kruislaan 403, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM pmorris@astro.uva.nl
NR 25
TC 79
Z9 81
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 502
EP 504
DI 10.1038/990048
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gerszten, RE
   Garcia-Zepeda, EA
   Lim, YC
   Yoshida, M
   Ding, HA
   Gimbrone, MA
   Luster, AD
   Luscinskas, FW
   Rosenzweig, A
AF Gerszten, RE
   Garcia-Zepeda, EA
   Lim, YC
   Yoshida, M
   Ding, HA
   Gimbrone, MA
   Luster, AD
   Luscinskas, FW
   Rosenzweig, A
TI MCP-1 and IL-8 trigger firm adhesion of monocytes to vascular endothelium under flow conditions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID leukocyte adhesion; chemoattractant protein-1; chemotactic cytokines; apolipoprotein-e; cc chemokines; in-vitro; cells; atherosclerosis; mice; alpha-4-beta-1
AB Monocytes contribute to the development of atherosclerotic lesions in mouse models(1-3), The chemoattractant proteins (chemokines), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), are found in human atheroma(4,5), and mice lacking receptors for these chemokines are less susceptible to atherosclerosis and have fewer monocytes in vascular lesions(6,7). Although MCP-1 has a powerful effect on monocytes, IL-8 is thought to act predominantly on neutrophils and it is unclear how it could recruit monocytes(6,8). Here we investigate the ability of chemokines to control the interaction of monocytes under now conditions with vascular endothelium that has been transduced to express specific leukocyte-adherence receptors. We find that MCP-I and IL-8 can each rapidly cause rolling monocytes to adhere firmly onto monolayers expressing E-selectin, whereas related chemokines do not. These effects do not correlate with either the induction of a calcium transient or chemotaxis. We conclude that chemokines are important modulators of monocyte-endothelial interactions under now conditions. Moreover, our finding that IL-8 is a powerful trigger for firm adhesion of monocytes to vascular endothelium reveals an unexpected role for this chemokine in monocyte recruitment.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Div Cardiol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Infect Dis Unit, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Div Vasc Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Tokyo Med & Dent Univ, Med Res Inst, Tokyo, Japan.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Medical & Dental University (TMDU)
RP Rosenzweig, A (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
NR 29
TC 1070
Z9 1227
U1 0
U2 60
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6729
BP 718
EP 723
DI 10.1038/19546
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 189RP
UT WOS:000079920100053
PM 10227295
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, H
   Eddaoudi, M
   O'Keeffe, M
   Yaghi, OM
AF Li, H
   Eddaoudi, M
   O'Keeffe, M
   Yaghi, OM
TI Design and synthesis of an exceptionally stable and highly porous metal-organic framework
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coordination network
AB Open metal-organic frameworks are widely regarded as promising materials for applications(1-15) in catalysis, separation, gas storage and molecular recognition. Compared to conventionally used microporous inorganic materials such as zeolites, these organic structures have the potential for more flexible rational design, through control of the architecture and functionalization of the pores. So far, the inability of these open frameworks to support permanent porosity and to avoid collapsing in the absence of guest molecules, such as solvents, has hindered further progress in the field(14,15). Here we report the synthesis of a metal-organic framework which remains crystalline, as evidenced by Xray single-crystal analyses, and stable when fully desolvated and when heated up to 300 degrees C. This synthesis is achieved by borrowing ideas from metal carboxylate cluster chemistry, where an organic dicarboxylate linker is used in a reaction that gives supertetrahedron clusters when capped with monocarboxylates. The rigid and divergent character of the added linker allows the articulation of the dusters into a three-dimensional framework resulting in a structure with higher apparent surface area and pore volume than most porous crystalline zeolites. This simple and potentially universal design strategy is currently being pursued in the synthesis of new phases and composites, and for gas-storage applications.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Chem, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Mat Design & Discovery Grp, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
RP Yaghi, OM (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Chem, 930 N Univ, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM oyaghi@umich.edu
NR 19
TC 7684
Z9 8697
U1 200
U2 6234
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6759
BP 276
EP 279
DI 10.1038/46248
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 257ZP
UT WOS:000083813700044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rozov, A
   Burnashev, N
AF Rozov, A
   Burnashev, N
TI Polyamine-dependent facilitation of postsynaptic AMPA receptors counteracts paired-pulse depression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID term synaptic plasticity; rat hippocampal slices; calcium-permeable ampa; glutamate receptors; kainate receptors; rectification; interneurons; neurons; block; brain
AB At many glutamatergic synapses in the brain, calcium-permeable alpha - amino - 3 - hydro - 5 - methyl - 4 - isoxazolepropionate receptor (AMPAR) channels mediate fast excitatory transmission(1-6). These channels are blocked by endogenous intracellular polyamines(7-9), which are found in virtually every type of cell(10,11). In excised patches, use-dependent relief of polyamine block enhances glutamate-evoked currents through recombinant and native calcium-permeable, polyamine-sensitive AMPAR channels(12). The contribution of polyamine unblock to synaptic currents during high-frequency stimulation may be to facilitate currents and maintain current amplitudes in the face of a slow recovery from desensitization or presynaptic depression(12,13). Here we show, on pairs and triples of synaptically connected neurons in slices, that this mechanism contributes to short-term plasticity in local circuits formed by presynaptic pyramidal neurons and postsynaptic multipolar interneurons in layer 2/3 of rat neocortex, Activity-dependent relief from polyamine block of postsynaptic calcium-permeable AMPARs in the interneurons either reduces the rate of paired-pulse depression in a frequency-dependent manner or, at a given stimulation frequency, induces facilitation of a synaptic response that would otherwise depress. This mechanism for the enhancement of synaptic gain appears to be entirely postsynaptic.
C1 Max Planck Inst Med Forsch, Abt Zellphysiol Mol Neurobiol, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Burnashev, N (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Med Forsch, Abt Zellphysiol Mol Neurobiol, Jahnstr 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 23
TC 165
Z9 195
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 594
EP 598
DI 10.1038/44151
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900052
PM 10524627
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peters, A
   Chung, KY
   Chu, S
AF Peters, A
   Chung, KY
   Chu, S
TI Measurement of gravitational acceleration by dropping atoms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interferometer; model
AB Laser-cooling of atoms and atom-trapping are finding increasing application in many areas of science(1). One important use of laser-cooled atoms is in atom interferometers(2). In these devices, an atom is placed into a superposition of two or more spatially separated atomic states; these states are each described by a quantum-mechanical phase term, which will interfere with one another if they are brought back together at a later time. Atom interferometers have been shown to be very precise inertial sensors for acceleration(3,4), rotation(5) and for the measurement of the fine structure constant(6). Here we use an atom interferometer based on a fountain of laser-cooled atoms to measure g, the acceleration of gravity. Through detailed investigation and elimination of systematic effects that may affect the accuracy of the measurement, we achieve an absolute uncertainty of Delta g/g approximate to 3 x 10(-9), representing a million-fold increase in absolute accuracy compared with previous atom-interferometer experiments(7). We also compare our measurement with the value of g obtained at the same laboratory site using a Michelson interferometer gravimeter (a modern equivalent of Galileo's 'leaning tower' experiment in Pisa). We show that the macroscopic glass object used in this instrument falls with the same acceleration, to within 7 parts in 10(9), as a quantum-mechanical caesium atom.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Chu, S (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 17
TC 779
Z9 862
U1 2
U2 173
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6747
BP 849
EP 852
DI 10.1038/23655
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 230CA
UT WOS:000082233200038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ioffe, LB
   Geshkenbein, VB
   Feigel'man, MV
   Fauchère, AL
   Blatter, G
AF Ioffe, LB
   Geshkenbein, VB
   Feigel'man, MV
   Fauchère, AL
   Blatter, G
TI Environmentally decoupled sds-wave Josephson junctions for quantum computing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID computation; logic
AB Quantum computers have the potential to outperform their classical counterparts in a qualitative manner, as demonstrated by algorithms' which exploit the parallelism inherent in the time evolution of a quantum state. In quantum computers, the information is stored in arrays of quantum two-level systems (qubits), proposals for which include utilizing trapped atoms and photons(2-4), magnetic moments in molecules(5) and various solid-state implementations(6-10). But the physical realization of qubits is challenging because useful quantum computers must overcome two conflicting difficulties: the computer must be scalable and controllable, yet remain almost completely detached from the environment during operation, in order to maximize the phase coherence time(11). Here we report a concept for a solid-state 'quiet' qubit that can be efficiently decoupled from the environment. It is based on macroscopic quantum coherent states in a superconducting quantum interference loop. Our two-level system is naturally bistable, requiring no external bias: the two basis states are characterized by different macroscopic phase drops across a Josephson junction, which may be switched with minimal external contact.
C1 ETH Honggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   LD Landau Theoret Phys Inst, Moscow 117940, Russia.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Russian Academy of Sciences; Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics
RP Blatter, G (corresponding author), ETH Honggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 21
TC 455
Z9 501
U1 1
U2 71
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6729
BP 679
EP 681
DI 10.1038/19464
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 189RP
UT WOS:000079920100041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Plerou, V
   Amaral, LAN
   Gopikrishnan, P
   Meyer, M
   Stanley, HE
AF Plerou, V
   Amaral, LAN
   Gopikrishnan, P
   Meyer, M
   Stanley, HE
TI Similarities between the growth dynamics of university research and of competitive economic activities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID research output; tenure; indicators; table
AB Quantifying the dynamics of research activities is of considerable current interest, not least because of recent changes in research and development (R&D) funding(1-9). Here we quantify and analyse university research activities, and compare their growth dynamics with those of business firms(10-14). Our study involves the analysis of five distinct databases, the largest of which is a National Science Foundation database of the R&D expenditures in science and engineering for a 17-year period (1979-95) in 719 United States universities. We find that the distribution of growth rates displays a 'universal' form that does not depend on the size of the university or on the measure of size used; and the width of this distribution decays with size as a power law. These findings are quantitatively similar to those of business firms 10(-14), and so are consistent with the hypothesis that the growth dynamics of complex organizations are governed by universal mechanisms. One possible explanation for these similarities is that the combination of peer review and government direction leads to an outcome similar to that induced by market forces (where the analogues of peer review and government direction are, respectively, consumer evaluation and product regulation).
C1 Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Coll, Dept Phys, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167 USA.
C3 Boston University; Boston University; Boston College
RP Stanley, HE (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
NR 29
TC 116
Z9 126
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6743
BP 433
EP 437
DI 10.1038/22719
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221FZ
UT WOS:000081715000045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brougham, DF
   Caciuffo, R
   Horsewill, AJ
AF Brougham, DF
   Caciuffo, R
   Horsewill, AJ
TI Coordinated proton tunnelling in a cyclic network of four hydrogen bonds in the solid state
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID benzoic-acid crystals; transfer dynamics; nmr
AB The transfer of protons involved in hydrogen bonding is fundamental to many chemical and biological processes. Quantum tunnelling can play an important role in this process(1,2). It manifests itself in strong isotope effects(3,4) and has been observed directly in the solid state(5). The tunnelling behaviour seen in such studies usually displays the characteristics of a particle confined in a double-well potential. But proton tunnelling can also occur in a coordinated fashion that involves many hydrogen bonds simultaneously. Such a process may significantly affect the properties of linear and circular networks of hydrogen bonds, which occur in ice and in macromolecules containing hydroxyl groups(6,7). Here we report the direct observation by NMR relaxometry of coordinated proton tunnelling in a cyclic array of four hydrogen bonds in solid p-tert-butyl calix[4]arene at low temperature. We are able to quantify the parameters that describe this phenomenon and find good agreement with theoretical predictions for phonon-assisted tunnelling(8).
C1 Univ Nottingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
   Univ Ancona, Dipartimento Sci Mat & Terra, Ist Nazl Fis Mat, I-60131 Ancona, Italy.
C3 University of Nottingham; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); Marche Polytechnic University
RP Horsewill, AJ (corresponding author), Univ Nottingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
NR 12
TC 64
Z9 70
U1 0
U2 60
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 21
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6716
BP 241
EP 243
DI 10.1038/16672
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 159QH
UT WOS:000078184800048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Karman, GP
   McDonald, GS
   New, GHC
   Woerdman, JP
AF Karman, GP
   McDonald, GS
   New, GHC
   Woerdman, JP
TI Laser optics - Fractal modes in unstable resonators
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Leiden Univ, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, London SW7 2BZ, England.
C3 Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Imperial College London
RP Karman, GP (corresponding author), Philips Res Labs, Prof Holstlaan 4, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, Netherlands.
EM qo@molphys.leidenuniv.nl
NR 8
TC 64
Z9 68
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 138
EP 138
DI 10.1038/45960
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400035
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hartwell, LH
   Hopfield, JJ
   Leibler, S
   Murray, AW
AF Hartwell, LH
   Hopfield, JJ
   Leibler, S
   Murray, AW
TI From molecular to modular cell biology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID artificial chromosm; yeast; transduction; networks; extracts; pathways; lambda
AB Cellular functions, such as signal transmission, are carried out by 'modules' made up of many species of interacting molecules, Understanding how modules work has depended on combining phenomenological analysis with molecular studies. General principles that govern the structure and behaviour of modules may be discovered with help from synthetic sciences such as engineering and computer science, from stronger interactions between experiment and theory in cell biology, and from an appreciation of evolutionary constraints.
C1 Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Phys & Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; Princeton University; Princeton University; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Hartwell, LH (corresponding author), Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
NR 34
TC 2675
Z9 3130
U1 6
U2 264
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP C47
EP C52
DI 10.1038/35011540
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MZ
UT WOS:000084014100007
PM 10591225
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cheetham, GMT
   Jeruzalmi, D
   Steitz, TA
AF Cheetham, GMT
   Jeruzalmi, D
   Steitz, TA
TI Structural basis for initiation of transcription from an RNA polymerase-promoter complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; dna recognition; angstrom resolution; bacteriophage-t7; substitution; binding
AB Although the single-polypeptide-chain RNA polymerase from bacteriophage T7 (T7RNAP), like other RNA polymerases, uses the same mechanism of polymerization as the DNA polymerases, it can also recognize a specific promoter sequence, initiate new RNA chains from a single nucleotide, abortively cycle the synthesis of short transcripts, be regulated by a transcription inhibitor, and terminate transcription(1-3), As T7RNAP is homologous to the Pol I family of DNA polymerases(4), the differences between the structure of T7RNAP complexed to substrates and that of the corresponding DNA polymerase complex provides a structural basis for understanding many of these functional differences. T7RNAP initiates RNA synthesis at promoter sequences that are conserved from positions -17 to +6 relative to the start site of transcription. The crystal structure at 2.4 Angstrom resolution of T7RNAP complexed with a 17-base-pair promoter shows that the four base pairs closest to the catalytic active site have melted to form a transcription bubble. The T7 promoter sequence is recognized by interactions in the major groove between an antiparallel B-loop and bases. The amino-terminal domain is involved in promoter recognition and DNA melting. We have also used homology modelling of the priming and incoming nucleoside triphosphates from the T7 DNA-polymerase ternary complex structure to explain the specificity of T7RNAP for ribonucleotides, its ability to initiate from a single nucleotide, and the abortive cycling at the initiation of transcription.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Chem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University
RP Steitz, TA (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, 266 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
NR 30
TC 289
Z9 358
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6731
BP 80
EP 83
DI 10.1038/19999
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 194BK
UT WOS:000080172100059
PM 10331394
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lesna, I
   Sabelis, MW
AF Lesna, I
   Sabelis, MW
TI Diet-dependent female choice for males with 'good genes' in a soil predatory mite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mating preferences; mate choice; polymorphism; selection; evolution; environment; populations; models
AB Female choice for mates with 'good genes' presupposes that some males have better genes than others(1). However, the resulting selection against inferior males causes such genetic variability to disappear. This paradox may be resolved when substantial variability is maintained at a balance between selection and mutation(2). Alternatively, populations may exhibit genetic polymorphisms maintained by frequency-dependent selection or hybrid vigour(3-9). Here we show that a local population of soil predatory mites exhibits genetic variation in preference for two prey species. We find that hybrids between selected preference lines are superior or inferior in population growth rate, depending on the composition of the diet. Finally, we show that females in this population mate disassortatively when hybrids are superior, but switch to assortative mating otherwise. Thus, mate choice varies with diet and is tuned to incorporate 'good genes' in the offspring, that is, genes that promote the population growth rate of the offspring on the same diet as that experienced by the parents. In this way, hybrid success and mate choice act together in maintaining or eliminating genetic polymorphism in local populations.
C1 Univ Amsterdam, Sect Populat Biol, NL-1098 SM Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 University of Amsterdam
RP Lesna, I (corresponding author), Univ Amsterdam, Sect Populat Biol, Kruislaan 320, NL-1098 SM Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM lesna@bio.uva.nl
NR 28
TC 63
Z9 75
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 581
EP 584
DI 10.1038/44125
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bowman, S
   Lawson, D
   Basham, D
   Brown, D
   Chillingworth, T
   Churcher, CM
   Craig, A
   Davies, RM
   Devlin, K
   Feltwell, T
   Gentles, S
   Gwilliam, R
   Hamlin, N
   Harris, D
   Holroyd, S
   Hornsby, T
   Horrocks, P
   Jagels, K
   Jassal, B
   Kyes, S
   McLean, J
   Moule, S
   Mungall, K
   Murphy, L
   Oliver, K
   Quail, MA
   Rajandream, MA
   Rutter, S
   Skelton, J
   Squares, R
   Squares, S
   Sulston, JE
   Whitehead, S
   Woodward, JR
   Newbold, C
   Barrell, BG
AF Bowman, S
   Lawson, D
   Basham, D
   Brown, D
   Chillingworth, T
   Churcher, CM
   Craig, A
   Davies, RM
   Devlin, K
   Feltwell, T
   Gentles, S
   Gwilliam, R
   Hamlin, N
   Harris, D
   Holroyd, S
   Hornsby, T
   Horrocks, P
   Jagels, K
   Jassal, B
   Kyes, S
   McLean, J
   Moule, S
   Mungall, K
   Murphy, L
   Oliver, K
   Quail, MA
   Rajandream, MA
   Rutter, S
   Skelton, J
   Squares, R
   Squares, S
   Sulston, JE
   Whitehead, S
   Woodward, JR
   Newbold, C
   Barrell, BG
TI The complete nucleotide sequence of chromosome 3 of Plasmodium falciparum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID malaria; gene; dna; genome; centromere; domains; construction; expression; library; proteins
AB Analysis of Plasmodium falciparum chromosome 3, and comparison with chromosome 2, highlights novel features of chromosome organization and gene structure. The sub-telomeric regions of chromosome 3 show a conserved order of features, including repetitive DNA sequences, members of multigene families involved in pathogenesis and antigenic variation, a number of conserved pseudogenes, and several genes of unknown function. A putative centromere has been identified that has a core region of about 2 kilobases with an extremely high (adenine + thymidine) composition and arrays of tandem repeats. We have predicted 215 protein-coding genes and two transfer RNA genes In the 1,060,106-base-pair chromosome sequence. The predicted protein-coding genes can be divided into three main classes: 52.6% are not spliced, 45.1% have a large exon with short additional 5' or 3' exons, and 2.3% have a multiple exon structure more typical of higher eukaryotes.
C1 Sanger Ctr, Pathogen Sequencing Unit, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England.
   Univ Oxford, John Radcliffe Hosp, Inst Mol Med, Oxford OX3 9DS, England.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; University of Oxford
RP Bowman, S (corresponding author), Sanger Ctr, Pathogen Sequencing Unit, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England.
EM sharen@sanger.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 45
TC 276
Z9 322
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6744
BP 532
EP 538
DI 10.1038/22964
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223RT
UT WOS:000081854800046
PM 10448855
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Montzka, SA
   Butler, JH
   Elkins, JW
   Thompson, TM
   Clarke, AD
   Lock, LT
AF Montzka, SA
   Butler, JH
   Elkins, JW
   Thompson, TM
   Clarke, AD
   Lock, LT
TI Present and future trends in the atmospheric burden of ozone-depleting halogens
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID background observations; tropospheric abundance; growth-rates; emissions; decrease; lifetime
AB The burden of ozone-depleting chemicals in the lower atmosphere has been decreasing since 1994 as a result of the Montreal Protocol(1-3). Here we show how individual chemicals have influenced this decline, in order to estimate how the burden could change in the near future. Our measurements of atmospheric concentrations of the persistent, anthropogenic chemicals that account for most ozone-depleting halogens in today's stratosphere show that the decline stems predominantly from the decrease in the atmospheric load of trichloroethane (CH3CCl3), a previously common cleaning solvent. The influence of this chemical on the decline has now peaked, however, and will become much smaller over the next five to ten years. As this influence lessens, a decrease in the burden of ozone-depleting halogen will, be sustained only if emissions of other halocarbons fall. Although emissions of most gases regulated by the Montreal Protocol have decreased substantially over the past ten years (refs 4-11), emissions of the potent ozone-depleting gas CBrClF2 (halon-1211) have remained fairly constant during this period(12,29), despite stringent limits on production in developed countries since 1994. The consequent atmospheric accumulation of this halon is retarding the decline of ozone-depleting halogens in the atmosphere more than any other persistent gas.
C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Montzka, SA (corresponding author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
NR 29
TC 230
Z9 249
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6729
BP 690
EP 694
DI 10.1038/19499
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 189RP
UT WOS:000079920100045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Banin, U
   Cao, YW
   Katz, D
   Millo, O
AF Banin, U
   Cao, YW
   Katz, D
   Millo, O
TI Identification of atomic-like electronic states in indium arsenide nanocrystal quantum dots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID artificial atoms; spectroscopy; molecules; spectrum
AB Semiconductor quantum dots, due to their small size, mark the transition between molecular and solid-state regimes, and are often described as 'artificial atoms' (refs 1-3). This analogy originates from the early work on quantum confinement effects in semiconductor nanocrystals, where the electronic wavefunctions are predicted(4) to exhibit atomic-like symmetries, for example 's' and 'p'. Spectroscopic studies of quantum dots have demonstrated discrete energy level structures and narrow transition linewidths(5-9), but the symmetry of the discrete states could be inferred only indirectly. Here we use cryogenic scanning tunnelling spectroscopy to identify directly atomic-like electronic states with s and p character in a series of indium arsenide nanocrystals. These states are manifest in tunnelling current-voltage measurements as two- and six-fold single-electron-charging multiplets respectively, and they follow an atom-like Aufbau principle of sequential energy level occupation(10).
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Racah Inst Phys, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Farkas Ctr Light Induced Proc, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Phys Chem, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP Millo, O (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Racah Inst Phys, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
NR 25
TC 536
Z9 598
U1 2
U2 113
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6744
BP 542
EP 544
DI 10.1038/22979
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223RT
UT WOS:000081854800048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wood, RD
AF Wood, RD
TI DNA repair - Variants on a theme
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID excision-repair; replication; cells; bypass; dimer
C1 Imperial Canc Res Fund, Clare Hall Labs, S Mimms EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
RP Wood, RD (corresponding author), Imperial Canc Res Fund, Clare Hall Labs, Blanche Lane, S Mimms EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
NR 15
TC 10
Z9 16
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 639
EP 640
DI 10.1038/21323
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800028
PM 10385109
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Swearer, SE
   Caselle, JE
   Lea, DW
   Warner, RR
AF Swearer, SE
   Caselle, JE
   Lea, DW
   Warner, RR
TI Larval retention and recruitment in an island population of a coral-reef fish
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flow disturbance; oceanic island; otoliths; distributions; variability; pacific; scales
AB For close to a century, recruitment of larvae to a local population has been widely accepted as a primary determinant of marine population dynamics(1,2). However, progress in elucidating the causes of recruitment variability has been greatly impeded by our ignorance of the sources of recruits. Although it is often assumed that recruitment is independent of local reproduction(3-6), there is increasing circumstantial evidence that physical(7,8) and behavioural(9,10) mechanisms could facilitate larval retention near source populations. To develop a direct method for reconstructing the dispersal history of recruiting larvae, we put forward the hypothesis that differences in nutrient and trace-element concentrations between coastal and open oceans could result in quantifiable differences in growth rate and elemental composition between larvae developing in coastal waters (locally retained) and larvae developing in open ocean waters (produced in distant locations). Using this method, we show that recruitment to an island population of a widely distributed coral-reef fish may often result from local retention on leeward reefs. This result has implications for fisheries management and marine reserve design, because rates of dispersal between marine populations-and thus recruitment to exploited populations-could be much lower than currently assumed.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geol Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Swearer, SE (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
EM swearer@lifesci.ucsb.edu
NR 30
TC 636
Z9 726
U1 0
U2 143
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 799
EP 802
DI 10.1038/45533
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500062
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sallusto, F
   Lenig, D
   Förster, R
   Lipp, M
   Lanzavecchia, A
AF Sallusto, F
   Lenig, D
   Förster, R
   Lipp, M
   Lanzavecchia, A
TI Two subsets of memory T lymphocytes with distinct homing potentials and effector functions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunological memory; t-helper-2 cells; b-cell; expression; immunity; naive; chemokines; adhesion
AB Naive T lymphocytes travel to T-cell areas of secondary lymphoid organs in search of antigen presented by dendritic cells(1,2). Once activated, they proliferate vigorously, generating effector cells that can migrate to B-cell areas or to inflamed tissues(3-6). A fraction of primed T lymphocytes persists as circulating memory cells that can confer protection and give, upon secondary challenge, a qualitatively different and quantitatively enhanced response(7-9) The nature of the cells that mediate the different facets of immunological memory remains unresolved. Here we show that expression of CCR7, a chemokine receptor that controls homing to secondary lymphoid organs, divides human memory T cells into two functionally distinct subsets, CCR7(-) memory cells express receptors for migration to inflamed tissues and display immediate effector function. In contrast, CCR7(+) memory cells express lymph-node homing receptors and lack immediate effector function, but efficiently stimulate dendritic cells and differentiate into CCR7(-) effector cells upon secondary stimulation. The CCR7(+) and CCR7(-) T cells, which we have named central memory (T-CM) and effector memory (T-EM), differentiate in a step-wise fashion from naive T cells, persist for years after immunization and allow a division of labour in the memory response.
C1 Basel Inst Immunol, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland.
   Max Delbruck Ctr Mol Med, D-13122 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine
RP Sallusto, F (corresponding author), Basel Inst Immunol, Grenzacherstr 487, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland.
NR 29
TC 4890
Z9 5702
U1 4
U2 265
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6754
BP 708
EP 712
DI 10.1038/44385
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 247EJ
UT WOS:000083207400059
PM 10537110
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tweed, DB
   Haslwanter, TP
   Happe, V
   Fetter, M
AF Tweed, DB
   Haslwanter, TP
   Happe, V
   Fetter, M
TI Non-commutativity in the brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID to-position transformation; invariant body kinematics; vestibuloocular reflex; directional plasticity; rotational kinematics; muscle pulleys; 3 dimensions; saccades; monkey; system
AB In non-commutative algebra, order makes a difference to multiplication, so that a x b not equal b x a (refs 1, 2). This feature is necessary for computing rotary motion, because order makes a difference to the combined effect of two rotations(3-6). It has therefore been proposed that there are non-commutative operators in the brain circuits that deal with rotations, including motor circuits that steer the eyes, head and limbs(4,5,7-15), and sensory circuits that handle spatial information(12,15). This idea is controversial(12,13,16-21): Studies of eye and head control have revealed behaviours that are consistent with non-commutativity in the brain(7-9,12-15), but none that clearly rules out all commutative models(17-20). Here we demonstrate noncommutative computation in the vestibule-ocular reflex. We show that subjects rotated in darkness can hold their gaze points stable in space, correctly computing different final eye-position commands when put through the same two rotations in different orders, in a way that is unattainable by any commutative system.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Physiol, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Zurich Hosp, Dept Neurol, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
   ETH Honggerberg, Dept Phys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Tubingen, Dept Neurol, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Zurich; University Zurich Hospital; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
RP Tweed, DB (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Physiol, 1 Kings Coll Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
NR 29
TC 45
Z9 47
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6733
BP 261
EP 263
DI 10.1038/20441
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 198MF
UT WOS:000080427400056
PM 10353248
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Flynn, JJ
   Parrish, JM
   Rakotosamimanana, B
   Simpson, WF
   Wyss, AR
AF Flynn, JJ
   Parrish, JM
   Rakotosamimanana, B
   Simpson, WF
   Wyss, AR
TI A Middle Jurassic mammal from Madagascar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The lower molars of tribosphenic mammals (marsupials, placentals and their extinct allies) are marked, primitively, by a basined heel (talonid) acting as the mortar to the pestle of a large inner cusp (protocone) on the opposing upper teeth. Here we report the earliest tribosphenic mammal found so far, three lower teeth in a jaw fragment from Middle Jurassic (Bathonian, similar to 167 +/- 2 Myr)(1) sediments of northwest Madagascar. This specimen extends the stratigraphic range of the Tribosphenida by some 25 million years, more than doubling the age of the oldest mammal known from Madagascar(2), and representing only the second pre-Plio/Pleistocene terrestrial mammal known from the island. Although it indicates a more ancient diversification of the Triposphenida than previously thought, this find fails to confirm molecular-clock-based models proposing a Middle Jurassic divergence of marsupials and placentals(3). In addition, it offers a glimpse of mammal evolution on the southern continents during the Middle through Late Jurassic, countering the prevailing view(4) of a northern origin for tribosphenic mammals.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geol Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Antananarivo, Dept Paleontol & Anthropol Biol, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.
   No Illinois Univ, Dept Biol Sci, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA.
   Field Museum Nat Hist, Dept Geol, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University Antananarivo; Northern Illinois University; Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago)
RP Wyss, AR (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geol Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
EM wyss@geology.ucsb.edu
NR 29
TC 86
Z9 104
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6748
BP 57
EP 60
DI 10.1038/43420
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 232MK
UT WOS:000082374400039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Höpker, VH
   Shewan, D
   Tessier-Lavigne, M
   Poo, MM
   Holt, C
AF Höpker, VH
   Shewan, D
   Tessier-Lavigne, M
   Poo, MM
   Holt, C
TI Growth-cone attraction to netrin-1 is converted to repulsion by laminin-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fibronectin receptor complex; axon guidance; cyclic-amp; cells; outgrowth; retina; adult; dcc
AB Growing axons are guided by both diffusible and substrate-bound factors(1-3). Growth cones of retinal neurons exhibit chemoattractive turning towards the diffusible factor netrin-1 in vitro(4) and are guided into the optic nerve head (ONH) by localized netrin-1 (ref. 5). Here we report that, in Xenopus, laminin-1 from the extracellular matrix (ECM), converts netrin-mediated attraction into repulsion. A soluble peptide fragment of laminin-1 (YIGSR) mimics this laminin-induced conversion. Low levels of cyclic AMP in growth cones also lead to the conversion of netrin-induced attraction into repulsion(6), and we show that the amount of cAMP decreases in the presence of laminin-1 or YIGSR, suggesting a possible mechanism for laminin's effect. At the netrin-1-rich ONH, where axons turn sharply to leave the eye, laminin-1 is confined to the retinal surface. Repulsion from the region in which laminin and netrin are coexpressed may help to drive axons into the region where only netrin is present, providing a mechanism for their escape from the retinal surface. Consistent with this idea, YIGSR peptides applied to the developing retina cause axons to be misdirected at the ONH. These findings indicate that ECM molecules not only promote axon outgrowth, but also modify the behaviour of growth cones in response to diffusible guidance cues.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Anat, Cambridge CB2 3DY, England.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Holt, C (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Anat, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3DY, England.
NR 30
TC 409
Z9 470
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6748
BP 69
EP 73
DI 10.1038/43441
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 232MK
UT WOS:000082374400042
PM 10485706
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Arndt, M
   Nairz, O
   Vos-Andreae, J
   Keller, C
   van der Zouw, G
   Zeilinger, A
AF Arndt, M
   Nairz, O
   Vos-Andreae, J
   Keller, C
   van der Zouw, G
   Zeilinger, A
TI Wave-particle duality of C60 molecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coherence; emission
AB Quantum superposition lies at the heart of quantum mechanics and gives rise to many of its paradoxes. Superposition of de Broglie matter waves(1) has been observed for massive particles such as electrons(2), atoms and dimers(3), small van der Waals clusters(4), and neutrons(5). But matter wave interferometry with larger objects has remained experimentally challenging, despite the development of powerful atom interferometric techniques for experiments in fundamental quantum mechanics, metrology and lithography(6). Here we report the observation of de Broglie wave interference of C-60 molecules by diffraction at a material absorption grating. This molecule is the most massive and complex object in which wave behaviour has been observed. Of particular interest is the fact that C-60 is almost a classical body, because of its many excited internal degrees of freedom and their possible couplings to the environment. Such couplings are essential for the appearance of decoherence(7,8), suggesting that interference experiments with large molecules should facilitate detailed studies of this process.
C1 Univ Vienna, Inst Expt Phys, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
C3 University of Vienna
RP Zeilinger, A (corresponding author), Univ Vienna, Inst Expt Phys, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
EM zeilinger-office@exp.univie.ac.at
NR 26
TC 862
Z9 960
U1 4
U2 284
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6754
BP 680
EP 682
DI 10.1038/44348
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 247EJ
UT WOS:000083207400050
PM 18494170
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goddard, A
AF Goddard, A
TI How head-hunters track down the winners for science's top jobs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 407
EP 409
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600061
PM 16862114
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Koshiya, N
   Smith, JC
AF Koshiya, N
   Smith, JC
TI Neuronal pacemaker for breathing visualized in vitro
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID respiratory rhythm generation; pre-botzinger complex; spinal-cord; medullary slices; mammalian brain; mechanisms; circuitry; network; motor; rat
AB Breathing movements in mammals arise from a rhythmic pattern of neural activity, thought to originate in the pre-Botzinger complex(1) in the lower brainstem. The mechanisms generating the neural rhythm in this region are unknown(2-5). The central question is whether the rhythm is generated by a network of bursting pacemaker neurons coupled by excitatory synapses that synchronize pacemaker activity. Here we visualized the activity of inspiratory pacemaker neurons at single-cell and population levels with calcium-sensitive dye. We developed methods to label these neurons retrogradely with the dye in neonatal rodent brainstem slices that retain the rhythmically active respiratory network We simultaneously used infrared structural imaging to allow patch-damp recording from the identified neurons, After we pharmacologically blocked glutamatergic synaptic transmission, a subpopulation of inspiratory neurons continued to burst rhythmically but asynchronously. The intrinsic bursting frequency of these pacemaker neurons depended on the baseline membrane potential, providing a cellular mechanism for respiratory frequency control. These results provide evidence that the neuronal kernel for rhythm generation consists of a network of synaptically-coupled pacemaker neurons.
C1 NINDS, Cellular & Syst Neurobiol Sect, Neural Control Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
RP Koshiya, N (corresponding author), NINDS, Cellular & Syst Neurobiol Sect, Neural Control Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM koshiya@nih.gov
NR 30
TC 364
Z9 404
U1 1
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6742
BP 360
EP 363
DI 10.1038/22540
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 219CH
UT WOS:000081590000049
PM 10432113
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Izraeli, S
   Lowe, LA
   Bertness, VL
   Good, DJ
   Dorward, DW
   Kirsch, IR
   Kuehn, MR
AF Izraeli, S
   Lowe, LA
   Bertness, VL
   Good, DJ
   Dorward, DW
   Kirsch, IR
   Kuehn, MR
TI The SIL gene is required for mouse embryonic axial development and left-right specification
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID left-right asymmetry; signaling pathway; sonic hedgehog; transcription factor; nodal expression; notochord; zebrafish; induction; pattern; pitx2
AB The establishment of the main body axis and the determination of left-right asymmetry are fundamental aspects of vertebrate embryonic development. A link between these processes has been revealed by the frequent finding of midline defects in humans with left-right anomalies(1). This association is also seen in a number of mutations in mouse(2-4) and zebrafish(1,5), and in experimentally manipulated Xenopus embryos(5). However, the severity of laterality defects accompanying abnormal midline development varies(6), and the molecular basis for this variation is unknown. Here we show that mouse embryos lacking the early-response gene SIL have axial midline defects, a block in midline Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling and randomized cardiac looping. Comparison with Shh mutant embryos(7), which have axial defects but normal cardiac looping, indicates that the consequences of abnormal midline development for left-right patterning depend on the time of onset, duration and severity of disruption of the normal asymmetric patterns of expression of nodal, lefty-2 and Pitx2.
C1 NCI, Expt Immunol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NCI, Dept Genet, Med Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20889 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Dept Vet & Anim Sci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
   NIAID, Rocky Mt Labs, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP Kuehn, MR (corresponding author), NCI, Expt Immunol Branch, NIH, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM kirshi@exchange.nih.gov; mkuehn@box-m.nih.gov
NR 30
TC 176
Z9 190
U1 1
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 691
EP 694
DI 10.1038/21429
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800061
PM 10385121
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wood, RA
   Keen, AB
   Mitchell, JFB
   Gregory, JM
AF Wood, RA
   Keen, AB
   Mitchell, JFB
   Gregory, JM
TI Changing spatial structure of the thermohaline circulation in response to atmospheric CO2 forcing in a climate model
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flux adjustments; atlantic-ocean; system; rates
AB The heat transported northwards by the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation warms the climate of western Europe(1-3) previous model studies(4-6) have suggested that the circulation is sensitive to increases in atmospheric greenhouse-gas concentrations, but such models have been criticised for the use of unphysical 'flux adjustments' (7-9) (artificial corrections that keep the model from drifting to unrealistic states), and for their inability to simulate deep-water formation both north and south of the Greenland-Iceland-Scotland ridge, as seen in observations(10,11), Here we present simulations of today's thermohaline circulation using a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model without flux adjustments, These simulations compare well with the observed thermohaline circulation, including the formation of deep water on each side of the Greenland-Iceland-Scotland ridge. The model responds to forcing with increasing atmospheric greenhouse-gas concentrations by a collapse of the circulation and convection in the Labrador Sea, while the deep-water formation north of the ridge remains stable. These changes are similar in two simulations with different rates of increase of CO(2) concentrations. The effects of increasing atmospheric greenhouse-gas concentrations that we simulate are potentially observable, suggesting that it is possible to set up an oceanic monitoring system for the detection of anthropogenic influence on ocean circulation.
C1 Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Meteorol Off, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England.
C3 Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre
RP Wood, RA (corresponding author), Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Meteorol Off, London Rd, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England.
EM rwood@meto.gov.uk
NR 30
TC 231
Z9 244
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6736
BP 572
EP 575
DI 10.1038/21170
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 204RR
UT WOS:000080778400052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, YW
   Joo, JM
   Sohn, YJ
   Rey, SC
   Lee, HC
   Walker, AR
AF Lee, YW
   Joo, JM
   Sohn, YJ
   Rey, SC
   Lee, HC
   Walker, AR
TI Multiple stellar populations in the globular cluster ω Centauri as tracers of a merger event
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sagittarius dwarf galaxy; branch; m54
AB The discovery of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy(1), which is being tidally disrupted by and merging with the Milky Way, supports the view that the halo of the Galaxy has been built up at least partially by the accretion of similar dwarf systems. The Sagittarius dwarf contains several distinct populations of stars(2,3), and includes M54 as its nucleus, which is the second most massive globular cluster associated with the Milky Way. The most massive globular duster is omega Centauri, and here we report that omega Centauri also has several distinct stellar populations, as traced by red-giant-branch stars. The most metal-rich red-giant-branch stars are about 2 Gyr younger than the dominant metal-poor component, indicating that omega Centauri was enriched over this timescale. The presence of more than one epoch of star formation in a globular cluster is quite surprising, and suggests that w Centauri was once part of a more massive system that merged with the Milky Way, as the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy is in the process of doing now. Mergers probably were much more frequent in the early history of the Galaxy and omega Centauri appears to be a relict of this era.
C1 Yonsei Univ, Ctr Space Astrophys, Seoul 120749, South Korea.
   Cerro Tololo Interamer Observ, Natl Opt Astron Observ, La Serena, Chile.
C3 Yonsei University; National Optical Astronomy Observatory; Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory
RP Lee, YW (corresponding author), Yonsei Univ, Ctr Space Astrophys, Seoul 120749, South Korea.
NR 10
TC 321
Z9 333
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 55
EP 57
DI 10.1038/46985
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lu, PJ
   Wulf, G
   Zhou, XZ
   Davies, P
   Lu, KP
AF Lu, PJ
   Wulf, G
   Zhou, XZ
   Davies, P
   Lu, KP
TI The prolyl isomerase Pin1 restores the function of Alzheimer-associated phosphorylated tau protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID paired helical filaments; substrate recognition; disease; dementia; mitosis; chromosome-17; expression; mutations; isoforms; distinct
AB One of the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease is the neurofibrillary tangle, which contains paired helical filaments (PHFs) composed of the microtubule-associated protein tau(1,2). Tau is hyperphosphorylated in PHFs(3-5), and phosphorylation of tau abolishes its ability to bind microtubules and promote microtubule assembly(6,7). Restoring the function of phosphorylated tau might prevent or reverse PHF formation in Alzheimer's disease. Phosphorylation on a serine or threonine that precedes proline (pS/T-P) alters the rate of prolyl isomerization and creates a binding site for the WW domain of the prolyl isomerase Pin1 (refs 8-14), Pin1 specifically isomerizes pS/T-P bonds and regulates the function of mitotic phosphoproteins(8-10,12). Here we show that Pin1 binds to only one pT-P motif in tau and copurifies with PHFs, resulting in depletion of soluble Pin1 in the brains of Alzheimers disease patients. Pin1 can restore the ability of phosphorylated tau to bind microtubules and promote microtubule assembly in vitro, As depletion of Pin1 induces mitotic arrest and apoptotic cell death(8), sequestration of Pin1 into PHFs may contribute to neuronal death. These findings provide a new insight into the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
C1 Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Hematol Oncol, Canc Biol Program, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine
RP Lu, KP (corresponding author), Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Hematol Oncol, Canc Biol Program, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
NR 30
TC 647
Z9 758
U1 1
U2 57
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6738
BP 784
EP 788
DI 
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 210JP
UT WOS:000081101600054
PM 10391244
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carrión, AM
   Link, WA
   Ledo, F
   Mellström, B
   Naranjo, JR
AF Carrión, AM
   Link, WA
   Ledo, F
   Mellström, B
   Naranjo, JR
TI DREAM is a Ca2+-regulated transcriptional repressor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-expression; calcium; pathways; fos; activation; neurons; kinases
AB Fluxes in amounts of intracellular calcium ions are important determinants of gene expression(1-3). So far, Ca2+-regulated kinases and phosphatases have been implicated in changing the phosphorylation status of key transcription factors and thereby modulating their function(4,5). In addition, direct effecters of Ca2+ induced gene expression have been suggested to exist in the nucleus(2), although no such effecters have been identified yet. Expression of the human prodynorphin gene, which is involved in memory acquisition and pain(6,7), is regulated through its downstream regulatory element (DRE) sequence, which acts as a location-dependent gene silencer(8). Here we isolate a new transcriptional repressor, DRE-antagonist modulator (DREAM), which specifically binds to the DRE. DREAM contains four Ca2+-binding domains of the EF-hand type. Upon stimulation by Ca2+, DREAM's ability to bind to the DRE and its repressor function are prevented. Mutation of the EF-hands abolishes the response of DREAM to Ca2+. In addition to the prodynorphin promoter, DREAM represses transcription from the early response gene c-fos. Thus, DREAM represents the first known Ca2+-binding protein to function as a DNA-binding transcriptional regulator.
C1 CSIC, Inst Neurobiol S Ramon & Cajal, Madrid 28002, Spain.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)
RP Naranjo, JR (corresponding author), CSIC, Inst Neurobiol S Ramon & Cajal, Av Dr Arce 37, Madrid 28002, Spain.
EM jrnaranjo@samba.cnb.uam.es
NR 18
TC 492
Z9 561
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6722
BP 80
EP 84
DI 10.1038/18044
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 174KG
UT WOS:000079033900056
PM 10078534
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jones, D
AF Jones, D
TI Daedalus - Internal ecology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 367
EP 367
DI 10.1038/46455
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Holland, PWH
AF Holland, PWH
TI The future of evolutionary developmental biology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hox genes; drosophila; ultrabithorax; antennapedia; complexes; sequence; plan
AB Combining fields as diverse as comparative embryology, palaeontology, molecular phylogenetics and genome analysis, the new discipline of evolutionary developmental biology aims at explaining how developmental processes and mechanisms become modified during evolution, and how these modifications produce changes in animal morphology and body plans. In the next century this should give us far greater mechanistic insight into how evolution has produced the vast diversity of living organisms, past and present.
C1 Univ Reading, Sch Anim & Microbial Sci, Reading RG6 6AJ, Berks, England.
C3 University of Reading
RP Holland, PWH (corresponding author), Univ Reading, Sch Anim & Microbial Sci, POB 228, Reading RG6 6AJ, Berks, England.
NR 29
TC 56
Z9 60
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP C41
EP C44
DI 10.1038/35011536
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MZ
UT WOS:000084014100006
PM 10591224
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hudson, JJ
   Taylor, WD
   Schindler, DW
AF Hudson, JJ
   Taylor, WD
   Schindler, DW
TI Planktonic nutrient regeneration and cycling efficiency in temperate lakes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphorus; community; ecosystems; excretion; dynamics; nitrogen; rates; fish
AB Planktonic nutrient regeneration is a fundamental process that maintains most of the primary productivity in marine and fresh-water environments. However, there is no robust predictive model to describe the pattern and efficiency of nutrient cycling across aquatic systems. Based on rather weak evidence, the efficiency of nutrient regeneration is believed to decline along a gradient of productivity, so that nutrient-poor environments are assumed to be more efficient at cycling their nutrients than are nutrient-rich environments(1-5), Here we measure phosphorus regeneration directly and show that cycling efficiency does not vary with phosphorus concentration. In addition, we confirm that the phosphorus supply for lake plankton comes primarily from within the plankton community, rather than from external loading or from larger organisms such as fish.
C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
   Univ Waterloo, Dept Biol, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
C3 University of Alberta; University of Waterloo
RP Hudson, JJ (corresponding author), Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
NR 28
TC 100
Z9 124
U1 3
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6745
BP 659
EP 661
DI 10.1038/23240
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226QU
UT WOS:000082032900051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vlastélic, I
   Aslanian, D
   Dosso, L
   Bougault, H
   Olivet, JL
   Géli, L
AF Vlastélic, I
   Aslanian, D
   Dosso, L
   Bougault, H
   Olivet, JL
   Géli, L
TI Large-scale chemical and thermal division of the Pacific mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ocean-ridge basalts; antarctic ridge; south-pacific; isotope evidence; trace-element; chile ridge; darwin rise; heterogeneity; geochemistry; sr
AB Isotope analyses of mid-ocean-ridge basalts have led to the identification of large-scale geochemical provinces, with a clear distinction between the Pacific and the Atlantic or Indian Ocean basins(1,2), It is widely believed that Pacific ridges are formed from a single, fairly well mixed mantle reservoir(3), extending from the Australian-Antarctic discordance to the Juan de Fuca ridge and representing one of the largest chemically coherent mantle domains on the Earth(4,5). However, the evidence for this conception is mostly based on samples from the northern Pacific ridges. Here we report Sr, Nd and Pb isotope data from the Pacific Antarctic ridge that reveal different isotopic signatures north and south of the Easter microplate (25 degrees S). The evidence for two large-scale geochemical domains is further strengthened by the observation of different average depths of the ridge axes north and south of the 25 degrees S boundary. This boundary is located at the southeastern end of the Darwin rise/Pacific Superswell area(6), which is interpreted as a zone of upwelling(7) from the lower mantle that has persisted since Cretaceous times. We propose that this upwelling has led to the separation into true mantle domains with their own convective histories, producing slight differences in their average isotopic signatures and thermal regimes.
C1 IFREMER, UMR 6538, Domaines Ocean, F-29280 Plouzane, France.
   IFREMER, F-292280 Plouzane, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Universite de Bretagne Occidentale; Ifremer; Ifremer
RP Dosso, L (corresponding author), IFREMER, UMR 6538, Domaines Ocean, F-29280 Plouzane, France.
EM Laure.Dosso@ifrc.mer.fr
NR 31
TC 59
Z9 61
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6734
BP 345
EP 350
DI 10.1038/20664
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200PA
UT WOS:000080547800057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, SJ
   Hochstrasser, M
AF Li, SJ
   Hochstrasser, M
TI A new protease required for cell-cycle progression in yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; ubiquitin; gene; degradation; proteins; encodes; sumo-1; enzyme
AB In eukaryotes, protein function can be modulated by ligation to ubiquitin or to ubiquitin-like proteins (Ub1 proteins)(1-3). The vertebrate Ub1 protein SUMO-1 is only 18% identical to ubiquitin but is 48% identical to the yeast protein Smt3. Both SUMO-1 and Smt3 are ligated to cellular proteins, and protein conjugation to SUMO-1/Smt3 is involved in many physiological processes(3-10). It remained unknown, however, whether deconjugation of SUMO1/Smt3 from proteins is also essential. Here we describe a yeast Ub1-specific protease, Ulp1,which cleaves proteins from Smt3 and SUMO-1 but not from ubiquitin. Ulp1 is unrelated to any known deubiquitinating enzyme but shows distant similarity to certain viral proteases, indicating the existence of a widely conserved protease fold. Proteins related to Ulp1 are present in many organisms, including several human pathogens, The pattern of Smt3-coupled proteins in yeast changes markedly throughout the cell cycle, and specific conjugates accumulate in ulp1 mutants. Ulp1 has several functions, including an essential role in the G2/M phase of the fell cycle.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Hochstrasser, M (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, 920 E 58th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM hoc1@midway.uchicago.edu
NR 26
TC 645
Z9 806
U1 1
U2 50
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6724
BP 246
EP 251
DI 10.1038/18457
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 177UA
UT WOS:000079228400055
PM 10094048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Currie, CR
   Scott, JA
   Summerbell, RC
   Malloch, D
AF Currie, CR
   Scott, JA
   Summerbell, RC
   Malloch, D
TI Fungus-growing ants use antibiotic-producing bacteria to control garden parasites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID symbiosis
AB The well-studied, ancient and highly evolved mutualism between fungus-growing ants and their fungi has become a model system in the study of symbiosis(1-5). Although it is thought at present to involve only two symbionts, associated with each other in near isolation from other organisms(1-5), the fungal gardens of attine ants are in fact host to a specialized and virulent parasitic fungus of the genus Escovopsis (Ascomycotina)(6). Because the ants and their fungi are mutually dependent, the maintenance of stable fungal monocultures in the presence of weeds or parasites is critical to the survival of both organisms. Here we describe a new, third mutualist in this symbiosis, a filamentous bacterium (actinomycete) of the genus Streptomyces that produces antibiotics specifically targeted to suppress the growth of the specialized garden-parasite Escovopsis. This third mutualist is associated with all species of fungus-growing ants studied, is carried upon regions of the ants' cuticle that are genus specific, is transmitted vertically (from parent to offspring colonies), and has the capacity to promote the growth of the fungal mutualist, indicating that the association of Streptomyces with attine ants is both highly evolved and of ancient origin.
C1 Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Panama.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Bot, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Lab Med & Pathobiol, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada.
   Ontario Minist Hlth, Toronto, ON M9P 3T1, Canada.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; University of Toronto; University of Toronto
RP Currie, CR (corresponding author), Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, POB 2072, Balboa, Panama.
EM currie@botany.utoronto.ca
NR 23
TC 641
Z9 743
U1 3
U2 296
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6729
BP 701
EP 704
DI 10.1038/19519
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 189RP
UT WOS:000079920100049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bain, J
AF Bain, J
TI Case study: Glasgow
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Glasgow Dev Agcy, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland.
RP Bain, J (corresponding author), Glasgow Dev Agcy, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 1999
VL 0
IS 
BP 14
EP 14
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 201VB
UT WOS:000080615900002
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hamilton, MB
AF Hamilton, MB
TI Tropical tree gene flow and seed dispersal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna polymorphism; chloroplast dna; plants
C1 Georgetown Univ, Dept Biol, Washington, DC 20057 USA.
   Natl Inst Res Amazon, Biol Dynam Forest Fragments Project, BR-69011970 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
C3 Georgetown University; Institute Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia
RP Hamilton, MB (corresponding author), Georgetown Univ, Dept Biol, Reiss Sci 406, Washington, DC 20057 USA.
EM hamiltmb@gusun.georgetown.edu
NR 10
TC 96
Z9 126
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6749
BP 129
EP 130
DI 10.1038/43597
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234AF
UT WOS:000082458800040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zygmunt, PM
   Petersson, J
   Andersson, DA
   Chuang, HH
   Sorgård, M
   Di Marzo, V
   Julius, D
   Högestätt, ED
AF Zygmunt, PM
   Petersson, J
   Andersson, DA
   Chuang, HH
   Sorgård, M
   Di Marzo, V
   Julius, D
   Högestätt, ED
TI Vanilloid receptors on sensory nerves mediate the vasodilator action of anandamide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endothelium-dependent relaxation; isolated mesenteric-artery; gene-related peptide; rat hepatic-artery; cannabinoid receptor; capsaicin receptor; cb1; neurotransmitter; antagonist; inhibition
AB The endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonist anandamide(1) is a powerful vasodilator of isolated vascular preparations(2-4), but its mechanism of action is unclear. Here we show that the vasodilator response to anandamide in isolated arteries is capsaicin-sensitive and accompanied by release of calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP), The selective CGRP-receptor antagonist 8-37 CGRP (ref. 5), but not the cannabinoid CB1 receptor blocker SR141716A (ref. 7), inhibited the vasodilator effect of anandamide, Other endogenous (2-arachidonylglycerol, palmitylethanolamide) and synthetic (HU 210, WIN 55,212-2, CP 55,940) CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists' could not mimic the action of anandamide. The selective 'vanilloid receptor' antagonist capsazepine(6,7) inhibited anandamide-induced vasodilation and release of CGRP. In patch-clamp experiments on cells expressing the cloned vanilloid receptor (VR1)(8), anandamide induced a capsazepine-sensitive current in whale cells and isolated membrane patches. Our results indicate that anandamide induces vasodilation by activating: vanilloid receptors on perivascular sensory nerves and causing release of CGRP. The vanilloid receptor may thus be another molecular target for endogenous anandamide, besides cannabinoid receptors, in the nervous and cardiovascular systems.
C1 Univ Lund, Inst Lab Med, Dept Clin Pharmacol, S-22185 Lund, Sweden.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   CNR, Ist Chim Mol Interesse Biol, I-80072 Arco Felice, Napoli, Italy.
C3 Lund University; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
RP Högestätt, ED (corresponding author), Univ Lund, Inst Lab Med, Dept Clin Pharmacol, S-22185 Lund, Sweden.
NR 30
TC 1822
Z9 2077
U1 3
U2 103
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6743
BP 452
EP 457
DI 10.1038/22761
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221FZ
UT WOS:000081715000051
PM 10440374
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cocks, TM
   Fong, B
   Chow, JM
   Anderson, GP
   Frauman, AG
   Goldie, RG
   Henry, PJ
   Carr, MJ
   Hamilton, JR
   Moffatt, JD
AF Cocks, TM
   Fong, B
   Chow, JM
   Anderson, GP
   Frauman, AG
   Goldie, RG
   Henry, PJ
   Carr, MJ
   Hamilton, JR
   Moffatt, JD
TI A protective role for protease-activated receptors in the airways
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thrombin receptor; molecular-cloning; nitric-oxide; expression; mechanisms; bradykinin
AB The protection of cells in the upper intestine against digestion by pancreatic trypsin depends on the prostanoid prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) and is mediated by protease-activated receptors in the epithelium(1,2). As the airway epithelium is morphologically similar and also expresses one of these receptors, PAR2 (ref. 3), and is a major source of PGE2 (ref. 4), we reasoned that bronchial epithelial PAR2 might also participate in prostanoid-dependent cytoprotection in the airways, Here we show that activation of PAR2, which co-localizes immunohistochemically with trypsin(ogen) in airway epithelium, causes the relaxation of airway preparations from mouse, rat, guinea-pig and humans by the release of a cyclooxygenase product from the epithelium.This physiological protective response in isolated airways also occurred in anaesthetized rats, where activation of PAR2 caused a marked and prolonged inhibition of bronchoconstriction. After desensitization of PAR2, the response to trypsin recovered rapidly by mechanisms dependent on de novo synthesis and trafficking of proteins. Our results indicate that trypsin released from the epithelium can initiate powerful bronchoprotection in the airways by activation of epithelial PAR2.
C1 Univ Melbourne, Dept Pharmacol, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
   Univ Melbourne, Dept Med, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
   Univ Western Australia, Dept Pharmacol, Perth, WA 6907, Australia.
C3 University of Melbourne; University of Melbourne; University of Western Australia
RP Cocks, TM (corresponding author), Univ Melbourne, Dept Pharmacol, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
EM t.cocks@pharmacology.unimelb.edu.au
NR 22
TC 313
Z9 344
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6723
BP 156
EP 160
DI 10.1038/18223
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 176DG
UT WOS:000079135200046
PM 10086357
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bibb, JA
   Snyder, GL
   Nishi, A
   Yan, Z
   Meijer, L
   Fienberg, AA
   Tsai, LH
   Kwon, YT
   Girault, JA
   Czernik, AJ
   Huganir, RL
   Hemmings, HC
   Nairn, AC
   Greengard, P
AF Bibb, JA
   Snyder, GL
   Nishi, A
   Yan, Z
   Meijer, L
   Fienberg, AA
   Tsai, LH
   Kwon, YT
   Girault, JA
   Czernik, AJ
   Huganir, RL
   Hemmings, HC
   Nairn, AC
   Greengard, P
TI Phosphorylation of DARPP-32 by Cdk5 modulates dopamine signalling in neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclin-dependent kinase-5; camp-regulated phosphoprotein; protein-kinase; inhibitor; scaffold; subunit; potent
AB The physiological state of the cell is controlled by signal transduction mechanisms which regulate the balance between protein kinase and protein phosphatase activities(1). Here we report that a single protein can, depending on which particular amino-acid residue is phosphorylated, function either as a kinase or phosphatase inhibitor. DARPP-32 (dopamine and cyclic AMP-regulated phospho-protein, relative molecular mass 32,000) is converted into an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 when it is phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA) at threonine 34 (refs 2, 3), We find that DARPP-32 is converted into an inhibitor of PKA when phosphorylated at threonine 75 by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), Cdk5 phosphorylates DARPP-32 in vitro and in intact brain cells. Phospho-Thr 75 DARPP-32 inhibits PKA in vitro by a competitive mechanism. Decreasing phospho-Thr 75 DARPP-32 in striatal slices, either by a Cdk5-specific inhibitor or by using genetically altered mice, results in increased dopamine-induced phosphorylation of PKA substrates and augmented peak voltage-gated calcium currents. Thus DARPP-32 is a bifunctional signal transduction molecule which, by distinct mechanisms, controls a serine/threonine kinase and a serine/threonine phosphatase.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Mol & Cellular Neurosci Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Kurume Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Fukuoka 8300011, Japan.
   CNRS, Biol Stn, F-29682 Roscoff, France.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Coll France, INSERM, U114, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Anesthesiol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Pharmacol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Kurume University; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite PSL; College de France; Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine
RP Greengard, P (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Mol & Cellular Neurosci Lab, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
FU NIDA NIH HHS [P01 DA010044] Funding Source: Medline
NR 23
TC 485
Z9 575
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 669
EP 671
DI 10.1038/45251
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800067
PM 10604473
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bahcall, DO
   Kowler, E
AF Bahcall, DO
   Kowler, E
TI Illusory shifts in visual direction accompany adaptation of saccadic eye movements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID displacement; targets; representation; localization; perception
AB A central problem in human vision is to explain how the visual world remains stable despite the continual displacements of the retinal image produced by rapid saccadic movements of the eyes. Perceived stability has been attributed to 'efferent-copy' signals, representing the saccadic motor commands, that cancel the effects of saccade-related retinal displacements(1-6). Here we show by means of a perceptual illusion, that traditional cancellation theories cannot explain stability. The perceptual illusion was produced by first inducing adaptive changes in saccadic gain (ratio of saccade size to target eccentricity). Following adaptation, subjects experienced an illusory mislocalization in which widely separated targets flashed before and after saccades appeared to be in the same place. The illusion shows that the perceptual system did not take the adaptive changes into account, Perceptual localization is based on signals representing the size of the initially-intended saccade, not the size of the saccade that is ultimately executed, Signals representing intended saccades initiate a visual comparison process used to maintain perceptual stability across saccades and to generate the oculomotor error signals that ensure saccadic accuracy.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Psychol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Kowler, E (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Psychol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM kowler@rci.rutgers.edu
NR 30
TC 89
Z9 96
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6747
BP 864
EP 866
DI 10.1038/23693
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 230CA
UT WOS:000082233200043
PM 10476963
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ji, Q
   Luo, ZX
   Ji, SA
AF Ji, Q
   Luo, ZX
   Ji, SA
TI A Chinese triconodont mammal and mosaic evolution of the mammalian skeleton
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shoulder
AB Here we describe a new triconodont mammal from the Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous period of Liaoning, China. This new mammal is represented by the best-preserved skeleton known so far for triconodonts which form one of the earliest Mesozoic mammalian groups with high diversity. The postcranial skeleton of this new triconodont shows a mosaic of characters, including a primitive pelvic girdle and hindlimb but a very derived pectoral girdle that is closely comparable to those of derived therians. Given the basal position of this taxon in mammalian phylogeny, its derived pectoral girdle indicates that homoplasies (similarities resulting from independent evolution among unrelated lineages) are as common in the postcranial skeleton as they are in the skull and dentition in the evolution of Mesozoic mammals. Limb structures of the new triconodont indicate that it was probably a ground-dwelling animal.
C1 Carnegie Museum Nat Hist, Sect Vertebrate Paleontol, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
   China Univ Geosci, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China.
   Natl Geol Museum China, Beijing 100034, Peoples R China.
C3 China University of Geosciences
RP Luo, ZX (corresponding author), Carnegie Museum Nat Hist, Sect Vertebrate Paleontol, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
EM louz@clpgh.org
NR 31
TC 166
Z9 210
U1 18
U2 79
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6725
BP 326
EP 330
DI 
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180DF
UT WOS:000079369600049
PM 10192332
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilczek, F
AF Wilczek, F
TI Getting its from bits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Inst Adv Studies, Sch Nat Sci, Princeton, NJ 08450 USA.
C3 Institute for Advanced Study - USA
RP Wilczek, F (corresponding author), Inst Adv Studies, Sch Nat Sci, Olden Lane, Princeton, NJ 08450 USA.
EM wilczek@sns.ias.edu
NR 5
TC 29
Z9 30
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 28
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6717
BP 303
EP 306
DI 10.1038/16818
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 162BE
UT WOS:000078324600030
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blanchet, V
   Zgierski, MZ
   Seideman, T
   Stolow, A
AF Blanchet, V
   Zgierski, MZ
   Seideman, T
   Stolow, A
TI Discerning vibronic molecular dynamics using time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ultrafast internal-conversion; ionization spectroscopy; spectra; state; diffraction; polyenes
AB Dynamic processes at the molecular level occur on ultrafast time scales and are often associated with structural as well as electronic changes. These can in principle be studied by time-resolved scattering(1-3) and spectroscopic methods, respectively. In polyatomic molecules, however, excitation results in the rapid mixing of vibrational and electronic motions, which induces both charge redistribution and energy flow in the molecule(4,5). This 'vibronic' or 'non-adiabatic' coupling is a key step in photochemical(6) and photobiological processes(7) and underlies many of the concepts of molecular electronics(8), but it obscures the notion of distinct and readily observable vibrational and electronic states. Here we report time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy measurements that distinguish vibrational dynamics from the coupled electronic population dynamics, associated with the photo-induced internal conversion, in a linear unsaturated hydrocarbon chain. The vibrational resolution of our photoelectron spectra allows for a direct observation of the underlying nuclear dynamics, demonstrating that it is possible to obtain detailed insights into ultrafast non-adiabatic processes.
C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
C3 National Research Council Canada
RP Stolow, A (corresponding author), Natl Res Council Canada, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, 100 Sussex Dr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
NR 30
TC 258
Z9 275
U1 1
U2 105
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6748
BP 52
EP 54
DI 10.1038/43410
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 232MK
UT WOS:000082374400037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marshall, CT
   Yaragina, NA
   Lambert, Y
   Kjesbu, OS
AF Marshall, CT
   Yaragina, NA
   Lambert, Y
   Kjesbu, OS
TI Total lipid energy as a proxy for total egg production by fish stocks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cod gadus-morhua; recruitment; reproduction; atlantic
AB The indeterminate relationship between the total biomass of mature fish (spawner biomass) and the number of offspring produced (recruitment) has puzzled population dynamicists(1) and impeded fisheries management(2). The relationship assumes that spawner biomass (in tonnes) is proportional to the total number of eggs produced (TEP) by the stock(3), an assumption under increasing challenge(4-8). Most stocks require proxies for TEP because contemporary and/or historical fecundity data are lacking. Here we show a positive association between recruitment and the liver weights of spawners in the Barents Sea cod stock which suggests that recruitment is constrained by the amount of lipid energy stored in the liver. This stimulated our interest in estimating total lipid energy (TLE; in kilojoules) for mature females in the stock. We examined the suitability of TLE as a proxy through correlation and simulation analyses. The results indicate that TLE is proportional to TEP and exhibits a similar response to varying food abundance. Replacing spawner biomass with more accurate measures of reproductive potential is essential to developing a rational basis for stock conservation(9). Correctly specifying the first-order maternal effect on TEP is a prerequisite to detecting environmental and ecological effects on recruitment(10).
C1 Inst Marine Res, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
   Polar Res Inst Marine Fisheries & Oceanog, Murmansk 183763, Russia.
   Minist Peches & Oceans, Inst Maurice Lamontagne, Mont Joli, PQ G5H 3Z4, Canada.
C3 Institute of Marine Research - Norway; Research lnstitute of Fisheries & Oceanography; Fisheries & Oceans Canada
RP Marshall, CT (corresponding author), Inst Marine Res, POB 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
EM tara@imr.no
NR 29
TC 273
Z9 298
U1 1
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6759
BP 288
EP 290
DI 10.1038/46272
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 257ZP
UT WOS:000083813700048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, D
   Sohn, H
   Kalpana, GV
   Choe, J
AF Lee, D
   Sohn, H
   Kalpana, GV
   Choe, J
TI Interaction of E1 and hSNF5 proteins stimulates replication of human papillomavirus DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polymerase alpha-primase; transcriptional activator; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; transient replication; large-t; e2; helicase; yeast; genes; snf5
AB Mammalian viruses often use components of the host's cellular DNA replication machinery to carry out replication of their genomes, which enables these viruses to be used as tools for characterizing factors that are involved in cellular DNA replication. The human papillomavirus (HPV) E1 protein is essential for replication of the virus DNA(1-3). Here we identify the cellular factor that participates in viral DNA replication by using a two-hybrid assay(4) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and E1 protein as bait. Using this assay, we isolated Ini1/hSNF5 (ref. 5), a component of the SWI/SNF complex which facilitates transcription by altering the structure of chromatin(6). In vitro binding and immunoprecipitation confirmed that E1 interacts directly with Ini1/hSNF5. Transient DNA-replication assay revealed that HPV DNA replication is stimulated in a dose-dependent manner by addition of Ini1/hSNF5, and that Ini1/hSNF5 antisense RNA blocks the replication of HPV DNA. Amino-acid substitution at residues that are conserved among E1 proteins prevented the E1-Ini1/hSNF5 interaction and reduced DNA replication of HPV in vivo. Our results indicate that Ini1/hSNF5 is required for the efficient replication of papillomavirus DNA and is therefore needed, either alone or in complex with SWI/SNF complex, for mammalian DNA replication as well.
C1 Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Biol Sci, Taejon 305701, South Korea.
   Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Mol Genet, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
C3 Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST); Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University
RP Choe, J (corresponding author), Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Biol Sci, Taejon 305701, South Korea.
NR 27
TC 99
Z9 127
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 487
EP 491
DI 10.1038/20966
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900053
PM 10365963
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU O'Brien, SJ
   Stanyon, R
AF O'Brien, SJ
   Stanyon, R
TI Phylogenomics - Ancestral primate viewed
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chromosm
C1 NCI, Lab Genom Divers, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP O'Brien, SJ (corresponding author), NCI, Lab Genom Divers, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
NR 14
TC 48
Z9 56
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 365
EP 366
DI 10.1038/46450
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600036
PM 10586870
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wells, ML
   Vallis, GK
   Silver, EA
AF Wells, ML
   Vallis, GK
   Silver, EA
TI Tectonic processes in Papua New Guinea and past productivity in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID iron; phytoplankton; collision; uplift; growth; belt
AB Phytoplankton growth in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean today accounts for about half of the 'new' production-the fraction of primary production fuelled by externally supplied nutrients-in the global ocean. The recent demonstration that an inadequate supply of iron limits primary production in this region(1) supports earlier speculation that, in the past, fluctuations in the atmospheric deposition of iron-bearing dust may have driven large changes in productivity(2). But we argue here that only small (similar to 2 nM) increases in the iron concentration in source waters of the upwelling Equatorial Undercurrent are needed to fuel intense diatom production across the entire eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. Episodic increases in iron concentrations of this magnitude or larger were probably frequent in the past because a large component of the undercurrent originates in the convergent island-are region of Papua New Guinea, which has experienced intensive volcanic, erosional and seismic activity over the past 16 million years. Cycles of plankton productivity recorded in eastern equatorial Pacific sediments may therefore reflect the influence of tectonic processes in the Papua New Guinea region superimposed on the effects of global climate forcing.
C1 Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Princeton Univ, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 University of Maine System; University of Maine Orono; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Princeton University; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP Wells, ML (corresponding author), Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
EM mlwells@maine.edu
NR 30
TC 72
Z9 86
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6728
BP 601
EP 604
DI 10.1038/19281
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 186WX
UT WOS:000079754700052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, XB
   Wang, LS
AF Wang, XB
   Wang, LS
TI Observation of negative electron-binding energy in a molecule
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID multiply-charged anions; gas-phase; spectroscopy; coulomb; ions
AB In neutral atoms and molecules, electrons are kept within their orbitals by attractive electrostatic interactions with positively charged nuclei, with relatively few neutral molecules being able to bind more than one extra electron. For multiply charged molecular anions, dynamic stability plays an important role: the superposition of long-range Coulomb repulsion and short-range electron binding gives rise to a repulsive Coulomb barrier (RCB) that traps the excess electrons(1). The RCB has profound effects on the physical and chemical properties of multiply charged anions in the gas phase(1-5). For example, it has recently been shown to prevent the detachment of electrons from a doubly charged anion, even when the excitation energies exceed the electron binding energy(6,7). Here we report photodetachment experiments which demonstrate that the RCB can even trap electrons in molecular orbitals characterized by a negative binding energy. We show that the addition of sulphonate groups (-SO3-) to cyclic copper phthalocyanine (CuPc; ref. 8) systematically increases the energy of the corresponding molecular orbitals, culminating in the highest occupied molecular orbital of the tetra-anion, [CuPc(SO3)(4)](4-), being unstable by 0.9 eV. The increase in molecular orbital energy and the negative electron binding energy we observe are due to charge localization in the sulphonate groups and the resultant RCB. The unusually large height of the repulsive barrier also ensures that the anion remains metastable, and continues to store 0.9 eV excess electrostatic energy, throughout the 400 seconds we are able to observe it.
C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Phys, Richland, WA 99352 USA.
   Pacific NW Lab, WR Wiley Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA.
C3 Washington State University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
RP Wang, LS (corresponding author), Washington State Univ, Dept Phys, Richland, WA 99352 USA.
NR 23
TC 209
Z9 217
U1 0
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6741
BP 245
EP 248
DI 10.1038/22286
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 217MP
UT WOS:000081503800038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cox, JS
   Chen, B
   McNeil, M
   Jacobs, WR
AF Cox, JS
   Chen, B
   McNeil, M
   Jacobs, WR
TI Complex lipid determine tissue specific replication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mycocerosic acid synthase; bovis bcg; transposon mutagenesis; virulence genes; coenzyme-a; identification; adjacent
AB Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death in the world resulting from a single bacterial infection(1). Despite its enormous burden on world health, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bacterial multiplication and concomitant tissue damage within an infected host, including experimentally infected mice, occurs primarily in the lungs-the favoured niche of M. tuberculosis(2). Although it has been proposed that the distinctive cell wall of M. tuberculosis is important for virulence, rigorous genetic proof has been lacking. Here, using signature-tagged mutagenesis, we isolated three attenuated M. tuberculosis mutants that cannot synthesize or transport a complex, cell wall-associated lipid called phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM) which is found only in pathogenic mycobacteria(3,4), Two mutants have transposon insertions affecting genes implicated in PDIM synthesis; the third has a disruption in a gene encoding a large transmembrane protein required for proper subcellular localization of PDIM. Synthesis and transport of this complex lipid is only required for growth in the lung; all three mutants are unaffected for growth in the liver and spleen. This clearly shows that a lipid is required for M. tuberculosis virulence.
C1 Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Colorado State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
C3 Yeshiva University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins
RP Jacobs, WR (corresponding author), Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 1300 Morris Pk Ave, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
NR 23
TC 623
Z9 744
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 79
EP 83
DI 10.1038/47042
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600046
PM 10573420
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Laske, G
   Masters, G
AF Laske, G
   Masters, G
TI Limits on differential rotation of the inner core from an analysis of the Earth's free oscillations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID period normal-modes; pkikp travel-times; anisotropy
AB Differential rotation of the Earth's inner core has been inferred by several seismic 'body-wave' studies(1-6) which indicate that the inner core is rotating at a rate between 0.2 degrees and 3 degrees per year faster than the Earth's crust and mantle. The wide range in inferred rotation rate is thought to be caused by the sensitivity of body-wave studies to local complexities in inner-core structure(3,7). Free-oscillation 'splitting functions: on the other hand, are insensitive to local structure and therefore have the potential to estimate differential rotation more accurately. A previous free-oscillation study(3), however, was equivocal in its conclusions because of the relatively poor quality and coverage of the long-period digital data available 20 years ago. Here we use a method for analysing free oscillations' which is insensitive to earthquake source, location and mechanism to constrain this differential rotation. We find that inner-core differential rotation is essentially zero over the past 20 years (to within +/-0.2 degrees per year), implying that the inner core is probably gravitationally locked to the Earth's mantle(10).
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Laske, G (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 30
TC 88
Z9 100
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 66
EP 69
DI 10.1038/47011
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mehta, AD
   Rock, RS
   Rief, M
   Spudich, JA
   Mooseker, MS
   Cheney, RE
AF Mehta, AD
   Rock, RS
   Rief, M
   Spudich, JA
   Mooseker, MS
   Cheney, RE
TI Myosin-V is a processive actin-based motor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single kinesin molecules; movement; force; transport; mechanics; steps; atp
AB Class-V myosins, one of 15 known classes of actin-based molecular motors, have been implicated in several forms of organelle transport(1-5), perhaps working with microtubule-based motors such as kinesin(2-4,6). Such movements may require a motor with mechanochemical properties distinct from those of myosin-II, which operates in large ensembles to drive high-speed motility as in muscle contraction(7). Based on its function and biochemistry, it has been suggested that myosin-V may be a processive motor(7,8) like kinesing(9,10). Processivity means that the motor undergoes multiple catalytic cycles and coupled mechanical advances for each diffusional encounter with its track. This allows single motors to support movement of an organelle along its track Here we provide direct evidence that myosin-V is indeed a processive actin-based motor that can move in large steps approximating the 36-nm pseudo-repeat of the actin filament.
C1 Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Cell & Mol Physiol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Yale University; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP Mehta, AD (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [R29 DC003299] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 677
Z9 801
U1 3
U2 82
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6744
BP 590
EP 593
DI 10.1038/23072
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223RT
UT WOS:000081854800062
PM 10448864
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McNamara, WB
   Didenko, YT
   Suslick, KS
AF McNamara, WB
   Didenko, YT
   Suslick, KS
TI Sonoluminescence temperatures during multi-bubble cavitation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID non-aqueous liquids; sonochemistry
AB Acoustic cavitation-the formation and implosive collapse of bubbles-occurs when a liquid is exposed to intense sound. Cavitation can produce white noise, sonochemical reactions, erosion of hard materials, rupture of living cells and the emission of light, or sonoluminescence(1,2). The concentration of energy during the collapse is enormous: the energy of an emitted photon can exceed the energy density of the sound field by about twelve orders of magnitude(3), and it has long been predicted that the interior bubble temperature reaches thousands of degrees Kelvin during collapse, But experimental measurements(4,5) of conditions inside cavitating bubbles are scarce, and there have been no studies of interior temperature as a function of experimental parameters. Here we use multi-bubble sonoluminescence from excited states of metal atoms as a spectroscopic probe of temperatures inside cavitating bubbles. The intense atomic emission allows us to change the properties of the gas-vapour mixture within the bubble, and thus vary the effective emission temperature for multi-bubble sonoluminescence from 5,100 to 2,300 K. We observe emission temperatures that are in accord with those expected from compressional heating during cavitation.
C1 Pacific Oceanol Inst, Vladivostok 690061, Russia.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 Ilichev Pacific Oceanological Institute; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Suslick, KS (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, 600 S Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
NR 27
TC 464
Z9 519
U1 3
U2 158
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6755
BP 772
EP 775
DI 10.1038/44536
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 250BG
UT WOS:000083368700047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tyrrell, T
AF Tyrrell, T
TI The relative influences of nitrogen and phosphorus on oceanic primary production
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID marine-phytoplankton; fresh-water; carbon flux; limitation; nitrate; ratios; denitrification; environment; ecosystems; nutrients
AB A simple model has the potential to resolve the long-running debate amongst oceanographers over whether nitrogen or phosphorus exerts overall control on oceanic primary production. A representation of the competition between nitrogen-fixing and other phytoplankton is inserted into a two-box global model of the oceanic nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. Homeostatic regulation of both nitrate and phosphate concentrations results, with surface waters more deficient in nitrate than phosphate in the steady state, but with external phosphate inputs controlling longer-term primary production in the global ocean.
C1 Univ Southampton, Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
C3 University of Southampton; NERC National Oceanography Centre
RP Tyrrell, T (corresponding author), Univ Southampton, Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
EM T.Tyrrell@soc.soton.ac.uk
NR 49
TC 1334
Z9 1576
U1 17
U2 554
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6744
BP 525
EP 531
DI 10.1038/22941
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223RT
UT WOS:000081854800045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hilgenfeldt, S
   Grossmann, S
   Lohse, D
AF Hilgenfeldt, S
   Grossmann, S
   Lohse, D
TI A simple explanation of light emission in sonoluminescence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gas-bubbles; oscillations
AB Ultrasonically driven gas bubbles in liquids can emit intense bursts of tight when they collapse(1). The physical mechanism for single-bubble sonoluminescence has been much debated(2,3). The conditions required for, and generated by, bubble collapse can be deduced within the framework of a hydrodynamic (Rayleigh-Plesset(4)) analysis of bubble dynamics and stability(5,6), and by considering the dissociation and outward diffusion of gases under the extreme conditions induced by collapse(7,8), We show here that by extending this hydrodynamic/chemical picture in a simple way, the light emission can be explained too, The additional elements that we add are a model for the volume dependence of the bubble's temperature(9,10) and and allowance for the small emissivity of a weakly ionized gas(11). Despite its simplicity, our approach can account quantitatively for the observed parameter dependences of the light intensity and pulse width, as well as for the spectral shape and wavelength independence of the pulses(12-15).
C1 Univ Twente, Dept Appl Phys, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
   Univ Twente, JM Burgers Ctr Fluid Dynam, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Marburg, Fachbereich Phys, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
C3 University of Twente; University of Twente; Harvard University; Philipps University Marburg
RP Lohse, D (corresponding author), Univ Twente, Dept Appl Phys, POB 217, NL-7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
EM lohse@tn.utwente.nl
NR 23
TC 213
Z9 233
U1 1
U2 75
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6726
BP 402
EP 405
DI 10.1038/18842
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 182PW
UT WOS:000079508200045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yokota, Y
   Mansouri, A
   Mori, S
   Sugawara, S
   Adachi, S
   Nishikawa, S
   Gruss, P
AF Yokota, Y
   Mansouri, A
   Mori, S
   Sugawara, S
   Adachi, S
   Nishikawa, S
   Gruss, P
TI Development of peripheral lymphoid organs and natural killer cells depends on the helix-loop-helix inhibitor Id2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID germinal-centers; monoclonal-antibody; dna-binding; t-cell; b-cell; mice; lymphotoxin; receptor; spleen; lymphocytes
AB Transcription factors with a basic helix-loop-helix (HLH) moth have been shown to be crucial for various cell differentiation processes during development of multicellular organisms(1), Id proteins inhibit the functions of these transcription factors in a dominant-negative manner by suppressing their heterodimerization partners through the HLH domains(2-4). Members of the Id family also promote cell proliferation(4,5), implying a role in the control of cell differentiation. Here we show that Id2 is indispensable for normal development of mice, Id2(-/-) mice lack lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. However, their splenic architecture is normal, exhibiting T-cell and B-cell compartments and distinct germinal centres, The cell population that produces lymphotoxins, essential factors for the development of secondary lymphoid organs(6-11), is barely detectable in the Id2(-/-) intestine, Furthermore, the null mutants show a greatly reduced population of natural killer (NK) cells, which is due to an intrinsic defect in NK-cell precursors, Our results indicate that Id2 has an essential role in the generation of peripheral lymphoid organs and NK cells.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Dept Mol Cell Biol, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Mol Genet, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
C3 Max Planck Society; Kyoto University
RP Yokota, Y (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Dept Mol Cell Biol, Am Fassberg, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
NR 30
TC 725
Z9 846
U1 0
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 25
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6721
BP 702
EP 706
DI 10.1038/17812
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 171AP
UT WOS:000078840100052
PM 10067894
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Molster, FJ
   Yamamura, I
   Waters, LBFM
   Tielens, AGGM
   de Graauw, T
   de Jong, T
   de Koter, A
   Malfait, K
   van den Ancker, ME
   van Winckel, H
   Voors, RHM
   Waelkens, C
AF Molster, FJ
   Yamamura, I
   Waters, LBFM
   Tielens, AGGM
   de Graauw, T
   de Jong, T
   de Koter, A
   Malfait, K
   van den Ancker, ME
   van Winckel, H
   Voors, RHM
   Waelkens, C
TI Low-temperature crystallization of silicate dust in circumstellar disks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spectrum; grains; comets; stars
AB Silicate dust in the interstellar medium is observed to be amorphous(1), yet silicate dust in comets(2,3) and interplanetary dust particles(4) is sometimes partially crystalline. The dust in young stars(5,6) also appears to be partially crystalline. These clouds to a planetary system, it must undergo some processing, Here we report observations of highly crystalline silicate dust in the disks surrounding binary red-giant stars. The dust was created in amorphous form in the outer atmospheres of the red giants, and therefore must be processed in the disks to become crystalline. The temperatures in these disks are too low for the grains to anneal; therefore, some low-temperature process must be responsible. As the physical properties of the disks around young stars and red giants are similar, our results suggest that low-temperature crystallization of silicate grains also can occur in protoplanetary systems.
C1 Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Sterrenkunde, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
   SRON, Lab Space Res Groningen, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands.
   SRON, Space Res Lab, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Utrecht, Astron Inst, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 University of Amsterdam; KU Leuven; Utrecht University
RP Molster, FJ (corresponding author), Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, Kruislaan 403, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
NR 28
TC 166
Z9 175
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 563
EP 565
DI 10.1038/44085
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900042
PM 10524623
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Simon, I
   Tenzen, T
   Reubinoff, BE
   Hillman, D
   McCarrey, JR
   Cedar, H
AF Simon, I
   Tenzen, T
   Reubinoff, BE
   Hillman, D
   McCarrey, JR
   Cedar, H
TI Asynchronous replication of imprinted genes is established in the gametes and maintained during development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID allele-specific replication; mouse; region; expression; mechanisms; cells; h19; hybridization; methylation; transition
AB Genomic imprinting is characterized by allele-specific expression of multiple genes within large chromosomal domains' that undergo DNA replication asynchronously during S phase(2,3). Here we show, using both fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis and S-phase fractionation techniques, that differential replication timing is associated with imprinted genes in a variety of fell types, and is already present in the pre-implantation embryo soon after fertilization. This pattern is erased before meiosis in the germ line, and parent-specific replication timing is then reset in late gametogenesis in both the male and female. Thus, asynchronous replication timing is established in the gametes and maintained throughout development, indicating that it may function as a primary epigenetic marker for distinguishing between the parental alleles.
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Cellular Biochem, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Natl Inst Genet, Dept Evolut Genet, Mishima, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   Hadassah Ein Kerem Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
   SW Fdn Biomed Res, Dept Genet, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Hadassah University Medical Center; Texas Biomedical Research Institute
RP Cedar, H (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Cellular Biochem, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
NR 30
TC 132
Z9 149
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6756
BP 929
EP 932
DI 10.1038/44866
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 251UL
UT WOS:000083464700063
PM 10553911
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Law, DA
   DeGuzman, FR
   Heiser, P
   Ministri-Madrid, K
   Killeen, N
   Phillips, DR
AF Law, DA
   DeGuzman, FR
   Heiser, P
   Ministri-Madrid, K
   Killeen, N
   Phillips, DR
TI Integrin cytoplasmic tyrosine motif is required for outside-in αIIbβ3 signalling and platelet function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-adhesion; iib-iiia; phosphorylation; protein; transduction; activation; domains
AB Integrins not only bind adhesive ligands(1), they also act as signalling receptors(2), Both functions allow the integrin alpha IIb beta 3 to mediate platelet aggregation(3), Platelet agonists activate alpha IIb beta 3 (inside-out signalling) to allow the binding of soluble fibrinogen. Subsequent platelet aggregation leads to outside-in alpha IIb beta 3 signalling, which results in calcium mobilization(4), tyrosine phosphorylation of numerous proteins(5,6) including beta 3 itself(7) increased cytoskeletal reorganisations and further activation of alpha IIb beta 3 (ref, 2). Thus, outside-in signals enhance aggregation, although the mechanisms and functional consequences of specific signalling events remain unclear, Here we describe a mouse that expresses an alpha IIb beta 3 in which the tyrosines in the integrin cytoplasmic tyrosine motif have been mutated to phenylalanines. These mice are selectively impaired in outside-in alpha IIb beta 3 signalling, with defective aggregation and clot-retraction responses in vitro, and an in vivo bleeding defect which is characterized by a pronounced tendency to rebleed, These data provide evidence for an important role of outside-in signalling in platelet physiology, Furthermore, they identify the integrin cytoplasmic tyrosine motif as a key mediator of beta-integrin signals and a potential target for new therapeutic agents.
C1 COR Therapeut Inc, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd; Millennium Pharmaceuticals; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Phillips, DR (corresponding author), COR Therapeut Inc, 256 E Grand Ave, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
NR 23
TC 270
Z9 306
U1 1
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6755
BP 808
EP 811
DI 10.1038/44599
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 250BG
UT WOS:000083368700057
PM 10548108
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Glazier, JA
   Segawa, T
   Naert, A
   Sano, M
AF Glazier, JA
   Segawa, T
   Naert, A
   Sano, M
TI Evidence against 'ultrahard' thermal turbulence at very high Rayleigh numbers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID benard convection; temperature
AB Several theories(1-5) predict that a limiting and universal turbulent regime-'ultrahard' turbulence-should occur at large Rayleigh numbers (Ra, the ratio between thermal driving and viscous dissipative forces) in Rayleigh-BC nard thermal convection in a dosed, rigid-walled cell. In this regime, viscosity becomes negligible, gravitationally driven buoyant plumes transport the heat and the thermal boundary layer, where the temperature profile is linear, controls the rate of thermal transport. The ultrahard state is predicted to support more efficient thermal transport than 'hard' (fully developed) turbulence: transport efficiency in the ultrahard state grows as Ra-1/2, as opposed to Ra-2/7 in the hard state(6). The detection of a transition to the ultrahard state has been claimed in recent experiments using mercury(7) and gaseous helium(8). Here we report experiments on Rayleigh-Benard convection in mercury at high effective Rayleigh numbers, in,which we see no evidence of a transition to an ultrahard state. Our results suggest that the Limiting state of thermal turbulence at high Rayleigh numbers is ordinary hard turbulence.
C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
   Tohoku Univ, Elect Commun Res Inst, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980, Japan.
   Ecole Normale Super Lyon, Phys Lab, F-69364 Lyon, France.
C3 University of Notre Dame; Tohoku University; Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON)
RP Glazier, JA (corresponding author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
EM jglazier@rameau.phys.nd.edu
NR 17
TC 135
Z9 147
U1 3
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6725
BP 307
EP 310
DI 10.1038/18626
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180DF
UT WOS:000079369600043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Newell, RE
   Thouret, V
   Cho, JYN
   Stoller, P
   Marenco, A
   Smit, HG
AF Newell, RE
   Thouret, V
   Cho, JYN
   Stoller, P
   Marenco, A
   Smit, HG
TI Ubiquity of quasi-horizontal layers in the troposphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ozone
AB Fine laminar structures in the atmosphere have been described previously(1-9), but their characterization has been limited. The modern global coverage of aircraft flights offers an opportunity to provide such a characterization, and examine the ubiquity of such structures, in space and time. Research aircraft measuring vertical profiles of atmospheric chemical constituents frequently discern quasi-horizontal atmospheric layers with mean thicknesses of the order of 1 km and mean altitudes between 5 and 7 km (refs 10-12). These layers can be characterized and categorized by various combinations of ozone, water vapour, carbon monoxide and methane deviations from background profiles. Five commercial aircraft have been recently equipped to measure water vapour and ozone concentrations, and automatically collect vertical profile information on landing and take-off (refs 13-15). Here we synthesize measurements from both research and commercial flights and demonstrate the ubiquity in space and time of four layer types (as categorized by their chemical signatures). Up to one-fifth of the lowest 12 km of the atmosphere is occupied by such layers. We suggest that this universality reflects basic characteristics of the atmosphere hitherto unexplored, with potential implications for present understanding of a wide variety of dynamic and chemical atmospheric processes.
C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Lab Aerol, CNRS, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
   Forschungszentrum Julich, Res Ctr, Inst Chem Polluted Atmosphere IGG2, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); LAERO; Helmholtz Association; Julich Research Centre
RP Newell, RE (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM newell@newell1.mit.edu
NR 22
TC 117
Z9 121
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6725
BP 316
EP 319
DI 10.1038/18642
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180DF
UT WOS:000079369600046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Patrick, GN
   Zukerberg, L
   Nikolic, M
   de la Monte, S
   Dikkes, P
   Tsai, LH
AF Patrick, GN
   Zukerberg, L
   Nikolic, M
   de la Monte, S
   Dikkes, P
   Tsai, LH
TI Conversion of p35 to p25 deregulates Cdk5 activity and promotes neurodegeneration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclin-dependent kinase-5; neuronal-specific activator; glycogen-synthase kinase-3; directed protein-kinase; central-nervous-system; apoptotic cell-death; tau-protein; alzheimers-disease; regulatory subunit; cerebral-cortex
AB Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is required for proper development of the mammalian central nervous system. To be activated, Cdk5 has to associate with its regulatory subunit, p35, We have found that p25, a truncated form of p35, accumulates in neurons in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. This accumulation correlates with an increase in Cdk5 kinase activity. Unlike p35, p25 is not readily degraded, and binding of p25 to Cdk5 constitutively activates Cdk5, changes its cellular location and alters its substrate specificity, In vivo the p25/Cdk5 complex hyperphosphorylates tau, which reduces tau's ability to associate with microtubules, Moreover, expression of the p25/Cdk5 complex in cultured primary neurons induces cytoskeletal disruption, morphological degeneration and apoptosis, These findings indicate that cleavage of p35, followed by accumulation of p25, may be involved in the pathogenesis of cytoskeletal abnormalities and neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp E, Ctr Canc, Charlestown, MA 02119 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital
RP Tsai, LH (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 49
TC 1350
Z9 1571
U1 0
U2 94
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 615
EP 622
DI 10.1038/45159
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800054
PM 10604467
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Conway, G
   Toenniessen, G
AF Conway, G
   Toenniessen, G
TI Feeding the world in the twenty-first century
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The gains in food production provided by the Green Revolution have reached their ceiling while world population continues to rise. To ensure that the world's poorest people do not still go hungry in the twenty-first century, advances in plant biotechnology must be deployed for their benefit by a strong public-sector agricultural research effort.
C1 Rockefeller Fdn, New York, NY 10018 USA.
RP Conway, G (corresponding author), Rockefeller Fdn, New York, NY 10018 USA.
NR 16
TC 165
Z9 200
U1 2
U2 78
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP C55
EP C58
DI 10.1038/35011545
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MZ
UT WOS:000084014100008
PM 10591226
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dupont, S
   Sharova, N
   DéHoratius, C
   Virbasius, CMA
   Zhu, XC
   Bukrinskaya, AG
   Stevenson, M
   Green, MR
AF Dupont, S
   Sharova, N
   DéHoratius, C
   Virbasius, CMA
   Zhu, XC
   Bukrinskaya, AG
   Stevenson, M
   Green, MR
TI A novel nuclear export activity in HIV-1 matrix protein required for viral replication
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; intracellular-transport; localization signal; nondividing cells; rna dimerization; messenger-rna; leptomycin-b; infection; crm1; encapsidation
AB An important aspect of the pathophysiology of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection is the ability of the virus to replicate in non-dividing cells(1-3). HIV-1 matrix (MA), the amino-terminal domain of the Pr55 gag polyprotein (Pr55), bears a nuclear localization signal that promotes localization of the viral preintegration complex to the nucleus of non-dividing cells following virus entry(3-5). However, late during infection, MA, as part of Pr55, directs unspliced viral RNA to the plasma membrane(6), the site of virus assembly. How MA can mediate these two opposing targeting functions is not understood. Here we demonstrate that MA has a previously undescribed nuclear export activity. Although MA lacks the canonical leucine-rich nuclear export signal, nuclear export is mediated through the conserved Crmlp pathway and functions in both mammalian cells and yeast. A mutation that disrupts the MA nuclear export signal (MA-M4) mislocalizes Pr55 and genomic viral RNA to the nucleus, thereby severely impairing viral replication. Furthermore, we show that MA-M4 can act in a dominant-negative fashion to mislocalize genomic viral RNA even in the presence of wild-type MA, We conclude that the MA nuclear export signal is required to counteract the MA nuclear localization signal, thus ensuring the cytoplasmic availability of the components required for virion assembly.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Med Ctr, Program Mol Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
RP Green, MR (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 373 Plantat St,Suite 309, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
NR 26
TC 104
Z9 127
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 681
EP 685
DI 10.1038/45272
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800070
PM 10604476
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, L
   Li, PS
   Asher, SA
AF Liu, L
   Li, PS
   Asher, SA
TI Entropic trapping of macromolecules by mesoscopic periodic voids in a polymer hydrogel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystalline colloidal arrays; gel-electrophoresis; tracer diffusion; dna; diffraction; polystyrene
AB The separation of macromolecules such as polymers and DNA by means of electrophoresis, gel permeation chromatography or filtration exploits size-dependent differences in the time it takes for the molecules to migrate through a random porous network. Transport through the gel matrices, which usually consist of full swollen crosslinked polymers(1-11), depends on the relative size of the macromolecule compared with the pore radius. Sufficiently small molecules are thought to adopt an approximately spherical conformation when diffusing through the gel matrix(1), whereas larger ones are forced to migrate in a snake-like fashion(3-5). Molecules of intermediate size, however, can get temporarily trapped in the largest pores of the matrix, where the molecule can extend and thus maximize its conformational entropy, This 'entropic trapping' is thought to increase the dependence of diffusion rate an molecular size(6-16). Here we report the direct experimental verification of this phenomenon. Bragg diffraction from a hydrogel containing a periodic array of monodisperse water voids confirms that polymers of different weights partition between the hydrogel matrix and the water voids according to the predictions of the entropic trapping theory. Our approach might also lead to the design of improved separation media based on entropic trapping.
C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Chem, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh
RP Asher, SA (corresponding author), Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Chem, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
EM asher+@pitt.edu
NR 29
TC 188
Z9 208
U1 3
U2 136
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 14
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6715
BP 141
EP 144
DI 10.1038/16426
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 157WQ
UT WOS:000078085000039
PM 9923674
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU LeDuc, P
   Haber, C
   Bao, G
   Wirtz, D
AF LeDuc, P
   Haber, C
   Bao, G
   Wirtz, D
TI Dynamics of individual flexible polymers in a shear flow
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single dna molecule; staining method; microscopy
AB Polymer dynamics are of central importance in materials science, mechanical engineering, biology and medicine(1,2). The dynamics of macromolecular solutions and melts in shear flow are typically studied using bulk experimental methods such as light and neutron scattering and birefringence(3,4). But the effect of shear on the conformation and dynamics of individual polymers is still not well understood(5-7). Here we describe observations of the real-time dynamics of individual, flexible polymers (fluorescently labelled DNA molecules(8-15)) under a shear flow. The sheared polymers exhibit many types of extended conformation with an overall orientation ranging from parallel to perpendicular with respect to the flow direction. For shear rates much smaller than the inverse of the relaxation time of the molecule, the relative populations of these two main types of conformation are controlled by the rate of the shear flow. These results question the adequacy of assumptions made in standard models of polymer dynamics(5,6).
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
RP Wirtz, D (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
NR 25
TC 204
Z9 223
U1 0
U2 57
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6736
BP 564
EP 566
DI 10.1038/21148
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 204RR
UT WOS:000080778400049
PM 10376595
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kräuchi, K
   Cajochen, C
   Werth, E
   Wirz-Justice, A
AF Kräuchi, K
   Cajochen, C
   Werth, E
   Wirz-Justice, A
TI Physiology -: Warm feet promote the rapid onset of sleep
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperature
C1 Univ Basel, Psychiat Clin, Chronobiol & Sleep Lab, CH-4025 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 University of Basel
RP Kräuchi, K (corresponding author), Univ Basel, Psychiat Clin, Chronobiol & Sleep Lab, Wilhelm Klein Str 27, CH-4025 Basel, Switzerland.
NR 10
TC 300
Z9 352
U1 0
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6748
BP 36
EP 37
DI 10.1038/43366
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 232MK
UT WOS:000082374400030
PM 10485703
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jones, D
AF Jones, D
TI Daedalus - Play it again, Sam
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 419
EP 419
DI 10.1038/20824
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900028
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Swinbanks, D
AF Swinbanks, D
TI 'Venture fever' grips Asian economies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 1
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6732
BP 177
EP 179
DI 10.1038/20226
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 196XU
UT WOS:000080335700056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU MacLachlan, MJ
   Coombs, N
   Ozin, GA
AF MacLachlan, MJ
   Coombs, N
   Ozin, GA
TI Non-aqueous supramolecular assembly of mesostructured metal germanium sulphides from (Ge4S10)4- clusters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-sieves; open-frameworks; thiogermanates; mechanism; catalysts; sulfide; silica
AB Microporous materials have found extensive application as catalysts, ion-exchange media and sorbents(1,2). The discovery of mesoporous silica(3) has opened the path to selective catalysis and separation of large molecules and to the synthesis of inorganic-organic composite materials, polymer mesofibres and semiconducting quantum dots(4-7). Various oxide-based mesoporous materials, such as TiO2, ZrO2, SnO2, Al2O3, Nb2O5 and GeO2, have been reported(8-13). A challenge for materials research is now to expand the scope of mesoporous materials beyond the oxides. Only a few non-oxide mesostructured composites, such as CdS, SnS2 and CdSe, have been reported; they are usually synthesized by ad hoc hydrothermal methods or from aqueous solutions containing ill-defined species, and are often not well characterized(14-16). Here we report the rational synthesis of a new family of metal germanium sulphide mesostructured materials prepared by a non-aqueous surfactant-templated assembly of adamantanoid [Ge4S10](4-) cluster precursors. In the presence of quaternary alkylammonium surfactants, [Ge4S10](4-) anions in formamide solution self-organize with metal cations (Co2+, Ni2+, Cu+ and Zn2+) to create well ordered hexagonal metal germanium sulphide mesostructures, some having fibre-like morphologies with channels running down the long axis of the fibre. Materials of this genre could prove effective in applications as diverse as detoxification of heavy metals in polluted water streams, sensing of sulphurous vapours, and the formation of semiconductor quantum 'anti-dot' devices.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Chem, Mat Chem Res Grp, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto
RP Ozin, GA (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Chem, Mat Chem Res Grp, 80 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
NR 26
TC 233
Z9 256
U1 4
U2 198
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 25
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6721
BP 681
EP 684
DI 10.1038/17776
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 171AP
UT WOS:000078840100046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reddy, MM
   Light, MJ
   Quinton, PM
AF Reddy, MM
   Light, MJ
   Quinton, PM
TI Activation of the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) requires CFTR Cl- channel function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmembrane conductance regulator; cystic-fibrosis; protein-kinase; transport; cultures; binding; glands; cells
AB It is increasingly being recognized that cells coordinate the activity Of separate ion channels that allow electrolytes into the cell. However, a perplexing problem in channel regulation has arisen in the fatal genetic disease cystic fibrosis, which results fi om the loss of a specific Cl- channel (the CFTR channel) in epithelial cell membranes(1). Although this defect clearly inhibits the absorption of Na+ in sweat gands(2,3), it is widely accepted that Na+ absorption is abnormally elevated in defective airways in cystic fibrosis(4,5). The only frequently cited explanation for this hypertransport is that the activity of an epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) is inversely related to the activity of the CFTR Cl- channel(5-7). However we report here that, in freshly isolated normal sweat ducts, ENaC activity is dependent on, and increases with, CFTR activity. Surprisingly, we also find that the primary defect in Cl- permeability in cystic fibrosis(8) is accompanied secondarily by a Na+ conductance in this tissue that cannot: be activated. Thus, reduced salt absorption in cystic fibrosis is due not only to poor Cl- conductance but also to poor Na+ conductance.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Pediat 0831, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Quinton, PM (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Pediat 0831, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 28
TC 188
Z9 240
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6759
BP 301
EP 304
DI 10.1038/46297
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 257ZP
UT WOS:000083813700052
PM 10580502
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ona, VO
   Li, MW
   Vonsattel, JPG
   Andrews, LJ
   Khan, SQ
   Chung, WM
   Frey, AS
   Menon, AS
   Li, XJ
   Stieg, PE
   Yuan, JY
   Penney, JB
   Young, AB
   Cha, JHJ
   Friedlander, RM
AF Ona, VO
   Li, MW
   Vonsattel, JPG
   Andrews, LJ
   Khan, SQ
   Chung, WM
   Frey, AS
   Menon, AS
   Li, XJ
   Stieg, PE
   Yuan, JY
   Penney, JB
   Young, AB
   Cha, JHJ
   Friedlander, RM
TI Inhibition of caspase-1 slows disease progression in a mouse model of Huntington's disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interleukin-1-beta converting-enzyme; neuronal intranuclear inclusions; trophic factor withdrawal; transgenic mice; il-1-beta-converting enzyme; polyglutamine tract; cysteine protease; family proteases; cell-death; gene
AB Huntington's disease is an autosomal-dominant progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting in specific neuronal loss and dysfunction in the striatum and cortex(1). The disease is universally fatal, with a mean survival following onset of 15-20 years and, at present, there is no effective treatment. The mutation in patients with Huntington's disease is an expanded CAG/polyglutamine repeat in huntingtin, a protein of unknown function with a relative molecular mass of 350,000 (M-r 350K)(2). The length of the CAG/polyglutamine repeat is inversely correlated with the age of disease onset. The molecular pathways mediating the neuropathology of Huntington's disease are poorly understood. Transgenic mice expressing exon 1 of the human huntingtin gene with an expanded CAG/polyglutamine repeat develop a progressive syndrome with many of the characteristics of human Huntington's disease(3). Here we demonstrate evidence of caspase-1 activation in the brains of mice and humans with the disease. In this transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease, expression of a dominant-negative caspase-1 mutant extends survival and delays the appearance of neuronal inclusions, neurotransmitter receptor alterations and onset of symptoms, indicating that caspase-1 is important in the pathogenesis of the disease. In addition, we demonstrate that intracerebroventricular administration of a caspase inhibitor delays disease progression and mortality in the mouse model of Huntington's disease.
C1 Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Surg,Neurol Serv, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Neuropathol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Emory University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Friedlander, RM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Surg,Neurol Serv, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM rfriedlander@rics.bwh.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 530
Z9 652
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6733
BP 263
EP 267
DI 10.1038/20446
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 198MF
UT WOS:000080427400057
PM 10353249
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bidle, KD
   Azam, F
AF Bidle, KD
   Azam, F
TI Accelerated dissolution of diatom silica by marine bacterial assemblages
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biogenic silica; ocean; sedimentation; seawater; cycle; sea
AB Downward fluxes of biogenic silica and organic matter in the global ocean derive dominantly from the productivity of diatoms-phytoplankton with cell walls containing silica encased in an organic matrix(1,2). As diatoms have an absolute requirement for silicon (as silicic acid)(3), its supply into the photic zone-largely by silica dissolution and upwelling-controls diatom production (and consequently the biological uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the ocean) over vast oceanic areas(4). Current biogeochemical models assume silica dissolution to be controlled by temperature, zooplankton grazing and diatom aggregation(4,5), but the role of bacteria has not been established. Yet bacteria utilize about half of the organic matter derived from oceanic primary production(6) by varied strategies, including attack on dead and living diatoms by using hydrolytic enzymes(7,8), and could adventitiously hasten silica dissolution by degrading the organic matrix which protects diatom frustules from dissolution(9,10). Here we report the results of experiments in which natural assemblages of marine bacteria dramatically increased silica dissolution from two species of lysed marine diatoms compared to bacteria-free controls. Silica dissolution accompanied, and was caused by, bacterial colonization and hydrolytic attack. Bacteria-mediated silicon regeneration rates varied with diatom type and bacterial assemblage; observed rates could explain most of the reported upper-ocean silicon regeneration(5,11). Bacteria-mediated silicon regeneration may thus critically control diatom productivity and the cycling and fate of silicon and carbon in the ocean.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Marine Biol Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography
RP Azam, F (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Marine Biol Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 30
TC 422
Z9 471
U1 3
U2 143
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 11
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6719
BP 508
EP 512
DI 10.1038/17351
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 166KN
UT WOS:000078574900045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Robbie, K
   Broer, DJ
   Brett, MJ
AF Robbie, K
   Broer, DJ
   Brett, MJ
TI Chiral nematic order in liquid crystals imposed by an engineered inorganic nanostructure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glancing angle deposition; helicoidal bianisotropic medium; sculptured thin-films; reflection; growth
AB Control over the orientational order of liquid crystals (LCs) is critical to optical switching and display applications. Porous polymer networks have been used to influence the orientation of embedded chiral liquid crystals(1), yielding for example reflective displays. Here we show that inorganic films with a porous structure engineered on the submicrometre scale by glancing-angle deposition(2,3) can be used to control the orientation of LCs impregnated into the voids. The inorganic material contains helical columns that orient rod-like nematic LCs into a phase similar to a chiral nematic(1,4) but with direct control of the local molecular arrangement (for example, the helical pitch) imposed by the inorganic microstructure. We also show that reactive LC molecules in this composite material can be crosslinked by photopolymerization while retaining the imposed structure.
C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada.
   Philips Res Labs, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, Netherlands.
C3 University of Alberta; Philips; Philips Research
RP Robbie, K (corresponding author), Queens Univ, Dept Phys, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
NR 23
TC 234
Z9 251
U1 0
U2 110
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6738
BP 764
EP 766
DI 10.1038/21612
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 210JP
UT WOS:000081101600048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zühlke, RD
   Pitt, GS
   Deisseroth, K
   Tsien, RW
   Reuter, H
AF Zühlke, RD
   Pitt, GS
   Deisseroth, K
   Tsien, RW
   Reuter, H
TI Calmodulin supports both inactivation and facilitation of L-type calcium channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ca2+ channels; ca2+-sensitive inactivation; alpha(1c) subunit; dependent inactivation; inhibition; voltage; cells; motif; modulation; mechanism
AB L-type Ca2+ channels support Ca2+ entry into cells, which triggers cardiac contraction(1), controls hormone secretion from endocrine cells(2) and initiates transcriptional events that support learning and memory(3). These channels are examples of molecular signal-transduction units that regulate themselves through their own activity. Among the many types of voltage-gated Ca2+ channel, L-type Ca2+ channels particularly display inactivation and facilitation, both of which are closely linked to the earlier entry of Ca2+ ions(4-10). Both forms of autoregulation have a significant impact on the amount of Ca2+ that enters the cell during repetitive activity, with major consequences downstream. Despite extensive biophysical analysis(9), the molecular basis of autoregulation remains unclear, although a putative Ca2+-binding EF-hand motif(11,12) and a nearby consensus calmodulin-binding isoleucine-glutamine ('IQ') motif(13,14) in the carboxy terminus of the alpha(1C) channel subunit have been implicated(12,14-16). Here we show that calmodulin is a critical Ca2+ sensor for both inactivation and facilitation, and that the nature of the modulatory effect depends on residues within the IQ motif important for calmodulin binding. Replacement of the native isoleucine by alanine removed Ca2+-dependent inactivation and unmasked a strong facilitation; conversion of the same residue to glutamate eliminated both forms of autoregulation. These results indicate that the same calmodulin molecule may act as a Ca2+ sensor for both positive and negative modulation.
C1 Univ Bern, Dept Pharmacol, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Div Cardiovasc Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 University of Bern; Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Reuter, H (corresponding author), Univ Bern, Dept Pharmacol, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
NR 29
TC 728
Z9 841
U1 0
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6732
BP 159
EP 162
DI 10.1038/20200
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 196XU
UT WOS:000080335700052
PM 10335846
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yazdani, A
   Lieber, CM
AF Yazdani, A
   Lieber, CM
TI Up close and personal to atoms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scanning-tunneling-microscope; carbon nanotubes; single-molecule; electronic-structure; c-60 molecules; surface; manipulation; spectroscopy
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Mat Res Lab, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Yazdani, A (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1110 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
NR 35
TC 22
Z9 24
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 227
EP 230
DI 10.1038/45709
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400037
PM 10499575
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Macilwain, C
AF Macilwain, C
TI Stability offers unique opportunity for research
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 6
Z9 8
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6726
BP A4
EP A5
DI 10.1038/19795
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 182QB
UT WOS:000079508700002
PM 10201377
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tanimoto, K
   Liu, QH
   Bungert, J
   Engel, JD
AF Tanimoto, K
   Liu, QH
   Bungert, J
   Engel, JD
TI Effects of altered gene order or orientation of the locus control region on human β-globin gene expression in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast artificial chromosome; developmental regulation; transgenic mice; epsilon-globin; gamma-globin; transcription
AB The five human beta-type-globin genes, epsilon, G gamma, A gamma, delta and beta, are close together and are regulated by a locus control region (LCR) located at the 5' end of the locus(1,2). Here we investigate the functional consequences of this organization with respect to temporal regulation of the individual genes, by using recombination techniques to invert the order of either the genes or the LCR in vivo. Our analysis of transgenic mice bearing either normal or mutant transgenes leads to two new observations. First, the position of the epsilon-globin gene next to the LCR is mandatory for its expression during the yolk-sac stage of erythropoiesis. Second, LCR activity is orientation dependent, and so the LCR does not act as a simple enhancer to stimulate transcription of the globin genes. Thus, in the absence of any change in transgene integration position, transgene copy number, trans-acting factors or other resident genetic information, simple inversion of the human genes or the LCR fundamentally alters the transcription of beta-type globin genes.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Cell Biol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
C3 Northwestern University
RP Engel, JD (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Cell Biol, 2153 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL024415] Funding Source: Medline; NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK052356] Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 146
Z9 158
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6725
BP 344
EP 348
DI 10.1038/18698
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180DF
UT WOS:000079369600054
PM 10192336
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ma, WY
   Korngreen, A
   Uzlaner, N
   Priel, Z
   Silberberg, SD
AF Ma, WY
   Korngreen, A
   Uzlaner, N
   Priel, Z
   Silberberg, SD
TI Extracellular sodium regulates airway ciliary motility by inhibiting a P2X receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hypertonic saline aerosol; cystic-fibrosis; mucociliary clearance; surface liquid; human lung; epithelia; inhalation; increases; healthy; fluid
AB The mucociliary system is responsible for clearing inhaled particles and pathogens from the airways, This important task is performed by the beating of cilia and the consequent movement of mucus from the lungs to the upper airways(1,2). Because ciliary motility is enhanced by elevated intracellular calcium concentrations, inhibition of calcium influx could lead to disease by jeopardizing mucociliary clearance. Several hormones and neurotransmitters stimulate ciliary motility, one of the most potent of which is extracellular ATP (ATP(0))(1), which acts by releasing calcium ions from internal stores and by activating calcium influx(3-5). Here we show that, in airway ciliated cells, extracellular sodium ions (Na-0(+)) specifically and competitively inhibit an ATP. gated channel that is permeable to calcium ions, and thereby attenuate ATP(0)-induced ciliary motility, Our finding points to a physiological role for Na-0(+) in ciliary function, and indicates that mucociliary clearance might be improved in respiratory disorders such as chronic bronchitis and cystic fibrosis by decreasing the sodium concentration of the airway surface fluid in which the cilia are bathed.
C1 Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Life Sci, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
   Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Chem, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
   Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Zlotowski Ctr Neurosci, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
C3 Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
RP Silberberg, SD (corresponding author), Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Life Sci, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
NR 24
TC 67
Z9 77
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6747
BP 894
EP 897
DI 10.1038/23743
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 230CA
UT WOS:000082233200051
PM 10476971
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wickware, P
AF Wickware, P
TI End of the brain drain could be in sight
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
RP Wickware, P (corresponding author), 101 Reed St, Mill Valley, CA 94941 USA.
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 1
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6732
BP 179
EP 180
DI 10.1038/20236
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 196XU
UT WOS:000080335700057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shu, DG
   Luo, HL
   Morris, SC
   Zhang, XL
   Hu, SX
   Chen, L
   Han, J
   Zhu, M
   Li, Y
   Chen, LZ
AF Shu, DG
   Luo, HL
   Morris, SC
   Zhang, XL
   Hu, SX
   Chen, L
   Han, J
   Zhu, M
   Li, Y
   Chen, LZ
TI Lower Cambrian vertebrates from South China
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID origin; ordovician; evolution; australia; chordate
AB The first fossil chordates are found in deposits from the Cambrian period (545-490 million years ago), but their earliest record is exceptionally sporadic and is often controversial, Accordingly, it has been difficult to construct a coherent phylogenetic synthesis far the basal chordates, Until now, the available soft-bodied remains have consisted almost entirely of cephalochordate-like animals from Burgess Shale-type faunas, Definite examples of agnathan fish do not occur until the Lower Ordovician (similar to 475 Myr BP), with a more questionable record extending into the Cambrian, The discovery of two distinct types of agnathan from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang fossil-Lagerstatte is, therefore, a very significant extension of their range, One form is lamprey-like, whereas the other is closer to the more primitive hagfish, These finds imply that the first agnathans may have evolved in the earliest Cambrian, with the chordates arising from more primitive deuterostomes in Ediacaran times (latest Neoproterozoic, similar to 555 Myr BP), if not earlier.
C1 NW Univ Xian, Early Life Inst, Xian 710069, Peoples R China.
   NW Univ Xian, Dept Geol, Xian 710069, Peoples R China.
   Yunnan Inst Geol Sci, Kunming, Peoples R China.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
C3 Northwest University Xi'an; Northwest University Xi'an; University of Cambridge; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS
RP Shu, DG (corresponding author), NW Univ Xian, Early Life Inst, Xian 710069, Peoples R China.
EM dgshu@sein.sxgb.com.cn
NR 33
TC 364
Z9 429
U1 4
U2 102
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 42
EP 46
DI 10.1038/46965
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600035
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ritchie, ME
   Olff, H
AF Ritchie, ME
   Olff, H
TI Spatial scaling laws yield a synthetic theory of biodiversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID body-size; fractal landscapes; diversity; abundance; plant
AB Ecologists still search for common principles that predict well-known responses of biological diversity to different factors(1-4) Such factors include the number of available niches in space(5-7), productivity(8-10), area(10), species' body size(11-14) and habitat fragmentation. Here we show that all these patterns can arise from simple constraints on how organisms acquire resources in space. We use spatial scaling laws to describe how species of different sizes find food in patches of varying size and resource concentration. We then derive a mathematical rule for the minimum similarity in size of species that share these resources. This packing rule yields a theory of species diversity that predicts relations between diversity and productivity more effectively than previous models(8-10). Size and diversity patterns for locally coexisting East African grazing mammals and North American savanna plants strongly support these predictions. The theory also predicts relations between diversity and area and between diversity and habitat fragmentation. Thus, spatial scaling laws provide potentially unifying first principles that may explain many important patterns of species diversity.
C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
   Agr Univ Wageningen, Dept Environm Sci, Trop Nat Conservat & Vertebrate Ecol Grp, NL-6708 PD Wageningen, Netherlands.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; Utah State University; Wageningen University & Research
RP Ritchie, ME (corresponding author), Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
EM ritchie@cc.usu.edu
NR 30
TC 315
Z9 353
U1 4
U2 135
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6744
BP 557
EP 560
DI 10.1038/23010
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223RT
UT WOS:000081854800053
PM 10448857
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meng, WY
   Sawasdikosol, S
   Burakoff, SJ
   Eck, MJ
AF Meng, WY
   Sawasdikosol, S
   Burakoff, SJ
   Eck, MJ
TI Structure of the amino-terminal domain of Cbl complexed to its binding site on ZAP-70 kinase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protooncogene c-cbl; tyrosine kinase; egf receptor; v-cbl; protein; recognition; association; regulator; peptide; product
AB Cbl is an adaptor protein that functions as a negative regulator of many signalling pathways that start from receptors at the cell surface(1-4). The evolutionarily conserved amino-terminal region of Cbl (Cbl-N) binds to phosphorylated tyrosine residues and has cell-transforming activity. Point mutations in Cbl, that disrupt its recognition of phosphotyrosine also interfere with its negative regulatory function and, in the case of v-cbl, with its oncogenic potential(5). In T cells, Cbl-N binds to the tyrosine-phosphorylated inhibitory site of the protein tyrosine kinase ZAP-70(6). Here we describe the crystal structure of Cbl-N, both alone and in complex with a phosphopeptide that represents its binding site in ZAP-70. The structures show that Cbl-N is composed of three interacting domains: a four-helix bundle (4H), an EF-hand(7) calcium-binding domain, and a divergent SH2 domain(8) that was not recognizable from the amino-acid sequence of the protein. The calcium-hound EF hand wedges between the 4H and SH2 domains and roughly determines their relative orientation. In the ligand-occupied structure, the 4H domain packs against the SH2 domain and completes its phosphotyrosine-recognition pocket. Disruption of this binding to ZAP-70 as a result of structure-based mutations in the 4H, EF-hand and SH2 domains confirms that the three domains together form an integrated phosphoprotein-recognition module.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Pediat Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
RP Eck, MJ (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM eck@red.dfci.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 251
Z9 297
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6722
BP 84
EP 90
DI 10.1038/18050
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 174KG
UT WOS:000079033900057
PM 10078535
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Snijder, HJ
   Ubarretxena-Belandia, I
   Blaauw, M
   Kalk, KH
   Verheij, HM
   Egmond, MR
   Dekker, N
   Dijkstra, BW
AF Snijder, HJ
   Ubarretxena-Belandia, I
   Blaauw, M
   Kalk, KH
   Verheij, HM
   Egmond, MR
   Dekker, N
   Dijkstra, BW
TI Structural evidence for dimerization-regulated activation of an integral membrane phospholipase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; enzymatic-activity; crystal-structures; diffraction data; molscript
AB Dimerization is a biological regulatory mechanism employed by both soluble and membrane proteins'. However, there are few structural data on the factors that govern dimerization of membrane proteins. Outer membrane phospholipase A (OMPLA) is an integral membrane enzyme which participates in secretion of colicins in Escherichia coli. In Campilobacter(2) and Helicobacter pylori strains(3), OMPLA is implied in virulence. Its activity is regulated by reversible dimerization(4,5) Here we report X-ray structures of monomeric and dimeric OMPLA from E. coli. Dimer interactions occur almost exclusively in the apolar membrane-embedded parts, with two hydrogen bonds within the hydrophobic membrane area being key interactions. Dimerization results in functional oxyanion holes and substrate-binding pockets, which are absent in monomeric OMPLA. These results provide a detailed view of activation by dimerization of a membrane protein.
C1 Univ Groningen, BIOSON Res Inst, Biophys Chem Lab, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Utrecht, Ctr Biomembranes & Lipid Enzymol, Inst Biomembranes, Dept Enzymol & Prot Engn, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 University of Groningen; Utrecht University
RP Dijkstra, BW (corresponding author), Univ Groningen, BIOSON Res Inst, Biophys Chem Lab, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
NR 29
TC 226
Z9 268
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6754
BP 717
EP 721
DI 10.1038/44890
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 247EJ
UT WOS:000083207400061
PM 10537112
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vainio, S
   Heikkilä, M
   Kispert, A
   Chin, N
   McMahon, AP
AF Vainio, S
   Heikkilä, M
   Kispert, A
   Chin, N
   McMahon, AP
TI Female development in mammals is regulated by Wnt-4 signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mullerian-inhibiting substance; adrenal hypoplasia congenita; side-chain-cleavage; sex determination; y-chromosome; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; molecular-genetics; transgenic mice; fetal mouse; expression
AB In the mammalian embryo, both sexes are initially morphologically Indistinguishable: specific hormones are required for sex-specific development. Mullerian inhibiting substance and testosterone secreted by the differentiating embryonic testes result in the loss of female (Mullerian) or promotion of male (Wolffian) reproductive duct development, respectively. The signalling molecule Wnt-4 is crucial for female sexual development. At birth, sexual development in males with a mutation in Wnt-4 appears to be normal; however, Wnt-4-mutant females are masculinized-the Mullerian duct is absent white the Wolffian duct continues to develop. Wnt-4 is initially required in both sexes for formation of the Mullerian duct, then Wnt-4 in the developing ovary appears to suppress the development of Leydig cells; consequently, Wnt-4-mutant females ectopically activate testosterone biosynthesis. Wnt-4 may also be required for maintenance of the female germ line. Thus, the establishment of sexual dimorphism is under the control of both local and systemic signals.
C1 Harvard Univ, Biolabs, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Oulu, Fac Sci, Dept Biochem, Oulu 90570, Finland.
   Univ Oulu, Fac Med, Dept Biochem, Oulu 90570, Finland.
   Univ Oulu, Bioctr Oulu, Oulu 90570, Finland.
C3 Harvard University; Finland National Institute for Health & Welfare; University of Oulu; University of Oulu; Finland National Institute for Health & Welfare; University of Oulu
RP McMahon, AP (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Biolabs, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, 16 Divin Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM amcmahon@biosun.harvard.edu
NR 41
TC 987
Z9 1157
U1 1
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 4
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6718
BP 405
EP 409
DI 10.1038/17068
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 164KA
UT WOS:000078461700038
PM 9989404
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wong, APS
   Bindoff, NL
   Church, JA
AF Wong, APS
   Bindoff, NL
   Church, JA
TI Large-scale freshening of intermediate waters in the Pacific and Indian oceans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic ocean; atmosphere model; transient-response; hydrographic data; subtropical gyre; carbon-dioxide; climate-change; sea-ice; variability; temperature
AB Despite the central role of the oceans in the global hydrological cycle, direct observations of precipitation over the oceans are too sparse to infer global patterns of variability. For the regions of water-mass formation (the high latitudes), however, it is possible to obtain indirect information on changes in the surface salinity budget from salinity measurements elsewhere, as water masses in the ocean carry distinct signatures in temperature and salinity over long distances. Here we present a comparison of historical hydrographic data collected between 1930 and 1980(1,2) with six more-recent trans-oceanic hydrographic sections (1985-94) from the intermediate waters of the Pacific and Indian oceans(3,4). North Pacific Intermediate Water and Antarctic Intermediate Water both show coherent basin-wide salinity decreases with time. The simplest explanation for these changes is a freshening of surface waters, over approximately 22 years, in the high-latitude North Pacific and Southern oceans, suggesting that precipitation (minus evaporation) has increased over the polar gyres. We estimate an increase by about 31 mm yr(-1) far the Southern Ocean (between 55 degrees S and 65 degrees S), which is about three times larger than the values suggested by coupled atmosphere-ocean models with increasing atmospheric greenhouse-gas concentrations for the same period(5-8). The patterns of change are, however, qualitatively consistent between models and observations, and our results provide evidence for an intensification of the global hydrological cycle over the past decades.
C1 Antarctic Cooperat Res Ctr, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
   Univ Tasmania, Inst Antarctic & So Ocean Studies, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
   CSIRO, Div Marine Res, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
C3 University of Tasmania; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
RP Bindoff, NL (corresponding author), Antarctic Cooperat Res Ctr, GPO Box 252-80, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
EM n.bindoff@utas.edu.au
NR 31
TC 232
Z9 244
U1 2
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6743
BP 440
EP 443
DI 10.1038/22733
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221FZ
UT WOS:000081715000047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blundell, KM
   Rawlings, S
AF Blundell, KM
   Rawlings, S
TI The inevitable youthfulness of known high-redshift radio galaxies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cluster environments; evolution; quasars; identifications
AB Some galaxies are very luminous in the radio part of the spectrum. These 'radio galaxies' have extensive (hundreds of kiloparsecs) lobes of emission powered by plasma jets originating at a central black hole(1). Some radio galaxies can be seen at very high redshifts(2), where in principle they can serve as probes of the early evolution of the Universe. Here we show that, for any model of radio-galaxy evolution in which the luminosity decreases with time after an initial rapid increase (that is, essentially all reasonable models(3)), all observable high-redshift radio galaxies must be seen when the lobes are less than 10(7) years old. This means that high-redshift radio galaxies can be used as a high-time-resolution probe of evolution in the early Universe. Moreover, this result explains many observed trends of radio-galaxy properties with redshift(4-9), without needing to invoke explanations based on cosmology(10) or strong evolution of the surrounding intergalactic medium with cosmic time(6), thereby avoiding conflict with current theories of structure formation(11).
C1 Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Blundell, KM (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Keble Rd, Oxford OX1 3RH, England.
NR 32
TC 97
Z9 99
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6734
BP 330
EP 332
DI 10.1038/20612
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200PA
UT WOS:000080547800051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Glynn, I
AF Glynn, I
TI Two millennia of animal spirits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Cambridge Trinity Coll, Cambridge CB2 1TQ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Glynn, I (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge Trinity Coll, Cambridge CB2 1TQ, England.
NR 0
TC 5
Z9 6
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 353
EP 353
DI 10.1038/46428
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600029
PM 10586866
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bilek, SL
   Lay, T
AF Bilek, SL
   Lay, T
TI Rigidity variations with depth along interplate megathrust faults in subduction zones
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tsunami earthquakes; convergent margins; rupture process; sediment; japan; crust; erosion; arc
AB The world's largest earthquakes occur along the contact between subducting and overriding tectonic plates in subduction zones(1). Rock and sediment properties near this plate interface exert important controls on the frictional behaviour of faults and earthquake rupture dynamics(2). An important material property to define along the plate interface is the rigidity (the resistance to shear deformation). Rigidity affects; the degree of earthquake shaking generated by a given fault displacement through its influences on seismic wave speed and earthquake rupture velocity. Here we present an investigation of the relationship between the duration of earthquake rupture and source depth, which yields estimates of rigidity variation along plate interfaces in six subduction zones in the circum-Pacific region. If stress drop is assumed constant, rigidity appears to increase with depth in each seismogenic zone by a factor of similar to 5 between depths of 5 and 20 km. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that 'tsunami' earthquakes (characterized by large slip for a given seismic moment and slow rupture velocity) occur in regions of low rigidity at shallow depths(3-5). These rigidity trends should provide lan important constraint for future fault-zone and earthquake-modelling efforts.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Tecton, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
RP Bilek, SL (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Tecton, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
NR 29
TC 215
Z9 246
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6743
BP 443
EP 446
DI 10.1038/22739
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221FZ
UT WOS:000081715000048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Payre, F
   Vincent, A
   Carreno, S
AF Payre, F
   Vincent, A
   Carreno, S
TI Ovo/svb integrates Wingless and DER pathways to control epidermis differentiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila egf receptor; ovo gene; armadillo; expression; protein; roles; morphogenesis; shavenbaby; encodes; cuticle
AB In Drosophila, as in mammals, epidermal differentiation is controlled by signalling cascades' that include Wnt proteins(2,3) and the ovo/shavenbaby (svb) family of zinc-finger transcription factor(4-6) Ovo/svb is a complex gene with two genetic functions corresponding to separate control regions: ovo is required for female germline development and svb for epidermal morphogenesis(7,8). In the Drosophila embryo, the ventral epidermis consists of the segmental alternance of two major cell types that produce either naked cuticle or cytoplasmic extrusions known as denticles. Wingless signalling specifies smooth cells that produce naked cuticle(9), whereas the activation of the Drosophila epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (DER) leads to the production of denticles(10). Here we show that expression of the ovo/svb gene controls the choice between these cell fates. We find that svb is a key selector gene that, cell autonomously, directs cytoskeletal modifications producing the denticle. The DER pathway promotes denticle formation by activating svb expression. Conversely, Wingless promotes the smooth cell fate through the transcriptional repression of svb by the bipartite nuclear factor Armadillo/dTcf. Ou data indicate that transcriptional regulation of svb integrates inputs fi om the Wingless and DER pathways and controls epidermal differentiation.
C1 Ctr Dev Biol, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
RP Payre, F (corresponding author), Ctr Dev Biol, UMR5547,Bat IVR3,118 Route Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
NR 30
TC 187
Z9 218
U1 1
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6741
BP 271
EP 275
DI 10.1038/22330
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 217MP
UT WOS:000081503800046
PM 10421370
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhu, HT
   Kavsak, P
   Abdollah, S
   Wrana, JL
   Thomsen, GH
AF Zhu, HT
   Kavsak, P
   Abdollah, S
   Wrana, JL
   Thomsen, GH
TI A SMAD ubiquitin ligase targets the BMP pathway and affects embryonic pattern formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tgf-beta superfamily; protein ligase; signaling pathways; xenopus embryo; c2 domain; degradation; receptor; encodes; system; acts
AB The TGF-beta superfamily of proteins regulates many different biological processes, including cell growth, differentiation and embryonic pattern formation(1-3). TGF-beta-like factors signal across cell membranes through complexes of transmembrane receptors known as type I and type II serine/threonine-kinase receptors, which in turn activate the SMAD signalling pathway(4,5). On the inside of the cell membrane, a receptor-regulated class of SMADs are phosphorylated by the type-I-receptor kinase. In this way, receptors for different factors are able to pass on specific signals along the pathway: for example, receptors for bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) target SMADs 1, 5 and 8, whereas receptors for activin and TGF-beta target SMADs 2 and 3. Phosphorylation of receptor-regulated SMADs induces their association with Smad4, the 'common-partner' SMAD, and stimulates accumulation of this complex in the nucleus, where it regulates transcriptional responses. Here we describe Smurf1, a new member of the Hect family of E3 ubiquitin ligases. Smurf1 selectively interacts with receptor-regulated SMADs specific for the BMP pathway in order to trigger their ubiquitination and degradation, and hence their inactivation. In the amphibian Xenopus laevis, Smurf1 messenger RNA is localized to the animal pole of the egg; in Xenopus embryos, ectopic Smurf1 inhibits the transmission of BMP signals and thereby affects pattern formation. Smurf1 also enhances cellular responsiveness to the Smad2 (activin/TGF-beta) pathway. Thus, targeted ubipuitination of SMADs may serve to control both embryonic development and a wide variety of cellular responses to TGF-beta signals.
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Biochem & Cell Biol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Inst Cell & Dev Biol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Hosp Sick Children, Program Dev Biol, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Genet & Microbiol, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto
RP Thomsen, GH (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Biochem & Cell Biol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD032429] Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 704
Z9 890
U1 1
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6745
BP 687
EP 693
DI 10.1038/23293
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226QU
UT WOS:000082032900059
PM 10458166
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sugiura, R
   Toda, T
   Dhut, S
   Shuntoh, H
   Kuno, T
AF Sugiura, R
   Toda, T
   Dhut, S
   Shuntoh, H
   Kuno, T
TI The MAPK kinase Pek1 acts as a phosphorylation-dependent molecular switch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fission yeast; protein-kinase; schizosaccharomyces-pombe; gene; pathway; growth; stress; mek; integrity; polarity
AB The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a highly conserved eukaryotic signalling: cascade that converts extracellular signals into various outputs, such as cell growth and differentiation(1-3), MAPK is phosphorylated and activated by a specific MAPK kinase (MAPKK)(4): MAPKK is therefore considered to be an activating regulator of MAPK. Pmk1 is a MAPK that regulates cell integrity(5) and which, with calcineurin phosphatase, antagonizes chloride homeostasis(6) in fission yeast. We have now identified Pek1, a MAPKK for Pmk1 MAPK. We show here that Pek1, in its unphosphorylated form, acts as a potent negative regulator of Pmk1 MAPK sig-nailing. Mkh1(7), an upstream MAPKK kinase (MAPKKK), converts Pek1 from being an inhibitor to an activator. Our results indicate that Pek1 has a dual stimulatory and inhibitory function which depends on its phosphorylation state. This switch-like mechanism could contribute to the all-or-none physiological response mediated by the MAPK signalling pathway.
C1 Kobe Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Chuo Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6500017, Japan.
   Imperial Canc Res Fund, Cell Regulat Lab, London WC2A 3PX, England.
   Kobe Univ, Sch Med, Fac Hlth Sci, Suma Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6500142, Japan.
C3 Kobe University; Cancer Research UK; Kobe University
RP Kuno, T (corresponding author), Kobe Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Chuo Ku, Kusunoki Cho, Kobe, Hyogo 6500017, Japan.
EM tkuno@kobe-u.ac.jp
NR 27
TC 74
Z9 86
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 479
EP 483
DI 10.1038/20951
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900051
PM 10365961
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mochizuki, N
   Ohba, Y
   Kiyokawa, E
   Kurata, T
   Murakami, T
   Ozaki, T
   Kitabatake, A
   Nagashima, K
   Matsuda, M
AF Mochizuki, N
   Ohba, Y
   Kiyokawa, E
   Kurata, T
   Murakami, T
   Ozaki, T
   Kitabatake, A
   Nagashima, K
   Matsuda, M
TI Activation of the ERK/MAPK pathway by an isoform of rap1GAP associated with Gαi
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-kinase activation; ras-dependent activation; map kinase; fibroblasts; transformation; receptors; subunits; p21(ras); gene
AB Many receptors for neuropeptides and hormones are coupled with the heterotrimeric G(i) protein, which activates the p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPE;) cascade through both the alpha- and beta gamma-subunits of G(i) (refs 1-3). The beta gamma-subunit activates the ERK/MAPK cascade through tyrosine kinase(4-6). Constitutively active G alpha(i2) (gip2) isolated from adrenal and ovarian tumours(7,8) transforms Rat-1 fibroblasts and also activates the ERK/MAPK cascade by an unknown mechanism(9,10). The ERK/MAPK pathway is activated by Ras, and is inhibited when the low-molecular-mass GTP-binding protein Rap1 antagonizes pas function(11). Here we show that a novel isoform of Rap1 GTPase-activating protein, called rap1GAPII, binds specifically to the alpha-subunits of the G(i) family of heterotrimeric G-proteins. Stimulation of the G(i)-coupled m2-muscarinic receptor translocates rap1GAPII from the cytosol to the membrane and decreases the amount of GTP-bound Rap1. This decrease in GTP-bound Rap1 activates ERK/MAPK. Thus, the alpha-subunit of G(i) activates the Ras-ERK/MAPK mitogenic pathway by membrane recruitment of rap1GAPII and reduction of GTP-bound Rap1.
C1 Int Med Ctr Japan, Res Inst, Dept Pathol, Tokyo 1628655, Japan.
   Natl Inst Infect Dis, Dept Pathol, Tokyo 1628640, Japan.
   Hokkaido Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cardiovasc Med, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608638, Japan.
   Hokkaido Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608638, Japan.
C3 Japan Institute for Health Security (JIHS); National Center for Global Health & Medicine - Japan; Japan Institute for Health Security (JIHS); National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID); Hokkaido University; Hokkaido University
RP Matsuda, M (corresponding author), Int Med Ctr Japan, Res Inst, Dept Pathol, Tokyo 1628655, Japan.
NR 25
TC 201
Z9 232
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6747
BP 891
EP 894
DI 10.1038/23738
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 230CA
UT WOS:000082233200050
PM 10476970
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tsukagoshi, K
   Alphenaar, BW
   Ago, H
AF Tsukagoshi, K
   Alphenaar, BW
   Ago, H
TI Coherent transport of electron spin in a ferromagnetically contacted carbon nanotube
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tunnel-junctions; magnetoresistance; magnetization; conductivity; temperature; injection; magnetism; metals
AB Conventional electronic devices generally utilize only the charge of conduction electrons; however, interest is growing in 'spin-electronic' devices', whose operation depends additionally on the electronic spin. Spin-polarized electrons (which occur naturally in ferromagnetic materials) can be injected from a ferromagnet into non-ferromagnetic materials(2-4), or through oxide tunnel barriers(3,5-10) The electron-scattering rate at any subsequent ferromagnetic/non-ferromagnetic interface depends on the spin polarity, a property that is exploited in spin-electronic devices. The unusual conducting properties(11-18) of carbon nanotubes offer intriguing possibilities for such devices; their elastic- and phase-scattering lengths are extremely long(16,17), and carbon nanotubes can behave as one-dimensional conductors(18). Here we report the injection of spin-polarized electrons from ferromagnetic contacts into multi-walled carbon nanotubes, finding direct evidence for coherent transport of electron spins. We observe a hysteretic magnetoresistance in several nanotubes,with a maximum resistance change of 9%, from which we estimate the spin-flip scattering length to be at least 130 nm-an encouraging result for the development of practical nanotube spin-electronic devices.
C1 Hitachi Cambridge Lab, Cambridge CB3 OHE, England.
   RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
C3 RIKEN; University of Cambridge
RP Alphenaar, BW (corresponding author), Hitachi Cambridge Lab, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 OHE, England.
NR 24
TC 730
Z9 790
U1 2
U2 114
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 572
EP 574
DI 10.1038/44108
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ulrich, T
   Günther, D
   Heinrich, CA
AF Ulrich, T
   Günther, D
   Heinrich, CA
TI Gold concentrations of magmatic brines and the metal budget of porphyry copper deposits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasma-mass spectrometry; systems; fluid; laser; melt
AB Porphyry copper-molybdenum-gold deposits are the most important metal resources formed by hydrothermal processes associated with magmatism. It remains controversial, however, whether the metal content of porphyry-style and other magmatic-hydrothermal deposits is dominantly controlled by metal partitioning between magma and an exsolving magmatic fluid phase(1,2) or by scavenging of metals from solid upper-crustal rocks by surface-derived fluids(3). It also remains unknown to what degree the metal content in such deposits is affected by selective mineral precipitation from the ore fluid. Extremely saline fluids(4), precipitating quartz and ore minerals in veins have been inferred to have a significant magma-derived component, on the basis of geological(5), isotopic(6,7) and experimental evidence(8,9). Here we report gold and copper concentrations of single fluid inclusions in quartz, determined by laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, The results show that the Au/Cu ratio of primary high-temperature brines is identical to the bulk Au/Cu ratio in two of the world's largest copper-gold ore bodies. This indicates that the bulk metal budget of such deposits is primarily controlled by the composition of the incoming fluid, which is, in turn, likely to be controlled by the crystallization process in an underlying magma chamber.
C1 ETH Zentrum, Dept Earth Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Heinrich, CA (corresponding author), ETH Zentrum, Dept Earth Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 31
TC 437
Z9 550
U1 2
U2 172
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 676
EP 679
DI 10.1038/21406
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Williams, JE
   Holland, MJ
AF Williams, JE
   Holland, MJ
TI Preparing topological states of a Bose-Einstein condensate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vortex stability; vortices; gases; creation; atoms
AB Observations of lose-Einstein condensates-macroscopic populations of ultracold atoms occupying a single quantum state-in dilute alkali-metal and hydrogen gases have stimulated a great deal of research into the statistical physics of weakly interacting quantum degenerate systems(1,2). Recent experiments offer a means of exploring fundamental low-temperature physics in a controllable manner. A current experimental goal in the study of trapped Bose gases is the observation of superfluid-like behaviour, analogous to the persistent currents seen in superfluid liquid helium which now without observable viscosity. The 'super' properties of Bose-condensed systems occur because the macroscopic occupation of a quantized mode provides a stabilizing mechanism that inhibits decay through thermal relaxation(3). Here we show how to selectively generate superfluid vortex modes with different angular momenta in a Bose-Einstein condensate. Our approach involves solving the time-dependent equation of notion of a two-component condensate with strongly coupled internal atomic states, as recently investigated experimentally(4,5). The generation of vortices relies on the coupling between the states (achieved by applying an electromagnetic field), combined with mechanical rotation of the trapping potentials which confine the condensate.
C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Holland, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
NR 29
TC 279
Z9 299
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 568
EP 572
DI 10.1038/44095
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhu, JY
   McKeon, F
AF Zhu, JY
   McKeon, F
TI NF-AT activation requires suppression of Crm1-dependent export by calcineurin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear export; functional-characterization; leptomycin-b; crm1; protein; signal; translocation; localization; mutagenesis; domain
AB Nuclear import of the NF-AT transcription factors during T-cell activation requires the calcium-activated phosphatase calcineurin, which unmasks nuclear-location signals on NF-AT (refs 1-5), We show here that the nuclear import of NF-ATs is not sufficient to activate NF-AT target genes, as NF-ATs are subject to a futile cycling across the nuclear em elope owing to engagement with the exportin protein Crm1 (refs 6-8), Calcineurin suppresses this futile cycling by a non-catalytic mechanism involving the masking of nuclear export signals on NF-AT targeted by Crm1, This clustering of binding sites for calcineurin and Crm1 on NF-AT establishes an inherent competition between these molecules that imparts exquisite calcium sensitivity to the shuttling dynamics of the NF-AT transcription factors. Such a balance between nuclear import and export may regulate the action of other transcription factors.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP McKeon, F (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM frank_mckeon@hms.harvard.edu
NR 23
TC 165
Z9 187
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6724
BP 256
EP 260
DI 10.1038/18473
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 177UA
UT WOS:000079228400057
PM 10094050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ashmore, J
   de Boer, J
AF Ashmore, J
   de Boer, J
TI Hearing - Spreading the fluid word
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cochlea
C1 UCL, Dept Physiol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP Ashmore, J (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Physiol, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM j.ashmore@ucl.ac.uk
NR 9
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 476
EP 477
DI 10.1038/44985
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200037
PM 10591203
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smil, V
AF Smil, V
TI Detonator of the population explosion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Manitoba, Dept Geog, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
C3 University of Manitoba
RP Smil, V (corresponding author), Univ Manitoba, Dept Geog, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
NR 0
TC 830
Z9 970
U1 1
U2 289
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6743
BP 415
EP 415
DI 10.1038/22672
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221FZ
UT WOS:000081715000032
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carr, K
AF Carr, K
TI Cuban biotechnology treads a lonely path
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 9
Z9 9
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6726
BP A22
EP A23
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 182QB
UT WOS:000079508700011
PM 10201386
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Koonin, EV
   Aravind, L
   Hofmann, K
   Tschopp, J
   Dixit, VM
AF Koonin, EV
   Aravind, L
   Hofmann, K
   Tschopp, J
   Dixit, VM
TI Apoptosis - Searching for FLASH domains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sequences; database
C1 NIH, Natl Lib Med, NCBI, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biol, College Stn, TX USA.
   MEMOREC Stoffel GmbH, Bioinformat Grp, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
   Univ Lausanne, Inst Biochem, Lausanne Branch, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Oncol, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Library of Medicine (NLM); Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; University of Lausanne; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech
RP Koonin, EV (corresponding author), NIH, Natl Lib Med, NCBI, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
NR 12
TC 21
Z9 25
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6754
BP 662
EP 662
DI 10.1038/44317
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 247EJ
UT WOS:000083207400045
PM 10537104
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hirose, K
   Fei, YW
   Ma, YZ
   Mao, HK
AF Hirose, K
   Fei, YW
   Ma, YZ
   Mao, HK
TI The fate of subducted basaltic crust in the Earth's lower mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-transformations; seismic evidence; oceanic-crust; partial melt; gpa; perovskite; pressures; stability; equation; behavior
AB The subduction of oceanic lithosphere into the Earth's deep interior is thought to drive convection and create chemical heterogeneity in the mantle. The oceanic lithosphere as a whole, however, might not subduct uniformly: the fate of basaltic crust may differ from that of the underlying peridotite layer because of differences in chemistry, density and melting temperature. It has been suggested that subducted basaltic crust may in fact become buoyant at the mantle's 660-km discontinuity, remaining buoyant to depths of at least 800 km, and therefore might be gravitationally trapped at this boundary to form a garnetite layer(1,2). Here we report the phase relations and melting temperatures of natural mid-ocean ridge basalt at pressures up to 64 GPa (corresponding to similar to 1,500 km depth). We fmd that the former basaltic crust is no longer buoyant when it transforms to a perovskitite lithology at about 720 km depth, and that this transition boundary has a positive pressure-temperature slope, in contrast to the negative slope of the transition boundary in peridotite. We therefore predict that basaltic crust with perovskitite lithology would gravitationally sink into the deep mantle. Our melting data suggest that, at the base of the lower mantle, the former basaltic crust would be partially molten if temperatures there were to exceed 4,000 K.
C1 Carnegie Inst Washington, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Washington, Ctr High Pressure Res, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science; Carnegie Institution for Science
RP Fei, YW (corresponding author), Carnegie Inst Washington, Geophys Lab, 5251 Broad Branch Rd NW, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
EM fei@gl.ciw.edu
NR 25
TC 358
Z9 407
U1 1
U2 119
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 7
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6714
BP 53
EP 56
DI 10.1038/16225
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 155RD
UT WOS:000077959400044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sheldon, R
AF Sheldon, R
TI Enzymes - Picking a winner
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Dept Organ Chem & Catalysis, NL-2628 BL Delft, Netherlands.
C3 Delft University of Technology
RP Sheldon, R (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Dept Organ Chem & Catalysis, Julianalaan 136, NL-2628 BL Delft, Netherlands.
NR 4
TC 25
Z9 29
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 636
EP 637
DI 10.1038/21316
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800026
PM 10385108
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McCauley, E
   Nisbet, RM
   Murdoch, WW
   de Roos, AM
   Gurney, WSC
AF McCauley, E
   Nisbet, RM
   Murdoch, WW
   de Roos, AM
   Gurney, WSC
TI Large-amplitude cycles of Daphnia and its algal prey in enriched environments
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plankton density; models; dynamics; lakes; zooplankton; populations; ecosystems; community; paradox
AB Ecological theory predicts that stable populations should yield to large-amplitude cycles in richer environments(1-3). This does not occur in nature. The zooplankton Daphnia and its algal prey in lakes throughout the world illustrate the problem(4-6). Experiments show that this system fits the theory's assumptions(7-9), yet it is not destabilized by enrichment(6). We have tested and rejected four of five proposed explanations(10). Here, we investigate the fifth mechanism: inedible algae in nutrient-rich lakes suppress cycles by reducing nutrients available to edible algae. We found three novel results in nutrient-rich microcosms from which inedible algae were excluded. First, as predicted by theory, some Daphnia-edible algal systems now display large-amplitude predator-prey cycles. Second, in the same environment, other populations are stable, showing only small-amplitude demographic cycles. Stability is induced when Daphnia diverts energy from the immediate production of young. Third, the system exhibits coexisting attractors-a stable equilibrium and large-amplitude cycle. We describe a mechanism that flips the system between these two states.
C1 Univ Calgary, Dept Biol Sci, Div Ecol, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Amsterdam, Sect Populat Biol, NL-1098 SM Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Strathclyde, Dept Stat & Modelling Sci, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland.
C3 University of Calgary; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of Amsterdam; University of Strathclyde
RP McCauley, E (corresponding author), Univ Calgary, Dept Biol Sci, Div Ecol, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
NR 21
TC 201
Z9 232
U1 1
U2 87
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 653
EP 656
DI 10.1038/45223
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800063
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Padian, K
AF Padian, K
TI Dinosaur tracks in the computer age
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID birds
AB A three-dimensional record of dinosaur feet and movement comes from 200-million-year-old footprints made In wet mud. Comparisons of these prints with the tracks made by living birds clear up some of the mysteries about dinosaur toes and the tracks that they left.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Paleontol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Padian, K (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 12
TC 3
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6732
BP 103
EP 104
DI 10.1038/20069
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 196XU
UT WOS:000080335700023
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sutton, KG
   McRory, JE
   Guthrie, H
   Murphy, TH
   Snutch, TP
AF Sutton, KG
   McRory, JE
   Guthrie, H
   Murphy, TH
   Snutch, TP
TI P/Q-type calcium channels mediate the activity-dependent feedback of syntaxin-1A
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brain ca2+ channels; gene-expression; transcription; neurons; protein; creb; phosphorylation; identification; complex; forms
AB Spatial and temporal changes in intracellular calcium concentrations are critical for controlling gene expression in neurons(1-5). In many neurons, activity-dependent calcium influx through L-type channels stimulates transcription that depends on the transcription factor CREB by activating a calmodulin-dependent pathway(6-11). Here we show that selective influx of calcium through P/Q-type channels(12-14) is responsible for activating expression of syntaxin-1A, a presynaptic protein that mediates vesicle docking, fusion and neurotransmitter release. The initial P/Q-type calcium signal is amplified by release of calcium from intracellular stores and acts through phosphorylation that is dependent on the calmodulin-dependent kinase CaM K II/IV, protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, Initiation of syntaxin-1A expression is rapid and short-lived, with syntaxin-1A ultimately interacting with the P/Q-type calcium channel to decrease channel availability. Our results define an activity-dependent feedback pathway that may regulate synaptic efficacy and function in the nervous system.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Psychiat, Biotechnol Lab, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Psychiat, Kinsmen Lab Neurol Res, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
C3 University of British Columbia; University of British Columbia
RP Snutch, TP (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Psychiat, Biotechnol Lab, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
EM snutch@zoology.ubc.ca
NR 30
TC 104
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6755
BP 800
EP 804
DI 10.1038/44586
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 250BG
UT WOS:000083368700055
PM 10548106
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tomitani, A
   Okada, K
   Miyashita, H
   Matthijs, HCP
   Ohno, T
   Tanaka, A
AF Tomitani, A
   Okada, K
   Miyashita, H
   Matthijs, HCP
   Ohno, T
   Tanaka, A
TI Chlorophyll b and phycobilins in the common ancestor of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID multiple evolutionary origins; a/b; prochlorophytes; proteins; plants; antenna; alga
AB Photosynthetic organisms have a variety of accessory pigments, on which their classification has been based. Despite this variation, it is generally accepted that all chloroplasts are derived from a single cyanobacterial ancestor(1-3). How the pigment diversity has arisen is the key to revealing their evolutionary history. Prochlorophytes are prokaryotes which perform oxygenic photosynthesis using chlorophyll b, like land plants and green algae (Chlorophyta), and were proposed to be the ancestors of chlorophyte chloroplasts(4,5). However, three known prochlorophytes (Prochloron didemni, Prochlorothrix hollandica and Prochlorococcus marinus) have been shown to be not the specific ancestors of chloroplasts, but only diverged members of the cyanobacteria, which contain phycobilins but lack chlorophyll b(6,7). Consequently it has been proposed that the ability to synthesize chlorophyll b developed independently several times in prochlorophytes and in the ancestor of chlorophytes. Here we have isolated the chlorophyll b synthesis genes (chlorophyll a oxygenase)(8) from two prochlorophytes and from major groups of chlorophytes. Phylogenetic analyses show that these genes share a common evolutionary origin. This indicates that the progenitors of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, including the ancestor of chloroplasts, had both chlorophyll b and phycobilins.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Geol & Mineral, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
   Hokkaido Univ, Inst Low Temp Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600819, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Bot, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
   Kamaishi Labs, Marine Biotechnol Inst, Kamaishi, Iwate 0260001, Japan.
   Univ Amsterdam, Dept Microbiol, NL-1018 WS Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Kyoto Univ, Kyoto Univ Museum, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University; Hokkaido University; Kyoto University; University of Amsterdam; Kyoto University
RP Tomitani, A (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Geol & Mineral, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
EM tomitani@terra.kueps.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 25
TC 165
Z9 195
U1 1
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6740
BP 159
EP 162
DI 10.1038/22101
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214JM
UT WOS:000081324900052
PM 10408441
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zúniga, A
   Haramis, APG
   McMahon, AP
   Zeller, R
AF Zúniga, A
   Haramis, APG
   McMahon, AP
   Zeller, R
TI Signal relay by BMP antagonism controls the SHH/FGF4 feedback loop in vertebrate limb buds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID apical ectodermal ridge; developing chick limb; sonic hedgehog; deformity gene; pattern-formation; proteins; growth; fgf-4; expression; induction
AB Outgrowth and patterning of the vertebrate limb are controlled by reciprocal interactions between the posterior mesenchyme (polarizing region) and a specialized ectodermal structure, the apical ectodermal ridge (AER)(1). Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signalling by the polarizing region modulates fibroblast growth factor (FGF)4 signalling by the posterior AER, which in turn maintains the polarizing region (SHH/FGF4 feedback loop)(2,3). Here we report that the secreted bone-morphogenetic-protein (BMP) antagonist Gremlin(4) relays the SHH signal from the polarizing region to the AER. Mesenchymal Gremlin expression is lost in limb buds of mouse embryos homozygous for the limb deformity (Id) mutation, which disrupts establishment of the SHH/FGF4 feedback loop(5-7). Grafting Gremlin-expressing cells into Id mutant limb buds rescues Fgf4 expression and restores the SHH/FGF4 feedback loop. Analysis of Shh-null mutant embryos(8,9) reveals that SHH signalling is required for maintenance of Gremlin and Formin (the gene disrupted by the ld mutations)(10,11). In contrast, Formin, Gremlin and Fgf4 activation are independent of SHH signalling. This study uncovers the cascade by which the SHH signal is relayed from the posterior mesenchyme to the AER and establishes that Formin-dependent activation of the BMP antagonist Gremlin is sufficient to induce Fgf4 and establish the SHH/FGF4 feedback loop.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Fac Biol, Dept Dev Biol, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
   European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Utrecht University; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Harvard University
RP Zeller, R (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Fac Biol, Dept Dev Biol, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM R.Zeller@bio.uu.nl
NR 30
TC 390
Z9 446
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 598
EP 602
DI 10.1038/44157
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900053
PM 10524628
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lukas, C
   Sorensen, CS
   Kramer, E
   Santoni-Rugiu, E
   Lindeneg, C
   Peters, JM
   Bartek, J
   Lukas, J
AF Lukas, C
   Sorensen, CS
   Kramer, E
   Santoni-Rugiu, E
   Lindeneg, C
   Peters, JM
   Bartek, J
   Lukas, J
TI Accumulation of cyclin B1 requires E2F and cyclin-A-dependent rearrangement of the anaphase-promoting complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID s-phase progression; cell-cycle; retinoblastoma-protein; mitotic cyclins; proteolysis; mitosis; activation; family; ubiquitin; yeast
AB In mammalian somatic-cell cycles, progression through the G1-phase restriction point and initiation of DNA replication are controlled by the ability of the retinoblastoma tumour-suppressor protein (pRb) family to regulate the E2F/DP transcription factors(1,2). Continuing transcription of E2F target genes beyond the G1/S transition is required for coordinating S-phase progression with cell division(3-5), a process driven by cyclin-B-dependent kinase(6,7) and anaphase-promoting complex (APC)-mediated proteolysis(8). How E2F-dependent events at G1/S transition are orchestrated with cyclin B and APC activity remains unknown. Here, using an in vivo assay to measure protein stability in real time during the cell cycle, we show that repression of E2F activity or inhibition of cyclin-A-dependent kinase in S phase triggers the destruction of cyclin B1 through the re-assembly of APC, the ubiquitin ligase that is essential for mitotic cyclin proteolysis(9), with its activatory subunit Cdh1 (refs 10-13). Phosphorylation-deficient mutant Cdh1 or immunodepletion of cyclin A resulted in assembly of active Cdh1-APC even in S-phase cells. These results implicate an E2F-dependent, cyclin A/Cdk2-mediated phosphorylation of Cdh1 in the timely accumulation of cyclin B1 and the coordination of cell-cycle progression during the post-restriction point period.
C1 Danish Canc Soc, Inst Canc Biol, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
   Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
C3 Danish Cancer Society; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)
RP Bartek, J (corresponding author), Danish Canc Soc, Inst Canc Biol, Strandblvd 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
NR 30
TC 255
Z9 305
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6755
BP 815
EP 818
DI 10.1038/44611
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 250BG
UT WOS:000083368700059
PM 10548110
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Van Dyck, E
   Stasiak, AZ
   Stasiak, A
   West, SC
AF Van Dyck, E
   Stasiak, AZ
   Stasiak, A
   West, SC
TI Binding of double-strand breaks in DNA by human Rad52 protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homologous recombination; ionizing-radiation; vertebrate cells; mammalian-cells; repair; yeast; saccharomyces; resistance; complexes; exchange
AB Double-strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA are caused by ionizing radiation. These chromosomal breaks can kill the cell unless repaired efficiently, and inefficient or inappropriate repair can lead to mutation, gene translocation and cancer(1), Two proteins that participate in the repair of DSBs are Rad52 and Ku: in lower eukaryotes such as yeast, DSBs are repaired by Rad52-dependent homologous recombination, whereas vertebrates repair DSBs primarily by Ku-dependent non-homologous end-joining(2). The contribution of homologous recombination to vertebrate DSB repair, however, is important(3,4). Biochemical studies indicate that Ku binds to DNA ends and facilitates end-joining(5). Here we show that human Rad52, like Ku, binds directly to DSBs, protects them from exonuclease attack and facilitates end-to-end interactions. A model for repair is proposed in which either Ku or Rad52 binds the DSB. Ku directs DSBs into the non-homologous end-joining repair pathway, whereas Rad52 initiates repair by homologous recombination. Ku and Rad52, therefore, direct entry into alternative pathways for the repair of DNA breaks.
C1 Imperial Canc Res Fund, Clare Hall Labs, S Mimms EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
   Univ Lausanne, Lab Anal Ultrastruct, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
C3 University of Lausanne
RP West, SC (corresponding author), Imperial Canc Res Fund, Clare Hall Labs, S Mimms EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
NR 30
TC 262
Z9 299
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6729
BP 728
EP 731
DI 10.1038/43942
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 189RP
UT WOS:000079920100055
PM 10227297
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhou, YQ
   Karplus, M
AF Zhou, YQ
   Karplus, M
TI Interpreting the folding kinetics of helical proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-dynamics; simulations; systems
AB The detailed mechanism of protein folding is one of the major problems in structural biology(1,2). Its solution is of practical as well as fundamental interest because of its possible role in utilizing the many sequences becoming available from genomic analysis(3). Although the Levinthal paradox(4) (namely, that a polypeptide chain can find its unique native state in spite of the astronomical number of configurations in the denatured state) has been resolved(4-7), the reasons for the differences in the folding behaviour of individual proteins remain to be elucidated. Here a C-alpha-based three-helix-bundle-like protein model with a realistic thermodynamic phase diagram is used to calculate several hundred folding trajectories. By varying a single parameter, the difference between the strength of native and non-native contacts, folding is changed from a diffusion-collision mechanism(8) to one that involves simultaneous collapse and partial secondary-structure formation, followed by reorganization to the native structure. Non-obligatory intermediates are important in the former, whereas there is an obligatory on-pathway intermediate in the latter. Our results provide a basis for understanding the range of folding behaviour that is observed in helical proteins.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Strasbourg, ISIS, Lab Chim Biophys, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
C3 Harvard University; Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg
RP Karplus, M (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM marci@tammy.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 251
Z9 269
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 400
EP 403
DI 10.1038/43940
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600058
PM 10517642
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carbotte, JP
   Schachinger, E
   Basov, DN
AF Carbotte, JP
   Schachinger, E
   Basov, DN
TI Coupling strength of charge carriers to spin fluctuations in high-temperature superconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-c superconductors; neutron-scattering; conductivity; yba2cu3o7; state; pseudogap; coherence; ybco
AB In conventional superconductors, the most direct evidence of the mechanism responsible for superconductivity comes from tunnelling experiments, which provide a clear picture of the underlying electron-phonon interactions(1,2), As the coherence length in conventional superconductors is large, the tunnelling process probes several atomic layers into the bulk of the material; the observed structure in the current-voltage characteristics at the phonon energies gives(1), through inversion of the Eliashberg equations, the electron-phonon spectral density alpha(2)F(omega). The situation is different for the high-temperature copper oxide superconductors, where the coherence length (particularly for c-axis tunnelling) can be very short. Because of this, methods such as optical spectroscopy and neutron scattering provide a better route for investigating the underlying, mechanism, as they probe bulk properties. Accurate reflection measurements at infrared wavelengths and precise polarized neutron-scattering data are now available for a variety of the copper oxides(3-5), and here we shaw that the conducting carriers (probed by infrared spectroscopy) are strongly coupled to a resonance structure in the spectrum of spin fluctuations (measured by neutron scattering). The coupling strength inferred from those results is sufficient to account for the high transition temperatures of the copper oxides, highlighting a prominent role for spin fluctuations in driving superconductivity in these materials.
C1 Graz Univ Technol, Inst Theoret Phys, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
   McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Graz University of Technology; McMaster University; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Schachinger, E (corresponding author), Graz Univ Technol, Inst Theoret Phys, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
EM Schachinger@itp.tu-graz.ac.at
NR 21
TC 199
Z9 204
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 354
EP 356
DI 10.1038/43843
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600044
PM 16862106
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jones, GP
   Milicich, MJ
   Emslie, MJ
   Lunow, C
AF Jones, GP
   Milicich, MJ
   Emslie, MJ
   Lunow, C
TI Self-recruitment in a coral reef fish population
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temporal patterns; striped bass; larval; oxytetracycline; dispersal; retention
AB The question of how far the larvae of marine organisms disperse is fundamental to an understanding of their population dynamics(1-3), the management of exploited species(4,5) and the conservation of marine biodiversity(6,7), It is generally assumed that larvae disperse away from their natal population so that local populations operate as 'open' systems, driven by recruitment of larvae from other sub-populations(8). However, this assumption has never been critically tested. Here we show for the first time that juveniles from a coral reef fish population can return to their natal reef. We marked otoliths (ear bones) of over 10 million developing embryos of the damselfish, Pomacentrus amboinensis, at Lizard Island (Great Barrier Reef). Subsequently from an examination of 5,000 juveniles settling at the same location, we found 15 marked individuals. On the basis of an estimate of the proportion of embryos marked (0.5-2%), as many as 15-60% of juveniles may be returning to their natal population (self-recruitment). We challenge the assumption that long-distance dispersal is the norm for reef fish populations.
C1 James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Marine Biol & Aquaculture, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
C3 James Cook University
RP Jones, GP (corresponding author), James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Marine Biol & Aquaculture, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
EM geoffrry.jones@jcu.edu.au
NR 27
TC 643
Z9 737
U1 0
U2 202
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 802
EP 804
DI 10.1038/45538
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500063
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dieckmann, U
   Doebeli, M
AF Dieckmann, U
   Doebeli, M
TI On the origin of species by sympatric speciation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adaptive radiation; natural-selection; sexual selection; model; dynamics; animals
AB Understanding speciation is a fundamental biological problem. It is believed that many species originated through allopatric divergence, where new species arise from geographically isolated populations of the same ancestral species(1-3). In contrast, the possibility of sympatric speciation (in which new species arise without geographical isolation) has often been dismissed, partly because of theoretical difficulties(2,3). Most previous models analysing sympatric speciation concentrated on particular aspects of the problem while neglecting others(4-10). Here we present a model that integrates a novel combination of different features and show that sympatric speciation is a likely outcome of competition for resources. We use multilocus genetics to describe sexual reproduction in an individual-based model, and we consider the evolution of assortative mating (where individuals mate preferentially with like individuals) depending either on an ecological character affecting resource use or on a selectively neutral marker trait. In both cases, evolution of assortative mating often leads to reproductive isolation between ecologically diverging subpopulations. When assortative mating depends on a marker trait, and is therefore not directly linked to resource competition, speciation occurs when genetic drift breaks the linkage equilibrium between the marker and the ecological trait. Our theory conforms well with mounting empirical evidence for the-sympatric origin of many species(10-18).
C1 Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, Adapt Dynam Network, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
   Univ Basel, Inst Zool, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA); University of Basel
RP Dieckmann, U (corresponding author), Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, Adapt Dynam Network, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
NR 30
TC 1288
Z9 1459
U1 5
U2 678
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6742
BP 354
EP 357
DI 10.1038/22521
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 219CH
UT WOS:000081590000047
PM 10432112
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cockburn, A
AF Cockburn, A
TI Deer destiny determined by density
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sex-ratio; red deer; breeding success; investment; dominance; selection; mammals
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Div Bot & Zool, Evolutionary Ecol Grp, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
C3 Australian National University
RP Cockburn, A (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Div Bot & Zool, Evolutionary Ecol Grp, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
NR 9
TC 4
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 407
EP 408
DI 10.1038/20794
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900019
PM 10365949
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mook, HA
   Dogan, F
AF Mook, HA
   Dogan, F
TI Charge fluctuations in YBa2Cu3O7-x high-temperature superconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID incommensurate magnetic fluctuations; inelastic neutron-scattering; spin fluctuations; fermi-liquid; approximation; oxides; order; holes; nmr
AB Understanding the behaviour of the electrons in the high-temperature copper oxide superconductors remains a challenging problem. An important class of models(1-5) argues that the distribution of electronic charge and spin is not homogeneous: rather, spin and charge adopt a dynamic arrangement in which the spins on the copper form antiferromagnetic stripes, separated by domain walls containing the charge(1-5). The dynamic behaviour of the spins has been extensively studied by neutron scattering, and recent results(6) have shown that the low-frequency fluctuations for different classes of materials display a universal spatial behaviour that is consistent with the stripe picture. But arguments for the existence of the stripe phases are difficult to sustain without a demonstration that charge is distributed in the domain walls. Here we report phonon measurements for the YBa2Cu3O7-x, high-temperature superconductors, which reveal the presence of charge fluctuations. The inferred periodicity is that expected if the charge is located in the domain walls separating the spin stripes. Our results therefore provide strong support for the existence of a dynamic stripe phase in the high-temperature superconductors.
C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Mook, HA (corresponding author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
EM ham@ornl.gov
NR 29
TC 112
Z9 116
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6749
BP 145
EP 147
DI 10.1038/43629
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234AF
UT WOS:000082458800047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heeb, P
   Werner, I
   Mateman, AC
   Kölliker, M
   Brinkhof, MWG
   Lessells, CM
   Richner, H
AF Heeb, P
   Werner, I
   Mateman, AC
   Kölliker, M
   Brinkhof, MWG
   Lessells, CM
   Richner, H
TI Ectoparasite infestation and sex-biased local recruitment of hosts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID great-tits; natal dispersal; parus-major; birds; philopatry; competition; adaptation; evolution; survival; systems
AB Dispersal patterns of organisms are a fundamental aspect of their ecology, modifying the genetic and social structure of local populations(1-4). Parasites reduce the reproductive success and survival of hosts and thereby exert selection pressure on host life-history traits(4-6), possibly affecting host dispersal(7-9). Here we test experimentally whether infestation by hen fleas, Ceratophyllus gallinae, affects sex-related recruitment of great tit, Parus major, fledglings. Using sex-specific DNA markers, we show that flea infestation led to a higher proportion of male fledglings recruiting in the local population in one year. In infested broods, the proportion of male recruits increased with brood size over a three year period, whereas the proportion of male recruits from uninfested broods decreased with brood size. Natal dispersal distances of recruits from infested nests were shorter than those from uninfested nests(10). To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence for parasite-mediated host natal dispersal and local recruitment in relation to sex. Current theory needs to consider parasites as potentially important factors shaping life-history traits associated with host dispersal.
C1 Univ Bern, Dept Zool, Ctr Behav & Evolut, CH-3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland.
   Netherlands Inst Ecol, NL-6666 ZG Heteren, Netherlands.
C3 University of Bern; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)
RP Heeb, P (corresponding author), Univ Bern, Dept Zool, Ctr Behav & Evolut, CH-3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland.
EM philipp.heeb@esh.unibe.ch
NR 30
TC 68
Z9 70
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6739
BP 63
EP 65
DI 10.1038/21881
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 213DA
UT WOS:000081255700050
PM 10403248
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kohen, A
   Cannio, R
   Bartolucci, S
   Klinman, JP
AF Kohen, A
   Cannio, R
   Bartolucci, S
   Klinman, JP
TI Enzyme dynamics and hydrogen tunnelling in a thermophilic alcohol dehydrogenase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID elimination-reactions; flexibility; catalysis; stability
AB Biological catalysts (enzymes) speed up reactions by many orders of magnitude using fundamental physical processes to increase chemical reactivity. Hydrogen tunnelling has increasingly been found to contribute to enzyme reactions at room temperature(1), Tunnelling is the phenomenon by which a particle transfers through a reaction barrier as a result of its wave-like property(1-3). In reactions involving small molecules, the relative importance of tunnelling increases as the temperature is reduced(4). We have now investigated whether hydrogen tunnelling occurs at elevated temperatures in a biological system that functions physiologically under such conditions, Using a thermophilic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), we find that hydrogen tunnelling makes a significant contribution at 65 degrees C; this is analogous to previous findings with mesophilic ADH at 25 degrees C (ref. 5), Contrary to predictions for tunnelling through a rigid barrier, the tunnelling with. the thermophilic ADH decreases at and below room temperature. These findings provide experimental evidence for a role of thermally excited enzyme fluctuations in modulating enzyme-catalysed bond cleavage.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   CNR, ISA, I-83100 Avellino, Italy.
   Univ Naples Federico 2, Dipartimento Chim Organ & Biol, I-80134 Naples, Italy.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Scienze dell' Alimentazione (ISA-CNR); University of Naples Federico II
RP Klinman, JP (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM klinman@socrates.berkeley.edu
NR 30
TC 502
Z9 585
U1 3
U2 148
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 496
EP 499
DI 10.1038/20981
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900055
PM 10365965
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hulme, M
   Barrow, EM
   Arnell, NW
   Harrison, PA
   Johns, TC
   Downing, TE
AF Hulme, M
   Barrow, EM
   Arnell, NW
   Harrison, PA
   Johns, TC
   Downing, TE
TI Relative impacts of human-induced climate change and natural climate variability
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID winter-wheat; model; productivity; policy; water
AB Assessments of the regional impacts of human-induced climate change on a wide range of social and environmental systems are fundamental for determining the appropriate policy responses to climate change(1-3). Yet regional-scale impact assessments are fraught with difficulties, such as the uncertainties of regional climate-change prediction(4), the specification of appropriate environmental-response models(5), and the interpretation of impact results in the context of future socio-economic and technological change(6). The effects of such confounding factors on estimates of climate-change impacts have only been poorly explored(3-7). Here we use results from recent global climate simulations(8) and two environmental response models(9,10) to consider systematically the effects of natural climate variability (30-year timescales) and future climate-change uncertainties on river runoff and agricultural potential in Europe. We find that, for some regions, the impacts of human-induced climate change by 2050 will be undetectable relative to those due to natural multi-decadal climate variability. If misleading assessments of-and inappropriate adaptation strategies to-climate-change impacts are to be avoided, future studies should consider the impacts of natural multidecadal climate variability alongside those of human-induced climate change.
C1 Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   Univ Southampton, Dept Geog, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England.
   Univ Oxford, Environm Change Unit, Oxford OX1 3TB, England.
   UK Meteorol Off, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England.
C3 University of East Anglia; University of Southampton; University of Oxford; Met Office - UK
RP Hulme, M (corresponding author), Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
NR 30
TC 226
Z9 269
U1 5
U2 186
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 25
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6721
BP 688
EP 691
DI 10.1038/17789
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 171AP
UT WOS:000078840100048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vetter, IR
   Nowak, C
   Nishimoto, T
   Kuhlmann, J
   Wittinghofer, A
AF Vetter, IR
   Nowak, C
   Nishimoto, T
   Kuhlmann, J
   Wittinghofer, A
TI Structure of a Ran-binding domain complexed with Ran bound to a GTP analogue: implications for nuclear transport
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pleckstrin homology domains; protein import; pore complex; ran/tc4 gtpase; crystal-structure; ph domain; ef-tu; gdp; motif; identification
AB The protein Ran is a small GTP-binding protein that binds to two types of effector inside the cell: Ran-binding proteins, which have a role in terminating export processes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and importin-beta-like molecules that bind cargo proteins during nuclear transport. The Ran-binding domain is a conserved sequence motif found in several proteins that participate in these transport processes. The Ran-binding protein RanBP2 contains four of these domains and constitutes a large part of the cytoplasmic fibrils that extend from the nuclear-pore complex. The structure of Ran bound to a non-hydrolysable GTP analogue (Ran.GppNHp) in oomplex with the first Ran-binding domain (RanBD1) of human RanRP2 reveals not only that RanBD1 has a pleckstrin-homology domain fold, but also that the switch-I region of Ran.GppNHp resembles the canonical Ras.GppNHp structure and that the carboxy terminus of Ran is wrapped around RanBD1, contacting a basic patch on RanBD1 through its acidic end. This molecular 'embrace' enables RanBDs to sequester the Ran carboxy terminus, triggering the dissociation of Ran.GTP from importin-beta-related transport factors and facilitating GTP hydrolysis by the GTPase-activating protein ranGAP. Such a mechanism represents a new type of switch mechanism and regulatory protein-protein interaction for a Ras-related protein.
C1 Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, Abt Strukturelle Biol, D-44026 Dortmund, Germany.
   Kyushu Univ, Grad Sch Med Sci, Dept Mol Biol, Higashi Ku, Fukuoka 81282, Japan.
C3 Max Planck Society; Kyushu University
RP Wittinghofer, A (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, Abt Strukturelle Biol, Postfach 102664, D-44026 Dortmund, Germany.
EM alfred.wittinghofer@mpi-dortmund.mpg.de
NR 50
TC 259
Z9 289
U1 1
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6722
BP 39
EP 46
DI 10.1038/17969
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 174KG
UT WOS:000079033900044
PM 10078529
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zreda, M
   England, J
   Phillips, F
   Elmore, D
   Sharma, P
AF Zreda, M
   England, J
   Phillips, F
   Elmore, D
   Sharma, P
TI Unblocking of the Nares Strait by Greenland and Ellesmere ice-sheet retreat 10,000 years ago
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cosmogenic cl-36; production-rates; island; canada; accumulation; glaciation; models; rocks; sea; nwt
AB The extent of glaciation at the northern margin of the Canadian/Greenland high-latitude Arctic region over the past 30,000 years is uncertain. Geological arguments have been made for Greenland and Ellesmere Island ice sheets that coalesced to block the Nares Strait(1), and for restricted ice sheets on the two islands(2) leaving the strait open, as it is today(3). Distinguishing between these two possibilities would provide significant constraints on present understanding of the past circulation between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans(4,5), on estimates of past ice-volume(6), and on the response of the Greenland ice sheet to climate change(7). Radiocarbon analyses provide dates for the deglaciation of the islands' coasts, but do not yield information on whether ice filled the strait. Here we present measurements of cosmogenic Cl-36 that has accumulated in situ in erratics and glacially polished bedrock on islands within the Nares Strait. These data allow us to determine the time for which the rocks have been recently exposed to the atmosphere, and thus the age of the final deglaciation of the strait. We show that Greenland and Ellesmere ice sheets retreated from the Nares Strait about 10,000 years ago. The strait was filled with ice during the last glaciation, blocking this connection between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, and supporting the model of extensive and long-lasting ice on land and sea in this regions(8-11).
C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Alberta, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada.
   New Mexico Tech, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   Purdue Univ, Dept Phys, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
C3 University of Arizona; University of Alberta; Purdue University System; Purdue University
RP Zreda, M (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
NR 29
TC 97
Z9 106
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6723
BP 139
EP 142
DI 10.1038/18197
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 176DG
UT WOS:000079135200041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Frischknecht, F
   Moreau, V
   Röttger, S
   Gonfloni, S
   Reckmann, I
   Superti-Furga, G
   Way, M
AF Frischknecht, F
   Moreau, V
   Röttger, S
   Gonfloni, S
   Reckmann, I
   Superti-Furga, G
   Way, M
TI Actin-based motility of vaccinia virus mimics receptor tyrosine kinase signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID listeria-monocytogenes; arp2/3 complex; protein; src; nucleation; cortactin; pathogens; domains; nck
AB Studies of the actin-based motility of the intracellular pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella flexneri have provided important insight into the events occurring at the leading edges of motile cells(1-5). Like the bacteria Listeria and Shigella, vaccinia virus, a relative of the causative agent of smallpox, uses actin-based motility to spread between cells(6). In contrast to Listeria or Shigella, the actin-based motility of vaccinia is dependent on an unknown phosphotyrosine protein, but the underlying mechanism remains obscure(7). Here we show that phosphorylation of tyrosine 112 in the viral protein A36R by Src-family kinases is essential for the actin-based motility of vaccinia. Tyrosine phosphorylation of A36R results in a direct interaction with the adaptor protein Nck(8) and the recruitment of the Ena/VASP family member N-WASP(9) to the site of actin assembly. We also show that Nck and N-WASP are essential for the actin-based motility of vaccinia virus. We suggest that vaccinia virus spreads by mimicking the signalling pathways that are normally involved in actin polymerization at the plasma membrane.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, Cell Programme, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   European Mol Biol Lab, Dev Biol Programme, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Way, M (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, Cell Programme, Meyerhofstr 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 27
TC 348
Z9 411
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6756
BP 926
EP 929
DI 10.1038/44860
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 251UL
UT WOS:000083464700062
PM 10553910
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hou, LH
   Martin, LD
   Zhou, ZH
   Feduccia, A
   Zhang, FC
AF Hou, LH
   Martin, LD
   Zhou, ZH
   Feduccia, A
   Zhang, FC
TI A diapsid skull in a new species of the primitive bird Confuciusornis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID china; archaeopteryx
AB Since the description of Confuciusornis (the oldest beaked bird) in 1995, based on three partial specimens, large numbers of complete skeletons have been recovered(1,2). Most new material of Confuciusornis(3,4) can be assigned to a single sexually dimorphic species, C. sanctus, Here we report a new species based on a remarkably well preserved skeleton with feathers and, for the first time in the Mesozoic record, direct evidence of the shape of a horny beak. It has a complete and large preserved postorbital that has a broad contact with the jugal bone. This character is presently only known in Confuciusornis, and may confirm previous suggestions of a postorbital in Archaeopteryx(5). The squamosal is in tight contact with the postorbital. These two bones form an arch dividing the upper and lower temporal fenestrae, as in other diapsid reptiles(6). The presence of a typical diapsid cheek region with two openings in Confuciusornis may preclude the presence of prokinesis (upper jaw mobility against the braincase and orbital area), a feeding adaptation found in most modern birds. The presence of a horny beak, characteristic of modern birds, coupled with a primitive temporal region provides new evidence for a mosaic pattern in the early evolution of birds.
C1 Univ Kansas, Nat Hist Museum, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
   Univ Kansas, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
C3 University of Kansas; University of Kansas; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP Martin, LD (corresponding author), Univ Kansas, Nat Hist Museum, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
EM ldmartin@falcon.cc.ukans.edu
NR 17
TC 86
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 679
EP 682
DI 10.1038/21411
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kops, GJPL
   de Ruiter, ND
   De Vries-Smits, AMM
   Powell, DR
   Bos, JL
   Burgering, BMT
AF Kops, GJPL
   de Ruiter, ND
   De Vries-Smits, AMM
   Powell, DR
   Bos, JL
   Burgering, BMT
TI Direct control of the Forkhead transcription factor AFX by protein kinase B
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID insulin-response sequence; caenorhabditis-elegans; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; gene-expression; family member; s6 kinase; activation; ras; stimulation; longevity
AB The phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase (PI(3)K) effector protein kinase B (refs 1, 2) regulates certain insulin-responsive genes(3,4) but the transcription factors regulated by protein kinase B have yet to be identified. Genetic analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans has shown that the Forkhead transcription factor daf-16 is regulated by a pathway consisting of insulin-receptor-like daf-2 and PI(3)K-like age-1 (refs 5-8). Here we show that protein kinase B phosphorylates AFX, a human orthologue of daf-16 (refs 5, 6, 9), both in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of endogenous PI(3)K and protein kinase B activity prevents protein kinase B-dependent phosphorylation of AFX and reveals residual protein kinase B-independent phosphorylation that requires Ras signalling towards the Ra1 GTPase. In addition, phosphorylation of AFX by protein kinase B inhibits its transcriptional activity. Together, these results delineate a pathway for PT(3)K-dependent signalling to the nucleus.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Physiol Chem Lab, NL-3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Utrecht, Ctr Biomed Genet, NL-3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Utrecht University; Utrecht University; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Burgering, BMT (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Physiol Chem Lab, Univ Weg 100, NL-3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM b.m.t.burgering@med.uu.nl
NR 30
TC 957
Z9 1087
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6728
BP 630
EP 634
DI 10.1038/19328
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 186WX
UT WOS:000079754700060
PM 10217147
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Feely, RA
   Wanninkhof, R
   Takahashi, T
   Tans, P
AF Feely, RA
   Wanninkhof, R
   Takahashi, T
   Tans, P
TI Influence of El Nino on the equatorial Pacific contribution to atmospheric CO2 accumulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID partial-pressure; carbon-dioxide; ocean; pco(2); event
AB The equatorial oceans are the dominant oceanic source of CO(2) to the atmosphere, annually amounting to a net flux of 0.7-1.5 Pg (10(15) g) of carbon, up to 72% of which emanates from the equatorial Pacific Ocean(1-3). Limited observations indicate that the size of the equatorial Pacific source is significantly influenced by El Nino events(4-10), but the effect has not been well quantified. Here we report spring and autumn multiannual measurements of the partial pressure of CO(2) in the surface ocean and atmosphere in the equatorial Pacific region. During the 1991-94 El Nino period, the derived net annual sea-to-air flux of CO(2) was 0.3 Pg C from autumn 1991 to autumn 1.992., 0.6 Pg C in 1993, and 0.7 Pg C in 1994. These annual fluxes are 30-80% of that of 1996, a non-EG Nino year. The total reduction of the regional sea-to-air CO(2) nux during the 1991-94 El Nino period is estimated to account for up to one-third of the atmospheric anomaly (the difference between the annual and long-term-average increases in global atmospheric CO(2) content) observed over the same period.
C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA.
   NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
C3 National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratory (AOML); Columbia University; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP Feely, RA (corresponding author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA.
EM feely@pmel.noaa.gov
NR 30
TC 229
Z9 252
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6728
BP 597
EP 601
DI 10.1038/19273
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 186WX
UT WOS:000079754700051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blasius, B
   Huppert, A
   Stone, L
AF Blasius, B
   Huppert, A
   Stone, L
TI Complex dynamics and phase synchronization in spatially extended ecological systems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID snowshoe hare cycle; population-dynamics; solar-activity; chaos; models; lynx; oscillators; canada
AB Population cycles that persist in time and are synchronized over; space pervade ecological systems, but their underlying causes remain a long-standing enigma(1-11). Here we examine the synchronization of complex population oscillations in networks of model communities and in natural systems, where phenomena such as unusual '4- and 10-year cycle' of wildlife are often found. In the proposed spatial model, each local patch sustains a three-level trophic system composed of interacting predators, consumers and vegetation, Populations oscillate regularly and periodically in phase, but with irregular and chaotic peaks together in abundance-twin realistic features that are not found in standard ecological models. In a spatial lattice of patches, only small amounts of local migration are required to induce broad-scale 'phase synchronization,(12,13), with all populations in the lattice phase-locking to the same collective rhythm. Peak population abundances, however, remain chaotic and largely uncorrelated, Although synchronization is often perceived as being detrimental to spatially structured populations(14), phase synchronization leads to the emergence of complex chaotic travelling-wave structures which may be crucial for species persistence.
C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Porter Super Ctr Ecol & Environm Studies, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Zool, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
C3 Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv University
RP Stone, L (corresponding author), Tel Aviv Univ, Porter Super Ctr Ecol & Environm Studies, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
NR 30
TC 791
Z9 838
U1 0
U2 183
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6734
BP 354
EP 359
DI 10.1038/20676
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200PA
UT WOS:000080547800059
PM 10360572
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schatz, B
   Chameron, S
   Beugnon, G
   Collett, TS
AF Schatz, B
   Chameron, S
   Beugnon, G
   Collett, TS
TI The use of path integration to guide route learning in ants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID desert ants; navigation
AB Cataglyphid ants travelling between their nest and feeding site follow familiar routes along which they are guided by views of the surrounding landscape(1-5). On bare terrain, with no landmarks available, ants can still navigate using path integration(6). They continually monitor their net distance and direction from the nest, so that they can return home from any point using their computed 'home vector'(7). Here we ask whether path integration also provides signals to reinforce the learning of visual landmarks. A fall in the value of the home vector indicates when a homing ant moves in roughly the correct direction, and that it is appropriate to store those views that can guide subsequent trips to the nests. We tested this hypothesis by training the ant Cataglyphis cursor to negotiate a variety of mazes that led from a feeding site back to the nest. Efficient passage of each maze required an ant to discriminate between different pairs of shapes(9). We show that if the value of the home vector drops while the ant approaches and passes a shape, the shape's appearance is learnt, but if the vector grows, or is absent, no visual learning occurs. Path integration may both help ants navigate through an unfamiliar landscape, and assist them to become familiar with it.
C1 Univ Sussex, Sch Biol Sci, Sussex Ctr Neurosci, Brighton BN1 9QG, E Sussex, England.
   Univ Toulouse 3, CNRS, UMR 5550, Lab Ethol & Psychol Anim, Toulouse 04, France.
C3 University of Sussex; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier
RP Collett, TS (corresponding author), Univ Sussex, Sch Biol Sci, Sussex Ctr Neurosci, Brighton BN1 9QG, E Sussex, England.
NR 13
TC 36
Z9 37
U1 2
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6738
BP 769
EP 772
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 210JP
UT WOS:000081101600050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Seto, AG
   Zaug, AJ
   Sobel, SG
   Wolin, SL
   Cech, TR
AF Seto, AG
   Zaug, AJ
   Sobel, SG
   Wolin, SL
   Cech, TR
TI Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomerase is an Sm small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reverse-transcriptase; yeast; protein; rna; binding; cells; identification; components; snrna
AB Activation of the chromosome end-replicating enzyme telomerase can greatly extend the lifespan of normal human cells' and is associated with most human cancers(2). In all eukaryotes examined, telomerase has an RNA subunit(3), a conserved reverse transcriptase subunit(4) and additional proteins(5,6) but little is known about the assembly of these components. Here we show that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomerase RNA(7) has a 5'-2,2,7-trimethyl-guanosine (TMG) cap and a binding site for the Sm proteins, both hallmarks of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) that are involved in nuclear messenger RNA splicing(8,9). Immunoprecipitation of telomerase from yeast extracts shows that Sm proteins are assembled on the RNA and that most or all of the telomerase activity is associated with the Sm-containing complex These data support a model in which telomerase RNA is transcribed by RNA polymerase II (ref. 10) and 7-methylguanosine-capped, binds the seven Sm proteins, becomes TMG-capped and picks up the other protein subunits, We conclude that the functions of snRNPs assembled by this pathway are not restricted to RNA processing, but also include chromosome telomere replication.
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Yale University; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Cech, TR (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Campus Box 215, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM048410] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 242
Z9 287
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6749
BP 177
EP 180
DI 10.1038/43694
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234AF
UT WOS:000082458800057
PM 10490028
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sharon, E
   Fineberg, J
AF Sharon, E
   Fineberg, J
TI Confirming the continuum theory of dynamic brittle fracture for fast cracks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID instability; propagation; solids
AB Crack propagation is the basic mechanism of materials failure. Experiments on dynamic fracture in brittle amorphous materials have produced results' that agree with theoretical predictions for single-crack motion at very low velocities. But numerous apparent discrepancies with theory have been observed(2-4) at higher velocities. In particular, the maximum crack velocities attained in amorphous materials are far slower than the predicted asymptotic value, v(R) (ref. 3). Beyond a critical velocity, v(c) approximate to 0.4v(R), an intrinsic instability has been observed(5) in which a multiple-crack state is formed by repetitive, frustrated micro-branching events. These cause velocity oscillations and may explain the apparent anomaly. Here we report measurements of dynamic fracture in a brittle, amorphous material that are in quantitative agreement with the theoretical single-crack equation of motion, from the initial stages of propagation up to v(c). Beyond v(c), agreement breaks down owing to the appearance of the multiple-crack ensemble. But in this regime, the micro-branching process can momentarily produce a single-crack state which instantaneously attains its predicted single-crack velocity, for velocities up to 0.9v(R). Our results therefore confirm the validity of the single-crack continuum theory of elastic brittle fracture even in the dynamical regime where the crack morphology is complex.
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Racah Inst Phys, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP Fineberg, J (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Racah Inst Phys, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
EM jay@vms.huji.ac.il
NR 20
TC 227
Z9 247
U1 3
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 28
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6717
BP 333
EP 335
DI 10.1038/16891
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 162BE
UT WOS:000078324600044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davey, RJ
   Williams-Seton, L
   Lieberman, HF
   Blagden, N
AF Davey, RJ
   Williams-Seton, L
   Lieberman, HF
   Blagden, N
TI Stabilizing a solid-solid interface with a molecular-scale adhesive
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystals
AB The industrial importance of molecular materials chemistry has promoted great interest in areas such as self-assembled surface coatings(1), multi-layer formation on solid substrates(2), crystallization from solutions(3), crystal morphology(4) and structure predictjon(5), solving structures from powders(6) and control of polymorphlsm(7). Improvements in our understanding of the role of intermolecular interactions in driving molecular self-assembly and interfacial processes have led to technological advances-both in controlling the assembly of molecules at the nanometre scale, and in manipulating processes and products in which crystal nucleation and growth are key elements(8). But there has been relatively little work on molecular-scale engineering at solid-solid interfaces, despite their importance in polymeric composites for structured and electronic applications, in adhesives and in formulated pharmaceutical and agrochemical products. Here we report the use of molecules as tailored adhesives-a molecular 'glue' is selected to bond across an interfacial region and hence stabilize a solid-solid interface. We consider a simple interface occurring in a twinned crystal of saccharin; additive molecules with predictable dimensions and hydrogen-bonding functionality can span the interface. The stabilization is reflected in an enhanced frequency of twin-crystal formation.
C1 Univ Manchester, Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Chem Engn, Colloids Crystals & Interfaces Grp, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England.
C3 University of Manchester
RP Davey, RJ (corresponding author), Univ Manchester, Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Chem Engn, Colloids Crystals & Interfaces Grp, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England.
NR 12
TC 27
Z9 31
U1 0
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 797
EP 799
DI 10.1038/45527
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500061
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davis, RL
   Shrimpton, AE
   Holohan, PD
   Bradshaw, C
   Feiglin, D
   Collins, GH
   Sonderegger, P
   Kinter, J
   Becker, LM
   Lacbawan, F
   Krasnewich, D
   Muenke, M
   Lawrence, DA
   Yerby, MS
   Shaw, CM
   Gooptu, B
   Elliott, PR
   Finch, JT
   Carrell, RW
   Lomas, DA
AF Davis, RL
   Shrimpton, AE
   Holohan, PD
   Bradshaw, C
   Feiglin, D
   Collins, GH
   Sonderegger, P
   Kinter, J
   Becker, LM
   Lacbawan, F
   Krasnewich, D
   Muenke, M
   Lawrence, DA
   Yerby, MS
   Shaw, CM
   Gooptu, B
   Elliott, PR
   Finch, JT
   Carrell, RW
   Lomas, DA
TI Familial dementia caused by polymlerization of mutant neurosergin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-1-antitrypsin; inhibitor; mutation; disease; loop; polymerization; serpins; liver
AB Aberrant protein processing with tissue deposition is associated with many common neurodegenerative disorders(1,2); however, the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors has made it difficult to decipher the sequence of events linking protein aggregation with clinical disease(3). Substantial progress has been made toward understanding the pathophysiology of prototypical conformational diseases and protein polymerization in the super-family of serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins)(4,5). Here we describe a new disease, familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies, characterized clinically as an autosomal dominantly inherited dementia, histologically by unique neuronal inclusion bodies and biochemically by polymers of the neuron-specific serpin, neuroserpin(6,7). We report the cosegregation of point mutations in the neuroserpin gene (PI12) with the disease in two families. The significance of one mutation, S49P, is evident from its homology to a previously described serpin mutation(8), whereas that of the other, S52R, is predicted by modelling of the serpin template. Our findings provide a molecular mechanism for a familial dementia and imply that inhibitors of protein polymerization may be effective therapies for this disorder and perhaps for other more common neurodegenerative diseases.
C1 SUNY Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Clin Pathol, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA.
   SUNY Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA.
   SUNY Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Neurol, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA.
   SUNY Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Radiol, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA.
   Univ Zurich, Dept Biochem, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Natl Human Genome Res Inst, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Amer Red Cross, Holland Labs, Rockville, MD 20855 USA.
   Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Dept Neurol, Portland, OR 97210 USA.
   Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Portland, OR 97210 USA.
   Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Dept Obstet Gynecol, Portland, OR 97210 USA.
   Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Seattle, WA 98104 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Cambridge Inst Med Res, Dept Haematol, Cambridge CB2 2XY, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Cambridge Inst Med Res, Dept Med, Cambridge CB2 2XY, England.
   MRC Ctr, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2XY, England.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; SUNY Upstate Medical University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; SUNY Upstate Medical University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; SUNY Upstate Medical University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; SUNY Upstate Medical University; University of Zurich; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); American Red Cross; Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Health & Science University; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP Shrimpton, AE (corresponding author), SUNY Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Clin Pathol, 750 E Adams St, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 304
Z9 328
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 376
EP 379
DI 10.1038/43894
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600051
PM 10517635
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shinoda, H
   Nakajima, T
   Ueno, K
   Koshida, N
AF Shinoda, H
   Nakajima, T
   Ueno, K
   Koshida, N
TI Thermally induced ultrasonic: emission from porous silicon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transducer arrays
AB The most common mechanism(1) for generating ultrasound in air is via a piezoelectric transducer, whereby an electrical signal is converted directly into a mechanical vibration. But the acoustic pressure so generated is usually limited to less than 10 Pa, the frequency bandwidth of most piezoelectric ceramics is narrow and it is difficult to assemble such transducers into a fine-scale phase array with no crosstalk(2,3), An alternative strategy using micromachined electrostatic diaphragms is showing some promise(4,5), but the high voltages required and the mechanical weakness of the diaphragms may prow problematic for applications. Here we show that simple heat conduction from porous silicon to air results in high-intensity ultrasound without the need for any mechanical vibrational system. Our non-optimized device generates an acoustic pressure of 0.1 Pa at a power consumption of 1 W cm(-2), and exhibits a flat frequency response up to at least 100 kHz. We expect that substantial improvements in efficiency should be possible, Moreover, as this material lends itself to integration with conventional electronic circuitry it should be relatively straightforward to develop finely structured phase arrays of these devices, which would give control over the wavefront of the acoustic emissions.
C1 Tokyo Univ Agr & Technol, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, Tokyo 1888588, Japan.
C3 Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology
RP Shinoda, H (corresponding author), Tokyo Univ Agr & Technol, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Tokyo 1888588, Japan.
NR 17
TC 226
Z9 249
U1 1
U2 76
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6747
BP 853
EP 855
DI 10.1038/23664
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 230CA
UT WOS:000082233200039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Geisler, WS
AF Geisler, WS
TI Motion streaks provide a spatial code for motion direction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual area mt; human-vision; orientation; selectivity; patterns; neurons; macaque; cortex; model
AB Although many neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) of primates are direction selective(1), they provide ambiguous information about the direction of motion of a stimulus(2,3), There is evidence that one of the ways in which the visual system resolves this ambiguity is by computing, from the responses of V1 neurons, velocity components in two or more spatial orientations and then combining these velocity components(2-9). Here I consider another potential neural mechanism for determining motion direction. When a localized image feature moves fast enough, it should become smeared in space owing to temporal integration in the visual system, creating a spatial signal-a 'motion streak'-oriented in the direction of the motion. The orientation masking and adaptation experiments reported here show that these spatial signals for motion direction exist in the human visual system for feature speeds above about 1 feature width per 100 ms. Computer simulations show that this psychophysical finding is consistent with the known response properties of V1 neurons, and that these spatial signals, when appropriately processed, are sufficient to determine motion direction in natural images.
C1 Univ Texas, Dept Psychol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Geisler, WS (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Dept Psychol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
NR 17
TC 274
Z9 289
U1 1
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6739
BP 65
EP 69
DI 10.1038/21886
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 213DA
UT WOS:000081255700051
PM 10403249
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lin, XH
   Perrimon, N
AF Lin, XH
   Perrimon, N
TI Daily cooperates with Drosophila Frizzled 2 to transduce Wingless signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-range action; expression; gene; glycosaminoglycans; proteoglycans; morphogen; polarity
AB The Drosophila wingless gene (wg) encodes a protein of the Wnt family and is a critical regulator in many developmental processes(1). Biochemical studies have indicated that heparan sulphate proteoglycans, consisting of a protein core to which heparan sulphate glycosaminoglycans are attached(2), are important for Wg function(3). Here we show that, consistent with these findings, the Drosophila gene sulfateless (sfl), which encodes a homologue of vertebrate heparan sulphate N-deacetylase/N-sulphotransferase (an enzyme needed for the modification of heparan sulphate) is essential for Wg signalling. We have identified the product of division abnormally delayed (dally), a glycosyl-phosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-linked glypican, as a heparan sulphate proteoglycan molecule involved in Wg signalling, Our results indicate that Daily may act as a co-receptor for Wg, and that Daily, together with Drosophila Frizzled 2, modulates both short- and long-range activities of Wg.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Perrimon, N (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 20
TC 406
Z9 472
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6741
BP 281
EP 284
DI 10.1038/22343
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 217MP
UT WOS:000081503800048
PM 10421372
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rothstein, D
   Henry, E
   Gollub, JP
AF Rothstein, D
   Henry, E
   Gollub, JP
TI Persistent patterns in transient chaotic fluid mixing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID passive scalars; power spectra; flows; fluctuations; turbulence; advection
AB Chaotic advection(1-3) of a fluid can cause an initially inhomogeneous impurity (a passive scalar field) to develop complex spatial structure as the elements of the fluid are stretched and folded, even if the velocity field is periodic in time. The effect of chaotic advection on the transient mixing of impurities - the approach to homogeneity-has been explored theoretically and numerically(4-8). A particularly intriguing prediction is the development of persistent spatial patterns, whose amplitude (contrast) decays slowly with time but without change of form. Here we investigate these phenomena using an electromagnetically driven two-dimensional fluid layer in which one half is initially labelled by a fluorescent dye (the passive scalar). We observe the formation of structurally invariant but slowly decaying mixing patterns, and we show how the various statistical properties that characterize the dye concentration field evolve with time as mixing proceeds through many cycles. These results show quantitatively how advective stretching of the fluid elements and molecular diffusion work together to produce mixing of the impurity. We contrast the behaviour of time-period; c flows and identically forced but weakly turbulent flows at lower viscosity, where mixing is much more efficient.
C1 Haverford Coll, Dept Phys, Haverford, PA 19041 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Phys, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Haverford College; University of Pennsylvania
RP Gollub, JP (corresponding author), Haverford Coll, Dept Phys, Haverford, PA 19041 USA.
NR 13
TC 165
Z9 179
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6755
BP 770
EP 772
DI 10.1038/44529
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 250BG
UT WOS:000083368700046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hu, X
   Lazar, MA
AF Hu, X
   Lazar, MA
TI The CoRNR motif controls the recruitment of corepressors by nuclear hormone receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinoid-x-receptor; promyelocytic leukemia; histone deacetylase; ligand-binding; co-repressor; activation; domains; specificity; complex; beta
AB N-CoR1 and SMRT2 are transcriptional corepressors that associate with nuclear hormone receptors (NRs) in the absence of ligand. This interaction is the molecular target of differentiation therapy for acute promyelocytic leukaemia, wherein retinoic acid dissociates corepressor from leukaemogenic receptor fusion pioteins(3,4). Binding of ligand to NRs induces a conformation that attracts coactivator proteins containing an Leu-x-x-Leu-Leu motif (the 'NR box')(5,6). Here we show that N-CoR and SMRT contain sequences that are similar to the NR pox and are repeated in each of two NR interaction domains(7-10). We show that this CoRNR ('corner') box is required for NR interaction, and that CoRNR box peptides specifically block corepressor interaction in vitro and repression in vivo. Sequences flanking the CoRNR box determine NR specificity. Thus, the key feature of hormone action, differential recognition of unliganded and liganded NRs by coactivators and corepressors, is due to very subtle differences between CoRNR and NR boxes. The molecular mechanisms of repression and activation by NRs are thus linked in an unexpected manner.
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Penn Diabet Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania
RP Lazar, MA (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
NR 29
TC 530
Z9 651
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 93
EP 96
DI 10.1038/47069
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600050
PM 10573424
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miyata, T
   Asami, N
   Uragami, T
AF Miyata, T
   Asami, N
   Uragami, T
TI A reversibly antigen-responsive hydrogel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-transitions; polymer gel; release; glucose; collapse; ph
AB Stimuli-responsive hydrogels that undergo abrupt changes in volume in response to external stimuli such as pH, temperature and solvent composition have potential applications in biomedicine and the creation of 'intelligent' materials systems, for example as media for drug delivery, separation processes and protein immobilization. Hydrogels have been reported that respond to pH(1-3), temperature(4-13), electric fields(14-16) and saccharides(17-22). For some biomedical applications it would be very useful to have a material whose swelling response was dictated by a specific protein. Here we report such a material, which swells reversibly in a buffer solution in response to a specific antigen. The hydrogel was prepared by grafting the antigen and corresponding antibody to the polymer network, so that binding between the two introduces crosslinks in the network. Competitive binding of the free antigen triggers a change in gel volume owing to breaking of these non-covalent crosslinks. In addition, we show that the hydrogel displays shape-memory behaviour, and that stepwise changes in antigen concentration can induce pulsatile permeation of a protein through the network.
C1 Kansai Univ, Fac Engn, Chem Branch, Osaka 5648680, Japan.
   Kansai Univ, High Technol Res Ctr, Osaka 5648680, Japan.
C3 Kansai University; Kansai University
RP Miyata, T (corresponding author), Kansai Univ, Fac Engn, Chem Branch, Osaka 5648680, Japan.
NR 26
TC 996
Z9 1154
U1 19
U2 756
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6738
BP 766
EP 769
DI 10.1038/21619
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 210JP
UT WOS:000081101600049
PM 10391240
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Edman, K
   Nollert, P
   Royant, A
   Belrhali, H
   Pebay-Peyroula, E
   Hajdu, J
   Neutze, R
   Landau, EM
AF Edman, K
   Nollert, P
   Royant, A
   Belrhali, H
   Pebay-Peyroula, E
   Hajdu, J
   Neutze, R
   Landau, EM
TI High-resolution X-ray structure of an early intermediate in the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lipidic cubic phases; angstrom resolution; membrane-proteins; purple membrane; diffraction; crystallography; crystallization; model
AB Bacteriorhodopsin is the simplest known photon-driven proton pump(1) and as such provides a model for the study of a basic function in bioenergetics. Its seven transmembrane helices' encompass a proton translocation pathway containing the chromophore, a retinal molecule covalently bound to lysine 216 through a protonated Schiff base, and a series of proton donors and accepters. Photoisomerization of the all-trans retinal to the) 13-cis configuration initiates the vectorial translocation of a proton from the Schiff base, the primary proton donor, to the extracellular side, followed by reprotonation of the Schiff base from the cytoplasm. Here we describe the high-resolution X-ray structure of an early intermediate in the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin, which is formed directly after photoexcitation. A key water molecule is dislocated, allowing the primary proton acceptor, Asp 85, to move. Movement of the main-chain Lys 216 locally disrupts the hydrogen-bonding network of helix G, facilitating structural changes later in the photocycle.
C1 Univ Basel, Biozentrum, Dept Mol Microbiol, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
   Uppsala Univ, Ctr Biomed, Dept Biochem, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
   European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
   Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, CEA, Inst Biol Struct, F-38027 Grenoble 2, France.
C3 University of Basel; Uppsala University; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Landau, EM (corresponding author), Univ Basel, Biozentrum, Dept Mol Microbiol, Klingelbergstr 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
EM neutze@xray.bmc.uu.se; landau@ubaclu.unibas.ch
NR 32
TC 308
Z9 335
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6755
BP 822
EP 826
DI 10.1038/44623
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 250BG
UT WOS:000083368700061
PM 10548112
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Novak, R
   Henriques, B
   Charpentier, E
   Normark, S
   Tuomanen, E
AF Novak, R
   Henriques, B
   Charpentier, E
   Normark, S
   Tuomanen, E
TI Emergence of vancomycin tolerance in Streptococcus pneumoniae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID multiple antibiotic-resistance; escherichia-coli; enterococcus-faecium; penicillin tolerance; bacterial-meningitis; proteins; identification; pneumococci; infections; mechanisms
AB Streptococcus pneumoniae, the pneumococcus, is the most common cause of sepsis and meningitis(1). Mwultiple-antibiotic-resistant strains are widespread, and vancomycin is the antibiotic of last resort(2,3). Emergence of vancomycin resistance In this community-acquired bacterium would be catastrophic. Antibiotic tolerance, the ability of bacteria to survive but not grow in the presence of antibiotics, is a precursor phenotype to resistance(4) Here we show that loss of function of the VncS histidine kinase of a two-component sensor-regulator system in S. pneumoniae produced tolerance to vancomycin and other classes of antibiotic. Bacterial two-component systems monitor environmental parameters through a sensor histidine-kinase/phosphatase, which phosphorylates/dephosphorylates a response regulator that in turn mediates changes in gene expression. These results indicate that signal transduction is critical for the bactericidal activity of antibiotics. Experimental meningitis caused by the vncS mutant failed to respond to vancomycin. Clinical isolates tolerant to vancomycin were identified and DNA sequencing revealed nucleotide alterations in vncS. We conclude that broad antibiotic tolerance of S. pneumoniae has emerged in the community by a molecular mechanism that eliminates sensitivity to the current cornerstone of therapy vancomycin.
C1 St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Infect Dis, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   Karolinska Inst, Swedish Inst Infect Dis Control, S-17182 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control; Karolinska Institutet
RP Tuomanen, E (corresponding author), St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Infect Dis, 332 N Lauderdale St, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
EM elaine.tuomanen@stjude.org
NR 29
TC 279
Z9 316
U1 1
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6736
BP 590
EP 593
DI 10.1038/21202
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 204RR
UT WOS:000080778400057
PM 10376600
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aizenberg, J
   Black, AJ
   Whitesides, GM
AF Aizenberg, J
   Black, AJ
   Whitesides, GM
TI Control of crystal nucleation by patterned self-assembled monolayers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inorganic materials; biomineralization; crystallization; interfaces; alignment; surfaces; calcite
AB An important requirement in the fabrication of advanced inorganic materials, such as ceramics and semiconductors, is control over crystallization(1-4). In principle, the synthetic growth of crystals can be guided by molecular recognition at interfaces(5-16). But it remains a practical challenge to control simultaneously the density and pattern of nucleation events, and the sizes and orientations of the growing crystals. Here we report a route to crystal formation, using micropatterned self-assembled monolayers(17,18), which affords control over all these parameters. We begin with a metal substrate patterned with a self-assembled monolayer having areas of different nucleating activity-in this case, an array of acid-terminated regions separated by methyl-terminated regions. By immersing the patterned substrates in a calcium chloride solution and exposing them to carbon dioxide, we achieve ordered crystallization of calcite in the polar regions, where the rate of nucleation is fastest; crystallization can be completely suppressed elsewhere by a suitable choice of array spacing, which ensures that the solution is undersaturated in the methyl-terminated regions. The nucleation density (the number of crystals formed per active site) maybe controlled by varying the area and distribution of the polar regions, and we can manipulate the crystallographic orientation by using different functional groups and substrates.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T
RP Whitesides, GM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 22
TC 800
Z9 943
U1 2
U2 562
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6727
BP 495
EP 498
DI 10.1038/19047
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185HQ
UT WOS:000079662800043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cao, Y
   Parker, ID
   Yu, G
   Zhang, C
   Heeger, AJ
AF Cao, Y
   Parker, ID
   Yu, G
   Zhang, C
   Heeger, AJ
TI Improved quantum efficiency for electroluminescence in semiconducting polymers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light-emitting-diodes; conjugated polymers; poly(phenylene vinylene); transparent anode; hole transport; electron; photoluminescence; polyethylene; emission
AB Some conjugated polymers have luminescence properties that are potentially useful for applications such as light-emitting diodes, whose performance is ultimately limited by the maximum quantum efficiency theoretically attainable far electroluminescence(1,2). If the lowest-energy excited states are strongly bound excitons (electron-hole pairs in singlet or triplet spin states), this theoretical upper limit is only 25% of the corresponding quantum efficiency for photoluminescence: an electron in the pi*-band and a hole (or missing electron) in the pi-band can form a triplet,vith spin multiplicity of three, or a singlet with spin multiplicity of one, but only the singlet will decay radiatively(3). But if the electron-hole binding energy is sufficiently weak, the ratio of the maximum quantum efficiencies for electroluminescence and photoluminescence can theoretically approach unity. Here we report a value of similar to 50% for the ratio of these efficiencies (electroluminescence:photoluminescence) in polymer light-emitting diodes, attained by blending electron transport materials with the conjugated polymer to improve the injection of electrons. This value significantly exceeds the theoretical limit for strongly bound singlet and triplet excitons, assuming they comprise the lowest-energy excited states. Our results imply that the exciton binding energy is weak, or that singlet bound states are formed with higher probability than triplets.
C1 UNIAX Corp, Santa Barbara, CA 93117 USA.
RP Heeger, AJ (corresponding author), UNIAX Corp, 6780 Cortona Dr, Santa Barbara, CA 93117 USA.
NR 24
TC 865
Z9 967
U1 2
U2 225
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 4
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6718
BP 414
EP 417
DI 10.1038/17087
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 164KA
UT WOS:000078461700041
PM 29667982
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Underhill, DM
   Ozinsky, A
   Hajjar, AM
   Stevens, A
   Wilson, CB
   Bassetti, M
   Aderem, A
AF Underhill, DM
   Ozinsky, A
   Hajjar, AM
   Stevens, A
   Wilson, CB
   Bassetti, M
   Aderem, A
TI The Toll-like receptor 2 is recruited to macrophage phagosomes and discriminates between pathogens
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila host-defense; gene; family; myd88; lipopolysaccharide; 18-wheeler; expression; adapter; complex; mice
AB Macrophages orchestrate innate immunity by phagocytosing pathogens and coordinating inflammatory responses(1). Effective defence requires the host to discriminate between different pathogens. The specificity of innate immune recognition in Drosophila is mediated by the Toll family of receptors(2,3); Toll mediates anti-fungal responses, whereas 18-wheeler mediates anti-bacterial defence(4-6). A large number of Toll homologues have been identified in mammals, and Toll-like receptor 4 is critical in responses to Gram-negative bacteria(7-11). Here we show that Toll-like receptor 2 is recruited specifically to macrophage phagosomes containing yeast, and that a point mutation in the receptor abrogates inflammatory responses to yeast and Gram-positive bacteria, but not to Gram-negative bacteria. Thus, during the phagocytosis of pathogens, two classes of innate immune receptors cooperate to mediate host defence: phagocytic receptors, such as the mannose receptor, signal particle internalization, and the Toll-like receptors sample the contents of the vacuole and trigger an inflammatory response appropriate to defence against the specific organism.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Immunol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Aderem, A (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Immunol, Box 357650, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM aaderem@u.washington.edu
NR 27
TC 1178
Z9 1367
U1 4
U2 68
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6755
BP 811
EP 815
DI 10.1038/44605
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 250BG
UT WOS:000083368700058
PM 10548109
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Casimir, HBG
AF Casimir, HBG
TI Annus physicalis 1932 - A bumper crop of physical discoveries - something in the (heavy) water?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
RP Casimir, HBG (corresponding author), De Zegge 7, NL-5591 TT Heeze, Netherlands.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 463
EP 463
DI 10.1038/44959
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200030
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sahara, S
   Aoto, M
   Eguchi, Y
   Imamoto, N
   Yoneda, Y
   Tsujimoto, Y
AF Sahara, S
   Aoto, M
   Eguchi, Y
   Imamoto, N
   Yoneda, Y
   Tsujimoto, Y
TI Acinus is a caspase-3-activated protein required for apoptotic chromatin condensation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caspase-activated dnase; lamin-a; import; cells; fragmentation; complex
AB Apoptosis is defined by several unique morphological nuclear changes, such as chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation(1). These changes are triggered by the activation of a family of cysteine proteases called caspases(2,3), and caspase-activated DNase (CAD/DPP40)(4,5) and Iamin protease (caspase-6)(6,7) have been implicated in some of these changes. CAD/DFF40 induces chromatin condensation in purified nuclei, but distinct caspase-activated factor(s) may be responsible for chromatin condensations. Here we use an in vitro system to identify a new nuclear factor, designated Acinus, which induces apoptotic chromatin condensation after cleavage by caspase-3 without inducing DNA fragmentation. Immunodepletion experiments showed that Acinus is essential for apoptotic chromatin condensation in vitro, and an antisense study revealed that Acinus is also important in the induction of apoptotic chromatin condensation in cells.
C1 Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Biomed Res Ctr, Dept Med Genet, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp JST, CREST, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; University of Osaka; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Tsujimoto, Y (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Biomed Res Ctr, Dept Med Genet, 202 Yamadaoka, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
NR 26
TC 369
Z9 418
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6749
BP 168
EP 173
DI 10.1038/43678
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234AF
UT WOS:000082458800055
PM 10490026
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Young, LJ
   Nilsen, R
   Waymire, KG
   MacGregor, GR
   Insel, TR
AF Young, LJ
   Nilsen, R
   Waymire, KG
   MacGregor, GR
   Insel, TR
TI Increased affiliative response to vasopressin in mice expressing the V1a receptor from a monogamous vole
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microtus-ochrogaster; prairie voles; species-differences; paternal behavior; cohabitation; innervation; hamsters; brain; gene
AB Arginine vasopressin influences male reproductive and social behaviours in several vertebrate taxa(1) through its actions at the V-1a receptor in the brain, The neuroanatomical distribution of vasopressin V-1a receptors varies greatly between species with different forms of social organization(2,3). Here we show that centrally administered arginine vasopressin increases affiliative behaviour in the highly social, monogamous prairie vole, but not in the relatively asocial, promiscuous montana vole. Molecular analyses indicate that gene duplication and/or changes in promoter structure of the prairie vole receptor gene may contribute to the species differences in vasopressin-receptor expression. We further show that mice that are transgenic for the prairie vole receptor gene have a neuroanatomical pattern of receptor binding that is similar to that of the prairie vole, and exhibit increased affiliative behaviour after injection with arginine vasopressin. These data indicate that the pattern of V-1a-receptor gene expression in the brain may be functionally associated with species-typical social behaviours in male vertebrates.
C1 Emory Univ, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Emory Univ, Ctr Mol Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
C3 Emory University; Emory University
RP Young, LJ (corresponding author), Emory Univ, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
NR 18
TC 379
Z9 449
U1 0
U2 82
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6746
BP 766
EP 768
DI 10.1038/23475
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228HM
UT WOS:000082131100050
PM 10466725
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huang, JT
   Welch, JS
   Ricote, M
   Binder, CJ
   Willson, TM
   Kelly, C
   Witztum, JL
   Funk, CD
   Conrad, D
   Glass, CK
AF Huang, JT
   Welch, JS
   Ricote, M
   Binder, CJ
   Willson, TM
   Kelly, C
   Witztum, JL
   Funk, CD
   Conrad, D
   Glass, CK
TI Interleukin-4-dependent production of PPAR-γ ligands in macrophages by 12/15-lipoxygenase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activated receptor-gamma; low-density-lipoprotein; mammalian lipoxygenases; peritoneal-macrophages; human 15-lipoxygenase; transcription factor; gene-expression; oxidized ldl; cd36; fibroblasts
AB The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) is a ligand-dependent nuclear receptor that has been implicated in the modulation of critical aspects of development and homeostasis, including adipocyte differentiation(1), glucose metabolism(2,3) and macrophage development and function(4-6). PPAR-gamma is activated by a range of synthetic and naturally occurring substances, including antidiabetic thiazolidinediones(2,3), polyunsaturated fatty acids(7), 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)prostaglandin J(2) (refs 8, 9) and components of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, such as 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE)(10), However, the identities of endogenous ligands for PPAR-gamma and their means of production in vivo have not been established. In monocytes and macrophages, 13-HODE and 15-HETE can be generated from linoleic and arachidonic acids, respectively, by a 12/15-lipoxygenase that is upregulated by the T(H)2-derived cytokine interleukin-4 (ref. 11). Here we show that interleukin-4 also induces the expression of PPAR-gamma and provide evidence that the coordinate induction of PPAR-gamma and 12/15-lipoxygenase mediates interleukin-4-dependent transcription of the CD36 gene in macrophages. These findings reveal a physiological role of 12/15-lipoxygenase in the generation of endogenous ligands for PPAR-gamma, and suggest a paradigm for the regulation of nuclear receptor function by cytokines.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol & Metab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Med, Div Nephrol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Med, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Med, Div Cellular & Mol Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Res & Dev, Dept Med Chem, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
   Univ Penn, Ctr Expt Therapeut, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; University of Pennsylvania
RP Glass, CK (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol & Metab, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 30
TC 789
Z9 901
U1 1
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6742
BP 378
EP 382
DI 10.1038/22572
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 219CH
UT WOS:000081590000054
PM 10432118
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Emanuel, KA
AF Emanuel, KA
TI Thermodynamic control of hurricane intensity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB To establish useful warning systems for hurricanes, it is necessary to accurately predict both hurricane intensity and track. But although the forecasting of hurricane tracks has improved over the past 30 years, the factors that control the intensity of hurricanes are still poorly understood, leading to almost no reliability in forecasts of hurricane intensity evolution. Efforts to improve intensity forecasts have focused almost exclusively on characterizing the dynamical interactions between hurricanes and their atmospheric environment. Here I use a simple numerical model to demonstrate that, in most cases, the evolution of hurricane intensity depends mainly on three factors: the storm's initial intensity, the thermodynamic state of the atmosphere through which it moves, and the heat exchange with the upper layer of the ocean under the core of the hurricane, Such a limited number of controlling factors offers hope that, given an accurate forecast of a hurricane's track, its intensity can be reliably forecast using very simple models.
C1 MIT, Program Atmospheres Oceans & Climate, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Emanuel, KA (corresponding author), MIT, Program Atmospheres Oceans & Climate, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM emanuel@texmex.mit.edu
NR 20
TC 590
Z9 659
U1 3
U2 87
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6754
BP 665
EP 669
DI 10.1038/44326
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 247EJ
UT WOS:000083207400047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kobayashi, Y
   Lu, JC
   Dong, ZM
   Barsbold, R
   Azuma, Y
   Tomida, Y
AF Kobayashi, Y
   Lu, JC
   Dong, ZM
   Barsbold, R
   Azuma, Y
   Tomida, Y
TI Palaeobiology - Herbivorous diet in an ornithomimid dinosaur
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID birds
C1 So Methodist Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Dallas, TX 75275 USA.
   Acad Sinica, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   Fukui Prefectural Museum, Fukui 9100016, Japan.
   Mongolian Acad Sci, Inst Geol, Ulaan Baatar 11, Mongolia.
   Museum Nat Sci, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1690073, Japan.
C3 Southern Methodist University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS; Mongolian Academy of Sciences
RP Kobayashi, Y (corresponding author), So Methodist Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Dallas, TX 75275 USA.
NR 12
TC 67
Z9 75
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 480
EP 481
DI 10.1038/44999
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wickware, P
AF Wickware, P
TI Data explosion fuels search for drugs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6746
BP 799
EP 800
DI 10.1038/23532
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228HM
UT WOS:000082131100060
PM 10466732
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhen, M
   Jin, YS
AF Zhen, M
   Jin, YS
TI The liprin protein SYD-2 regulates the differentiation of presynaptic termini in C-elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nematode caenorhabditis-elegans; synaptic vesicles; tyrosine-phosphatase; nerve-terminals; active zone; synaptotagmin; organization; mutants; system
AB At synaptic junctions, specialized subcellular structures occur in both pre- and postsynaptic cells. Most presynaptic termini contain electron-dense membrane structures(1), often referred to as active zones, which function in vesicle docking and release(2). The components of those active zones and how they are formed are largely unknown. We report here that a mutation in the Caenorhabditis elegans syd-2 (for synapse-defective) gene causes a diffused localization of several presynaptic proteins and of a synaptic-vesicle membrane associated green fluorescent protein (GFP) marker(3,4). Ultrastructural analysis revealed that the active zones of syd-2 mutants were significantly lengthened, whereas the total number of vesicles per synapse and the number of vesicles at the prominent active zones were comparable to those in wild-type animals. Synaptic transmission is partially impaired in syn-2 mutants. syd-2 encodes a member of the liprin (for LAR-interacting protein) family of proteins which interact with LAR-type (for leukocyte common antigen related) receptor proteins with tyrosine phosphatase activity (RPTPs)(5,6). SYD-2 protein is localized at presynaptic termini independently of the presence of vesicles, and functions cell autonomously. We propose that SYD-2 regulates the differentiation of presynaptic termini in particular the formation of the active zone, by acting as an intracellular anchor for RPTP signalling at synaptic junctions.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Sinsheimer Labs, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
RP Jin, YS (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Sinsheimer Labs, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
FU NINDS NIH HHS [NS35546] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 297
Z9 390
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 371
EP 375
DI 10.1038/43889
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600050
PM 10517634
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gavaghan, C
AF Gavaghan, C
TI Physics grapples with its image problem
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
RP Gavaghan, C (corresponding author), 27 Edge Hay Green, Hebden Bridge HX7 7HJ, Yorks, England.
NR 1
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6724
BP 265
EP 268
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 177UA
UT WOS:000079228400058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ito, K
   Moynihan, CT
   Angell, CA
AF Ito, K
   Moynihan, CT
   Angell, CA
TI Thermodynamic determination of fragility in liquids and a fragile-to-strong liquid transition in water
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID singularity-free interpretation; amorphous solid water; glass-transition; supercooled water; configurational entropy; aqueous-solutions; heat-capacity; crystallization; temperature; relaxation
AB If crystallization can be avoided when a liquid is cooled, it will typically form a glass. Near the glass transition temperature the viscosity increases continuously but rapidly with cooling. As the glass forms, the molecular relaxation time increases with an Arrhenius-like (simple activated) form in some liquids, but shows highly non-Arrhenius behaviour in others. The former are said to be 'strong' liquids, and the latter 'fragile'(1,2). Here we show that the fragility of a liquid can be determined from purely thermodynamic data (as opposed to measurements of kinetics) near and below the melting point. We find that for most liquids the fragilities estimated this way are consistent with those obtained by previous methods and by a new method (ref. 3 and K.I., C.A.A. and C.T.M., unpublished data) at temperatures near the glass transition. But water is an exception. The thermodynamic method indicates that near its melting point it is the most fragile of all liquids studied, whereas the kinetic approach indicates that near the glass transition it is the least fragile. We propose that this discrepancy can be explained by a fragile-to-strong transition in supercooled water near 228 K, corresponding to a change in the liquid's structure at this point.
C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Tokyo Univ Agr & Technol, Dept Biotechnol, Tokyo 1848588, Japan.
   Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
RP Angell, CA (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
EM caa@asu.edu
NR 37
TC 730
Z9 764
U1 7
U2 203
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6727
BP 492
EP 495
DI 10.1038/19042
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185HQ
UT WOS:000079662800042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barr, MM
   Sternberg, PW
AF Barr, MM
   Sternberg, PW
TI A polycystic kidney-disease gene homologue required for male mating behaviour in C-elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nematode caenorhabditis-elegans; protein; insights; neuron; pkd1
AB The stereotyped mating behaviour of the Caenorhabditis elegans male is made up of several substeps: response, backing, turning, vulva location, spicule insertion and sperm transfer. The complexity of this behaviour is reflected in the sexually dimorphic anatomy and nervous system(1). Behavioural functions have been assigned to most of the male-specific sensory neurons by means of cell ablations; for example, the hook sensory neurons HOA and HOB are specifically required for vulva location(2). We have investigated how sensory perception of the hermaphrodite by the C. elegans male controls mating behaviours. Here we identify a gene, lov-1 (for location of vulva), that is required for two male sensory behaviours: response and vulva location. lov-1 encodes a putative membrane protein with a mucin-like, serine-threonine-rich amino terminus' followed by two blocks of homology to human polycystins, products of the autosomal dominant polycystic kidney-disease loci PKD1 and PKD2 (ref 4). LOV-1 is the closest C. elegans homologue of PKD1. lov-1 is expressed in adult males in sensory neurons of the rays, hook and head, which mediate response, vulva location, and potentially chemotaxis to hermaphrodites, respectively(2,5). PKD-2, the C. elegans homologue of PKD2, is localized to the same neurons as LOV-1, suggesting that they function in the same pathway.
C1 CALTECH, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology
RP Sternberg, PW (corresponding author), CALTECH, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 30
TC 431
Z9 555
U1 1
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 386
EP 389
DI 10.1038/43913
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600054
PM 10517638
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loubeyre, P
   LeToullec, R
   Wolanin, E
   Hanfland, M
   Husermann, D
AF Loubeyre, P
   LeToullec, R
   Wolanin, E
   Hanfland, M
   Husermann, D
TI Modulated phases and proton centring in ice observed by X-ray diffraction up to 170 GPa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-pressure phase; devils staircase; hydrogen; vii; equation; state; calibration; compression; symmetry; gauge
AB Because of its open hydrogen-bonded structure, ice shows many structural changes between different crystalline forms under high pressure. Crystallographic studies of these transitions have been pursued largely by neutron scattering, which allows the positions of the hydrogen atoms to be identified(1,2). Such studies have previously been extended to pressures of up to 20 GPa, which is however insufficient tea permit the investigation of ice X, a 'symmetric ice' in which the protons are thought to reside midway between the oxygen atoms(3-5). So far, information about ice X has therefore come from indirect methods such as infrared(6,7) or Brillouin(8) spectroscopy. Here we show that single-crystal X-ray diffraction is able to reveal the signature of hydrogen-bond symmetrization. The 111 reflection can be assigned to the hydrogen atoms alone, and we can measure it up to 170 GPa in a diamond anvil cell. This diffraction line (normalized against the intensity of the 222 line, which is due mostly to oxygen atoms) indicates that the proton centring in ice X occurs from about 60 to 150 GPa; at this latter pressure the intensity increases sharply, signalling a further structural change. At lower pressures, we see ice VII ordering in a sequence of spatially modulated phases between 2.2 and 25 GPa, which suggests an analogy with the incommensurate phases of the frustrated Ising model(9).
C1 CEA, SPMC DPTA, Lab Etats Extremes Stat, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France.
   CNRS, F-75252 Paris, France.
   Univ Paris 06, F-75252 Paris, France.
   European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
C3 CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)
RP Loubeyre, P (corresponding author), CEA, SPMC DPTA, Lab Etats Extremes Stat, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France.
NR 21
TC 196
Z9 218
U1 0
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 11
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6719
BP 503
EP 506
DI 10.1038/17300
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 166KN
UT WOS:000078574900043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jones, D
AF Jones, D
TI Daedalus - Total digital recall
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 646
EP 646
DI 10.1038/21343
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800033
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chook, YM
   Blobel, G
AF Chook, YM
   Blobel, G
TI Structure of the nuclear transport complex karyopherin-β2-Ran•GppNHp
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gtpase-activating protein; transcription factor pho4; karyopherin-beta; ran-gtp; pore complex; import; association; ran/tc4; alpha; repeats
AB Transport factors in the karyopherin-beta (also called importin-beta) family mediate the movement of macromolecules in nuclear-cytoplasmic transport pathways. Karyopherin-beta 2 (transportin) binds a cognate import substrate and targets It to the nuclear pore complex. In the nucleus, Ran GTP binds karyopherin-beta 2 and dissociates the substrate. Here we present the 3.0 Angstrom structure of the karyopherin-beta 2-Ran GppNHp complex where GppNHp is a non-hydrolysable GTP analogue. Karyopherin-beta 2 contains eighteen HEAT repeats arranged into two continuous orthogonal arches. Ran is clamped in the amino-terminal arch and substrate-binding activity Is mapped to the carboxy-terminal arch. A large loop In HEAT repeat 7 spans both arches. Interactions of the loop with Ran and the C-terminal arch implicate it in GTPase-mediated dissociation of the import-substrate. Ran GppNHp In the complex shows extensive structural rearrangement, compared to Ran GDP, in regions contacting karyopherin-beta 2. This provides a structural basis for the specificity of the karyopherin-beta family for the GTP-bound state of Ran, as well as a rationale for interactions of the karyopherin-Ran complex with the regulatory proteins ranGAP, ranGEF and ranBP1.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cell Biol Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University
RP Chook, YM (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cell Biol Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 50
TC 307
Z9 348
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6733
BP 230
EP 237
DI 10.1038/20375
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 198MF
UT WOS:000080427400047
PM 10353245
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nutt, SL
   Heavey, B
   Rolink, AG
   Busslinger, M
AF Nutt, SL
   Heavey, B
   Rolink, AG
   Busslinger, M
TI Commitment to the B-lymphoid lineage depends on the transcription factor Pax5
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mouse bone-marrow; murine fetal liver; colony-stimulating factor; natural-killer-cells; stem-cells; dendritic cells; factor bsap; c-fos; pro-b; macrophages
AB The Pax5 gene encoding the B-cell-specific activator protein (BSAP) is expressed within the haematopoietic system exclusively in the B-lymphoid lineage, where it is required in vivo for progression beyond the pro-B-cell stage. However, Pax5 is not essential for in vitro propagation of pro-B cells in the presence of interleukin-ir and stromal cells. Here we show that pro-B cells lacking Pax5 are also incapable of in vitro B-cell differentiation unless Pax5 expression is restored by retroviral transduction, Pax5(-/-) pro-B cells ape not restricted in their lineage fate, as stimulation with appropriate cytokines induces them to differentiate into functional macrophages, osteoclasts, dendritic cells, granulocytes and natural killer cells. As expected far a clonogenic haematopoietic progenitor with lymphomyeloid developmental potential, the Pax5(-/-) pro-B cell expresses genes of different lineage-affiliated programmes, and restoration of Pax5 activity represses this lineage-promiscuous transcription. Pax5 therefore plays an essential role in B-lineage commitment by suppressing alternative lineage choices.
C1 Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   Basel Inst Immunol, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)
RP Busslinger, M (corresponding author), Res Inst Mol Pathol, Dr Bohr Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
EM busslinger@nt.imp.univie.ac.at
NR 50
TC 928
Z9 1146
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 556
EP 562
DI 10.1038/44076
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900041
PM 10524622
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van Wilpe, S
   Ryan, MT
   Hill, K
   Maarse, AC
   Meisinger, C
   Brix, J
   Dekker, PJT
   Moczko, M
   Wagner, R
   Meijer, M
   Guiard, B
   Hönlinger, A
   Pfanner, N
AF van Wilpe, S
   Ryan, MT
   Hill, K
   Maarse, AC
   Meisinger, C
   Brix, J
   Dekker, PJT
   Moczko, M
   Wagner, R
   Meijer, M
   Guiard, B
   Hönlinger, A
   Pfanner, N
TI Tom22 is a multifunctional organizer of the mitochondrial preprotein translocase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID outer-membrane protein; general import pore; receptor complex; yeast mitochondria; neurospora-crassa; cell viability; channel; component; domains; mom22
AB Mitochondrial preproteins are imported by a multisubunit translocase of the outer membrane (TOM), including receptor proteins and a general import pore(1-5). The central receptor Tom22 binds preproteins through both its cytosolic domain and its intermembrane space domain(6-10) and is stably associated with the channel protein Tom40 (refs 11-13). Here we report the unexpected observation that a yeast strain can survive without Tom22, although it is strongly reduced in growth and the import of mitochondrial proteins. Tom22 is a multifunctional protein that is required for the higher-level organization of the TOM machinery. In the absence of Tom22, the translocase dissociates into core complexes, representing the basic import units, but lacks a tight control of channel gating. The single membrane anchor of Tom22 is required for a stable interaction between the core complexes, whereas its cytosolic domain, serves as docking point for the peripheral receptors Tom20 and Tom70. Thus a preprotein translocase can combine receptor functions with distinct organizing roles in a multidomain protein.
C1 Univ Freiburg, Inst Biochem & Mol Biol, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
   Biocentrum Amsterdam, Inst Mol Cell Biol, NL-1098 SM Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Osnabruck, Fachbereich Biol Chem, D-49034 Osnabruck, Germany.
   Univ Paris 06, Ctr Genet Mol, CNRS, F-91190 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 University of Freiburg; University of Amsterdam; University Osnabruck; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite
RP Pfanner, N (corresponding author), Univ Freiburg, Inst Biochem & Mol Biol, Hermann Herder Str 7, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
NR 26
TC 253
Z9 289
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6752
BP 485
EP 489
DI 10.1038/46802
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243DF
UT WOS:000082981200058
PM 10519552
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tse, JS
   Klug, DD
   Tulk, CA
   Swainson, I
   Svensson, EC
   Loong, CK
   Shpakov, V
   Belosludov, VR
   Belosludov, RV
   Kawazoe, Y
AF Tse, JS
   Klug, DD
   Tulk, CA
   Swainson, I
   Svensson, EC
   Loong, CK
   Shpakov, V
   Belosludov, VR
   Belosludov, RV
   Kawazoe, Y
TI The mechanisms for pressure-induced amorphization of ice Ih
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID density amorphous water; x-ray; liquid water; 1st-order transition; elastic-constants; diffraction; instability; scattering
AB There has been considerable interest in the structure of liquid water at low temperatures and high pressure following the discovery of the high-density amorphous (HDA) phase of ice I-h (ref. 1). HDA ice forms at a pressure close to the extrapolated melting curve of ice, leading to the suggestion that it may have structure similar to that of dense water. On annealing, HDA ice transforms into a low-density amorphous (LDA) phase with a distinct phase boundary(2,3). Extrapolation of thermodynamic data along the HDA-LDA coexistence line into the liquid region has led to the hypothesis that there might exist a second critical point for water and the speculation that liquid water is mixture of two distinct structures with different densities(4,5). Here we critically examine this hypothesis. We use quasi-harmonic lattice-dynamics calculations to show that the amorphization mechanism in ice I-h changes from thermodynamic melting for T > 162 K to mechanical melting at lower temperatures. The vibrational spectra of ice I-h, LDA ice and quenched water also indicate a structure for LDA ice that differs from that of the liquid. These results call into question the validity of there being a thermodynamic connection between the amorphous and liquid phases of water.
C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Inorgan Chem, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
   Tohoku Univ, Inst Mat Res, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan.
C3 National Research Council Canada; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; Russian Academy of Sciences; Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Tohoku University
RP Tse, JS (corresponding author), Natl Res Council Canada, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, 100 Sussex Dr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
EM John.Tse@NRC.CA
NR 24
TC 159
Z9 164
U1 0
U2 54
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6745
BP 647
EP 649
DI 10.1038/23216
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226QU
UT WOS:000082032900047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reichhardt, T
AF Reichhardt, T
TI Brazil's space programme comes of age
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6726
BP A19
EP A19
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 182QB
UT WOS:000079508700009
PM 10201384
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yu, W
   Nagaoka, H
   Jankovic, M
   Misulovin, Z
   Suh, HY
   Rolink, A
   Melchers, F
   Meffre, E
   Nussenzweig, MC
AF Yu, W
   Nagaoka, H
   Jankovic, M
   Misulovin, Z
   Suh, HY
   Rolink, A
   Melchers, F
   Meffre, E
   Nussenzweig, MC
TI Continued RAG expression in late stages of B cell development and no apparent re-induction after immunization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID v(d)j recombination; transgenic mice; bone-marrow; receptor; gene; lymphocytes; tolerance; antibody; mouse; elimination
AB Models of B-cell-development in the immune system suggest that only those immature B cells in the bone marrow that undergo receptor editing express V(D)J-recombination-activating genes (RAGs)(1-3). Here we investigate the regulation of RAG expression in transgenic mice carrying a bacterial artificial chromosome that encodes a green fluorescent. protein reporter instead of RAG2 (ref. 4). We find that the reporter is expressed in all immature B cells in the bone marrow and spleen. Endogenous RAG messenger RNA is expressed in immature beeps in bone marrow and spleen and decreases by two orders of magnitude as they acquire higher levels of surface immunoglobulin M (IgM). Once RAG expression is stopped it is not re-induced during immune responses. Our findings may help to reconcile a series of apparently contradictory observations, and suggest a new model for the mechanisms that regulate allelic exclusion, receptor editing and tolerance.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Lab Mol Immunol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Inst Mol Genet & Genet Engn, YU-11001 Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
   Basel Inst Immunol, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University
RP Nussenzweig, MC (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Lab Mol Immunol, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM nussen@rockvax.rockfeller.edu
NR 30
TC 336
Z9 381
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6745
BP 682
EP 687
DI 10.1038/23287
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226QU
UT WOS:000082032900058
PM 10458165
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nitzan, A
AF Nitzan, A
TI Chemical physics - Ultrafast relaxation in water
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Sackler Fac Sci, Sch Chem, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
C3 Tel Aviv University
RP Nitzan, A (corresponding author), Tel Aviv Univ, Sackler Fac Sci, Sch Chem, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
NR 7
TC 25
Z9 27
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 472
EP +
DI 10.1038/44976
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200035
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johnson, RD
   Liu, N
   Jasin, M
AF Johnson, RD
   Liu, N
   Jasin, M
TI Mammalian XRCC2 promotes the repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic stem-cells; ionizing-radiation; rad57 proteins; gene; resistance; endonuclease; disruption; expression; member; family
AB The repair of DNA double-strand breaks is essential for cells to maintain their genomic integrity. Two major mechanisms are responsible for repairing these breaks in mammalian cells, nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR)(1,2): the importance of the former in mammalian cells is well established(3), whereas the role of the latter is just emerging, Homologous recombination is presumably promoted by an evolutionarily conserved group of genes termed the Rad52 epistasis (4-11). An essential component of the HR pathway is the group strand-exchange protein, known as RecA in bacteria(8) or Rad51 in yeast(6). Several mammalian genes have been implicated in repair by homologous recombination on the basis of their sequence homology to yeast Rad51 (ref. 11): one of these is human XRCC2 (refs 12, 13). Here we show that XRCC2 is essential for the efficient repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination between sister chromatids, We find that hamster cells deficient in XRCC2 show more than a 100-fold decrease in HR induced by double-strand breaks compared with the parental cell line. This defect is corrected to almost wild-type levels by transient transfection with a plasmid expressing XRCC2. The repair defect in XRCC2 mutant cells appears to be restricted to recombinational repair because NHEJ is normal. We conclude that XRCC2 is involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cell Biol Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Grad Sch Med Sci, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biol & Biotechnol Res Program, Livermore, CA 94551 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Cornell University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
RP Jasin, M (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cell Biol Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM m-jasin@ski.mskcc.org
NR 29
TC 284
Z9 329
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 397
EP 399
DI 10.1038/43932
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600057
PM 10517641
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Swisher, CC III
   Wang, YQ
   Wang, XL
   Xu, X
   Wang, Y
AF Swisher, CC III
   Wang, YQ
   Wang, XL
   Xu, X
   Wang, Y
TI Cretaceous age for the feathered dinosaurs of Liaoning, China
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID northeast china; jurassic angiosperm; intercalibration; evolution; standards; flower
AB The ancient lake beds of the lower part of the Yixian Formation, Liaoning Province, northeastern China, have yielded a wide range of well-preserved fossils: the 'feathered' dinosaurs Sinosauropteryx(1), Protarchaeopteryx and Caudipteryx(2), the primitive birds Confuciusornis(3) and Liaoningornis(4), the mammal Zhangheotherium(5) and the reportedly oldest flowering plant, Archaefructus(6). Equally well preserved in the lake beds are a wide range of fossil plants, insects, bivalves, conchostracans, ostracods, gastropods, fish, salamanders, turtles, lizards, the frog Callobatrachus(7) and the pterosaur Eosipterus(1,8). This uniquely preserved assemblage of fossils is providing new insight into long-lived controversies over bird-dinosaur relationships(1,2), the early diversification of birds(3,9,10) and the origin and evolution of flowering plants(6). Despite the importance of this fossil assemblage, estimates of its geological age have varied widely from the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous. Here we present the first 40Ar/39Ar dates unambiguously associated with the main fossil horizons of the lower part of the Yixian Formation, and thus, for the first time, provide accurate age calibration of this important fauna. The results of this dating study indicate that the lower Yixian fossil horizons are not Jurassic but rather are at least 20 Myr younger, placing them within middle Early Cretaceous time.
C1 Berkeley Geochronol Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94709 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   Changchun Univ Sci & Technol, Nat Hist Museum, Changchun 130026, Peoples R China.
C3 Berkeley Geochronolgy Center; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS; Changchun University of Science & Technology
RP Swisher, CC III (corresponding author), Berkeley Geochronol Ctr, 2455 Ridge Rd, Berkeley, CA 94709 USA.
EM cswish@bgc.org; wang.yuanqing@pa.ivpp.ac.cn
NR 30
TC 399
Z9 471
U1 2
U2 98
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6739
BP 58
EP 61
DI 10.1038/21872
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 213DA
UT WOS:000081255700048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schenk, D
   Barbour, R
   Dunn, W
   Gordon, G
   Grajeda, H
   Guido, T
   Hu, K
   Huang, JP
   Johnson-Wood, K
   Khan, K
   Kholodenko, D
   Lee, M
   Liao, ZM
   Lieberburg, I
   Motter, R
   Mutter, L
   Soriano, F
   Shopp, G
   Vasquez, N
   Vandevert, C
   Walker, S
   Wogulis, M
   Yednock, T
   Games, D
   Seubert, P
AF Schenk, D
   Barbour, R
   Dunn, W
   Gordon, G
   Grajeda, H
   Guido, T
   Hu, K
   Huang, JP
   Johnson-Wood, K
   Khan, K
   Kholodenko, D
   Lee, M
   Liao, ZM
   Lieberburg, I
   Motter, R
   Mutter, L
   Soriano, F
   Shopp, G
   Vasquez, N
   Vandevert, C
   Walker, S
   Wogulis, M
   Yednock, T
   Games, D
   Seubert, P
TI Immunization with amyloid-β attenuates Alzheimer disease-like pathology in the PDAPP mouse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID precursor protein; transgenic mice; senile plaques; in-vivo; presenilin-1; deposition; peptide
AB Amyloid-beta peptide (A beta) seems to have a central role in the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD)(1). Familial forms of the disease have been linked to mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the presenilin genes(2,3). Disease-linked mutations in these genes result in increased production of the 42-amino-acid form of the peptide (A beta(42))(4-8), which is the predominant form found in the amyloid plaques of Alzheimer's disease(9,10). The PDAPP transgenic mouse, which overexpresses mutant human APP (in which the amino acid at position 717 is phenylalanine instead of the normal valine), progressively develops many of the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease in an age- and brain-region-dependent manner(11,12). In the present study, transgenic animals were immunized with A beta(42), either before the onset of AD-type neuropathologies (at 6 weeks of age) or at an older age (11 months), when amyloid-beta deposition and several of the subsequent neuropathological changes were well established. We report that immunization of the young animals essentially prevented the development of beta-amyloid-plaque formation, neuritic dystrophy and astrogliosis. Treatment of the older animals also markedly reduced the extent and progression of these AD-like neuropathologies. Our results raise the possibility that immunization with amyloid-beta may be effective in preventing and treating Alzheimer's disease.
C1 Elan Pharmaceut, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
C3 Perrigo Company PLC; Perrigo Company PLC North America
RP Schenk, D (corresponding author), Elan Pharmaceut, 800 Gateway Blvd, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
NR 16
TC 2728
Z9 3380
U1 1
U2 352
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6740
BP 173
EP 177
DI 10.1038/22124
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214JM
UT WOS:000081324900056
PM 10408445
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Visscher, K
   Schnitzer, MJ
   Block, SM
AF Visscher, K
   Schnitzer, MJ
   Block, SM
TI Single kinesin molecules studied with a molecular force clamp
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stochastic-model; myosin molecule; atp hydrolysis; optical traps; motor; mechanics; kinetics; movement; microtubules; steps
AB Kinesin is a two-headed, ATP-driven motor protein that moves processively along microtubules in discrete steps of 8 nm, probably by advancing each of its heads alternately in sequence(1-4). Molecular details of how the chemical energy stored in ATP is coupled to mechanical displacement remain obscure. To shed light on this question, a force clamp was constructed, based on a feedback-driven optical trap capable of maintaining constant loads on single kinesin motors(5). The instrument provides unprecedented resolution of molecular motion and permits mechanochemical studies under controlled external loads. Analysis of records of kinesin motion under variable ATP concentrations and loads revealed several new features. First, kinesin stepping appears to be tightly coupled to ATP hydrolysis over a wide range of forces, with a single hydrolysis per 8-nm mechanical advance. Second, the kinesin stall force depends on the ATP concentration. Third, increased loads reduce the maximum velocity as expected, but also raise the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant. The kinesin cycle therefore contains at least one load-dependent transition affecting the rate at which ATP molecules bind and subsequently commit to hydrolysis, It is likely that at least one other load-dependent rate exists, affecting turnover number. Together, these findings will necessitate revisions to our understanding of how kinesin motors function.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Schnitzer, MJ (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 32
TC 852
Z9 1005
U1 2
U2 127
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6740
BP 184
EP 189
DI 10.1038/22146
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214JM
UT WOS:000081324900059
PM 10408448
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Migliaccio, E
   Giorgio, M
   Mele, S
   Pelicci, G
   Reboidl, P
   Pandolfi, PP
   Lanfrancone, L
   Pelicci, PG
AF Migliaccio, E
   Giorgio, M
   Mele, S
   Pelicci, G
   Reboidl, P
   Pandolfi, PP
   Lanfrancone, L
   Pelicci, PG
TI The p66shc adaptor protein controls oxidative stress response and life span in mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila-melanogaster; dietary restriction; pathway; mice; resistance; activation; mutation; uv; expression; extension
AB Gene mutations in invertebrates have been identified that extend Life span and enhance resistance to environmental stresses such as ultraviolet light or reactive oxygen species(1). In mammals, the mechanisms that regulate stress response are poorly understood and no genes are known to increase individual life span. Here we report that targeted mutation of the mouse p66(shc) gene induces stress resistance and prolongs life span. p66(shc) is a splice variant of p52(shc)/p46(shc) (ref. 2), a cytoplasmic signal transducer involved in the transmission of mitogenic signals from activated receptors to Ras(3). We show that: (1) p66(shc) is serine phosphorylated upon treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) Or irradiation with ultraviolet light; (2) ablation of p66(shc) enhances cellular resistance to apoptosis induced by H2O2 or ultraviolet light; (3) a serine-phosphorylation defective mutant of p66(shc) cannot restore the normal stress response in p66(shc-/-) cells; (4) the p53 and p21 stress response is impaired in p66(shc-/-) cells; (5) p66(shc-/-) mice have increased resistance to paraquat and a 30% increase in life span. We propose that p66(shc) is part of a signal transduction pathway that regulates stress apoptotic responses and life span in mammals.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Human Genet, Program Mol Biol, Sloan Kettering Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Human Genet, Cell Biol Program, Sloan Kettering Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Univ Perugia, Ist Patol Med, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.
   Univ Perugia, Ist Med Interna & Sci Oncol, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; University of Perugia; University of Perugia
RP Pelicci, PG (corresponding author), European Inst Oncol, Dept Expt Oncol, I-20141 Milan, Italy.
NR 30
TC 1450
Z9 1601
U1 0
U2 78
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6759
BP 309
EP 313
DI 10.1038/46311
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 257ZP
UT WOS:000083813700054
PM 10580504
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reinbothe, C
   Lebedev, N
   Reinbothe, S
AF Reinbothe, C
   Lebedev, N
   Reinbothe, S
TI A protochlorophyllide light-harvesting complex involved in de-etiolation of higher plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hordeum-vulgare-l; chlorophyll biosynthesis; oxidoreductase; nadph; arabidopsis; proteins
AB When etiolated angiosperm seedlings break through the soil after germination, they are immediately exposed to sunlight, but at this stage they are unable to perform photosynthesis'. In the absence of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, two other porphyrin species cooperate as the basic light-harvesting structure of etiolated plants. Protochlorophyllide a and protochlorophyllide b (ref. 2) form supramolecular complexes with NADPH and two closely related NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) proteins-PORA and PORE (ref. 3)-in the prolamellar body of etioplasts. Here we report that these light-harvesting POR-protochlorophyllide complexes, named LHPP, are essential for the establishment of the photosynthetic apparatus and also confer photoprotection on the plant. They collect sunlight for rapid chlorophyll a biosynthesis and, simultaneously, dissipate excess light energy in the bulk of non-photoreducible protochlorophyllide b. Based on this dual function, it seems that LHPP provides the link between skotomorphogenesis and photosynthesis that is required for efficient de-etiolation.
C1 Univ Grenoble 1, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France.
   CNRS, CERMO, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Biol, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA.
C3 Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Virginia
RP Reinbothe, C (corresponding author), Univ Grenoble 1, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France.
EM christiane.reinbothe@uni-bayreuth.de
NR 24
TC 76
Z9 87
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 7
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6714
BP 80
EP 84
DI 10.1038/16283
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 155RD
UT WOS:000077959400052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oganessian, YT
   Yeremin, AV
   Popeko, AG
   Bogomolov, SL
   Buklanov, GV
   Chelnokov, ML
   Chepigin, VI
   Gikal, BN
   Gorshkov, VA
   Gulbekian, GG
   Itkis, MG
   Kabachenko, AP
   Lavrentev, AY
   Malyshev, ON
   Rohac, J
   Sagaidak, RN
   Hofmann, S
   Saro, S
   Giardina, G
   Morita, K
AF Oganessian, YT
   Yeremin, AV
   Popeko, AG
   Bogomolov, SL
   Buklanov, GV
   Chelnokov, ML
   Chepigin, VI
   Gikal, BN
   Gorshkov, VA
   Gulbekian, GG
   Itkis, MG
   Kabachenko, AP
   Lavrentev, AY
   Malyshev, ON
   Rohac, J
   Sagaidak, RN
   Hofmann, S
   Saro, S
   Giardina, G
   Morita, K
TI Synthesis of nuclei of the superheavy element 114 in reactions induced by 48Ca
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heavy
AB The stability of heavy nuclides, which tend to decay by cy-emission and spontaneous fission, is determined by the structural properties of nuclear matter. Nuclear binding energies and lifetimes increase markedly in the vicinity of closed shells of neutrons or protons (nucleons), corresponding to 'magic' numbers of nucleons; these give rise to the most stable (spherical) nuclear shapes in the ground state. For example, with a proton number of Z = 82 and a neutron number of N = 126, the nucleus Pb-208 is 'doubly-magic' and also exceptionally stable, The next closed neutron shell is expected at N = 184, leading to the prediction of an 'island of stability' of superheavy nuclei, for a broad range of isotopes with Z = 104 to 120 (refs 1, 2), The heaviest known nuclei have lifetimes of less than a millisecond, but nuclei near the top of the island of stability are predicted to exist for many years. (In contrast, nuclear matter consisting of about 300 nucleons with no shell structure would undergo fission within about 10(-20) seconds.) Calculations(3-5) indicate that nuclei with N > 168 should already benefit from the stabilizing influence of the closed shell at N = 184. Here we report the synthesis of an isotope containing 114 protons and 173 neutrons, through fusion of intense beams of Ca-48 ions with Pu-242 targets. The isotope decays by or-emission with a half-life of about five seconds, providing experimental confirmation of the island of stability.
C1 Joint Inst Nucl Res, Flerov Lab Nucl React, Dubna 141980, Russia.
   Gesell Schwerionenforsch GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany.
   Comenius Univ, Dept Phys, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovakia.
   Univ Messina, Dipartimento Fis, I-98166 Messina, Italy.
   RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, Wako, Saitama 35101, Japan.
C3 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research - Russia; Helmholtz Association; Comenius University Bratislava; University of Messina; RIKEN
RP Yeremin, AV (corresponding author), Joint Inst Nucl Res, Flerov Lab Nucl React, Dubna 141980, Russia.
NR 21
TC 433
Z9 471
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6741
BP 242
EP 245
DI 10.1038/22281
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 217MP
UT WOS:000081503800037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lu, MF
   Pressman, C
   Dyer, R
   Johnson, RL
   Martin, JF
AF Lu, MF
   Pressman, C
   Dyer, R
   Johnson, RL
   Martin, JF
TI Function of Rieger syndrome gene in left-right asymmetry and craniofacial development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signaling pathway; pitx2; regulator; sequence; tissue; family
AB Rieger syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder, includes ocular, craniofacial and umbilical abnormalities, The pitx2 homeobox gene, which is mutated in Rieger syndrome(1,2), has been proposed to be the effector molecule interpreting left-right axial information from the early embryonic trunk to each organ(3-7). Here we have used gene targeting in mice to generate a loss-of-function allele that would be predicted to result in organ randomization or isomerization. Although pitx2(-/-) embryos had abnormal cardiac morphogenesis, mutant hearts looped in the normal direction. Pitx2(-/-) embryos had correctly oriented, but arrested, embryonic rotation and right pulmonary isomerism. They also had defective development of the mandibular and maxillary facial prominences, regression of the stomodeum and arrested tooth development. Fgf8 expression was absent, and Bmp4 expression was expanded in the branchial-arch ectoderm. These data reveal a critical role for pitx2 in left-right asymmetry but indicate that pitx2 may function at an intermediate step in cardiac morphogenesis and embryonic rotation.
C1 Texas A&M Univ Syst Hlth Sci Ctr, Ctr Canc Biol & Nutr, Alkek Inst Biosci & Technol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Texas A&M Health Science Center; University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center
RP Martin, JF (corresponding author), Texas A&M Univ Syst Hlth Sci Ctr, Ctr Canc Biol & Nutr, Alkek Inst Biosci & Technol, 2121 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
NR 20
TC 418
Z9 468
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 276
EP 278
DI 10.1038/45797
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400053
PM 10499585
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rolink, AG
   Nutt, SL
   Melchers, F
   Busslinger, M
AF Rolink, AG
   Nutt, SL
   Melchers, F
   Busslinger, M
TI Long-term in vivo reconstitution of T-cell development by Pax5-deficient B-cell progenitors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor-alpha-gene; bone-marrow; rearrangement; mice; identification; expression; chain; differentiation; thymocytes; thymus
AB The mechanisms controlling the commitment of haematopoietic progenitors to the B-lymphoid lineage are poorly understood. The observations that mice deficient in E2A(1,2) and EBF3 lack B-lineage cells have implicated these two transcription factors in the commitment process. Moreover, the expression of genes encoding components of the rearrangement machinery (RAG1, RAG2, TdT) or pre-B-cell receptor (lambda 5, VpreB, Ig alpha, Ig beta) has been considered to indicate B-lineage commitment(4). All these genes including E2A and EBF are expressed in pro-B cells lacking the transcription factor Pax5 (refs 5-7). Here we show that cloned Pax5-deficient pro-B cells transferred into RAG2-deficient mice provide longterm reconstitution of the thymus and give rise to mature T cells expressing alpha/beta-T-cell receptors. The bone marrow of these mice contains a population of cells of Pax5(-/-) origin with the same phenotype as the donor pro-B cells. When transferred into secondary recipients, these pro-B cells again home to the bone marrow and reconstitute the thymus. Hence, B-Lineage commitment is determined neither by immunoglobulin DJ rearrangement nor by the expression of E2A, EBF, lambda 5, VpreB, Ig alpha and Ig beta. Instead, our data implicate Pax5 in the control of B-lineage commitment.
C1 Basel Inst Immunol, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland.
   Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
C3 Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)
RP Rolink, AG (corresponding author), Basel Inst Immunol, Grenzacherstr 487, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland.
NR 26
TC 303
Z9 363
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 603
EP 606
DI 10.1038/44164
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900054
PM 10524629
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fink, HW
   Schönenberger, C
AF Fink, HW
   Schönenberger, C
TI Electrical conduction through DNA molecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID holography
AB The question of whether DNA is able to transport electrons has attracted much interest, particularly as this ability may play a role as a repair mechanism after radiation damage to the DNA helix(1). Experiments addressing DNA conductivity have involved a large number of DNA strands doped with intercalated donor and acceptor molecules, and the conductivity has been assessed from electron transfer rates as a function of the distance between the donor and acceptor sites(2,3). But the experimental results remain contradictory, as do theoretical predictions(4). Here we report direct measurements of electrical current as a function of the potential applied across a few DNA molecules associated into single ropes at least 600 nm long, which indicate efficient conduction through the ropes. We find that the resistivity values derived fi om these measurements are comparable to those of conducting polymers, and indicate that DNA transports electrical current as efficiently as a good semiconductor. This property, and the fact that DNA molecules of specific composition ranging in length from just a few nucleotides to chains several tens of micrometres long can be routinely prepared, makes DNA ideally suited for the construction of mesoscopic electronic devices.
C1 Univ Basel, Inst Phys, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 University of Basel
RP Fink, HW (corresponding author), Univ Basel, Inst Phys, Klingelbergstr 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
EM finkhw@ubaclu.unibas.ch
NR 8
TC 1079
Z9 1227
U1 0
U2 232
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6726
BP 407
EP 410
DI 10.1038/18855
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 182PW
UT WOS:000079508200047
PM 10201370
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Karato, S
AF Karato, S
TI Seismic anisotropy of the Earth's inner core resulting from flow induced by Maxwell stresses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; magnetic-field; high-pressure; rotation; iron; convection; dynamo; mantle; growth; model
AB Seismological observations indicate that the inner core of the Earth is elastically anisotropic(1). Anisotropic structures are likely to be formed by dynamic processes and therefore such observations have the potential to provide constraints on flow in the inner core and on the geodynamo itself. But in addition to the difficulties in estimating the relevant physical properties of iron under inner-core conditions(2-4), even the macroscopic processes responsible for generating seismic anisotropy in this region have yet to be determined(5-9). As a result, the geodynamic significance of seismic anisotropy in the inner core has remained unknown. Here I propose-based on geodynamic and mineral physics considerations-that flow induced by the stress due to the magnetic field, the Maxwell stress, near the inner-core boundary produces an axisymmetric fabric responsible for the observed seismic anisotropy. The resultant seismic anisotropy reflects the geometry of the magnetic field near the inner-core boundary and therefore seismological observations might provide constraints ori the geodynamo. This flow also causes non-uniform release of energy at the inner-core boundary, associated with solidification and melting which may affect the pattern of convection in the outer core.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Karato, S (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
NR 28
TC 109
Z9 126
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6764
BP 871
EP 873
DI 10.1038/47235
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 269ML
UT WOS:000084482000031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Higashi, M
   Takimoto, G
   Yamamura, N
AF Higashi, M
   Takimoto, G
   Yamamura, N
TI Sympatric speciation by sexual selection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID costly mate preferences; evolution; choice; model; diversification; reinforcement; cichlids
C1 Kyoto Univ, Ctr Ecol Res, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University
RP Higashi, M (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Ctr Ecol Res, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
NR 23
TC 279
Z9 326
U1 0
U2 99
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 523
EP 526
DI 10.1038/990087
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200054
PM 10591210
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Paton, RL
   Smithson, TR
   Clack, JA
AF Paton, RL
   Smithson, TR
   Clack, JA
TI An amniote-like skeleton from the Early Carboniferous of Scotland
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tetrapod
AB The origin of tetrapods occurred in the Late Devonian period(1), and the earliest known tars were aquatic(2). A gap of 30 million years has separated these early forms from the first record of terrestrial tetrapods, in the Late Visean (Early Carboniferous)(3). Here we report the discovery of a small, highly ossified, postcranial skeleton of a terrestrially adapted, amniote-like tetrapod from the Mid Visean; this specimen shows the earliest known pentadactyl manus. The skeleton is associated with a gracile humerus that has a constricted shaft and exhibits torsion between proximal and distal articulations. These features are associated with the maintenance of postural support and are strong evidence of locomotion on land(4). The specimen pushes back the known occurrence of terrestrial vertebrates closer to the origin of tetrapods. Phylogenetic analysis places this new animal close to undisputed amniotes occurring in the Westphalian, indicating that, by the Mid-Late Visean, amniotes already had a long, but previously unrecorded, history. The origin of amniotes seems to have occurred early in the Carboniferous and was part of a rapid diversification of tetrapods at this time(3,5,6).
C1 Cambridge Reg Coll, Cambridge CB4 2QT, England.
   Natl Museums Scotland, Edinburgh EH1 1TF, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Museum Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EG, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Smithson, TR (corresponding author), Cambridge Reg Coll, Kings Hedges Rd, Cambridge CB4 2QT, England.
NR 24
TC 73
Z9 81
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6727
BP 508
EP 513
DI 10.1038/19071
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185HQ
UT WOS:000079662800047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Finnerty, GT
   Roberts, LSE
   Connors, BW
AF Finnerty, GT
   Roberts, LSE
   Connors, BW
TI Sensory experience modifies the short-term dynamics of neocortical synapses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat visual-cortex; pyramidal neurons; barrel cortex; postsynaptic potentials; cortical plasticity; release probability; synaptic plasticity; reorganization; depression; mouse
AB Many representations of sensory stimuli in the neocortex are arranged as topographic maps. These cortical maps are not fixed, but show experience-dependent plasticity(1,2). For instance, sensory deprivation causes the cortical area representing the deprived sensory input to shrink, and neighbouring spared representations to enlarge, in somatosensory(3), auditory(4) or visual cortex(5). In adolescent and adult animals, changes in cortical maps are most noticeable in the supragranular layers at the junction of deprived and spared cortex(6-9). However, the cellular mechanisms of this experience-dependent plasticity are unclear. Long-term potentiation and depression have been implicated(10-12), but have not been proven to be necessary or sufficient for cortical map reorganization. Short-term synaptic dynamics have not been considered. We developed a brain slice preparation involving rat whisker barrel cortex in vitro. Here we report that sensory deprivation alters short-term synaptic dynamics in both vertical and horizontal excitatory pathways within the supragranular cortex. Moreover, modifications of horizontal pathways amplify changes in the vertical inputs. Our findings help to explain the functional cortical reorganization that follows persistent changes of sensory experience.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Neurosci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
C3 Brown University
RP Connors, BW (corresponding author), Brown Univ, Dept Neurosci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
NR 29
TC 219
Z9 243
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6742
BP 367
EP 371
DI 10.1038/22553
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 219CH
UT WOS:000081590000051
PM 10432115
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Prut, Y
   Fetz, EE
AF Prut, Y
   Fetz, EE
TI Primate spinal interneurons show pre-movement instructed delay activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID premotor cortex; motor cortex; corticospinal projections; intended direction; wrist movements; reaching task; frontal-lobe; monkey; areas; foreperiod
AB Preparatory changes in neural activity before the execution of a movement have been documented in tasks that involve an instructed delay period (an interval between a transient instruction cue and a subsequently triggered movement). Such preparatory activity occurs in many motor centres in the brain, including the primary motor cortex(1-6), premotor cortex(7-9), supplementary motor area(6,10,11) and basal ganglia(6,12,13). Activity during the instructed delay period reflects movement planning, as it correlates with parameters of the cue and the subsequent movement (such as direction and extent(5,6,9)), although it occurs well before muscle activity. How such delay-period activity shapes the ensuring motor action remains unknown. Here we show that spinal interneurons also exhibit early pre-movement delay activity that often differs from their responses during the subsequent muscle activity. This delay activity resembles the set-related activity found in various supraspinal areas, indicating that movement preparation may occur simultaneously over widely distributed regions, including spinal levels. Our results also suggest that two processes occur in the spinal circuitry during this delay period: the motor network is primed with rate changes in the same direction as subsequent movement-related activity; and a superimposed global inhibition suppresses the expression of this activity in muscles.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Reg Primate Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Prut, Y (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Box 357330, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
NR 29
TC 183
Z9 210
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 590
EP 594
DI 10.1038/44145
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900051
PM 10524626
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clarkson, MJ
   Wells, JRE
   Gibson, F
   Saint, R
   Tremethick, DJ
AF Clarkson, MJ
   Wells, JRE
   Gibson, F
   Saint, R
   Tremethick, DJ
TI Regions of variant histone His2AvD required for Drosophila development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleosome
AB One way in which a distinct chromosomal domain could be established to carry out a specialized function is by the localized incorporation of specific histone variants into nucleosomes. H2AZ, one such variant of the histone protein H2A, is required for the survival of Drosophila melanogaster(1), Tetrahymena thermophila(2) and mice (R. Faast et al., in preparation). To search for the unique features of Drosophila H2AZ (His2AvD, also referred to as H2AvD) that are required for its essential function, we have performed amino-acid swap experiments in which residues unique to Drosophila His2AvD were replaced with equivalently positioned Drosophila H2A.1 residues. Mutated His2AvD genes encoding modified versions of this histone were transformed into Drosophila and tested for their ability to rescue null-mutant lethality. We show that the unique feature of His2AvD does not reside in its histone fold but in its carboxy-terminal domain. This C-terminal region maps to a short alpha-helix in H2A that is buried deep inside the nuceleosome core.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, John Curtin Sch Med Res, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
   Univ Adelaide, Dept Biochem, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
   Univ Adelaide, Dept Genet, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
C3 Australian National University; John Curtin School of Medical Research; Adelaide University; University of Adelaide; Adelaide University; University of Adelaide
RP Tremethick, DJ (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, John Curtin Sch Med Res, POB 334, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
NR 8
TC 164
Z9 211
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 694
EP 697
DI 10.1038/21436
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800062
PM 10385122
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rast, MP
   Fox, PA
   Lin, H
   Lites, BW
   Melsner, RW
   White, OR
AF Rast, MP
   Fox, PA
   Lin, H
   Lites, BW
   Melsner, RW
   White, OR
TI Bright rings around sunspots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flow
AB There are two possible explanations for why sunspots are dark: the partial suppression by the sunspot magnetic fields of convective energy transport from the underlying layers', or the removal of energy from the sunspot by enhanced hydromagnetic wave radiation(2). Both processes would reduce the energy emitted radiatively, The first explanation is currently favoured(3), and predicts that the blocked energy should show up as a bright ring around the spot(2), with the actual brightness of the ring sensitive to details of solar convective transport and sunspot structure(4), Previous searches(5) for these bright rings were inconclusive because of the presence of bright, vertical magnetic nux tubes near the spots, and a lack of sufficient precision in the observations. Here we report high-photometric-precision observations of bright rings around eight sunspots. The rings are about 10 K warmer than the surrounding photosphere and extend at least one sunspot radius out from the penumbra, About 10% of the radiative energy missing from the sunspots is emitted through the bright rings. We also report observations of a second set of sunspots, for which simultaneous magnetic field measurements demonstrate that the rings are not associated with vertical nux tubes.
C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.
   Natl Solar Observ, Sunspot, NM 88349 USA.
C3 National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) - USA; National Solar Observatory
RP Rast, MP (corresponding author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.
EM mprast@ucar.edu
NR 12
TC 37
Z9 39
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6754
BP 678
EP 679
DI 10.1038/44343
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 247EJ
UT WOS:000083207400049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jordan, BA
   Devi, LA
AF Jordan, BA
   Devi, LA
TI G-protein-coupled receptor heterodimerization modulates receptor function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID delta-opioid receptor; signal-transduction; cross-talk; internalization; dimerization; coexpression; peptides; subtypes; agonist; potent
AB The opioid system modulates several physiological processes, including analgesia, the stress response, the immune response and neuroendocrine function(1). Pharmacological and molecular cloning studies have identified three opioid-receptor types, delta, kappa and mu, that mediate these diverse effects(2,3). Little is known about the ability of the receptors to interact to form new functional structures, the simplest of which would be a dimer, Structural and biochemical studies show that other G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) interact to form homodimers(4,5), Moreover, two nonfunctional receptors heterodimerize to form a functional receptor, suggesting that dimerization is crucial for receptor function(6-11). However, heterodimerization between two fully functional receptors has not been documented. Here we provide biochemical and pharmacological evidence for the heterodimerization of two fully functional opioid receptors, kappa and delta. This results in a new receptor that exhibits ligand binding and functional properties that are distinct from those of either receptor. Furthermore, the kappa-delta heterodimer synergistically binds highly selective agonists and potentiates signal transduction. Thus, heterodimerization of these GPCRs represents a novel mechanism that modulates their function.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 New York University
RP Devi, LA (corresponding author), NYU, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
FU NIDA NIH HHS [K05 DA019521, R01 DA008863] Funding Source: Medline; NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS026880] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute on Drug Abuse [R01DA008863] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 958
Z9 1158
U1 0
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 697
EP 700
DI 10.1038/21441
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800063
PM 10385123
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roy, R
   Agarwal, D
   Chen, JP
   Gedevanishvili, S
AF Roy, R
   Agarwal, D
   Chen, JP
   Gedevanishvili, S
TI Full sintering of powdered-metal bodies in a microwave field
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydroxyapatite ceramics; fabrication
AB The use of microwaves to process absorbing materials was studied intensively in the 1970s and 1980s, and has now been applied to a wide variety of materials(1-4). Initially, success in microwave heating and sintering was confined mainly to oxide and some non-oxide ceramics(5-11); but recently the technique has been extended to carbide semimetals(12-14) used in cutting tools. Here we describe the microwave sintering of powdered metals to full density. We are able to sinter a wide range of standard powdered metals from commercial sources using a 2.45-GHz microwave field, yielding dense products with better mechanical properties than those obtained by conventional heating. These findings are surprising in view of the reflectivity of bulk metals at microwave frequencies. The ability to sinter metals with microwaves should assist in the preparation of high-performance metal parts needed in many industries, for example, in the automotive industry.
C1 Penn State Univ, Mat Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Agarwal, D (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Mat Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
NR 22
TC 773
Z9 870
U1 5
U2 248
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 668
EP 670
DI 10.1038/21390
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pohl, K
   Bartelt, MC
   de la Figuera, J
   Bartelt, NC
   Hrbek, J
   Hwang, RQ
AF Pohl, K
   Bartelt, MC
   de la Figuera, J
   Bartelt, NC
   Hrbek, J
   Hwang, RQ
TI Identifying the forces responsible for self-organization of nanostructures at crystal surfaces
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID periodic domain-structures; vacancy islands; ag(111); growth; motion; films
AB The spontaneous formation of organized surface structures at nanometre scales(1,2) has the potential to augment or surpass standard materials patterning technologies. Many observations of self-organization of nanoscale clusters at surfaces have been reported(1-10), but the fundamental mechanisms underlying such behaviour-and in particular, the nature of the forces leading to and stabilizing self-organization-are not well understood. The forces between the many-atom units in these structures, with characteristic dimensions of one to tens of nanometres, must extend far beyond the range of typical interatomic interactions. One commonly accepted source of such mesoscale forces is the stress field in the substrate around each unit(1,11-13). This, however, has not been confirmed, nor have such interactions been measured directly. Here we identify and measure the ordering forces in a nearly perfect triangular lattice of nanometre-sized vacancy islands that forms when a single monolayer of silver on the ruthenium (0001) surface is exposed to sulphur at room temperature. By using time-resolved scanning tunnelling microscopy to monitor the thermal fluctuations of the centres of mass of the vacancy islands around their final positions in the self-organized lattice, we obtain the elastic constants of the lattice and show that the weak forces responsible for its stability can be quantified. Our results are consistent with general theories of strain-mediated interactions between surface defects in strained films.
C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories
RP Hwang, RQ (corresponding author), Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
NR 20
TC 155
Z9 169
U1 0
U2 62
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 21
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6716
BP 238
EP 241
DI 10.1038/16667
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 159QH
UT WOS:000078184800047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Koumura, N
   Zijlstra, RWJ
   van Delden, RA
   Harada, N
   Feringa, BL
AF Koumura, N
   Zijlstra, RWJ
   van Delden, RA
   Harada, N
   Feringa, BL
TI Light-driven monodirectional molecular rotor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID unique chiral olefins; absolute stereochemistry; rotation; trans-1,1',2,2',3,3',4,4'-octahydro-3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-biphenanthryliden e; cis-1,1',2,2',3,3',4,4'-octahydro-3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-biphenanthrylidene; machines
AB Attempts to fabricate mechanical devices on the molecular level(1,2) have yielded analogues of rotors(3), gears(4) switches(5), shuttles(6,7), turnstiles(8) and ratchets(9). Molecular motors, however, have not yet been made, even though they are common in biological systems(10) Rotary motion as such has been induced in interlocked systems(11-13) and directly visualized for single molecules(14), but the controlled conversion of energy into unidirectional rotary motion has remained difficult to achieve. Here we report repetitive, monodirectional rotation around a central carbon-carbon double bond in a chiral, helical alkene, with each 360 degrees rotation involving four discrete isomerization steps activated by ultraviolet light or a change in the temperature of the system. We find that axial chirality and the presence of two chiral centres are essential for the observed monodirectional behaviour of the molecular motor. Two light-induced cis-trans isomerizations are each associated with a 180 degrees rotation around the carbon-carbon double bond and are each followed by thermally controlled helicity inversions, which effectively block reverse rotation and thus ensure that the four individual steps add up to one full rotation in one direction only. As the energy barriers of the helicity inversion steps can be adjusted by structural modifications, chiral alkenes based on our system may find use as basic components for 'molecular machinery' driven by light.
C1 Univ Groningen, Stratingh Inst, Dept Organ & Mol Inorgan Chem, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
   Tohoku Univ, Inst Chem React Sci, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan.
C3 University of Groningen; Tohoku University
RP Feringa, BL (corresponding author), Univ Groningen, Stratingh Inst, Dept Organ & Mol Inorgan Chem, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
NR 17
TC 1644
Z9 1811
U1 21
U2 1085
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6749
BP 152
EP 155
DI 10.1038/43646
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234AF
UT WOS:000082458800050
PM 10490022
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, Y
   Haard, TM
   Halperin, WP
   Sauls, JA
AF Lee, Y
   Haard, TM
   Halperin, WP
   Sauls, JA
TI Discovery of the acoustic Faraday effect in superfluid 3He-B
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID squashing collective mode; magnetic-field; liquid-he-3; waves
AB Acoustic waves provide a powerful tool for studying the structure of matter. For example, the speed, attenuation and dispersion of acoustic waves can give useful information on molecular forces and the microscopic mechanisms of absorption and scattering of acoustic energy. In solids, both compression and shear waves occur-longitudinal and transverse sound, respectively. But normal liquids do not support shear forces and consequently transverse waves do not propagate in liquids, with one notable exception. In 1957 Landau predicted(1) that the quantum-liquid phase of helium-3 might support transverse sound waves at sufficiently low temperatures, the restoring forces for shear waves being supplied by the collective quantum behaviour of the particles in the fluid. Such shear waves will involve displacements of the fluid transverse to the direction of propagation, and so define a polarization direction similar to that of electromagnetic waves. Here we confirm experimentally the existence of transverse sound waves in superfluid He-3-B by observing the rotation of the polarization of these waves in the presence of a magnetic field. This phenomenon is the acoustic analogue of the magneto-optic Faraday effect, whereby the polarization direction of an electromagnetic wave is rotated by a magnetic field applied along the propagation direction.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
C3 Northwestern University
RP Halperin, WP (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
NR 26
TC 52
Z9 55
U1 1
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6743
BP 431
EP 433
DI 10.1038/22712
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221FZ
UT WOS:000081715000044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hein, L
   Altman, JD
   Kobilka, BK
AF Hein, L
   Altman, JD
   Kobilka, BK
TI Two functionally distinct α2-adrenergic receptors regulate sympathetic neurotransmission
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID presynaptic alpha(2)-autoreceptors; heart-failure; alpha(2a)-adrenergic receptor; subtype; rat; brain; mice; gene; inhibition; alpha(2d)
AB The sympathetic nervous system regulates cardiovascular function by activating adrenergic receptors in the heart, blood vessels and kidney(1), alpha(2)-Adrenergic receptors are known to have a critical role in regulating neurotransmitter release from sympathetic nerves and from adrenergic neurons in the central nervous system(2-5); however, the individual roles of the three highly homologous alpha(2)-adrenergic-receptor subtypes (alpha(2A), alpha(2B), alpha(2C)) in this process are not known. We have now studied neurotransmitter release in mice in which the genes encoding the three alpha(z)-adrenergic-receptor subtypes were disrupted. Here we show that both the alpha(2A)- and alpha(2C)-subtypes are required for normal presynaptic control of transmitter release from sympathetic nerves in the heart and from central noradrenergic neurons. alpha(2A)-Adrenergic receptors inhibit transmitter release at high stimulation frequencies, whereas the a,c-subtype modulates neurotransmission at lower levels of nerve activity. Both low- and high-frequency regulation seem to be physiologically important, as mice lacking both alpha(2A)- and alpha(2C)-receptor subtypes have elevated plasma noradrenaline concentrations and develop cardiac hypertrophy with decreased left ventricular contractility by four months of age.
C1 Stanford Univ, Beckman Ctr B157, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Wurzburg, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, D-97078 Wurzburg, Germany.
C3 Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Stanford University; University of Wurzburg
RP Kobilka, BK (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Beckman Ctr B157, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 30
TC 433
Z9 493
U1 1
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 181
EP 184
DI 10.1038/46040
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400050
PM 10647009
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McArthur, JM
AF McArthur, JM
TI Arsenic poisoning in the Ganges delta - Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID water
C1 UCL, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP McArthur, JM (corresponding author), UCL, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM j.mcarthur@ucl.ac.uk
NR 10
TC 23
Z9 27
U1 1
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 546
EP 547
DI 10.1038/44060
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hauri, E
AF Hauri, E
TI Mid-ocean ridges - One more time, from the top
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mantle
C1 Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science
RP Hauri, E (corresponding author), Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, 5241 Broad Branch Rd NW, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
EM hauri@dtm.ciw.edu
NR 6
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 469
EP +
DI 10.1038/44970
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200033
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kuypers, MMM
   Pancost, RD
   Damsté, JSS
AF Kuypers, MMM
   Pancost, RD
   Damsté, JSS
TI A large and abrupt fall in atmospheric CO2 concentration during Cretaceous times
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cenomanian-turonian boundary; carbon-isotope; organic-carbon; climate; dioxide; lipids; photosynthesis; sediments; plants
AB Marine carbonates and organic matter show a sharp increase in their C-13/C-12 isotope ratio at the Cenomanian/Turonian (C/T) boundary(1,2) in the Cretaceous period. This isotopic shift resulted from an increase in the rate of sedimentary burial of C-13-depleted organic carbon in response to the C/T 'oceanic anoxic event'(2), The enhanced burial rate should have led to a significant drop in the atmospheric CO2 concentration, which could explain the apparent climate cooling of early Turonian times(2-4). Here we present stable carbon isotope data for specific compounds from terrestrial leaves and marine phytoplankton, and quantify the abruptness and magnitude of the atmospheric CO2 concentration change. Isotope shifts in leaf-wax components extracted from abyssal sediments in the northeastern tropical Atlantic Ocean-the components are wind-delivered from Africa-indicate a sudden change in plant communities of the north African continent. Specifically, the data suggest that plants using the C-3-type photosynthetic pathway were succeeded by plants using the C-4-type pathway. If C-4 plants can outcompete C-3 plants only at atmospheric CO2 concentrations below 500 p.p.m.v. (ref. 5), the observed vegetation change indicates a far larger reduction in C/T CO2 concentration-some 40-80%-than previously suggested(6). The isotopic excursion in the marine phytoplankton compounds is consistent with this estimate. We infer that this dramatic fall in the atmospheric CO2 concentration was abrupt, occurring in just 60,000 years.
C1 Netherlands Inst Sea Res, Dept Marine Biogeochem & Toxicol, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands.
C3 Utrecht University; Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)
RP Kuypers, MMM (corresponding author), Netherlands Inst Sea Res, Dept Marine Biogeochem & Toxicol, POB 59, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands.
EM kuypers@nioz.nl
NR 32
TC 202
Z9 238
U1 1
U2 76
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6734
BP 342
EP 345
DI 10.1038/20659
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200PA
UT WOS:000080547800056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jiang, GL
   den Hertog, J
   Su, J
   Noel, J
   Sap, J
   Hunter, T
AF Jiang, GL
   den Hertog, J
   Su, J
   Noel, J
   Sap, J
   Hunter, T
TI Dimerization inhibits the activity of receptor-like protein-tyrosine phosphatase-α
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID disulfide bond; kinase; domain; form; phosphorylation; pp60(c-src); activation
AB Protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are vital for regulating tryosine phosphorylation in many processes, including growth and differentiation(1,2). The regulation of receptor-like PTP (RPTP) activity remains poorly understood, but based on the crystal structure of RPTP alpha domain 1 we have proposed that dimerization can negatively regulate activity, through the interaction of an inhibitory 'wedge' on one monomer with the catalytic cleft of domain 1 in the other monomer(3,4). Here we show that dimerization inhibits the activity of a full-length RPTP in vivo. We generated stable disulphide-bonded full-length RPTP alpha homodimers by expressing mutants with single cysteines at different positions in the ectodomain juxtamembrane region. Expression of wild-type RPTP alpha and Phe135Cys and Thr141Cys mutants in RPTP alpha-null mouse embryo cells increased dephosphorylation and activity of Tyr529 in the protein tyrosine kinase c-Src; in contrast, expression of a Pro137Cys mutant did not. Mutation of Pro 210/211 to leucine in the inhibitory wedge of the Pro137Cys mutant restored its ability to activate c-Src, indicating that dimerization may inhibit full-length RPTP alpha activity in a manner stereochemically consistent with RPTP alpha crystal structures(3). Our results suggest that RPTP alpha activity can in principle be negatively regulated by dimerization in vivo.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Mol Biol & Virol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Struct Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Netherlands Inst Dev Biol, Hubrecht Lab, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands.
   NYU, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; Salk Institute; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Hubrecht Institute (KNAW); New York University
RP Jiang, GL (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Mol Biol & Virol Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 28
TC 162
Z9 191
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 606
EP 610
DI 10.1038/44170
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900055
PM 10524630
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wei, J
   Buriak, JM
   Siuzdak, G
AF Wei, J
   Buriak, JM
   Siuzdak, G
TI Desorption-ionization mass spectrometry on porous silicon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID laser; luminescence; fabrication; molecules; chemistry; wafers
AB Desorption mass spectrometry has undergone significant improvements since the original experiments were performed more than 90 years ago(1). The most dramatic change occurred in the early 1980s with the introduction of an organic matrix(2-4) to transfer energy to the analyte. This reduces ion fragmentation but also introduces background ions from the matrix. Here we describe a matrix-free strategy for biomolecular mass spectrometry based on pulsed-laser desorption-ionization from a porous silicon(5) surface. Our method uses porous silicon to trap analytes deposited on the surface, and laser irradiation to vaporize and ionize them. We show that the method works at femtomole and attomole levels of analyte, and induces little or no fragmentation, in contrast to what is typically observed with other such approaches(6-11). The ability to perform these measurements without a matrix(3,4,12,13) also makes it more amenable to small-molecule analysis. Chemical(14) and structural(15) modification of the porous silicon has enabled optimization of the ionization characteristics of the surface. Our technique offers good sensitivity as well as compatibility with silicon-based microfluidics and microchip technologies.
C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Chem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Purdue University System; Purdue University; Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute
RP Buriak, JM (corresponding author), Purdue Univ, Dept Chem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
EM buriak@purdue.edu; siuzdak@scripps.edu
NR 29
TC 973
Z9 1109
U1 4
U2 267
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6733
BP 243
EP 246
DI 10.1038/20400
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 198MF
UT WOS:000080427400050
PM 10353246
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hinrichs, KU
   Hayes, JM
   Sylva, SP
   Brewer, PG
   DeLong, EF
AF Hinrichs, KU
   Hayes, JM
   Sylva, SP
   Brewer, PG
   DeLong, EF
TI Methane-consuming archaebacteria in marine sediments
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon isotopic fractionation; methanogenic bacteria; oxidation; diversity; archaea; sulfate; samples; lipids; field
AB Large amounts of methane are produced in marine sediments but are then consumed before contacting aerobic waters or the atmosphere(1). Although no organism that can consume methane anaerobically has ever been isolated, biogeochemical evidence indicates that the overall process involves a transfer of electrons from methane to sulphate and is probably mediated by several organisms, including a methanogen (operating in reverse) and a sulphate-reducer (using an unknown intermediate substrate)(2). Here we describe studies of sediments related to a decomposing methane hydrate. These provide strong evidence that methane is being consumed by archaebacteria that are phylogenetically distinct from known methanogens, Specifically, lipid biomarkers that are commonly characteristic of archaea are so strongly depleted in carbon-13 that methane must be the carbon source, rather than the metabolic product, for the organisms that have produced them. Parallel gene surveys of small-subunit ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) indicate the predominance of a new archael group which is peripherally related to the methanogenic orders Methanomicrobiales and Methanosarcinales.
C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
RP Hayes, JM (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM jhayes@whoi.edu
NR 30
TC 995
Z9 1176
U1 5
U2 395
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6730
BP 802
EP 805
DI 10.1038/19751
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 192BL
UT WOS:000080058100057
PM 10235261
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Agami, R
   Blandino, G
   Oren, M
   Shaul, Y
AF Agami, R
   Blandino, G
   Oren, M
   Shaul, Y
TI Interaction of c-Abl and p73α and their collaboration to induce apoptosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID functional domain; dna-damage; p53; protein; gene; identification; library; ligands; region; p73
AB c-Abl, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is activated by agents that damage DNA. This activation results in either arrest of the cell cycle in phase G1 or apoptotic cell death, both of which are dependent on the kinase activity of c-Abl(1). p73, a member of the p53 family of tumour-suppressor proteins(2,3), can also induce apoptosis(3), Here we show that the apoptotic activity of p73 alpha requires the presence of functional, kinase-competent c-Abl. Furthermore, p73 and c-Abl can associate with each other, and this binding is mediated by a PxxP motif in p73 and the SH3 domain of c-Abl. We find that p73 is a substrate of the c-Abl kinase and that the ability of c-Abl to phosphorylate p73 is markedly increased by gamma-irradiation. Moreover, p73 is phosphorylated in vivo in response to ionizing radiation. These findings define a pro-apoptotic signalling pathway involving p73 and c-Abl.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Mol Genet, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Mol Cell Biol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Shaul, Y (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Mol Genet, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM Ivshaul@weizmann.weizmann.ac.il
FU Telethon [596] Funding Source: Medline
NR 23
TC 497
Z9 547
U1 1
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6738
BP 809
EP 813
DI 
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 210JP
UT WOS:000081101600060
PM 10391250
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemp, AES
   Pearce, RB
   Koizumi, I
   Pike, J
   Rance, SJ
AF Kemp, AES
   Pearce, RB
   Koizumi, I
   Pike, J
   Rance, SJ
TI The role of mat-forming diatoms in the formation of Mediterranean sapropels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gulf-of-california; pacific-ocean; eastern; productivity; variability; carbonate; sediments; flux; sea
AB The origins of sapropels (sedimentary layers rich in organic carbon) are unclear, yet they may be a key to understanding the influence of climate on ocean eutrophication, the mechanisms of sustaining biological production in stratified waters and the genesis of petroleum source rocks(1-3). Recent microfossil studies of foraminifera(1) and calcareous nannofossils(2) have focused attention on a deep chlorophyll maximum as a locus for the high production inferred(3) far sapropel formation, but have not identified the agent responsible. Here we report the results of a high-resolution, electron-microscope-based study of a late Quaternary laminated sapropel in which the annual nux cycle has been preserved. We find that much of the production was by diatoms, both mat-forming and other colonial forms, adapted to exploit a deep nutrient supply trapped below surface waters in a stratified water column. Reconstructed organic-carbon and opal fluxes to the sediments are comparable to those at high-productivity sites in today's oceans, and calculations based on diatom Si/C ratios suggest that the high organic-carbon content of sapropels may be entirely accounted for by sedimenting diatoms. We propose that this style of production may have been common in ancient Palaeogene and Cretaceous seas, environments for which conventional appeals to upwelling-driven production to account for the occurrence of diatomites, and some organic-carbon-rich sediments, have never seemed wholly appropriate.
C1 Univ Southampton, Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
   Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Div Earth & Planetary Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060, Japan.
C3 University of Southampton; NERC National Oceanography Centre; Hokkaido University
RP Kemp, AES (corresponding author), Univ Southampton, Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
EM aesk@soc.soton.ac.uk
NR 32
TC 153
Z9 163
U1 0
U2 46
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6722
BP 57
EP 61
DI 10.1038/18001
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 174KG
UT WOS:000079033900049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Einsle, O
   Messerschmidt, A
   Stach, P
   Bourenkov, GP
   Bartunik, HD
   Huber, R
   Kroneck, PMH
AF Einsle, O
   Messerschmidt, A
   Stach, P
   Bourenkov, GP
   Bartunik, HD
   Huber, R
   Kroneck, PMH
TI Structure of cytochrome c nitrite reductase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wolinella-succinogenes; desulfovibrio-desulfuricans; nitrosomonas-europaea; enteric bacteria; escherichia-coli; nitrogen-cycle; ammonia; purification; oxygen; enzyme
AB The enzyme cytochrome c nitrite reductase catalyses the six-electron reduction of nitrite to ammonia as one of the key steps in the biological nitrogen cycle(1), where it participates in the anaerobic energy metabolism of dissimilatory nitrate ammonification(2). Here we report on the crystal structure of this enzyme from the microorganism Sulfurospirillum deleyianum, which we solved by multiwavelength anomalous dispersion methods. We propose a reaction scheme for the transformation of nitrite based on structural and spectroscopic information. Cytochrome c nitrite reductase is a functional dimer, with 10 dose-packed haem groups of type c and an unusual lysine-coordinated high-spin haem at the active site. By comparing the haem arrangement of this nitrite reductase with that of other multihaem cytochromes, we have been able to identify a family of proteins in which the orientation of haem groups is conserved whereas structure and function are not.
C1 Univ Konstanz, Fak Biol, D-78457 Constance, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Biochem, Abt Strukturforsch, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
   DESY, Arbeitsgrp Prot Dynam, MPG ASMB, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany.
C3 University of Konstanz; Max Planck Society; Helmholtz Association; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
RP Kroneck, PMH (corresponding author), Univ Konstanz, Fak Biol, D-78457 Constance, Germany.
EM einsle@biochem.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 334
Z9 402
U1 1
U2 112
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6743
BP 476
EP 480
DI 10.1038/22802
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221FZ
UT WOS:000081715000057
PM 10440380
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blake, GA
   Qi, C
   Hogerheijde, MR
   Gurwell, MA
   Muhleman, DO
AF Blake, GA
   Qi, C
   Hogerheijde, MR
   Gurwell, MA
   Muhleman, DO
TI Sublimation from icy jets as a probe of the interstellar volatile content of comets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hale-bopp c/1995-o1; water; abundances; evolution; chemistry; hyakutake; ratio
AB Comets are some of the most primitive bodies left over from the Solar System's early history. They may preserve both interstellar material and material from the proto-solar nebula, and so studies of their volatile components can provide dues about the evolution of gases and ices, as a collapsing molecular cloud transforms into a mature planetary system(1,2). Previous observations of emission from rotational transitions in molecules have averaged over large areas of the inner coma, and therefore include both molecules that sublimed from the nucleus and those that result from subsequent chemical processes in the coma. Here we present high-resolution observations of emission from the molecules HNC, DCN and HDO associated with comet Hale-Bopp, Our data reveal are-like structures-icy jets-offset from (but close to) the nucleus. The measured abundance ratios on 1-3" scales are substantially different from those on larger scales(3-5), and cannot be accounted for by models of chemical processes in the coma(2,6,7); they ape, however, similar to the values observed in the cores of dense interstellar clouds and young stellar objects. We therefore propose that sublimation from millimetre-sized icy grains ejected from the nucleus provides access to relatively unaltered volatiles. The D/H ratios inferred from our data suggest that, by mass, Hale-Bopp (and by inference the outer regions of the early solar nebula) consists of greater than or equal to 15-40% of largely unprocessed interstellar material.
C1 CALTECH 150 21, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Smithsonian Institution
RP Blake, GA (corresponding author), CALTECH 150 21, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 28
TC 56
Z9 57
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6724
BP 213
EP 216
DI 10.1038/18372
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 177UA
UT WOS:000079228400044
PM 10094044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zerr, A
   Miehe, G
   Serghiou, G
   Schwarz, M
   Kroke, E
   Riedel, R
   Fuess, H
   Kroll, P
   Boehler, R
AF Zerr, A
   Miehe, G
   Serghiou, G
   Schwarz, M
   Kroke, E
   Riedel, R
   Fuess, H
   Kroll, P
   Boehler, R
TI Synthesis of cubic silicon nitride
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID raman-scattering; high-pressures; ge; si; compressibility; oxynitride; phonons; physics; state
AB Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is used in a variety of important technological applications. The high fracture toughness, hardness and wear resistance of Si3N4-based ceramics are exploited in cutting tools and anti-friction bearings(1); in electronic applications, Si3N4 is used as an insulating, masking and passivating material(2). Two polymorphs of silicon nitride are known, both of hexagonal structure: alpha- and beta-Si3N4. Here we report the synthesis of a third polymorph of silicon nitride, which has a cubic spinel structure. This new phase, c-Si3N4, is formed at pressures above 15 GPa and temperatures exceeding 2,000 K, yet persists metastably in air at ambient pressure to at least 700 K. First-principles calculations of the properties of this phase suggest that the hardness of c-Si3N4 Should be comparable to that of the hardest known oxide (stishovite(3), a high-pressure phase of SiO2), and significantly greater than the hardness of the two hexagonal polymorphs.
C1 Tech Univ Darmstadt, Fachbereich Mat Wissensch, Fachgebiet Disperse Feststoffe, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
   Tech Univ Darmstadt, Fachbereich Mat Wissensch, Fachgebiet Strukturforsch, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
   Cornell Univ, Baker Lab, Dept Chem, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Technical University of Darmstadt; Technical University of Darmstadt; Max Planck Society; Cornell University
RP Riedel, R (corresponding author), Tech Univ Darmstadt, Fachbereich Mat Wissensch, Fachgebiet Disperse Feststoffe, Petersenstr 23, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
EM dg9b@hrzpub.tu-darmstadt.de
NR 27
TC 588
Z9 634
U1 3
U2 284
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6742
BP 340
EP 342
DI 10.1038/22493
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 219CH
UT WOS:000081590000042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thor, S
   Andersson, SGE
   Tomlinson, A
   Thomas, JB
AF Thor, S
   Andersson, SGE
   Tomlinson, A
   Thomas, JB
TI A LIM-homeodomain combinatorial code for motor-neuron pathway selection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homeobox gene; c-elegans; drosophila; expression; protein; differentiation; location; embryos; domain
AB Different classes of vertebrate motor neuron that innervate distinct muscle targets express unique combinations of LIM-homeodomain transcription factors(1,2), suggesting that a combinatorial code of LIM-homeodomain proteins may underlie the control of motor-neuron pathway selection. Studies of LIM-homeodomain genes in mouse, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans have revealed functions of these genes in neuronal survival, axon guidance, neurotransmitter expression and neuronal function(3-8), but, to our knowledge, none of these studies have addressed the issue of a functional code. Here we study two members of this gene family in Drosophila, namely lim3, the homologue of the vertebrate Lhx3 and Lhx4 genes, and islet, the homologue of the vertebrate Isl1 and Isl2 genes. We show that Drosophila lim3 is expressed by a specific subset of islet-expressing motor neurons and that mutating or misexpressing lim3 switches motor-neuron projections predictably. Our results provide evidence that lim3 and islet constitute a combinatorial code that generates distinct motor-neuron identities.
C1 Salk Inst, Mol Neurobiol Lab, POB 85800, San Diego, CA 92186 USA.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Genet & Dev, Ctr Neurobiol & Behav, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; Columbia University
RP Thor, S (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 30
TC 254
Z9 302
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 7
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6714
BP 76
EP 80
DI 10.1038/16275
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 155RD
UT WOS:000077959400051
PM 9892357
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Herrmann, BG
   Koschorz, B
   Wertz, K
   McLaughlin, KJ
   Kispert, A
AF Herrmann, BG
   Koschorz, B
   Wertz, K
   McLaughlin, KJ
   Kispert, A
TI A protein kinase encoded by the t complex responder gene causes non-mendelian inheritance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmission ratio distortion; dynein light-chain; tert-haplotypes; transgenic mice; sperm motility; meiotic drive; mouse; locus; identification; family
AB Males heterozygous for the t-haplotype form of mouse chromosome 17 preferentially transmit the t-chromosome to their progeny. Several distorter/sterility loci carried on the t-haplotype together impair flagellar function in all spermatozoa whereas the responder, Tcr, rescues t-sperm but not wild-type sperm. Thus, t-sperm have an advantage over wild-type sperm in fertilizing egg cells. We have isolated Tcr by positional cloning and show that it is a member of a novel protein kinase gene family, designated Smok, which is expressed late during spermiogenesis, Smok kinases are components of a signal cascade which may control sperm motility, Tcr has a reduced kinase activity, which may allow it to counterbalance a signalling impairment caused by the distorter/sterility loci, Tcr transgene constructs cause non-mendelian transmission of chromosomes on which they are carried, which leads to sex-ratio distortion when Tcr cosegregates with the Y chromosome.
C1 Max Planck Inst Immunbiol, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Herrmann, BG (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Immunbiol, Stubeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany.
NR 38
TC 145
Z9 167
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 141
EP 146
DI 10.1038/45970
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400038
PM 10647005
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, JZ
   Harbottle, G
   Wang, CS
   Kong, ZC
AF Zhang, JZ
   Harbottle, G
   Wang, CS
   Kong, ZC
TI Oldest playable musical instruments found at Jiahu early Neolithic site in China
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Excavations at the early Neolithic site of Jiahu(1,2) in Henan Province, China have produced what may be the earliest complete, playable, tightly-dated multinote musical instruments. Jiahu was occupied from 7000 BC to 5700 BC, considerably antedating the well known Peiligang culture(3-5). Here we describe six exquisitely made complete flutes which were found in radiocarbon-dated excavation layers, along with fragments of perhaps 30 more. The flutes are made from the ulnae of the red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis Millen) and have 5, 6, 7 and 8 holes. The best preserved flute has been played and tonally analysed. In addition to early musical artefacts, the archaeological record at Jiahu(1,2) contains important information on the very foundations of Chinese society. We describe the archaeological characteristics of the Jiahu site, details concerning its dating, its place in the prehistory of the Chinese Neolithic, the ethnicity of its population and the results of a tonal analysis of a nearly 9,000-year-old musical instrument found there.
C1 Univ Sci & Technol China, Archaeometry Lab, Hefei 230026, Anhui, Peoples R China.
   Inst Cultural Rel & Archaeol Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, Peoples R China.
   Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
   Acad Sinica, Inst Bot, Paleobot Lab, Beijing 100080, Peoples R China.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Science & Technology of China, CAS; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Botany, CAS
RP Harbottle, G (corresponding author), Univ Sci & Technol China, Archaeometry Lab, Hefei 230026, Anhui, Peoples R China.
NR 14
TC 65
Z9 78
U1 0
U2 61
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 366
EP 368
DI 10.1038/43865
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600048
PM 16862110
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Suh, YA
   Arnold, RS
   Lassegue, B
   Shi, J
   Xu, XX
   Sorescu, D
   Chung, AB
   Griendling, KK
   Lambeth, JD
AF Suh, YA
   Arnold, RS
   Lassegue, B
   Shi, J
   Xu, XX
   Sorescu, D
   Chung, AB
   Griendling, KK
   Lambeth, JD
TI Cell transformation by the superoxide-generating oxidase Mox1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chronic granulomatous-disease; phagocyte nadph oxidase; hydrogen-peroxide; angiotensin-ii; mammalian-cells; anion; cytochrome-b558; hypertrophy; fibroblasts; expression
AB Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in some non-phagocytic cells are implicated in mitogenic signalling and cancer(1-6). Many cancer cells show increased production of ROS7, and normal cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide or superoxide show increased proliferations and express growth-related genes(9-11). ROS are generated in response to growth factors, and may affect cell growth(2,3,12,13), for example in vascular smooth-muscle cells(6,13-15) Increased ROS in Ras-transformed fibroblasts correlates with increased mitogenic rate(16). Here we describe the cloning of mox1, which encodes a homologue of the catalytic subunit of the superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase of phagocytes(17,18), gp91phox. mox1 messenger RNA is expressed in colon, prostate, uterus and vascular smooth muscle, but not in peripheral blood leukocytes. In smooth-muscle cells, platelet-derived growth factor induces mox1 mRNA production, while antisense mox1 mRNA decreases superoxide generation and serum-stimulated growth. Overexpression of mox1 in NIH3T3 cells increases superoxide generation and cell growth, Cells expressing mox1 have a transformed appearance, show,anchorage-independent growth and produce tumours in athymic mice. These data link ROS production by Mox1 to growth control in non-phagocytic cells.
C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
C3 Emory University; Emory University
RP Lambeth, JD (corresponding author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
NR 29
TC 1271
Z9 1450
U1 0
U2 84
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6748
BP 79
EP 82
DI 10.1038/43459
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 232MK
UT WOS:000082374400045
PM 10485709
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Enquist, BJ
   West, GB
   Charnov, EL
   Brown, JH
AF Enquist, BJ
   West, GB
   Charnov, EL
   Brown, JH
TI Allometric scaling of production and life-history variation in vascular plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-rate; forest trees; community; allocation; amazonia; density; biomass
AB A prominent feature of comparative life histories is the well documented negative correlation between growth rate and life span(1,2). Patterns of resource allocation during growth and reproduction reflect life-history differences between species(1,2). This is particularly striking in tropical forests, where tree species can differ greatly in their rates of growth and ages of maturity but still attain similar canopy sizes(3,4). Here we provide a theoretical framework for relating life-history variables to rates of production, dM/dt, where M is above-ground mass and t is time. As metabolic rate limits production as an individual grows, dM/dt proportional to M-3/4. Incorporating interspecific variation in resource allocation to wood density, we derive a universal growth law that quantitatively fits data for a large sample of tropical tree species with diverse life histories. Combined with evolutionary life-history theory(1), the growth law also predicts several qualitative features of tree demography and reproduction. This framework also provides a general quantitative answer to why relative growth rate (1/M)(dM/df) decreases with increasing plant size (proportional to M-1/4) and how it varies with differing allocation strategies(5-8).
C1 Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA.
   Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
   Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of New Mexico; The Santa Fe Institute; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Enquist, BJ (corresponding author), Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, 735 State St,Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA.
EM enquist@nceas.ucsb.edu
NR 30
TC 528
Z9 613
U1 6
U2 231
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6756
BP 907
EP 911
DI 10.1038/44819
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 251UL
UT WOS:000083464700056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Niehrs, C
   Pollet, N
AF Niehrs, C
   Pollet, N
TI Synexpression groups in eukaryotes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-expression; cell-cycle; evolution; pathways; transcription; mesoderm; yeast; scale
AB In 1960, Jacob and Monod described the bacterial operon, a cluster of functionally interacting genes whose expression is tightly coordinated. Global expression analysis has shown that the highly coordinate expression of genes functioning in common processes is also a widespread phenomenon in eukaryotes. These sets of co-regulated genes, or 'synexpression groups', show a striking parallel to the operon, and may be a key determinant facilitating evolutionary change reading to animal diversity.
C1 Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Div Mol Embryol, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
RP Niehrs, C (corresponding author), Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Div Mol Embryol, Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 42
TC 315
Z9 348
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 483
EP 487
DI 10.1038/990025
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200044
PM 10591207
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Turner, PE
   Chao, L
AF Turner, PE
   Chao, L
TI Prisoner's dilemma in an RNA virus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID parasite virulence; evolution; pseudomonas; selection; mutants; model; host
AB The evolution of competitive interactions among viruses(1) was studied in the RNA phage phi 6 at high and low multiplicities of infection (that is, at high and low ratios of infecting phage to host cells). At high multiplicities, many phage infect and reproduce in the same host cell, whereas at low multiplicities the viruses reproduce mainly as clones. An unexpected result of this study(1) was that phage grown at high rates of co-infection increased in fitness initially, but then evolved lowered fitness. Here we show that the fitness of the high-multiplicity phage relative to their ancestors generates a pay-off matrix conforming to the prisoner's dilemma strategy of game theory(2,3). In this strategy, defection (selfishness) evolves, despite the greater fitness pay-off that would result if all players were to cooperate. Viral cooperation and defection can be defined as, respectively, the manufacturing and sequestering of diffusible (shared) intracellular products. Because the low-multiplicity phage did not evolve lowered fitness, we attribute the evolution of selfishness to the lack of clonal structure and the mixing of unrelated genotypes at high multiplicity(4-6).
C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Turner, PE (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
EM paul.e.turner@uv.es
NR 27
TC 470
Z9 523
U1 1
U2 69
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6726
BP 441
EP 443
DI 10.1038/18913
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 182PW
UT WOS:000079508200056
PM 10201376
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cooper, MTD
   Bray, SJ
AF Cooper, MTD
   Bray, SJ
TI Frizzled regulation of Notch signalling polarizes cell fate in the Drosophila eye
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signaling pathway; delta-expression; enhancer; complex; gene; wingless; subset
AB The Drosophila eye, a paradigm for epithelial organization, is highly polarized with mirror-image symmetry about the equator. The R3 and R4 photoreceptors in each ommatidium are vital in this polarity; they adopt asymmetrical positions in adult ommatidia and are the site of action for several essential genes(1-5). Two such genes are frizzled (fz) and dishevelled (dsh), the products of which are components of a signalling pathway required in R3, and which are thought to be activated by a diffusible signal(3,6-10). Here we show that the transmembrane receptor Notch is required downstream of dsh in R3/R4 for them to adopt distinct fates, By using an enhancer for the Notch target gene Enhancer of split m delta, we show that Notch becomes activated specifically in R4, We propose that Fz/Dsh promotes activity of the Notch ligand Delta and inhibits Notch receptor activity in R3, creating a difference in Notch signalling capacity between R3 and R4. Subsequent feedback in the Notch pathway ensures that this difference becomes amplified. This interplay between Fz/Dsh and Notch indicates that polarity is established through local comparisons between two cells and explains how a signal from one position (for example, the equator in the eye) could be interpreted by all ommatidia in the field.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Anat, Cambridge CB2 3DY, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Bray, SJ (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Anat, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3DY, England.
NR 30
TC 206
Z9 251
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 11
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6719
BP 526
EP 530
DI 10.1038/17395
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 166KN
UT WOS:000078574900051
PM 10028969
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Merrow, M
   Brunner, M
   Roenneberg, T
AF Merrow, M
   Brunner, M
   Roenneberg, T
TI Assignment of circadian function for the Neurospora clock gene frequency
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperature compensation; blue-light; cryptochrome; rhythm; photoresponses; photoreceptor; drosophila; crassa; system
AB Circadian clocks consist of three elements: entrainment pathways (inputs), the mechanism generating the rhthmicity (oscillator), and the output pathways that control the circadian rhythms. It is difficult to assign molecular clock components to any one of these elements. Experiments show that inputs can be circadianly regulated(1-3) and outputs can feed back on the oscillator(4,5), Mathematical simulations indicate that under- or overexpression of a gene product can result in arrhythmicity, whether the protein is part of the oscillator or substantially Dart of a rhythmically expressed input pathway(6). To distinguish between these two possibilities, we used traditional circadian entrainment protocols(7,8) on a genetic model system, Neurospora crassa.
C1 Univ Munich, Inst Med Psychol, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Munich, Inst Physiol Chem, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of Munich; University of Munich
RP Merrow, M (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Inst Med Psychol, Goethestr 31-33, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
NR 30
TC 188
Z9 200
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6736
BP 584
EP 586
DI 10.1038/21190
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 204RR
UT WOS:000080778400055
PM 10376598
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kern, D
   Volkman, BF
   Luginbühl, P
   Nohaile, MJ
   Kustu, S
   Wemmer, DE
AF Kern, D
   Volkman, BF
   Luginbühl, P
   Nohaile, MJ
   Kustu, S
   Wemmer, DE
TI Structure of a transiently phosphorylated switch in bacterial signal transduction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID response regulator; 3-dimensional structure; receiver domain; nmr structure; protein chey; chemotaxis; activation; conformation; mechanism; dynamics
AB Receiver domains are the dominant molecular switches in bacterial signalling(1,2), Although several structures of non-phosphorylated receiver domains have been reported(3-8), a detailed structural understanding of the activation arising from phosphorylation has been impeded by the very short half-lives of the aspartyl-phosphate linkages. Here we present the first structure of a receiver domain in its active state, the phosphorylated receiver domain of the bacterial enhancer-binding protein NtrC (nitrogen regulatory protein C), Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were taken during steady-state autophosphorylation/dephosphorylation, and three-dimensional spectra from multiple samples were combined. Phosphorylation induces a large conformational change involving a displacement of beta-strands 4 and 5 and alpha-helices 3 and 4 away from the active site, a register shift and an axial rotation in helix 4, This creates an exposed hydrophobic surface that is likely to transmit the signal to the transcriptional activation domain.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Dept Biochem, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biochem, Natl Magnet Resonance Facil, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Brandeis University; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Kern, D (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Dept Biochem, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
NR 29
TC 179
Z9 206
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6764
BP 894
EP 898
DI 10.1038/47273
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 269ML
UT WOS:000084482000037
PM 10622255
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rongo, C
   Kaplan, JM
AF Rongo, C
   Kaplan, JM
TI CaMKII regulates the density of central glutamatergic synapses in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nematode caenorhabditis-elegans; protein-kinase-ii; receptor; phosphorylation; localization; subunit; mutants; neurons
AB Synaptic connections undergo a dynamic process of stabilization or elimination during development, and this process is thought to be critical in memory and learning and in establishing the specificity of synaptic connections(1). The type II calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII) has been proposed to be pivotal in regulating synaptic strength(2-4) and in maturation of synapses during developments. Here we describe how CaMKII regulates the formation of central glutamatergic synapses in Caenorhabditis elegans, During larval development, the density of ventral nerve cord synapses containing the GLR-1 glutamate receptor is held constant despite marked changes in neurite length. The coupling of synapse number to neurite length requires both CaMKII and voltage-gated calcium channels. CaMKII regulates GLR-1 by at least two distinct mechanisms: regulating transport of GLR-1 from cell bodies to neurites; and regulating the addition or maintenance of GLR-1 to postsynaptic elements.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Kaplan, JM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, LSA 361, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 27
TC 165
Z9 213
U1 1
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 195
EP 199
DI 10.1038/46065
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400054
PM 10647013
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tett, SFB
   Stott, PA
   Allen, MR
   Ingram, WJ
   Mitchell, JFB
AF Tett, SFB
   Stott, PA
   Allen, MR
   Ingram, WJ
   Mitchell, JFB
TI Causes of twentieth-century temperature change near the Earth's surface
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate-change; solar irradiance; sulfate aerosols; greenhouse-gas; model; variability; attribution; atmosphere; albedo
AB Observations of the Earth's near-surface temperature show a global-mean temperature increase of approximately 0.6 K since 1900 (ref. 1), occurring from 1910 to 1940 and from 1970 to the present. The temperature change over the past 30-50 years is unlikely to be entirely due to internal climate variability(2-4) and has been attributed to changes in the concentrations of greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols(5) due to human activity. Attribution of the warming early in the century has proved more elusive. Here we present a quantification of the possible contributions throughout the century from the four components most likely to be responsible for the large-scale temperature changes, of which two vary naturally (solar irradiance and stratospheric volcanic aerosols) and two have changed decisively due to anthropogenic influence (greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols). The patterns of time/space changes in near-surface temperature due to the separate forcing components are simulated with a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model, and a linear combination of these is fitted to observations. Thus our analysis is insensitive to errors in the simulated amplitude of these responses. We find that solar forcing may have contributed to the temperature changes early in the century, but anthropogenic causes combined with natural variability would also present a possible explanation. For the warming from 1946 to 1996 regardless of any possible amplification of solar or volcanic influence, we exclude purely natural forcing, and attribute it largely to the anthropogenic components.
C1 Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Meteorol Off, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England.
   Rutherford Appleton Lab, Dept Space Sci, Chilton OX11 0QX, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 2JD, England.
C3 Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; University of Oxford
RP Tett, SFB (corresponding author), Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Meteorol Off, London Rd, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England.
NR 28
TC 390
Z9 453
U1 1
U2 119
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6736
BP 569
EP 572
DI 10.1038/21164
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 204RR
UT WOS:000080778400051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schmitt, JHMM
   Favata, F
AF Schmitt, JHMM
   Favata, F
TI Continuous heating of a giant X-ray flare on Algol
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic reconnection; polar spots; solar-flare; rosat; superflare
AB Giant stellar flares can release large amounts of energy within a few days(1-7): X-ray emission alone can be up to ten per cent of the star's bolometric luminosity. These flares exceed the luminosities of the largest solar flares by many orders of magnitude, which suggests that the underlying physical mechanisms supplying the energy are different from those on the Sun. Magnetic coupling between the components in a binary system or between a young star and an accretion disk has been proposed(3,7-9) as a prerequisite for giant flares. Here we report X-ray observations of a giant flare on Algol B, a giant star in an eclipsing binary system. We observed a total X-ray eclipse of the flare, which demonstrates that the plasma was confined to Algol B, and reached a maximum height of 0.6 stellar radii above its surface. The flare occurred around the south pole of Algol B, and energy must have been released continuously throughout its life. We conclude that a specific extrastellar environment is not required for the presence of a flare, and that the processes at work are therefore similar to those on the Sun.
C1 Univ Hamburg, Hamburger Sternwarte, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany.
   European Space Technol Ctr, European Space Agcy, Dept Space Sci, Ctr Technol, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands.
   European Space Agcy, European Space Res, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands.
C3 University of Hamburg; European Space Agency; European Space Research & Technology Centre; European Space Agency
RP Schmitt, JHMM (corresponding author), Univ Hamburg, Hamburger Sternwarte, Gojenbergsweg 112, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany.
NR 27
TC 92
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6748
BP 44
EP 46
DI 10.1038/43389
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 232MK
UT WOS:000082374400034
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lin, YX
   Fletcher, CM
   Zhou, JX
   Allis, CD
   Wagner, G
AF Lin, YX
   Fletcher, CM
   Zhou, JX
   Allis, CD
   Wagner, G
TI Solution structure of the catalytic domain of GCN5 histone acetyltransferase bound to coenzyme A
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gcn5-related n-acetyltransferase; yeast gcn5p; in-vivo; protein; activation; acetylation; superfamily; complex; cbp
AB Gene transcription requires the release of inactive DNA from its packaging of histone proteins. Following the discovery of the first transcription-associated histone acetyltransferase, tetrahymena GCN5(1), it was shown that yeast GCN5 is recruited to the promoter and causes hyper-acetylation of histones and transcriptional activation of target genes(2,3), establishing a direct connection between histone acetylation and transcriptional activation. Many other important transcription regulators have been found to have histone acetyltransferase activity, including TAFII230/250, p300/CBP and its associated factor PCAF(4-9). Here we present the solution structure of the catalytic domain of tGCN5 (residues 47-210) in complex with coenzyme A. The structure contains two domains; the amino-terminal domain is similar to those of other GCN5-related N-acetyltransferases(10,11) but the carboxy-terminal domain is not. Coenzyme A binds in a deep hydrophobic pocket between the two domains. Chemical shift changes upon titration with histone H3 peptides indicate a binding site at the domain boundary opposite to the coenzyme A site. The structural data indicate a single-step acetyl-transfer reaction mechanism catalysed by a hydrogen bond to the backbone amide group of leucine 126 and the side-chain carboxyl group of a conserved acidic residue.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   MIT, Harvard Ctr Magnet Resonance, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Harvard University; University of Virginia
RP Wagner, G (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 21
TC 83
Z9 93
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6739
BP 86
EP 89
DI 10.1038/21922
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 213DA
UT WOS:000081255700057
PM 10403255
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hieter, P
AF Hieter, P
TI Functional genomics - What do yeast proteins do?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-expression; scale
C1 Univ British Columbia, Ctr Mol Med & Therapeut, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada.
C3 University of British Columbia
RP Hieter, P (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Ctr Mol Med & Therapeut, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada.
NR 11
TC 4
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 362
EP 363
DI 10.1038/46443
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600034
PM 10586869
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ybe, JA
   Brodsky, FM
   Hofmann, K
   Lin, K
   Liu, SH
   Chen, L
   Earnest, TN
   Fletterick, RJ
   Hwang, PK
AF Ybe, JA
   Brodsky, FM
   Hofmann, K
   Lin, K
   Liu, SH
   Chen, L
   Earnest, TN
   Fletterick, RJ
   Hwang, PK
TI Clathrin self-assembly is mediated by a tandemly repeated superhelix
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein complex; trimerization; resolution; program; alpha; chain
AB Clathrin is a triskelion-shaped cytoplasmic protein that polymerizes into a polyhedral lattice on intracellular membranes to form protein-coated membrane vesicles. Lattice formation induces the sorting of membrane proteins during endocytosis and organelle biogenesis by interacting with membrane-associated adaptor molecules(1). The clathrin triskelion is a trimer of heavy-chain subunits (1,675 residues), each binding a single light-chain subunit, in the hub domain (residues 1,074-1,675), Light chains negatively modulate polymerization so that intracellular clathrin assembly is adaptor-dependent(2). Here we report the atomic structure, to 2.6 Angstrom resolution, of hub residues 1,210-1,516 involved in mediating spontaneous clathrin heavy-chain polymerization and light-chain association(3,4), The hub fragment folds into an elongated coil of alpha-helices, and alignment analyses reveal a 145-residue motif that is repeated seven times along the filamentous leg and appears in other proteins involved in vacuolar protein sorting. The resulting model provides a three-dimensional framework for understanding clathrin heavy-chain self-assembly, light-chain binding and trimerization.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, GW Hooper Fdn, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biopharmaceut Sci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pharmaceut Chem, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   MEMOREC Stoffel Gmbh, Bioinformat Grp, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
   Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Adv Light Source, Macromol Crystallog Facil, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Brodsky, FM (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, GW Hooper Fdn, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM fmarbro@itsa.ucsf.edu
NR 30
TC 131
Z9 148
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6734
BP 371
EP 375
DI 10.1038/20708
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200PA
UT WOS:000080547800063
PM 10360576
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walker, EH
   Perisic, O
   Ried, C
   Stephens, L
   Williams, RL
AF Walker, EH
   Perisic, O
   Ried, C
   Stephens, L
   Williams, RL
TI Structural insights into phosphoinositide 3-kinase catalysis and signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-kinase; ras; phosphorylation; pi-3-kinase; domain
AB Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are ubiquitous lipid kinases that function both as signal transducers downstream of cell-surface receptors and in constitutive intracellular membrane and protein trafficking pathways. All PI3Ks are dual-specificity enzymes with a lipid kinase activity which phosphorylates phosphoinositides at the 3-hydroxyl, and a protein kinase activity. The products of PI3K-catalysed reactions, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P-3), PtdIns(3,4)P-2 and PtdIns(3)P, are second messengers in a variety of signal transduction pathways, including those essential to cell proliferation, adhesion, survival, cytoskeletal rearrangement and vesicle trafficking(1.2). Here we report the 2.2 Angstrom X-ray crystallographic structure of the catalytic subunit of PI3K gamma, the class I enzyme that is activated by heterotrimeric G-protein beta gamma subunits and pas. PI3K gamma has a modular organization centred around a helical-domain spine, with C2 and catalytic domains positioned to interact with phospholipid membranes,:md a Ras-binding domain placed against the catalytic domain where if could drive allosteric activation of the enzyme.
C1 MRC Ctr, MRC Lab Mol Biol, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   Babraham Inst, Cambridge CB2 4AT, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Babraham Institute
RP Williams, RL (corresponding author), MRC Ctr, MRC Lab Mol Biol, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
EM rlw@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U105184308] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [MC_U105184308] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [MC_U105184308] Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 424
Z9 509
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6759
BP 313
EP 320
DI 10.1038/46319
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 257ZP
UT WOS:000083813700055
PM 10580505
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hartmann, WK
   Malin, M
   McEwen, A
   Carr, M
   Soderblom, L
   Thomas, P
   Danielson, E
   James, P
   Veverka, J
AF Hartmann, WK
   Malin, M
   McEwen, A
   Carr, M
   Soderblom, L
   Thomas, P
   Danielson, E
   James, P
   Veverka, J
TI Evidence for recent volcanism on Mars from crater counts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Impact craters help characterize the age of a planetary surface, because they accumulate with time. They also provide useful constraints on the importance of surface erosion, as such processes will preferentially remove the smaller craters. Earlier studies of martian crater populations revealed that erosion and dust deposition are important processes on Mars(1-6). They disagreed, however, on the age of the youngest volcanism(7,8). These earlier studies were limited by image resolution to craters larger than a few hundred metres in diameter. Here we report an analysis, using new images obtained by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft, of crater populations that extend the size distribution down to about 16 m. Our results indicate a wide range of surface ages, with one region-lava flows within the Arsia Mons caldera-that we estimate to be no older than 40-100 million years. We suggest that volcanism is a continuing process on Mars.
C1 Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85705 USA.
   Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92191 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 USA.
C3 University of Arizona; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; Cornell University; California Institute of Technology; University System of Ohio; University of Toledo
RP Hartmann, WK (corresponding author), Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85705 USA.
NR 20
TC 162
Z9 178
U1 1
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 18
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6720
BP 586
EP 589
DI 10.1038/17545
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 169GE
UT WOS:000078738500040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ninomiya-Tsuji, J
   Kishimoto, K
   Hiyama, A
   Inoue, J
   Cao, ZD
   Matsumoto, K
AF Ninomiya-Tsuji, J
   Kishimoto, K
   Hiyama, A
   Inoue, J
   Cao, ZD
   Matsumoto, K
TI The kinase TAK1 can activate the NIK-IκB as well as the MAP kinase cascade in the IL-1 signalling pathway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta; family; identification; transduction; alpha; tnf
AB Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a proinflammatory cytokine that has several effects in the inflammation profess. When it binds to its cell-surface receptor, H-l initiates a signalling cascade that leads to activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa B and is relayed through the protein TRAF6 and a succession of kinase enzymes, including NF-kappa B-inducing kinase (NIK) and I kappa B kinases (IKKs)(1-7). However, the molecular mechanism by which NIK is activated is not understood. Here we show that the MAPKK kinase TAK1 (ref. 8) acts upstream of NIK in the IL-1-activated signalling pathway and that TAK1 associates with TRAF6 during IL-1 signalling. Stimulation of TAK1 causes activation of NF-kappa B, which is blocked by dominant-negative mutants of NIK, and an inactive TAK1 mutant prevents activation of NF-kappa B that is mediated by IL-1 but not by NIK Activated TAK1 phosphorylates NIK, which stimulates IKK-alpha activity. Our results indicate that TAK1 links TRAF6 to the MIK-IKK cascade in the IL-1 signalling pathway.
C1 Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Mol Biol, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 46401, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 46401, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Dept Oncol, Minato Ku, Tokyo 108, Japan.
   Tularik Inc, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
C3 Nagoya University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Tokyo; Tularik, Inc.
RP Matsumoto, K (corresponding author), Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Mol Biol, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 46401, Japan.
EM g44177a@nucc.cc.na-goya-u.ac.jp
NR 25
TC 1030
Z9 1196
U1 0
U2 54
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6724
BP 252
EP 256
DI 10.1038/18465
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 177UA
UT WOS:000079228400056
PM 10094049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Adachi, H
   Ino, H
AF Adachi, H
   Ino, H
TI A ferromagnet having no net magnetic moment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID samarium
AB Coupling between the spins (magnetic moments) of assemblies of ions can lead to ordered magnetic system-classified as ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic and so forth, depending on the nature of the ordering(1). A simple picture of the coupling and ordering is usually adequate for describing properties of these systems, such as the magnitude and thermal variation of the magnetization. Here we describe a system whose magnetic behaviour appears counterintuitive on the basis of this picture. The materials in question are based on the ferromagnetic compound, SmAl2, in which some of the magnetic samarium ions, Sm3+, have been substituted with other rare-earth elements. The resulting system exhibits the seemingly incompatible properties of large spin polarization but no bulk magnetization: this state occurs at a specific temperature, when the two components of the magnetization (the electron's spin and its orbital motion) exactly compensate for one another. This property should be generic to ferromagnets containing trivalent samarium ions, and may find potential application in, for example, spin-resolving devices for charged particles.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Dept Mat Sci, Tokyo 113, Japan.
   KEK, Inst Mat Struct Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan.
   Hosei Univ, Coll Engn, Tokyo 184, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK); Hosei University
RP Adachi, H (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Dept Mat Sci, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113, Japan.
NR 11
TC 134
Z9 140
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6749
BP 148
EP 150
DI 10.1038/43634
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234AF
UT WOS:000082458800048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU D'Souza, SM
   Alexander, C
   Carr, SW
   Waller, AM
   Whitcombe, MJ
   Vulfson, EN
AF D'Souza, SM
   Alexander, C
   Carr, SW
   Waller, AM
   Whitcombe, MJ
   Vulfson, EN
TI Directed nucleation of calcite at a crystal-imprinted polymer surface
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inorganic materials; crystallization; biomineralization; morphogenesis; carbonate; patterns; phase
AB The finely tuned properties of natural biominerals and composites reflect the remarkable level of control that is exercised over the size, shape and organization of the constituent crystals(1-4). Achieving this degree of control over synthetic materials might therefore lead to superior material properties. Organic small molecules, polymers or surfactant mesophases have been used to guide the growth and morphology of inorganic materials via steric constraints or structure-directing interactions(5-16). Here we show that synthetic polymers can be imprinted with motifs of crystal surfaces so as to template the growth of specific crystal phases. Our polymers, imprinted with calcite, are able to induce the nucleation of calcite under conditions favouring the growth of aragonite (another polymorph of calcium carbonate). The synthesis of the polymers, based on the principles of molecular imprinting(17-20), involves the adsorption of functional monomers to a calcite surface, followed by co-polymerization with a cross-linker to create an imprint of the crystal surface. Subsequent removal of the calcite template yields a polymer matrix with a surface functionality mirroring the crystal face and able to promote the nucleation of calcite. We expect that the molecular-imprinting approach to directed nucleation can be applied to crystals other than calcite.
C1 Univ Reading, Food Res Inst, Reading RG6 6BZ, Berks, England.
   Unilever Res, Port Sunlight Lab, Wirral L63 3JW, Merseyside, England.
   Unilever Res, NL-3000 DK Rotterdam, Netherlands.
C3 University of Reading; Unilever; Unilever
RP Whitcombe, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Reading, Food Res Inst, Earley Gate,Whiteknights Rd, Reading RG6 6BZ, Berks, England.
NR 22
TC 156
Z9 176
U1 2
U2 93
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6725
BP 312
EP 316
DI 10.1038/18636
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180DF
UT WOS:000079369600045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Robbins, TW
   Everitt, BJ
AF Robbins, TW
   Everitt, BJ
TI Drug addiction: bad habits add up
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mice lacking; cocaine; withdrawal; receptors; seeking; brain; rats; reinforcement; morphine; behavior
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Robbins, TW (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England.
EM twr2@cus.cam.ac.uk; bje10@cus.cam.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [G9537855] Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [G9537855] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [G9537855] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 32
TC 452
Z9 516
U1 0
U2 69
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6728
BP 567
EP 570
DI 10.1038/19208
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 186WX
UT WOS:000079754700036
PM 10217139
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tyrrell, T
AF Tyrrell, T
TI Oceanography - Iron, nitrogen and phosphorus in the ocean - Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Southampton, Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
C3 University of Southampton; NERC National Oceanography Centre
RP Tyrrell, T (corresponding author), Univ Southampton, Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
NR 3
TC 1
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 372
EP 372
DI 10.1038/46472
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gu, LQ
   Braha, O
   Conlan, S
   Cheley, S
   Bayley, H
AF Gu, LQ
   Braha, O
   Conlan, S
   Cheley, S
   Bayley, H
TI Stochastic sensing of organic analytes by a pore-forming protein containing a molecular adapter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID synthetic receptors; alpha-hemolysin; staphylococcus-aureus; channel; recognition; thermodynamics; cyclodextrins; complexation; biosensors; membranes
AB The detection of organic molecules is important in many areas, including medicine, environmental monitoring and defence(1-5) Stochastic sensing is an approach that relies on the observation of individual binding events between analyte molecules and a single receptor(6). Engineered transmembrane protein pores are promising sensor elements for stochastic detection(6), and in their simplest manifestation they produce a fluctuating binary ('on/off') response in the transmembrane electrical current. The frequency of occurrence of the fluctuations reveals the concentration of the analyte, and its identity can be deduced from the characteristic magnitude and/or duration of the fluctuations. Genetically engineered versions of the bacterial pare-forming protein alpha-haemolysin have been used to identify and quantify divalent metal ions in solution(6). But it is not immediately obvious how versatile binding sites for organic ligands might be obtained by engineering of the pore structure. Here we show that stochastic sensing of organic molecules can be procured from alpha-haemolysin by equipping the channel with an internal, non-covalently bound molecular 'adapter' whim mediates channel blocking by the analyte. We use cyclodextrins as the adapters because these fit comfortably inside the pore and present a hydrophobic cavity suitable for binding a variety of organic analytes. Moreover, at single sensing element of this sort can be used to analyse a mixture of organic molecules with different binding characteristics. We envisage the use of other adapters, so that the pore could be 'programmed' for a rang of sensing functions.
C1 Texas A&M Univ, Univ Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Med Biochem & Genet, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
C3 Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station
RP Braha, O (corresponding author), Texas A&M Univ, Univ Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Med Biochem & Genet, 440 Reynolds Med Bldg, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
EM obraha@medicine.tamu.edu; bayley@tamu.edu
NR 29
TC 661
Z9 852
U1 7
U2 221
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6729
BP 686
EP 690
DI 10.1038/19491
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 189RP
UT WOS:000079920100044
PM 10227291
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reznikov, M
   de Picciotto, R
   Griffiths, TG
   Heiblum, M
   Umansky, V
AF Reznikov, M
   de Picciotto, R
   Griffiths, TG
   Heiblum, M
   Umansky, V
TI Observation of quasiparticles with one-fifth of an electron's charge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum shot-noise; fractional charge; nonequilibrium
AB The fractional quantum Hall effect(1) occurs in the conduction properties of a two-dimensional electron gas subjected to a strong perpendicular magnetic field. In this regime, the Hall conductance shows plateaux, or fractional states, at rational fractional multiples of e(2)/h, where e is the charge of an electron and h is Planck's constant. The explanation(1-3) of this behaviour invokes strong Coulomb interactions among the electrons that give rise to fractionally charged quasiparticles which can be regarded as noninteracting current carriers(1-5). Previous studies(4,5) have demonstrated the existence of quasiparticles with one-third of an electron's charge, the same fraction as that of the respective fractional state. An outstanding ambiguity is therefore whether these studies measured the charge or the conductance. Here we report the observation of quasiparticles with a charge of e/5 in the 2/5 fractional state, from measurements of shot noise in a two-dimensional electron gas(4.) Our results imply that charge can be measured independently of conductance in the h factional quantum Hall regime, generalizing previous observations of fractionally charged quasiparticles.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, Braun Ctr Submicron Res, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Heiblum, M (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, Braun Ctr Submicron Res, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
NR 20
TC 159
Z9 173
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6733
BP 238
EP 241
DI 10.1038/20384
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 198MF
UT WOS:000080427400048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Campbell, JJ
   Haraldsen, G
   Pan, J
   Rottman, J
   Qin, S
   Ponath, P
   Andrew, DP
   Warnke, R
   Ruffing, N
   Kassam, N
   Wu, L
   Butcher, EC
AF Campbell, JJ
   Haraldsen, G
   Pan, J
   Rottman, J
   Qin, S
   Ponath, P
   Andrew, DP
   Warnke, R
   Ruffing, N
   Kassam, N
   Wu, L
   Butcher, EC
TI The chemokine receptor CCR4 in vascular recognition by cutaneous but not intestinal memory T cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lymphocyte-associated antigen; adhesion molecule-1; endothelial-cells; homing receptor; e-selectin; expression; phenotype; subsets; interleukin-8; recruitment
AB Lymphocytes that are responsible for regional (tissue-specific) immunity home from the blood to the intestines, inflamed skin or other sites through a multistep process involving recognition of vascular endothelial cells and extravasation(1). Chemoattractant cytokine molecules known as chemokines(2) regulate this lymphocyte traffic, in part by triggering arrest (stopping) of lymphocytes rolling on endothelium(3-5). Here we shaw that many systemic memory T cells in blood carry the chemokine receptor CCR4 (ref. 6) and therefore respond to its ligands, the chemokines TARC and MDC. These cells include essentially all skin-homing cells expressing the cutaneous lymphocyte antigen and a subset of other systemic memory lymphocytes; however, intestinal (alpha 4 beta 7(+)) memory and naive T cells respond poorly. Immunohistochemistry reveals anti-TARC reactivity of venules and infiltration of many CCR4(+) lymphocytes in chronically inflamed skin, but not in the gastrointestinal lamina propria. Moreover, TARC induces integrin-dependent adhesion of skin (but not intestinal) memory T cells to the cell-adhesion molecule ICAM-1, and causes their rapid arrest under physiological now. Our results suggest that CCR4 and TARC are important in the recognition of skin vasculature by circulating T cells and in directing lymphocytes that are involved in systemic as opposed to intestinal immunity to their target tissues.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Lab Immunol & Vasc Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Vet Affairs Palo Alto Hlth Care Syst, Ctr Mol Biol & Med, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   LeukoSite Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); VA Palo Alto Health Care System; Stanford University
RP Campbell, JJ (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Lab Immunol & Vasc Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 30
TC 706
Z9 775
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6746
BP 776
EP 780
DI 10.1038/23495
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228HM
UT WOS:000082131100053
PM 10466728
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stauffer, B
AF Stauffer, B
TI Climate change - Cornucopia of ice core results
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
C3 University of Bern
RP Stauffer, B (corresponding author), Univ Bern, Inst Phys, Sidlerstr 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
NR 5
TC 9
Z9 14
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 412
EP 413
DI 10.1038/20807
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900022
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, J
   Papadopoulos, C
   Xu, J
AF Li, J
   Papadopoulos, C
   Xu, J
TI Nanoelectronics - Growing Y-junction carbon nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID devices; physics; arrays
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto
RP Li, J (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 10 Kings Coll Rd, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada.
NR 14
TC 541
Z9 588
U1 0
U2 122
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6759
BP 253
EP 254
DI 10.1038/46214
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 257ZP
UT WOS:000083813700038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saito, Y
   Nothacker, HP
   Wang, ZW
   Lin, SHS
   Leslie, F
   Civelli, O
AF Saito, Y
   Nothacker, HP
   Wang, ZW
   Lin, SHS
   Leslie, F
   Civelli, O
TI Molecular characterization of the melanin-concentrating-hormone receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-msh; rat; neuropeptide; protein; brain; gene; hypothalamus; peptide; encodes; system
AB Orphan G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are cloned proteins with structural characteristics common to the GPCRs but that bind unidentified ligands. Orphan GPCRs have been used as targets to identify novel transmitter molecules(1). Here we describe the isolation from brain extracts and the characterization of the natural ligand of a particular orphan GPCR (SLC-1) that is sequentially homologous to the somatostatin receptors(2,3). We show that the natural ligand of this receptor is the neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)(4), MCH is a cyclic peptide that regulates a variety of functions in the mammalian brain, in particular feeding behaviour(5,6). We demonstrate that nanomolar concentrations of MCH strongly activate SLC-1-related pathways through G alpha(i) and/or G alpha(q) proteins. We have analysed the tissue localization of the MCH receptor and find that it is expressed in several brain regions, in particular those involved in olfactory learning and reinforcement mechanisms, indicating that therapies targeting the MCH receptor should act on the neuronal regulation of food consumption.
C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Pharmacol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Dev & Cell Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP Civelli, O (corresponding author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Pharmacol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
NR 30
TC 447
Z9 509
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6741
BP 265
EP 269
DI 10.1038/22321
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 217MP
UT WOS:000081503800044
PM 10421368
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Casagrandi, R
   Gatto, M
AF Casagrandi, R
   Gatto, M
TI A mesoscale approach to extinction risk in fragmented habitats
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID population; dynamics; dispersal; models
AB Assessing the fate of species endangered by habitat framentation(1-3) using spatially explicit and individual-based models(4-7) can be cumbersome and requires detailed ecological information that is often unavailable. Conversely, Levins-like(8) macroscale models(9,10) neglect data on the distribution of local numbers, which are frequently collected by field ecologists(11-13). Here we present an alternative, mesoscale approach for metapopulations that are subject to demographic stochasticity, environmental catastrophes and habitat loss. Starting from a model that accounts for discrete individuals in each patch and assumes a birth-death stochastic process with global dispersal(14,15), we use a negative-binomial approximation(16) to derive equations for the probability of patch occupancy and the mean and variance of abundance in each occupied patch(17). A simple bifurcation analysis(18) can be run to assess extinction risk. Comparison with both the original model and a spatially explicit model with local dispersal proves that our approximation is very satisfactory. We determine the sensitivity of metapopulation persistence to patch size, catastrophe frequency and habitat loss, and show that good dispersers are affected more by habitat destruction than by environmental disasters.
C1 Politecn Milan, Dipartimento Elettr & Informaz, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
C3 Polytechnic University of Milan
RP Gatto, M (corresponding author), Politecn Milan, Dipartimento Elettr & Informaz, Via Ponzio 34-5, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
EM gatto@elet.polimi.it
NR 28
TC 67
Z9 74
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6744
BP 560
EP 562
DI 10.1038/23020
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223RT
UT WOS:000081854800054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gogotsi, YG
   Kailer, A
   Nickel, KG
AF Gogotsi, YG
   Kailer, A
   Nickel, KG
TI Materials - Transformation of diamond to graphite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-transformations; silicon; pressures
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Mech Engn, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
   Univ Tubingen, Inst Mineral Petrol & Geochem, D-72074 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
RP Gogotsi, YG (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Mech Engn, 842 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
NR 11
TC 171
Z9 186
U1 1
U2 94
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6754
BP 663
EP 664
DI 10.1038/44323
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 247EJ
UT WOS:000083207400046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dam, B
   Huijbregtse, JM
   Klaassen, FC
   van der Geest, RCF
   Doornbos, G
   Rector, JH
   Testa, AM
   Freisem, S
   Martinez, JC
   Stäuble-Pümpin, B
   Griessen, R
AF Dam, B
   Huijbregtse, JM
   Klaassen, FC
   van der Geest, RCF
   Doornbos, G
   Rector, JH
   Testa, AM
   Freisem, S
   Martinez, JC
   Stäuble-Pümpin, B
   Griessen, R
TI Origin of high critical currents in YBa2Cu3O7-δ superconducting thin films
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-temperature superconductors; columnar defects; transport-property; screw dislocations; growth; localization; vortices; creep
AB Thin films of the high-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7-delta exhibit both a large critical current (the superconducting current density generally lies between 10(11) and 10(12) A m(-2) at 4.2 K in zero magnetic field) and a decrease in such currents with magnetic field that point to the importance of strong vortex pinning along extended defects(1,2). But it has hitherto been unclear which types of defect-dislocations, grain boundaries, surface corrugations and anti-phase boundaries-are responsible. Here we make use of a sequential etching technique to address this question. We find that both edge and screw dislocations, which can be mapped quantitatively by this technique, are the Linear defects that provide the strong pinning centres responsible for the high critical currents observed in these thin films. Moreover, we find that the superconducting current density is essentially independent of the density of linear defects at low magnetic fields. These natural linear defects, in contrast to artificially generated columnar defects, exhibit self-organized short-range order, suggesting that YBa2Cu3O7-delta thin films offer an attractive system for investigating the properties of vortex matter in a superconductor with a tailored defect structure.
C1 Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Inst COMPAS, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Sci, Div Phys & Astron, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Leiden Univ, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   CNR, ICMAT, Rome, Italy.
   Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
   Univ Nacl Colombia, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Bogota, Colombia.
C3 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Universidad Nacional de Colombia
RP Dam, B (corresponding author), Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Inst COMPAS, Boelelaan 1081, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
NR 21
TC 431
Z9 449
U1 3
U2 82
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 439
EP 442
DI 10.1038/20880
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tuthill, PG
   Monnier, JD
   Danchi, WC
AF Tuthill, PG
   Monnier, JD
   Danchi, WC
TI A dusty pinwheel nebula around the massive star WR104
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wolf-rayet stars; binary; wc9
AB Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars are luminous, massive blue stars thought to be the immediate precursors to some supernovae. The existence of dust shells around such stars has been enigmatic since their discovery about 30 years ago, as the intense ultraviolet radiation from the star should be inimical to dust survival(1). Although dust creation models, including those involving interacting stellar winds', have been put forward to explain these dust shells, the high-resolution observations needed to distinguish between the models have hitherto been lacking. Here we present images of the dust outflow around WR104, obtained using a technique that allows us to resolve detail on scales of about 40 AU at the distance of the star. Our images-taken at two epochs-show that the dust forms a spatially confined stream that follows precisely a linear (or archimedian) spiral trajectory with a rotation period of 220 +/- 30 days. These results prove that, in this case, a binary companion is responsible for the creation of the circumstellar dust. Moreover, the spiral plume makes WR104 the prototype of a new class of circumstellar nebulae, which are unique to systems with interacting winds.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Tuthill, PG (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 22
TC 232
Z9 244
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6727
BP 487
EP 489
DI 10.1038/19033
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185HQ
UT WOS:000079662800040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shirayama, M
   Tóth, A
   Gálová, M
   Nasmyth, K
AF Shirayama, M
   Tóth, A
   Gálová, M
   Nasmyth, K
TI APCCdc20 promotes exit from mitosis by destroying the anaphase inhibitor Pds1 and cyclin Clb5
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; budding yeast; s-phase; complex; proteolysis; transition; protein; kinase; apc; ubiquitination
AB Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis due to the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is essential for separation of sister chromatids, requiring degradation of the anaphase inhibitor Pds1, and for exit from mitosis, requiring inactivation of cyclin B Cdk1 kinases(1). Exit from mitosis in yeast involves accumulation of the cyclin kinase inhibitor Sic1 as well as cyclin proteolysis mediated by APC/C bound by the activating subunit Cdh1/Hct1 (ApC(Cdh1))(2,3). Both processes require the Cdc(14) phosphatase, whose release from the nucleolus during anaphase causes dephosphorylation and thereby activation of Cdh1 and accumulation of another protein, Sic1 (refs 4-7). We do not know what determines the release of Cdc14 and enables it to promote Cdk1 inactivation, but it is known to be dependent on APC/C bound by Cdc20 (ApC(Cdc20)) (ref. 4). Here we show that ApC(Cdc20) allows activation of Cdc 14 and promotes exit from mitosis by mediating proteolysis of Pds1 and the S phase cyclin Clb5 in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Degradation of Pds1 is necessary for release of Cdc14 from the nucleolus, whereas degradation of Clb5 is crucial if Cdc14 is to overwhelm Cdk1 and activate its foes (Cdh1 and Sic1). Remarkably, cells lacking both Pds1 and Clb5 can proliferate in the complete absence of Cdc20.
C1 Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
C3 Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)
RP Nasmyth, K (corresponding author), Res Inst Mol Pathol, Dr Bohr Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
NR 30
TC 297
Z9 361
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 203
EP 207
DI 10.1038/46080
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400056
PM 10647015
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stevenson, S
   Rice, G
   Glass, T
   Harich, K
   Cromer, F
   Jordan, MR
   Craft, J
   Hadju, E
   Bible, R
   Olmstead, MM
   Maitra, K
   Fisher, AJ
   Balch, AL
   Dorn, HC
AF Stevenson, S
   Rice, G
   Glass, T
   Harich, K
   Cromer, F
   Jordan, MR
   Craft, J
   Hadju, E
   Bible, R
   Olmstead, MM
   Maitra, K
   Fisher, AJ
   Balch, AL
   Dorn, HC
TI Small-bandgap endohedral metallofullerenes in high yield and purity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metal atoms; dimetallofullerenes; fullerenes; c-60; la-2-at-c-80; sc-2-at-c-84; cages
AB The idea(1) that fullerenes might be able to encapsulate atoms and molecules has been verified by the successful synthesis of a range of endohedral fullerenes, in which metallic or nan-metallic species are trapped inside the carbon cage(2-13). Metal-containing endohedral fullerenes have attracted particular interest as they might exhibit unusual material properties associated with charge transfer from the metal to the carbon shell. However, current synthesis methods have typical yields of less than 0.5%, and produce multiple endohedral fullerene isomers, which makes it difficult to perform detailed studies of their properties. Here we show that the introduction of small amounts of nitrogen into an electric-are reactor allows for the efficient production of a new family of stable endohedral fullerenes encapsulating trimetallic nitride clusters, ErxSc3-xN@C-80 (x = 0-3). This 'trimetallic nitride template' process generates milligram quantities of product containing 3-5% Sc3N@C-80, which allows us to isolate the material and determine its crystal structure, and its optical and electronic properties. We find that the Sc3N moiety is encapsulated in a highly symmetric, icosahedral C-80 cage, which is stabilized as a result of charge transfer between the nitride cluster and the fullerene cage. We expect that our method will provide access to a range of small-bandgap fullerene materials, whose electronic properties can be tuned by encapsulating nitride clusters containing different metals and metal mixtures.
C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Chem, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA.
   GD Searle & Co, Skokie, IL 60077 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University; Pfizer; Pfizer USA; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Dorn, HC (corresponding author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Chem, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA.
NR 27
TC 866
Z9 932
U1 2
U2 208
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6748
BP 55
EP 57
DI 10.1038/43415
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 232MK
UT WOS:000082374400038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Richter, P
   de Boer, KS
   Widmann, H
   Kappelmann, N
   Gringel, W
   Grewing, M
   Barnstedt, J
AF Richter, P
   de Boer, KS
   Widmann, H
   Kappelmann, N
   Gringel, W
   Grewing, M
   Barnstedt, J
TI Discovery of molecular hydrogen in a high-velocity cloud of the Galactic halo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gas; absorption; origin; iue
AB The Milky Way's halo contains clouds of neutral hydrogen with high radial velocities which do not follow the general rotational motion of the Galaxy(1). Few distances to these high-velocity clouds are known(2,3), so even gross properties such as total mass are hard to determine. As a consequence, there is no generally accepted theory regarding their origin, One idea(4,5) is that they result from gas that has cooled after being ejected from the Galaxy through fountain-like flows powered by supernovae; another is that they are composed of gas, poor in heavy elements, which is falling onto the disk of the Milky Way from intergalactic space(6,7). The presence of molecular hydrogen, whose formation generally requires the presence of dust (and therefore gas, enriched in heavy elements), could help to distinguish between these possibilities. Here we report the discovery of molecular hydrogen absorption in a high-velocity cloud along the hue of sight to the Large Magellanic Cloud. We also derive for the same cloud an iron abundance which is half of the solar value. From these data, we conclude that gas in this cloud originated in the disk of the Milky Way.
C1 Univ Bonn, Sternwarte, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
   Univ Tubingen, Inst Astron & Astrophys, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 University of Bonn; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
RP Richter, P (corresponding author), Univ Bonn, Sternwarte, Hugel 71, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
NR 24
TC 59
Z9 60
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 386
EP 387
DI 10.1038/46492
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600047
PM 10586876
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bernard, A
   Hermans, C
   Broeckaert, F
   De Poorter, G
   De Cock, A
   Houins, G
AF Bernard, A
   Hermans, C
   Broeckaert, F
   De Poorter, G
   De Cock, A
   Houins, G
TI Food contamination by PCBs and dioxins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polychlorinated-biphenyls
C1 Catholic Univ Louvain, Toxicol Unit, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
   Belgian Fed Minist Agr, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.
C3 Universite Catholique Louvain
RP Bernard, A (corresponding author), Catholic Univ Louvain, Toxicol Unit, 30-54 Clos Chapelle Champs, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
NR 6
TC 143
Z9 159
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 231
EP 232
DI 10.1038/45717
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400038
PM 10499576
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lowrie, DB
   Tascon, RE
   Bonato, VLD
   Lima, VMF
   Faccioli, LH
   Stavropoulos, E
   Colston, MJ
   Hewinson, RG
   Moelling, K
   Silva, CL
AF Lowrie, DB
   Tascon, RE
   Bonato, VLD
   Lima, VMF
   Faccioli, LH
   Stavropoulos, E
   Colston, MJ
   Hewinson, RG
   Moelling, K
   Silva, CL
TI Therapy of tuberculosis in mice by DNA vaccination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mycobacterium-tuberculosis; t-cells; interleukin-12; expression; infection; immunity; il-12; resistance; antigen; mpt70
AB Mycobacterium tuberculosis continues to kill about 3 million people every year(1), more than any other single infectious agent, This is attributed primarily to an inadequate immune response towards infecting bacteria, which suffer growth inhibition rather than death and subsequently multiply catastrophically. Although the bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is widely used, it has major limitations as a preventative measure(2), In addition, effective treatment requires that patients take large doses of antibacterial drug combinations for at least 6 months after diagnosis(3), which is difficult to achieve in many parts of the world and is further restricted by the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis, In these circumstances, immunotherapy to boost the efficiency of the immune system in infected patients could be a valuable adjunct to antibacterial chemotherapy(4), Here we show in mice that DNA vaccines, initially designed to prevent infection, can also have a pronounced therapeutic action, In heavily infected mice, DNA vaccinations can switch the immune response from one that is relatively inefficient and gives bacterial stasis to one that kills bacteria, Application of such immunotherapy in conjunction with conventional chemotherapeutic antibacterial drugs might result in faster or more certain cure of the disease in humans.
C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Pharmaceut Sci Ribeirao Preto, Dept Clin Anal, BR-14049900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Med Ribeirao Preto, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Parasitol, BR-14049900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
   Natl Inst Med Res, Mycobacteriol Res Lab, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Cent Vet Lab, Addlestone KT15 3NB, Surrey, England.
   Univ Zurich, Inst Med Virol, CH-8028 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade de Sao Paulo; MRC National Institute for Medical Research; University of Zurich
RP Silva, CL (corresponding author), Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Pharmaceut Sci Ribeirao Preto, Dept Clin Anal, BR-14049900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
EM clsilva@beverly.fmrp.usp.br
NR 30
TC 383
Z9 453
U1 2
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6741
BP 269
EP 271
DI 10.1038/22326
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 217MP
UT WOS:000081503800045
PM 10421369
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weber-Ban, EU
   Reid, BG
   Miranker, AD
   Horwich, AL
AF Weber-Ban, EU
   Reid, BG
   Miranker, AD
   Horwich, AL
TI Global unfolding of a substrate protein by the Hsp100 chaperone ClpA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID regulatory subunits; tagging system; proteases; binding; family; degradation
AB The bacterial protein ClpA, a member of the Hsp100 chaperone family, forms hexameric rings that bind to the free ends of the double-ring serine protease ClpP (refs 1, 2). ClpA directs the ATP-dependent degradation of substrate proteins bearing specific sequences(3-5), much as the 19S ATPase 'cap' of eukaryotic proteasomes functions in the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins(6-8). In isolation, ClpA and its relative ClpX can mediate the disassembly of oligomeric proteinsg(9,10); another similar eukaryotic protein, Hsp104, can dissociate low-order aggregates(11). ClpA has been proposed to destabilize protein structure, allowing passage of proteolysis substrates through a central channel into the ClpP proteolytic cylinder(12-14). Here we test the action of ClpA on a stable monomeric protein, the green fluorescent protein GFP, onto which has been added an Il-amino-acid carboxy-terminal recognition peptide, which is responsible for recruiting truncated proteins to ClpAP for degradation(5,15). Fluorescence studies both with and without a 'trap' version of the chaperonin GroEL, which binds non-native forms of GFP(16), and hydrogen-exchange experiments directly demonstrate that ClpA can unfold stable, native proteins in the presence of ATP.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Boyer Ctr Mol Med, Dept Genet, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Boyer Ctr Mol Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University
RP Horwich, AL (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Boyer Ctr Mol Med, Dept Genet, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
NR 20
TC 363
Z9 416
U1 1
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6748
BP 90
EP 93
DI 10.1038/43481
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 232MK
UT WOS:000082374400048
PM 10485712
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dumas, C
   Terrile, RJ
   Smith, BA
   Schneider, G
   Becklin, EE
AF Dumas, C
   Terrile, RJ
   Smith, BA
   Schneider, G
   Becklin, EE
TI Stability of Neptune's ring arcs in question
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID occultation
AB Although all four of the gas-giant planets in the Solar System have ring systems, only Neptune exhibits 'ring arcs'-stable dumps of dust that are discontinuous from each other(1). Two basic mechanisms for confining the dust to these arcs have been proposed. The first(2) relies on orbital resonances with two shepherding satellites, while the second(3) invokes a single satellite (later suggested to be Galatea(4)) to produce the observed ring are structures. Here we report observations of the ring arcs and Galatea, which show that there is a mismatch between the locations of the arcs and the site of Galatea's co-rotation inclined resonance. This result calls into question Galatea's sole role in confining the arcs.
C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Napoopoo, HI 96704 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; University of Hawaii System; University of Arizona; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Dumas, C (corresponding author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,MS 183-501, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
NR 13
TC 34
Z9 37
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6746
BP 733
EP 735
DI 10.1038/23414
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228HM
UT WOS:000082131100040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nichols, MJ
   Newsome, WT
AF Nichols, MJ
   Newsome, WT
TI The neurobiology of cognition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human brain; stimulation; perception; cortex; signal; reward
AB Perhaps the deepest mysteries facing the natural sciences concern the higher functions of the central nervous system. Understanding how the brain gives rise to mental experiences looms as one of the central challenges for science in the new millennium.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University
RP Nichols, MJ (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 28
TC 50
Z9 59
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP C35
EP C38
DI 10.1038/35011531
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MZ
UT WOS:000084014100005
PM 10591223
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alfè, D
   Gillan, MJ
   Price, GD
AF Alfè, D
   Gillan, MJ
   Price, GD
TI The melting curve of iron at the pressures of the Earth's core from ab initio calculations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID generalized-gradient approximation; order phase-transitions; energy calculations; molecular-dynamics; temperatures
AB The solid inner core of the Earth and the liquid outer core consist mainly of iron(1) so that knowledge of the high-pressure thermodynamic properties of iron is important for understanding the Earth's deep interior. An accurate knowledge of the melting properties of iron is particularly important, as the temperature distribution in the core is relatively uncertain(2-4) and a reliable estimate of the melting temperature of iron at the pressure of the inner-core boundary would put a much-needed constraint on core temperatures. Here we used ab initio methods to compute the free energies of both solid and liquid iron, and we argue that the resulting theoretical melting curve competes in accuracy with those obtained from high-pressure experiments. Our results give a melting temperature of iron of similar to 6,700 +/- 600 K at the pressure of the inner-core boundary, consistent with some of the experimental measurements. Our entirely ab initio methods should also be applicable to many other materials and problems.
C1 Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Res Sch Geol & Geophys Sci, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Univ London Univ Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; Birkbeck University London; University of London; University College London
RP Alfè, D (corresponding author), Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Res Sch Geol & Geophys Sci, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
NR 29
TC 251
Z9 270
U1 1
U2 65
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6752
BP 462
EP 464
DI 10.1038/46758
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243DF
UT WOS:000082981200051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yang, A
   Schweitzer, R
   Sun, DQ
   Kaghad, M
   Walker, N
   Bronson, RT
   Tabin, C
   Sharpe, A
   Caput, D
   Crum, C
   McKeon, F
AF Yang, A
   Schweitzer, R
   Sun, DQ
   Kaghad, M
   Walker, N
   Bronson, RT
   Tabin, C
   Sharpe, A
   Caput, D
   Crum, C
   McKeon, F
TI p63 is essential for regenerative proliferation in limb, craniofacial and epithelial development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vertebrate limb; p53 homolog; mice; differentiation; keratinocyte; involvement; expression; initiation; induction; cells
AB The p63 gene, a homologue of the tumour-suppressor p53 (refs 1-5), is highly expressed in the basal or progenitor layers of many epithelial tissues(1). Here we report that mice homozygous for a disrupted p63 gene have major defects in their limb, craniofacial and epithelial development. p63 is expressed in the ectodermal surfaces of the limb buds, branchial arches and epidermal appendages, which are all sites of reciprocal signalling that direct morphogenetic patterning of the underlying mesoderm. The limb truncations are due to a failure to maintain the apical ectodermal ridge, a stratified epithelium, essential for Limb development The embryonic epidermis of p63(-/-) mice undergoes an unusual process of non-regenerative differentiation, culminating in a striking absence of all squamous epithelia and their derivatives, including mammary, lacrymal and salivary glands. Taken together, our results indicate that p63 is critical for maintaining the progenitor-cell populations that are necessary to sustain epithelial development and morphogenesis.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Div Immunol Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Sanofi Biorech, F-31676 Labege, France.
   Tufts Univ, Sch Vet Med, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
   Tufts Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Sanofi-Aventis; Sanofi France; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); Tufts University; Tufts University
RP McKeon, F (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 30
TC 1932
Z9 2251
U1 2
U2 86
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6729
BP 714
EP 718
DI 10.1038/19539
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 189RP
UT WOS:000079920100052
PM 10227294
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Susin, SA
   Lorenzo, HK
   Zamzami, N
   Marzo, I
   Snow, BE
   Brothers, GM
   Mangion, J
   Jacotot, E
   Costantini, P
   Loeffler, M
   Larochette, N
   Goodlett, DR
   Aebersold, R
   Siderovski, DP
   Penninger, JM
   Kroemer, G
AF Susin, SA
   Lorenzo, HK
   Zamzami, N
   Marzo, I
   Snow, BE
   Brothers, GM
   Mangion, J
   Jacotot, E
   Costantini, P
   Loeffler, M
   Larochette, N
   Goodlett, DR
   Aebersold, R
   Siderovski, DP
   Penninger, JM
   Kroemer, G
TI Molecular characterization of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytochrome-c; fragmentation; protease; bcl-2; dna; requirement; activation; proteins; release; cells
AB Mitochondria play a key part in the regulation of apoptosis (cell death)(1,2). Their intermembrane space contains several proteins that are liberated through the outer membrane in order to participate in the degradation phase of apoptosis(3-9). Here we report the identification and cloning of an apoptosis-inducing factor, AIF(5), which is sufficient to induce apoptosis of isolated nuclei. AIF is a flavoprotein of relative molecular mass 57,000 which shares homology with the bacterial oxidoreductases; it is normally confined to mitochondria but translocates to the nucleus when apoptosis is induced. Recombinant AIF causes chromatin condensation in isolated nuclei and large-scale fragmentation of DNA. It induces purified mitochondria to release the apoptogenic proteins cytochrome c and caspase-9. Microinjection of AIF into the cytoplasm of intact cells induces condensation of chromatin, dissipation of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and exposure of phosphatidylserine in the plasma membrane. None of these effects is prevented by the wide-ranging caspase inhibitor known as Z-VAD.fmk. Overexpression of Bcl-2, which controls the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, prevents the release of AIF from the mitochondrion but does not affect its apoptogenic activity. These results indicate that AIF is a mitochondrial effector of apoptotic cell death.
C1 CNRS, UPR 420, F-94801 Villejuif, France.
   Inst Pasteur, Unite Biochim Struct, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Univ Toronto, Amgen Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Ontario Canc Inst, Dept Med Biophys & Immunol, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Univ Washington, Dept Mol Biotechnol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Kroemer, G (corresponding author), CNRS, UPR 420, 19 Rue Guy Moquet, F-94801 Villejuif, France.
NR 30
TC 3426
Z9 3973
U1 3
U2 339
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 4
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6718
BP 441
EP 446
DI 10.1038/17135
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 164KA
UT WOS:000078461700050
PM 9989411
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Housen, KR
   Holsapple, KA
   Voss, ME
AF Housen, KR
   Holsapple, KA
   Voss, ME
TI Compaction as the origin of the unusual craters on the asteroid Mathilde
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID disruption
AB The asteroid Mathilde has suffered at least five giant impacts. Previous studies suggest that Mathilde's giant craters should be surrounded by blankets of ejecta that are kilometres deep(1,2), yet the craters show no evidence of filling by material excavated during later nearby impacts(1,3). Computer simulations of impacts have been used to suggest that the absence of ejecta arises because the impact energy is deposited in a small volume, due to Mathilde's unusually high porosity(4), which produces ejecta velocities so high that nearly all of the material escapes Mathilde's gravitational field(5). Here we report laboratory measurements of high-velocity impacts into porous material, which support an alternative explanation(3): the crater is formed mainly by compaction, not excavation. The small amount of ejecta lofted in our experiments have velocities sufficiently low that nearly all of the material is redeposited within the crater bowl. The crater itself results from material being compressed, rather than ejected. This type of cratering implies that highly porous asteroids are minor contributors of meteorites, because essentially no material escapes the asteroids.
C1 Boeing Co, Shock Phys Grp, Seattle, WA 98124 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 Boeing; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Housen, KR (corresponding author), Boeing Co, Shock Phys Grp, MS 8H-05,POB 3999, Seattle, WA 98124 USA.
NR 14
TC 108
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 155
EP 157
DI 10.1038/45985
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wu, W
   Wong, K
   Chen, JH
   Jiang, ZH
   Dupuls, S
   Wu, JY
   Rao, Y
AF Wu, W
   Wong, K
   Chen, JH
   Jiang, ZH
   Dupuls, S
   Wu, JY
   Rao, Y
TI Directional guidance of neuronal migration in the olfactory system by the protein Slit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subventricular zone cells; neural crest migration; fetal monkey neocortex; polysialic acid; nervous-system; axon guidance; gene encodes; c-elegans; glia; precursors
AB Although cell migration is crucial for neural development, molecular mechanisms guiding neuronal migration have remained unclear. Here we report that the secreted protein Slit repels neuronal precursors migrating from the anterior subventricular zone in the telencephalon to the olfactory bulb. Our results provide a direct demonstration of a molecular cue whose concentration gradient guides the direction of migrating neurons. They also support a common guidance mechanism for axon projection and neuronal migration and suggest that Slit may provide a molecular tool with potential therapeutic applications in controlling and directing cell migration.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Pharmacol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Shanghai Res Ctr Life Sci, Mol Neurobiol Lab, Shanghai, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Inst Neurosci, Shanghai, Peoples R China.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences
RP Wu, JY (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, Box 8108,660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA114197] Funding Source: Medline; NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY014576] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM070967] Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 467
Z9 566
U1 0
U2 57
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6742
BP 331
EP 336
DI 10.1038/22477
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 219CH
UT WOS:000081590000040
PM 10432110
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Verkhovsky, MI
   Jasaitis, A
   Verkhovskaya, ML
   Morgan, JE
   Wikström, M
AF Verkhovsky, MI
   Jasaitis, A
   Verkhovskaya, ML
   Morgan, JE
   Wikström, M
TI Bioenergetics -: Proton pumping by cytochrome c oxidase -: Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mechanism
C1 Univ Helsinki, Inst Biomed, Dept Med Chem, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
C3 University of Helsinki
RP Verkhovsky, MI (corresponding author), Univ Helsinki, Inst Biomed, Dept Med Chem, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
NR 5
TC 4
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 603
EP 603
DI 10.1038/45135
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, S
   Thomas, SM
   Woodside, DG
   Rose, DM
   Kiosses, WB
   Pfaff, M
   Ginsberg, MH
AF Liu, S
   Thomas, SM
   Woodside, DG
   Rose, DM
   Kiosses, WB
   Pfaff, M
   Ginsberg, MH
TI Binding of paxillin to α4 integrins modifies integrin-dependent biological responses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subunit cytoplasmic domains; focal adhesion kinase; cell-migration; protein; src; association; roles; fyn
AB The alpha(4) integrins are indispensable for embryogenesis, haematopoiesis and immune responses(1,2), possibly because a4 regulates cellular functions differently from other integrins through its cytoplasmic tail(3). We used novel mimics(4) of the alpha(4) tail to identify molecules that could account for alpha(4)-specific signalling. Here we report that the alpha(4) tail, but not several other alpha-subunit tails, binds tightly to the signalling adaptor paxillin, Paxillin physically associated with alpha(4) integrins in Jurkat T cells at high stoichiometry, and joining the alpha(4) tail to alpha(IIb) resulted in a complex of integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3) With paxillin. This association markedly enhanced the rates of alpha(IIb)beta(3)-dependent phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and cell migration. It also reduced cell spreading, focal adhesion and stress fibre formation. A point mutation within the alpha(4) tail that disrupts paxillin binding reversed all of these effects. Furthermore, alpha(4)beta(1)-dependent adhesion to VCAM-1 led to spreading of mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from paxillin-null but not from wild-type mice. Thus, the tight association of paxillin with the alpha(4) tail leads to distinct biochemical and biological responses to integrin-mediated cell adhesion.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Vasc Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Hematol Oncol, Canc Biol Program, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Ginsberg, MH (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Vasc Biol, VB-2,10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 29
TC 284
Z9 343
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 676
EP 681
DI 10.1038/45264
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800069
PM 10604475
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kikkawa, JM
   Awschalom, DD
AF Kikkawa, JM
   Awschalom, DD
TI Lateral drag of spin coherence in gallium arsenide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperature; dependence; field
AB The importance of spin-transport phenomena in condensed-matter physics has increased over the past decade with the advent of metallic giant-magnetoresistive systems and spin-valve transistors(1). An extension of such phenomena to semiconductors should create possibilities for seamless integration of 'spin electronics' with existing solid-state devices, and may someday enable quantum computing schemes using electronic spins as non-local mediators of coherent nuclear spin interactions(2). But to realize such goals, spin transport must be effected without destroying the relevant spin information. Here we report time-resolved optical studies of non-local Faraday rotation in n-type bulk gallium arsenide, which show macroscopic lateral transport of coherently precessing electronic spins over distances exceeding 100 micrometres. The ability to drag these spin packets by their negative charge, without a substantial increase in spin decoherence, is a consequence of the rather weak entanglement of spin coherence with orbital motion in this system(3).
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Awschalom, DD (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
NR 7
TC 772
Z9 830
U1 0
U2 96
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 14
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6715
BP 139
EP 141
DI 10.1038/16420
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 157WQ
UT WOS:000078085000038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Waal, FBM
AF de Waal, FBM
TI Cultural primatology comes of age
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chimpanzees
AB The chimpanzee keeps inching closer to humanity. After decades of patiently gathering information, the heads of seven field-sites pool their knowledge to reveal the astonishing variation in tool technology and social customs in chimpanzees across Africa.
C1 Emory Univ, Yerkes Reg Primate Res Ctr, Living Links, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA.
   Emory Univ, Dept Psychol, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA.
C3 Emory University; Emory University
RP de Waal, FBM (corresponding author), Emory Univ, Yerkes Reg Primate Res Ctr, Living Links, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA.
EM dewaal@emory.edu
NR 11
TC 64
Z9 74
U1 0
U2 40
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 635
EP 636
DI 10.1038/21310
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800025
PM 10385107
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harmer, GP
   Abbott, D
AF Harmer, GP
   Abbott, D
TI Game theory - Losing strategies can win by Parrondo's paradox
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Adelaide, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, Ctr Biomed Engn, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
C3 Adelaide University; University of Adelaide
RP Harmer, GP (corresponding author), Univ Adelaide, Dept Elect & Elect Engn, Ctr Biomed Engn, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
NR 5
TC 282
Z9 296
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6764
BP 864
EP 864
DI 10.1038/47220
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 269ML
UT WOS:000084482000028
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Falvo, MR
   Taylor, RM
   Helser, A
   Chi, V
   Brooks, FP
   Washburn, S
   Superfine, R
AF Falvo, MR
   Taylor, RM
   Helser, A
   Chi, V
   Brooks, FP
   Washburn, S
   Superfine, R
TI Nanometre-scale rolling and sliding of carbon nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atomic-scale; friction; nanotribology; microscope; anisotropy; motion; c-60
AB Understanding the relative motion of objects in contact is essential for controlling macroscopic lubrication and adhesion, for comprehending biological macromolecular interfaces, and for developing submicrometre-scale electromechanical devices(1,2) An object undergoing lateral motion while in contact with a second object can either roll or slide. The resulting energy loss and mechanical wear depend largely on which mode of motion occurs. At the macroscopic scale, rolling(3) is preferred over sliding, and it is expected to have an equally important role in the microscopic domain. Although progress has been made in our understanding of the dynamics of sliding at the atomic level(4), we have no comparable insight into rolling owing to a lack of experimental data on microscopic length scales. Here we produce controlled rolling of carbon nanotubes on graphite surfaces using an atomic force microscope. We measure the accompanying energy loss and compare this with sliding. Moreover, by reproducibly rolling a nanotube to expose different faces to the substrate and to an external probe, we are able to study the object over its complete surface.
C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Phys & Astron, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Comp Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, N Carolina Ctr Nanoscale Mat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP Superfine, R (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Phys & Astron, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
NR 25
TC 421
Z9 479
U1 4
U2 156
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 21
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6716
BP 236
EP 238
DI 10.1038/16662
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 159QH
UT WOS:000078184800046
PM 9930698
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yasui, M
   Hazama, A
   Kwon, TH
   Nielsen, S
   Guggino, WB
   Agre, P
AF Yasui, M
   Hazama, A
   Kwon, TH
   Nielsen, S
   Guggino, WB
   Agre, P
TI Rapid gating and anion permeability of an intracellular aquaporin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID major intrinsic protein; cd water channels; kidney; membrane; cloning; conductance; chip28; pump; lens
AB Aquaporin (AQP) water-channel proteins are freely permeated by water but not bg ions or charged solutes(1), Although mammalian aquaporins were believed to be located in plasma membranes, rat AQP6 is restricted to intracellular vesicles in renal epithelia(2). Here we show that AQP6 is functionally distinct from other known aquaporins. When expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, AQP6 exhibits low basal water permeability; however, when treated with the known water channel inhibitor, Hg2+, the water permeability of AQP6 oocytes rapidly rises up to tenfold and is accompanied by ion conductance. AQP6 colocalizes with H+-ATPase in intracellular vesicles of acid-secreting alpha-intercalated cells in renal collecting duct. At pH less than 5.5, anion conductance is rapidly and reversibly activated in AQP6 oocytes. Site-directed mutation of lysine to glutamate at position 72 in the cytoplasmic mouth of the pore changes the cation/anion selectivity: but leaves low pH activation intact, Our results demonstrate unusual biophysical properties of an aquaporin, and indicate that anion-channel function may now be explored in a protein with known structure.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Aarhus Univ, Inst Anat, Dept Cell Biol, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Aarhus University
RP Agre, P (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
NR 23
TC 398
Z9 428
U1 0
U2 56
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 184
EP 187
DI 10.1038/46045
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400051
PM 10647010
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ulloa, L
   Doody, J
   Massagué, J
AF Ulloa, L
   Doody, J
   Massagué, J
TI Inhibition of transforming growth factor-β/SMAD signalling by the interferon-γ/STAT pathway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID factor-beta; signaling pathways; smad proteins; ifn-gamma; cells; expression; receptors; identification; transduction; antagonist
AB Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) have opposite effects on diverse cellular functions(1-5), but the basis for this antagonism is not known(6). TGF-beta signals through a receptor serine kinase that phosphorylates and activates the transcription factors Smads 2 and 3 (refs 7, 8), whereas the IFN-gamma receptor and its associated protein tyrosine kinase Jak1 mediate phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factor Stat1 (refs 6, 9, 10). Here we present a basis for the integration of TGF-beta and IFN-gamma signals. IFN-gamma inhibits the TGF beta-induced phosphorylation of Smad3 and its attendant events, namely, the association of Smad3 with Smad4, the accumulation of Smad3 in the nucleus, and the activation of TGF beta-responsive genes. Acting through Jak1 and Stat1, IFN-gamma induces the expression of Smad7, an antagonistic SMAD(11,12), which prevents the interaction of Smad3 with the TGF-beta receptor. The results indicate a mechanism of transmodulation between the STAT and SMAD signal-transduction pathways.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cell Biol Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Massagué, J (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cell Biol Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 30
TC 718
Z9 847
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 25
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6721
BP 710
EP 713
DI 10.1038/17826
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 171AP
UT WOS:000078840100054
PM 10067896
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barber, DC
   Dyke, A
   Hillaire-Marcel, C
   Jennings, AE
   Andrews, JT
   Kerwin, MW
   Bilodeau, G
   McNeely, R
   Southon, J
   Morehead, MD
   Gagnon, JM
AF Barber, DC
   Dyke, A
   Hillaire-Marcel, C
   Jennings, AE
   Andrews, JT
   Kerwin, MW
   Bilodeau, G
   McNeely, R
   Southon, J
   Morehead, MD
   Gagnon, JM
TI Forcing of the cold event of 8,200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide lakes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hudson strait; younger dryas; thermohaline circulation; final stages; ice-sheet; yr bp; atlantic; deglaciation; ocean; stratigraphy
AB The sensitivity of oceanic thermohaline circulation to freshwater perturbations is a critical issue for understanding abrupt climate change(1). Abrupt climate fluctuations that occurred during both Holocene and Late Pleistocene times have been linked to changes in ocean circulation(2-6) but their causes remain uncertain. One of the largest such events in the Holocene occurred between 8,400 and 8,000 calendar years ago(2,7,8) (7,650-7,200 C-14 years ago), when the temperature dropped by 4-8 degrees C in central Greenland(2) and 1.5-3 degrees C at marine(4,7) and terrestrial(7,8) sites around the northeastern North Atlantic Ocean. The pattern of fooling implies that heat transfer from the ocean to the atmosphere was reduced in the North Atlantic. Here we argue that this cooling event was forced by a massive outflow of fresh water from the Hudson Strait. This conclusion is based on our estimates of the marine C-14 reservoir for Hudson Bay which, in combination with other regional data, indicate that the glacial lakes Agassiz and Ojibway(9-11) (originally dammed by a remnant of the Laurentide ice sheet) drained catastrophically similar to 8,470 calendar years ago; this would have released >10(14) m(3) of fresh water into the Labrador Sea. This finding supports the hypothesis(2,7,8) that a sudden increase in freshwater flux from the waning Laurentide ice sheet reduced sea surface salinity and altered ocean circulation, thereby initiating the most abrupt and widespread cold event to have occurred in the past 10,000 years.
C1 Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Geol Survey Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada.
   Univ Quebec, Ctr Rech Geochim Isotop & Geochronol, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada.
   Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Livermore, CA 94551 USA.
   Canadian Museum Nat, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Natural Resources Canada; Lands & Minerals Sector - Natural Resources Canada; Geological Survey of Canada; University of Quebec; University of Quebec Montreal; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; University of California System
RP Barber, DC (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
NR 29
TC 960
Z9 1096
U1 1
U2 164
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6742
BP 344
EP 348
DI 10.1038/22504
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 219CH
UT WOS:000081590000044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Plenz, D
   Kital, ST
AF Plenz, D
   Kital, ST
TI A basal ganglia pacemaker formed by the subthalamic nucleus and external globus pallidus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intracellular analysis; functional-anatomy; parkinsons-disease; neuronal-activity; mptp model; rat; monkey; disinhibition; stimulation; lesion
AB The subthalamic nucleus of the basal ganglia (STN) is important for normal movement(1,2) as well as in movement disorders(3-5). Lesioning(6) or deep-brain stimulation(7,8) of the STN can alleviate resting tremor in Parkinson's disease. The STN5 and its target nuclei(9,10) display synchronized oscillatory burst discharge at low frequencies, some of which correlate with tremor, but the mechanism underlying this synchronized bursting is unknown. Here we show that the excitatory STN and inhibitory, external globus pallidus (GPe) form a feedback system that engages in synchronized bursting. In mature organotypic cortex-striatum-STN-GPe cultures, neurons in the STN and GPe spontaneously produce synchronized oscillating bursts at 0.4, 0.8 and 1.8 Hz. Pallidal lesion abolishes this bursting, whereas cortical lesion favours bursting at 0.8 Hz. Pallidal bursts, although weaker than STN bursts, were required for synchronized oscillatory burst generation by recruitment of subthalmic rebound excitation. We propose that the STN and GPe constitute a central pacemaker modulated by striatal inhibition of GPe neurons. This pacemaker could be responsible for synchronized oscillatory activity in the normal and pathological basal ganglia.
C1 Univ Tennessee, Coll Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, Memphis, TN 38163 USA.
C3 University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Health Science Center
RP Plenz, D (corresponding author), Univ Tennessee, Coll Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, Memphis, TN 38163 USA.
NR 30
TC 564
Z9 621
U1 1
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6745
BP 677
EP 682
DI 10.1038/23281
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226QU
UT WOS:000082032900057
PM 10458164
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, YY
   Gao, JH
   Liotti, M
   Pu, YL
   Fox, PT
AF Liu, YY
   Gao, JH
   Liotti, M
   Pu, YL
   Fox, PT
TI Temporal dissociation of parallel processing in the human subcortical outputs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID basal ganglia; working-memory; motor control; human brain; data sets; cerebellum; channels
AB Many tasks require rapid and fine-tuned adjustment of motor performance based on incoming sensory information. This process of sensorimotor adaptation engages two parallel subcortico-cortical neural circuits, involving the cerebellum and basal ganglia, respectively(1-10), How these distributed circuits are functionally coordinated has not been shown in humans. The cerebellum and basal ganglia show very similar convergence of input-output organization(11,12), which presents an ideal neuroimaging model for the study of parallel processing at a systems level(13). Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure the temporal coherence of brain activity during a tactile discrimination task. We found that, whereas the prefrontal cortex maintained a high level of activation, output activities in the cerebellum and basal ganglia showed different phasic patterns. Moreover, cerebellar activity significantly correlated with the activity of the supplementary motor area but not with that of the primary motor cortex; in contrast, basal ganglia activity was more strongly associated with the activity of the primary motor cortex than with that of the supplementary motor area. These results demonstrate temporally partitioned activity in the cerebellum and basal ganglia, implicating functional independence in the parallel subcortical outputs. This further supports the idea of task-related dynamic reconfiguration of large-scale neural networks(14,15).
C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Res Imaging Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA.
   Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Physiol, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas at San Antonio; University of Texas System; University of Texas at San Antonio
RP Liu, YY (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Res Imaging Ctr, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA.
NR 28
TC 62
Z9 73
U1 3
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6742
BP 364
EP 367
DI 10.1038/22547
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 219CH
UT WOS:000081590000050
PM 10432114
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Llorca, O
   McCormack, EA
   Hynes, G
   Grantham, J
   Cordell, J
   Carrascosa, JL
   Willison, KR
   Fernandez, JJ
   Valpuesta, JM
AF Llorca, O
   McCormack, EA
   Hynes, G
   Grantham, J
   Cordell, J
   Carrascosa, JL
   Willison, KR
   Fernandez, JJ
   Valpuesta, JM
TI Eukaryotic type II chaperonin CCT interacts with actin through specific subunits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID complex polypeptide-1 tcp-1; electron-microscopy; crystal-structure; thermosome; protein; images
AB Chaperonins assist the folding of other proteins(1). Type II chaperonins, such as chaperonin containing TCP-1(CCT), are found in archaea and in the eukaryotic cytosol(2). They are hexadecameric or nonadecameric oligomers composed of one to eight different polypeptides. Whereas type I chaperonins like GroEL are promiscuous, assisting in the folding of many other proteins(1) only a small number of proteins, mainly actin and tubulin, have been described as natural substrates of CCT, This specificity may be related to the divergence of the eight CCT subunits(3). Here we have obtained a three-dimensional reconstruction of the complex between CCT and alpha-actin by cryo-electron microscopy and image processing. This shows that cr-actin interacts with the apical domains of either of two CCT subunits. Immunolabelling of CCT-substrate complexes with antibodies against two specific CCT subunits showed that actin binds to CCT using two specific and distinct interactions: the small domain of actin binds to CCT delta and the large domain to CCT beta or CCT epsilon (both in position 1,4 with respect to delta). These results indicate that the binding of actin to CCT is both subunit-specific and geometry-dependent, Thus, the substrate recognition mechanism of eukaryotic CCT may differ from that of prokaryotic GroEL.
C1 CSIC, Ctr Nacl Biotecnol, Madrid 28049, Spain.
   Inst Canc Res, Chester Beatty Labs, CRC, Ctr Cell & Mol Biol, London SW3 6JB, England.
   Univ Almeria, Dept Arquitectura Comp & Elect, Almeria 04120, Spain.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB); University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust; Universidad de Almeria
RP Valpuesta, JM (corresponding author), CSIC, Ctr Nacl Biotecnol, Campus Univ Autonoma Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain.
NR 19
TC 240
Z9 268
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 693
EP 696
DI 10.1038/45294
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800073
PM 10604479
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guse, AH
   da Silva, CP
   Berg, I
   Skapenko, AL
   Weber, K
   Heyer, P
   Hohenegger, M
   Ashamu, GA
   Schulze-Koops, H
   Potter, BVL
   Mayr, GW
AF Guse, AH
   da Silva, CP
   Berg, I
   Skapenko, AL
   Weber, K
   Heyer, P
   Hohenegger, M
   Ashamu, GA
   Schulze-Koops, H
   Potter, BVL
   Mayr, GW
TI Regulation of calcium signalling in T lymphocytes by the second messenger cyclic ADP-ribose
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor; ca2+-induced ca2+ release; ryanodine receptor; cell receptor; entry; channels; membrane; modulation; hydrolysis; depletion
AB Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is a natural compound that mobilizes calcium ions in several eukaryotic cells(1-3). Although it can lead to the release of calcium ions in T lymphocytes(4-7), it has not been firmly established as a second messenger in these cells. Here, using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis(8), we show that stimulation of the T-cell receptor/CD3 (TCR/CD3) complex results in activation of a soluble ADP-ribosyl cyclase and a sustained increase in intracellular levels of cADPR. There is a causal relation between increased cADPR concentrations, sustained calcium signalling and activation of T cells, as shown by inhibition of TCR/CD3-stimulated calcium sig-nailing, cell proliferation and expression of the early- and late-activation markers I CD25 and HLA-DR by using cADPR antagonists(9). The molecular target for cADPR, the type-3 ryanodine receptor/calcium channel, is expressed in T cells. Increased cADPR significantly and specifically stimulates the apparent association of [H-3]ryanodine with the type-3 ryanodine receptor, indicating a direct modulatory effect of cADPR on channel opening. Thus we show the presence, causal relation and biological significance of the major constituents of the cADPR/calcium-signalling pathway in human T cells.
C1 Univ Hamburg, Inst Physiol Chem, Dept Enzyme Chem, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Dept Internal Med 3, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
   Univ Vienna, Inst Pharmacol, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
   Univ Bath, Dept Pharm & Pharmacol, Wolfson Lab Med Chem, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
C3 University of Hamburg; University of Erlangen Nuremberg; University of Vienna; University of Bath
RP Guse, AH (corresponding author), Univ Hamburg, Inst Physiol Chem, Dept Enzyme Chem, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
EM guse@uke.uni-hamburg.de
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 274
Z9 327
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6722
BP 70
EP 73
DI 10.1038/18024
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 174KG
UT WOS:000079033900053
PM 10078531
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vaughan, DG
   Corr, HFJ
   Doake, CSM
   Waddington, ED
AF Vaughan, DG
   Corr, HFJ
   Doake, CSM
   Waddington, ED
TI Distortion of isochronous layers in ice revealed by ground-penetrating radar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID internal layers; crevasses; greenland; summit
AB In addition to measuring ice-sheet thickness, ground-penetrating radar can be used to delineate reflections in ice sheets(1-3). These reflections are generally accepted to result from layers of isochronous deposition of snow and can reveal much about the dynamics of the ice now. Here we present ground-penetrating radar data from Fletcher Promontory, Antarctica, which show arches and troughs in isochronous ice layers to a depth of 100 m, We demonstrate that the origin of these features can be determined by their growth with depth, and many features result from local anomalies in accumulation rate which can be correlated with the ice surface slope. One arch appears to be the result of a local anomaly in vertical strain-rate. Its proximity to the ice divide, width, and growth with depth, indicate that this arch is one of a class of features postulated by Raymond(4) but not previously shown to exist in the field. Such a feature is an indication of the nonlinear rheology of ice and requires that palaeoclimate records from ice cores extracted from the vicinity of ice divides underlain by similar features should be specifically corrected for such effects on ice-flow.
C1 British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
   Univ Washington, Geophys Program, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Antarctic Survey; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Vaughan, DG (corresponding author), British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
EM d.vaughan@bas.ac.uk
NR 27
TC 114
Z9 129
U1 1
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6725
BP 323
EP 326
DI 10.1038/18653
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180DF
UT WOS:000079369600048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lenski, RE
   Ofria, C
   Collier, TC
   Adami, C
AF Lenski, RE
   Ofria, C
   Collier, TC
   Adami, C
TI Genome complexity, robustness and genetic interactions in digital organisms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deleterious mutations; evolution; fitness; populations; adaptation
AB Digital organisms are computer programs that self-replicate, mutate and adapt by natural selection(1-3). They offer an opportunity to test generalizations about living systems that may extend beyond the organic life that biologists usually study. Here we have generated two classes of digital organism: simple programs selected solely for rapid replication, and complex programs selected to perform mathematical operations that accelerate replication through a set of defined 'metabolic' rewards., To examine the differences in their genetic architecture, we introduced millions of single and multiple mutations into each organism and measured the effects on the organism's fitness. The complex organisms are more robust than the simple ones with respect to the average effects of single mutations. Interactions among mutations are common and usually yield higher fitness than predicted from the component mutations assuming multiplicative effects; such interactions are especially important in the complex organisms. Frequent interactions among mutations have also been seen in bacteria, fungi and fruitflies(4-6). Our findings support the view that interactions are a general feature of genetic systems(7-9).
C1 Michigan State Univ, Ctr Microbial Ecol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   CALTECH, Kellogg Radiat Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Organism Biol Ecol & Evolut, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 Michigan State University; California Institute of Technology; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Lenski, RE (corresponding author), Michigan State Univ, Ctr Microbial Ecol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
EM lenski@pilot.msu.edu; chalres@krl.caltech.edu
NR 29
TC 204
Z9 243
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6745
BP 661
EP 664
DI 10.1038/23245
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226QU
UT WOS:000082032900052
PM 10458160
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lopez-Girona, A
   Furnari, B
   Mondesert, O
   Russell, P
AF Lopez-Girona, A
   Furnari, B
   Mondesert, O
   Russell, P
TI Nuclear localization of Cdc25 is regulated by DNA damage and a 14-3-3 protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle control; fission yeast; export signal; schizosaccharomyces-pombe; checkpoint pathway; mitotic inducer; kinase pathway; crm1; phosphorylation; activation
AB DNA damage activates a cell-cycle checkpoint that prevents mitosis while DNA repair is under way(1). The protein Chk1 enforces this checkpoint by phosphorylating the mitotic inducer Cdc25 (refs 2-6), Phosphorylation of Cdc25 by Chk1 creates a binding site in Cdc25 for 14-3-3 proteins(5-8), but it is not known how 14-3-3 proteins regulate Cdc25. Rad24 is a 14-3-3 protein that is important in the DNA-damage checkpoint in fission yeast(9). Here we show that Rad24 controls the intracellular distribution of Cdc25. Elimination of Rad24 causes nuclear accumulation of Cdc25. Activation of the DNA-damage checkpoint causes the net nuclear export of Cdc25 by a process that requires Chk1, Rad24 and nuclear-export machinery. Mutation of a putative nuclear-export signal in Rad24 impairs the nuclear exclusion of Rad24, the damage-induced nuclear export of Cdc25 and the damage checkpoint. Thus, Rad24 appears to function as an attachable nuclear-export signal that enhances the nuclear export of Cdc25 in response to DNA damage.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute
RP Russell, P (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM prussell@scripps.edu
NR 30
TC 470
Z9 561
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 14
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6715
BP 172
EP 175
DI 10.1038/16488
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 157WQ
UT WOS:000078085000049
PM 9923681
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bennemann, C
   Donati, C
   Baschnagel, J
   Glotzer, SC
AF Bennemann, C
   Donati, C
   Baschnagel, J
   Glotzer, SC
TI Growing range of correlated motion in a polymer melt on cooling towards the glass transition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supercooled liquids; dynamics; heterogeneity; temperature; relaxation; interface
AB Many liquids cooled to low temperatures form glasses (amorphous solids) instead of crystals. As the glass transition is approached, molecules become localized and relaxation times increase by many orders of magnitude(1). Many features of this 'slowing down' are reasonably well described(2) by the mode-coupling theory of supercooled liquids(3). The ideal form of this theory predicts a dynamical critical temperature T-c at which the molecules become permanently trapped in the 'cage' formed by their neighbours, and vitrification occurs. Although there is no sharp transition, because molecules do eventually escape their cage, its signature can still be observed in real and simulated liquids. Unlike conventional critical phenomena (such as the behaviour at the liquid-gas critical point), the mode-coupling transition is not accompanied by a diverging static correlation length. But simulation(4-10) and experiment(11,12) show that liquids are dynamically heterogeneous, suggesting the possibility of a relevant 'dynamical' length scale characterizing the glass transition. Here we use computer simulations to investigate a melt of short, unentangled polymer chains over a range of temperatures for which the mode-coupling theory remains valid. We find that although density fluctuations remain short-ranged, spatial correlations between monomer displacements become long-ranged as T-c is approached on cooling. In this way, we identify a growing dynamical correlation length, and a corresponding order parameter, associated with the glass transition. This finding suggests a possible connection between well established concepts in critical phenomena and the dynamics of glass-forming liquids.
C1 NIST, Ctr Theoret & Computat Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
   NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
   Univ Rome La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Rome La Sapienza, Ist Nazl Fis Mat, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
C3 National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; Sapienza University Rome; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); Sapienza University Rome; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz
RP Glotzer, SC (corresponding author), NIST, Ctr Theoret & Computat Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
NR 26
TC 345
Z9 374
U1 3
U2 102
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6733
BP 246
EP 249
DI 10.1038/20406
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 198MF
UT WOS:000080427400051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stanton, ML
   Palmer, TM
   Young, TP
   Evans, A
   Turner, ML
AF Stanton, ML
   Palmer, TM
   Young, TP
   Evans, A
   Turner, ML
TI Sterilization and canopy modification of a swollen thorn acacia tree by a plant-ant
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID symbiotic ants; association; protection; herbivory; mutualism; defense
AB Obligate symbioses between specialized arboreal ants and plants have evolved independently in many lineages(1,2). Ant-plants (myrmecophytes) typically provide hollow nest cavities and nutrition to the occupying ant colony(1,3-6). In turn, resident plant-ants often protect their hosts from herbivory(7-11) and/or overgrowth by surrounding vegetation(12,13). As individual plants are rarely occupied by more than one ant colony(14-17), co-occurring plant-ant species compete intensely for hosts(13,14,18,19). In such multispecies systems, ecological interactions among potential partners may lead to the evolution of cheating(20,21). Previous studies have revealed that some specialized plant-ants are effectively parasites of their host-plants(8,18,22,23), but the selection pressures favouring such behaviours are poorly understood. Here we describe host parasitism in an east African plant-ant that prunes and sterilizes its host-tree canopies, apparently to minimize contact with competitively dominant ants occupying neighbouring trees. We propose that the high density of ant-trees and low diversity of tree species in this savanna habitat have selected for induced, parasitic pruning of host trees by this competitively subordinate ant species.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Mpala Res Ctr, Nanyuki, Kenya.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Hort, Davis, CA 95695 USA.
   Univ Oregon, Dept Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of Oregon
RP Stanton, ML (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
NR 29
TC 106
Z9 125
U1 0
U2 91
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 578
EP 581
DI 10.1038/44119
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heilbron, JL
AF Heilbron, JL
TI From horsehair to lightning rods
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford Worcester Coll, Oxford OX1 2HB, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Heilbron, JL (corresponding author), Univ Oxford Worcester Coll, Oxford OX1 2HB, England.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 329
EP 329
DI 10.1038/43791
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600029
PM 16862097
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Körschen, HG
   Beyermann, M
   Müller, F
   Heck, M
   Vantler, M
   Koch, KW
   Kellner, R
   Wolfrum, U
   Bode, C
   Hofmann, KP
   Kaupp, UB
AF Körschen, HG
   Beyermann, M
   Müller, F
   Heck, M
   Vantler, M
   Koch, KW
   Kellner, R
   Wolfrum, U
   Bode, C
   Hofmann, KP
   Kaupp, UB
TI Interaction of glutamic-acid-rich proteins with the cGMP signalling pathway in rod photoreceptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gated channel; outer segments; beta-subunit; localization; calmodulin; cells; phototransduction; membrane; domain; light
AB The assembly of signalling molecules into macromolecular complexes (transducisomes) provides specificity, sensitivity and speed in intracellular signalling pathways(1,2). Rod photoreceptors in the eye contain an unusual set of glutamic-acid-rich proteins (GARPs) of unknown function(3-7). GARPs exist as two soluble forms, GARP1 and GARP2, and as a large cytoplasmic domain (GARP' part) of the beta-subunit of the cyclic GMP-gated channel(3-7). Here we identify GARPs as multivalent proteins that interact with the key players of cGMP signalling, phosphodiesterase and guanylate cyclase, and with a retina-specific ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCR)(8,9), through four, short, repetitive sequences. In electron micrographs, GARPs are restricted to the rim region and incisures of discs in dose proximity to the guanylate cyclase and ABCR, whereas the phosphodiesterase is randomly distributed. GARP2, the most abundant splice form, associates more strongly with light-activated than with inactive phosphodiesterase, and GARP2 potently inhibits phosphodiesterase activity. Thus, the GARPs organize a dynamic protein complex near the disc rim that may control cGMP turnover and possibly other light-dependent processes. Because there are no similar GARPs in cones, we propose that GARPs may prevent unnecessary cGMP turnover during daylight, when rods are held in saturation by the relatively high light levels.
C1 Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Biol Informat Verarbeitung, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
   Forschungsinst Mol Pharmakol, D-10315 Berlin, Germany.
   Humboldt Univ, Klinikum Charite, Inst Med Phys & Biophys, D-10998 Berlin, Germany.
   Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Physiol Chem & Pathobiochem, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
   Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Zool, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Julich Research Centre; Free University of Berlin; Humboldt University of Berlin; Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
RP Kaupp, UB (corresponding author), Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Biol Informat Verarbeitung, Postfach 1913, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
EM A.eckert@fz-juelich.de
NR 29
TC 108
Z9 124
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6746
BP 761
EP 766
DI 10.1038/23468
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228HM
UT WOS:000082131100049
PM 10466724
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Uehara, M
   Mori, S
   Chen, CH
   Cheong, SW
AF Uehara, M
   Mori, S
   Chen, CH
   Cheong, SW
TI Percolative phase separation underlies colossal magnetoresistance in mixed-valent manganites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-temperature superconductors; insulator-metal transition; double exchange; perovskites; la0.5ca0.5mno3; la1-xsrxmno3; resistivity; pressure; stripes
AB Colossal magnetoresistance(1)-an unusually large change of resistivity observed in certain materials following application of magnetic field-has been extensively researched in ferromagnetic perovskite manganites, But it remains unclear why the magnetoresistive response increases dramatically when the Curie temperature (T-C) is reduced Ln these materials, Te varies sensitively with changing chemical pressure; this can be achieved by introducing trivalent rare-earth ions of differing size into the perovskite structure(2-4), without affecting the valency of the Mn ions. The chemical pressure modifies local structural parameters such as the Mn-O bond distance and Mn-O-Mn bond angle, which directly influence the case of electron hopping between hin ions (that is, the electronic bandwidth). But these effects cannot satisfactorily explain the dependence of magnetoresistance on Tc. Here we demonstrate, using electron microscopy data, that the prototypical (La,Pr,Ca)MnO3 system is electronically phase-separated into a sub-micrometre-scale mixture of insulating regions (with a particular type of charge-ordering) and metallic, ferromagnetic domains. We find that the colossal magnetoresistive effect in low-T-C systems can be explained by percolative transport through the ferromagnetic domains; this depends sensitively on the relative spin orientation of adjacent ferromagnetic domains which can be controlled by applied magnetic fields.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   AT&T Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Aoyama Gakuin Univ, Dept Phys, Tokyo 1578572, Japan.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Tokyo 1528551, Japan.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T; Nokia Corporation; Nokia Bell Labs; Aoyama Gakuin University; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology
RP Cheong, SW (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, POB 849, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
NR 33
TC 1677
Z9 1785
U1 2
U2 412
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6736
BP 560
EP 563
DI 10.1038/21142
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 204RR
UT WOS:000080778400048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Humphries, DE
   Wong, GW
   Friend, DS
   Gurish, MF
   Qiu, WT
   Huang, CF
   Sharpe, AH
   Stevens, RL
AF Humphries, DE
   Wong, GW
   Friend, DS
   Gurish, MF
   Qiu, WT
   Huang, CF
   Sharpe, AH
   Stevens, RL
TI Heparin is essential for the storage of specific granule proteases in mast cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dipeptidyl peptidase-i; molecular-cloning; serine proteases; messenger-rna; mouse; gene; transcription; expression; subclass; sulfotransferase
AB All mammals produce heparin, a negatively charged glycosaminoglycan that is a major constituent of the secretory granules of mast cells which are found in the peritoneal cavity and most connective tissues. Although heparin is one of the most studied molecules in the body, its physiological function has yet to be determined. Here we describe transgenic mice, generated by disrupting the N-deacetylase/N-sulphotransferase-2 gene(1,2), that cannot express fully sulphated heparin, The mast cells in the skeletal muscle that normally contain heparin lacked metachromatic granules and failed to store appreciable amounts of mouse mast-cell protease (mMCP)-4, mMCP-5 and carboxypeptidase A (mMC-CPA), even though they contained substantial amounts of mMCP-7, We developed mast cells from the bone marrow of the transgenic mice. Although these cultured cells contained high levels of various protease transcripts and had substantial amounts of mMCP-6 protein in their granules, they also failed to express mMCP-5 and mMC-CPA, Our data show that heparin controls, through a post-translational mechanism, the levels of specific cassettes of positively charged proteases inside mast cells.
C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02130 USA.
   VA Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02130 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Boston University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Stevens, RL (corresponding author), Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 30
TC 360
Z9 407
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6746
BP 769
EP 772
DI 10.1038/23481
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228HM
UT WOS:000082131100051
PM 10466726
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Melnik, O
   Sparks, RSJ
AF Melnik, O
   Sparks, RSJ
TI Nonlinear dynamics of lava dome extrusion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID soufriere hills volcano; silicic volcanism; december 1997; west-indy; montserrat; eruptions; growth; magma; model; constraints
AB During the eruption of the Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat (1995-99), and several other dome eruptions, shallow seismicity, short-lived explosive eruptions and ground deformation patterns indicating large overpressures (of several megapascals) in the uppermost few hundred metres of the volcanic conduit have been observed. These phenomena can be explained by the nonlinear effects of crystallization and gas loss by permeable flow, which are here incorporated into a numerical model of conduit Row and lava dome extrusion. Crystallization can introduce strong feedback mechanisms which greatly amplify the effect on extrusion rates of small changes of chamber pressure, conduit dimensions or magma viscosity. When timescales for magma ascent are comparable to timescales for crystallization, there can be multiple steady solutions for fixed conditions. Such nonlinear dynamics can cause large changes in dome extrusion rate and pulsatory patterns of dome growth.
C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Ctr Environm & Geophys Flows, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
   Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Inst Mech, Moscow 117192, Russia.
C3 University of Bristol; Lomonosov Moscow State University
RP Sparks, RSJ (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Ctr Environm & Geophys Flows, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
EM Steve.Sparks@bris.ac.uk
NR 34
TC 356
Z9 384
U1 1
U2 50
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 37
EP 41
DI 10.1038/46950
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600034
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, L
   Wolf, R
   Ernst, R
   Heisenberg, M
AF Liu, L
   Wolf, R
   Ernst, R
   Heisenberg, M
TI Context generalization in Drosophila visual learning requires the mushroom bodies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flight orientation; melanogaster; brain; expression; gene
AB The world is permanently changing, Laboratory experiments on learning and memory normally minimize this feature of reality, keeping all conditions except the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli as constant as possible(1). In the real world, however, animals need to extract from the universe of sensory signals the actual predictors of salient events by separating them from nonpredictive stimuli (context(2)), In principle, this can be achieved if only those sensory inputs that resemble the reinforcer in their temporal structure are taken as predictors. Here we study visual learning in the fly Drosophila melanogaster, using a flight simulator(3,4), and show that memory retrieval is, indeed, partially context-independent. Moreover, we show that the mushroom bodies, which are required for olfactory(5-7) but not visual or tactile learning(8), effectively support context generalization. In visual learning in Drosophila, it appears that a facilitating effect of context cues for memory retrieval is the default state, whereas making recall context-independent requires additional processing.
C1 Biozentrum, Lehrstuhl Genet, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
C3 University of Wurzburg
RP Heisenberg, M (corresponding author), Biozentrum, Lehrstuhl Genet, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
NR 29
TC 238
Z9 264
U1 3
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6746
BP 753
EP 756
DI 10.1038/23456
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228HM
UT WOS:000082131100047
PM 10466722
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Näär, AM
   Beaurang, PA
   Zhou, S
   Abraham, S
   Solomon, W
   Tjian, R
AF Näär, AM
   Beaurang, PA
   Zhou, S
   Abraham, S
   Solomon, W
   Tjian, R
TI Composite co-activator ARC mediates chromatin-directed transcriptional activation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase-ii; creb-binding protein; complex; receptor; coactivator; interacts; acetylation; mechanisms; domain; yeast
AB Gene activation in eukaryotes is regulated by complex mechanisms in which the recruitment and assembly of the transcriptional machinery is directed by gene- and cell-type-specific DNA-binding proteins(1). When DNA is packaged into chromatin, the regulation of gene activation requires new classes of chromatin-targeting activity(2), In humans, a multisubunit cofactor functions in a chromatin-selective manner to potentiate synergistic gene activation by the transcriptional activators SREBP-1a and Sp1 (ref, 3). Here we show that this activator-recruited cofactor (ARC) interacts directly with several different activators, including SREBP-1a, VP16 and the p65 subunit of NF-kappa B, and strongly enhances transcription directed by these activators in vitro with chromatin-assembled DNA templates. The ARC complex consists of 16 or more subunits; some of these are novel gene products, whereas others are present in other multisubunit cofactors, such as CRSP4, NAT(5) and mammalian Mediator(6). Detailed analysis indicates that the ARC complex is probably identical to the nuclear hormone-receptor cofactor DRIP7. Thus, ARC/DRIP is a large composite coactivator that belongs to a family of related cofactors and is targeted by different classes of activator to mediate transcriptional stimulation.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   SUNY Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Morse Inst Mol Genet, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; State University of New York (SUNY) System; SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University
RP Tjian, R (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 401 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 25
TC 361
Z9 432
U1 1
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6730
BP 828
EP 832
DI 10.1038/19789
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 192BL
UT WOS:000080058100063
PM 10235267
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kong, YY
   Feïge, U
   Sarosi, I
   Bolon, B
   Tafuri, A
   Morony, S
   Capparelli, C
   Li, J
   Elliott, R
   McCabe, S
   Wong, T
   Campagnuolo, G
   Moran, E
   Bogoch, ER
   Van, G
   Nguyen, LT
   Ohashi, PS
   Lacey, DL
   Fish, E
   Boyle, WJ
   Penninger, JM
AF Kong, YY
   Feïge, U
   Sarosi, I
   Bolon, B
   Tafuri, A
   Morony, S
   Capparelli, C
   Li, J
   Elliott, R
   McCabe, S
   Wong, T
   Campagnuolo, G
   Moran, E
   Bogoch, ER
   Van, G
   Nguyen, LT
   Ohashi, PS
   Lacey, DL
   Fish, E
   Boyle, WJ
   Penninger, JM
TI Activated T cells regulate bone loss and joint destruction in adjuvant arthritis through osteoprotegerin ligand
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rheumatoid-arthritis; osteoclast; receptor; cytokine; density; biology; trance; family; mice
AB Bone remodelling and bone loss are controlled by a balance between the tumour necrosis factor family molecule osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL) and its decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG)(1-3). In addition, OPGL regulates lymph node organogenesis, lymphocyte development and interactions between T cells and dendritic cells in the immune system(3-5). The OPGL receptor, RANK, is expressed on chondrocytes, osteoclast precursors and mature osteoclasts(4,6). OPGL expression in T cells is induced by antigen receptor engagement(7), which suggests that activated T cells may influence bone metabolism through OPGL and RANK. Here we report that activated T cells can directly trigger osteoclastogenesis through OPGL. Systemic activation of T cells in vivo leads to an OPGL-mediated increase in osteoclastogenesis and bone loss. In a T-cell-dependent model of rat adjuvant arthritis characterized by severe joint inflammation, bone and cartilage destruction and crippling, blocking of OPGL through osteoprotegerin treatment at the onset of disease prevents bone and cartilage destruction but not inflammation, These results show that both systemic and local T-cell activation can lead to OPGL production and subsequent bone loss, and they provide a novel paradigm for T cells as regulators of bone physiology.
C1 Amgen Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Amgen Inc, Dept Pharmacol, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA.
   Amgen Inc, Dept Pathol, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA.
   Amgen Inc, Dept Cell Biol, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA.
   St Michaels Hosp, Dept Med Genet & Microbiol, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Ontario Canc Inst, Toronto, ON, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys & Immunol, Toronto, ON, Canada.
C3 Amgen; Amgen; Amgen; University of Toronto; Saint Michaels Hospital Toronto; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto
RP Penninger, JM (corresponding author), Amgen Inst, 620 Univ Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
NR 24
TC 1555
Z9 1769
U1 2
U2 70
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6759
BP 304
EP 309
DI 10.1038/35005552
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 257ZP
UT WOS:000083813700053
PM 10580503
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leonardo, A
   Konishi, M
AF Leonardo, A
   Konishi, M
TI Decrystallization of adult birdsong by perturbation of auditory feedback
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID song; finches; maintenance; syrinx
AB Young birds learn to sing by using auditory feedback to compare their own vocalizations to a memorized or innate song pattern; if they are deafened as juveniles, they will not develop normal songs(1,2). The completion of song development is called crystallization. After this stage, song shows little variation in its temporal or spectral properties. However, the mechanisms underlying this stability are largely unknown. Here we present evidence that auditory feedback is actively used in adulthood to maintain the stability of song structure. We found that perturbing auditory feedback during singing in adult zebra finches caused their song to deteriorate slowly. This 'decrystallization' consisted of a marked loss of the spectral and temporal stereotypy seen in crystallized song, including stuttering, creation, deletion and distortion of song syllables. After normal feedback was restored, these deviations gradually disappeared and the original song was recovered. Thus, adult birds that do not learn new songs nevertheless retain a significant amount of plasticity in the brain.
C1 CALTECH, Computat & Neural Syst Program, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology
RP Leonardo, A (corresponding author), CALTECH, Computat & Neural Syst Program, MC 216-76, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM leonardo@cns.caltech.edu
NR 16
TC 264
Z9 332
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 466
EP 470
DI 10.1038/20933
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900048
PM 10365958
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lebioda, L
   LaCount, MW
   Zhang, EL
   Chen, YP
   Han, KP
   Whitton, MM
   Lincoln, DE
   Woodin, SA
AF Lebioda, L
   LaCount, MW
   Zhang, EL
   Chen, YP
   Han, KP
   Whitton, MM
   Lincoln, DE
   Woodin, SA
TI Protein structure - An enzymatic globin from a marine worm
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID peroxidase
C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Chem, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
   Univ S Carolina, Dept Biochem & Biol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
   Parke Davis Pharmaceut Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA.
C3 University of South Carolina System; University of South Carolina Columbia; University of South Carolina System; University of South Carolina Columbia; Pfizer; Pfizer USA
RP Lebioda, L (corresponding author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Chem, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
EM lebioda@psc.sc.edu
NR 6
TC 80
Z9 97
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6752
BP 445
EP 445
DI 10.1038/46728
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243DF
UT WOS:000082981200044
PM 10519547
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ricchetti, M
   Fairhead, C
   Dujon, B
AF Ricchetti, M
   Fairhead, C
   Dujon, B
TI Mitochondrial DNA repairs double-strand breaks in yeast chromosomes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; nonhomologous recombination; nucleus; genome; escape; genes; integration; migration; deletions; sequence
AB The endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells' proposes that genetic information can be transferred from mitochondria to the nucleus of a cell, and genes that are probably of mitochondrial origin have been found in nuclear chromosomes(2). Occasionally, short or rearranged sequences homologous to mitochondrial DNA are seen in the chromosomes of different organisms including yeast, plants and humans(3). Here we report a mechanism by which fragments of mitochondrial DNA, in single or tandem array, are transferred to yeast chromosomes under natural conditions during the repair of double-strand breaks in haploid mitotic cells. These repair insertions originate from noncontiguous regions of the mitochondrial genome. Our analysis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial genome(4) indicates that the yeast nuclear genome does indeed contain several short sequences of mitochondrial origin which are similar in size and composition to those that repair double-strand breaks. These sequences are located predominantly in non-coding regions of the chromosomes, frequently in the vicinity of retrotransposon long terminal repeats, and appear as recent integration events. Thus, colonization of the yeast genome by mitochondrial DNA is an ongoing process.
C1 Inst Pasteur, CNRS, URA 1773, Unite Physicochim Macromol Biol, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Univ Paris 06, Inst Pasteur, UFR 927, CNRS,URA1300,Unite Genet Mol Levures, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Ricchetti, M (corresponding author), Inst Pasteur, CNRS, URA 1773, Unite Physicochim Macromol Biol, 25-28 Rue Docteur Roux, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
EM mricch@pasteur.fr
NR 30
TC 203
Z9 233
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 96
EP 100
DI 10.1038/47076
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600051
PM 10573425
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rogers, J
   Joyce, GF
AF Rogers, J
   Joyce, GF
TI A ribozyme that lacks cytidine
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-vitro evolution; rna; sequences
AB The RNA-world hypothesis proposes that, before the advent of DNA and protein, life was based on RNA, with RNA serving as both the repository of genetic information and the chief agent of catalytic function(1). An argument against an RNA world is that the components of RNA lack the chemical diversity necessary to sustain life. Unlike proteins, which contain 20 different aminoacid subunits, nucleic acids are composed of only four subunits which have very similar chemical properties. Yet RNA is capable of a broad range of catalytic functions(2-7). Here we show that even three nucleic-acid subunits are sufficient to provide a substantial increase in the catalytic rate. Starting from a molecule that contained roughly equal proportions of all four nucleosides, we used in vitro evolution to obtain an RNA ligase ribozyme that lacks cytidine. This ribozyme folds into a defined structure and has a catalytic rate that is about 10(5)-fold faster than the uncatalysed rate of template-directed RNA ligation.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute
RP Joyce, GF (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM gjoyce@scripps.edu
NR 20
TC 75
Z9 81
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6759
BP 323
EP 325
DI 10.1038/46335
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 257ZP
UT WOS:000083813700057
PM 10580507
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Choi, G
   Yi, H
   Lee, J
   Kwon, YK
   Soh, MS
   Shin, BC
   Luka, Z
   Hahn, TR
   Song, PS
AF Choi, G
   Yi, H
   Lee, J
   Kwon, YK
   Soh, MS
   Shin, BC
   Luka, Z
   Hahn, TR
   Song, PS
TI Phytochrome signalling is mediated through nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light control; transduction; arabidopsis; gene; purification; mutants; protein
AB Because plants are sessile, they have developed intricate strategies to adapt to changing environmental variables, including light, Their growth and development, from germination to flowering, is critically influenced by Light, particularly at red (660 nm) and far-red (730 mn) wavelengths(1,2). Higher plants perceive red and far-red Light by means of specific light sensors called phytochromes(A-E)(3), However, very little is known about how light signals are transduced to elicit responses in plants. Here we report that nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2 (NDPK2) is an upstream component in the phytochrome signalling pathway in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In animal and human cells, NDPK acts as a tumour suppressor(4). We show that recombinant NDPK2 in Arabidopsis preferentially binds to the red-light-activated form of phytochrome in vitro and that this interaction increases the activity of recombinant NDPK2. Furthermore, a mutant lacking NDPK2 showed a partial defect in responses to both red and far-red light, including cotyledon opening and greening. These results indicate that NDPK2 is a positive signalling component of the phytochrome-mediated light-signal-transduction pathway in Arabidopsis.
C1 Kumho Life & Environm Sci Lab, Kwangju 500712, South Korea.
   Kyung Hee Univ, Dept Genet Engn, Suwon 449701, South Korea.
   Univ Nebraska, Dept Chem, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
   Kwangju Inst & Technol, Dept Life Sci, Kwangju 500712, South Korea.
C3 Kyung Hee University; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln; Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST)
RP Choi, G (corresponding author), Kumho Life & Environm Sci Lab, Kwangju 500712, South Korea.
NR 29
TC 247
Z9 283
U1 2
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 610
EP 613
DI 10.1038/44176
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900056
PM 10524631
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fisslthaler, B
   Popp, R
   Kiss, L
   Potente, M
   Harder, DR
   Fleming, I
   Busse, R
AF Fisslthaler, B
   Popp, R
   Kiss, L
   Potente, M
   Harder, DR
   Fleming, I
   Busse, R
TI Cytochrome P4502C is an EDHF synthase in coronary arteries
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arachidonic-acid metabolite; hyperpolarizing factor; epoxyeicosatrienoic acids; k+ channels; microcirculation; enzymes
AB In most arterial beds a significant endothelium-dependent dilation to various stimuli persists even after inhibition of nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase. This dilator response is preceded by an endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization of vascular smooth muscle cells, which is sensitive to a combination of the calcium-dependent potassium-channel inhibitors charybdotoxin and apamin, and is assumed to be mediated by an unidentified endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)(1,2). Here we show that the induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8/34 in native porcine coronary artery endothelial cells by beta-naphthoflavone enhances the formation of 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid, as well as EDHF-mediated hyperpolarization and relaxation. Transfection of coronary arteries with CYP 2C8/34 antisense oligonucleotides results in decreased levels of CYP 2C and attenuates EDHF-mediated vascular responses. Thus, a CYP-epoxygenase product is an essential component of EDHF-mediated relaxation in the porcine coronary artery, and CYP 2C8/34 fulfils the criteria for the coronary EDHF synthase.
C1 Univ Frankfurt Klinikum, Inst Kardiovask Physiol, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
   Univ Giessen, Zentrum Inneren Med, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
   Med Coll Wisconsin, Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA.
C3 Goethe University Frankfurt; Goethe University Frankfurt Hospital; Justus Liebig University Giessen; Medical College of Wisconsin
RP Fleming, I (corresponding author), Univ Frankfurt Klinikum, Inst Kardiovask Physiol, Theodor Stern Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
NR 22
TC 794
Z9 884
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6752
BP 493
EP 497
DI 10.1038/46816
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243DF
UT WOS:000082981200060
PM 10519554
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chmaissem, O
   Jorgensen, JD
   Short, S
   Knizhnik, A
   Eckstein, Y
   Shaked, H
AF Chmaissem, O
   Jorgensen, JD
   Short, S
   Knizhnik, A
   Eckstein, Y
   Shaked, H
TI Scaling of transition temperature and CuO2 plane buckling in a high-temperature superconductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oxide superconductors; cuprate superconductors; electronic-structure; chevrel phases; fermi-surface; la2-xsrxcuo4; yba2cu3ox; tc; transformation; pressure
AB A characteristic feature of the high-temperature superconductors is the existence of a chemical composition that gives a maximum transition temperature, T-c, separating the so-called under-doped and over-doped regimes(1,2). This behaviour is thought to be universal for high-temperature superconductors. In practice, there are only a few high-T-c compounds for which the composition can be varied continuously throughout the entire doping range. Here we report a study of correlations between structure and T-c in a compound with the '123' structure in which both the under-doped and over-doped regimes can be accessed We observe a clear scaling between T-c and the buckling of the copper oxide planes;both go through a maximum at the same oxygen composition (and hence doping level), so implying a common origin. Previous work has shown that, for a fixed chemical composition, increased CuO2 plane buckling: lowers the transition temperature(3-11). Thus the observation of a maximum in the buckling at the maximum T-c indicates that, as the composition is changed to increase T-c, there is a structural response that competes with superconductivity.
C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Sci & Technol Ctr Superconduct, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Phys, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
   Technion Israel Inst Technol, Crown Ctr Superconduct, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
   Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Phys, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; Technion Israel Institute of Technology; Technion Israel Institute of Technology; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
RP Jorgensen, JD (corresponding author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
NR 30
TC 100
Z9 105
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 7
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6714
BP 45
EP 48
DI 10.1038/16209
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 155RD
UT WOS:000077959400041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Anderson, BL
AF Anderson, BL
TI Psychophysics - Putting plaids in perspective
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID components; stereopsis
C1 MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Anderson, BL (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, E25-618, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 8
TC 5
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 342
EP 342
DI 10.1038/43819
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600038
PM 10517629
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clarke, AC
AF Clarke, AC
TI Improving the neighbourhood
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Int Space Univ, Strasbourg, France.
   Univ Moratuwa, Katubedda Moratuwa, Sri Lanka.
C3 University Moratuwa
RP Clarke, AC (corresponding author), Int Space Univ, Strasbourg, France.
NR 0
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 1
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 19
EP 19
DI 10.1038/46906
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600021
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thaler, JS
AF Thaler, JS
TI Jasmonate-inducible plant defences cause increased parasitism of herbivores
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tomato plants; field conditions; predatory mites; volatiles; acid; elicitor; lipoxygenase; responses; signals; wasps
AB In many plants, defence systems against herbivores are induced through the octadecanoid pathway(1,2), which may also be involved in recruiting natural enemies of herbivores(3). This pathway can be induced by treating plants with jasmonic acid(4) or by natural herbivory, and increases resistance against herbivorous insects in tomato plants(5), in part by causing production of toxic and antinutritive proteinase inhibitors and oxidative enzymes(6-8). Herbivore-infested tomato plants release increased amounts of volatiles(9) and attract natural enemies of the herbivores(10), as do other plants(11-15). The octadecanoid pathway may regulate production of these volatiles, which attract host-seeking parasitic wasps(16,17). However, plant resistance compounds can adversely affect parasitoids as well as herbivores(18). It is unclear whether the combination of increased retention and/or attractiveness of parasitic wasps to induced plants and the adverse effects of plant defence compounds on both caterpillars and parasitoids results in a net increase in parasitization of herbivores feeding on induced plants. Here I show that inducing plants with jasmonic acid increases parasitism of caterpillar pests in an agricultural field twofold. Thus, elicitors of plant resistance may become useful in agriculture.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Thaler, JS (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
EM jsthaler@ucdavis.edu
NR 27
TC 433
Z9 548
U1 1
U2 214
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 686
EP 688
DI 10.1038/21420
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shimomura, I
   Hammer, RE
   Ikemoto, S
   Brown, MS
   Goldstein, JL
AF Shimomura, I
   Hammer, RE
   Ikemoto, S
   Brown, MS
   Goldstein, JL
TI Leptin reverses insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus in mice with congenital lipodystrophy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor; gene-expression; differentiation; metabolism; mouse; fat
AB Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a paucity of adipose (fat) tissue which is evident at birth and is accompanied by a severe resistance to insulin, leading to hyperinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia and enlarged fatty liver(1). We have developed a mouse model that mimics these features of CGL(2): the syndrome occurs in transgenic mice expressing a truncated version of a nuclear protein known as nSREBP-1c (for sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein-1c) under the control of the adipose-specific aP2 enhancer. Adipose tissue from these mice was markedly deficient in messenger RNAs encoding several fat-specific proteins, including leptin(2), a fat-derived hormone that regulates food intake and energy metabolism(3). Here we show that insulin resistance in our lipodystrophic mice can be overcome by a continuous systemic infusion of low doses of recombinant leptin, an effect that is not mimicked by chronic food restriction. Our results support the idea that leptin modulates insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal independently of its effect on food intake, and that leptin deficiency accounts for the insulin resistance found in CGL.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Genet, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Brown, MS (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Genet, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
EM mbrowl@mednet.swmed.edu; jgolds@mednet.swmed.edu
NR 15
TC 809
Z9 937
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6748
BP 73
EP 76
DI 10.1038/43448
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 232MK
UT WOS:000082374400043
PM 10485707
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hampson, RE
   Simeral, JD
   Deadwyler, SA
AF Hampson, RE
   Simeral, JD
   Deadwyler, SA
TI Distribution of spatial and nonspatial information in dorsal hippocampus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID to-sample performance; short-term-memory; ensemble activity; place cells; semantic memory; ampakine cx516; organization; navigation; brain; rats
AB The hippocampus in the mammalian brain is required for the encoding of current and the retention of past experience, Previous studies have shown that the hippocampus contains neurons that encode information required to perform spatial and nonspatial short-term memory tasks. A more detailed understanding of the functional anatomy of the hippocampus would provide important insight into how such encoding occurs. Here we show that hippocampal neurons in the rat are distributed anatomically in distinct segments along the length of the hippocampus. Each longitudinal segment contains clusters of neurons that become active when the animal performs a task with spatial attributes. Within these same segments are ordered arrangements of neurons that encode the nonspatial aspects of the task appropriate to those spatial features. Thus, anatomical segregation of spatial information, together with the interleaved representation of nonspatial information, represents a structural framework that may help to resolve conflicting views of hippocampal function.
C1 Wake Forest Univ, Sch Med, Program Neurosci, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA.
C3 Wake Forest University
RP Hampson, RE (corresponding author), Wake Forest Univ, Sch Med, Program Neurosci, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA.
NR 48
TC 244
Z9 281
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 610
EP 614
DI 10.1038/45154
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800053
PM 10604466
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buckley, CD
   Pilling, D
   Henriquez, NV
   Parsonage, G
   Threlfall, K
   Scheel-Toellner, D
   Simmons, DL
   Albar, AN
   Lord, JM
   Salmon, M
AF Buckley, CD
   Pilling, D
   Henriquez, NV
   Parsonage, G
   Threlfall, K
   Scheel-Toellner, D
   Simmons, DL
   Albar, AN
   Lord, JM
   Salmon, M
TI RGD peptides induce apoptosis by direct caspase-3 activation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-death; adhesion; proteolysis; inhibition; integrins; protein; ced-4
AB Synthetic peptides containing the arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) motif have been used extensively as inhibitors of integrin-ligand interactions in studies of cell adhesion, migration, growth and differentiation(1-3), because the RGD motif is an integrin-recognition motif found in many ligands. Here we report that RGD-containing peptides are able to directly induce apoptosis without any requirement for integrin-mediated cell clustering or signals. We show that RGD-containing peptides enter cells and directly induce autoprocessing and enzymatic activity of pro-caspase-3, a pro-apoptotic protein. Using the breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7, which has a functional deletion of the caspase-3 gene, we confirm that caspase-3 is required for RGD-mediated cell death, In addition to an RGD motif, pro-caspase-3 also contains a potential RGD-binding motif, aspartate-aspartate-methionine (DDM)(4), near the site of processing to produce the p12 and p17 subunits(5). On the basis of the ability of RGD-DDX interactions to trigger integrin activation(6), we suggest that RGD peptides induce apoptosis by triggering conformational changes that promote pro-caspase-3 autoprocessing and activation. These findings provide an alternative molecular explanation for the potent pro-apoptotic properties of RGD peptides in models of angiogenesis, inflammation and cancer metastasis(7-9).
C1 Univ Birmingham, Div Immun & Infect, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
   Univ Birmingham, Inst Canc Studies, MRC, Ctr Immune Regulat, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Neurosci, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
   Royal Free Hosp, Dept Clin Immunol, London NW3 2PF, England.
   Univ Coll, Sch Med, London NW3 2PF, England.
C3 University of Birmingham; University of Birmingham; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; University of London; University College London; Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust; UCL Medical School; University of London; University College London; UCL Medical School
RP Salmon, M (corresponding author), Univ Birmingham, Div Immun & Infect, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
EM M.Salmon@bham.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 408
Z9 484
U1 0
U2 65
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 11
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6719
BP 534
EP 539
DI 10.1038/17409
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 166KN
UT WOS:000078574900053
PM 10028971
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Helmi, A
   White, SDM
   de Zeeuw, PT
   Zhao, HS
AF Helmi, A
   White, SDM
   de Zeeuw, PT
   Zhao, HS
TI Debris streams in the solar neighbourhood as relicts from the formation of the Milky Way
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID galaxy formation; galactic halo; stars
AB It is now generally believed that galaxies were built up through gravitational amplification of primordial fluctuations and the subsequent merging of smaller precursor structures. The stars of the structures that assembled to form the Milky Way should make up much or all of its bulge and halo, in which case one hopes to find 'fossil' evidence for those precursor structures in the present distribution of halo stars. Confirmation that this process is continuing came with the discovery of the Saggittarius dwarf galaxy(1), which is being disrupted by the Milky Way, but direct evidence that this process provided the bulk of the Milky Way's population of old stars has hitherto been lacking. Here we show that about ten per cent of the metal-poor stars in the halo of the Milky Way, outside the radius of the Sun's orbit, come from a single coherent structure that was disrupted during or soon after the Galaxy's formation. This object had a highly inclined orbit about the Milky Way at a maximum distance of similar to 16 kpc, and it probably resembled the Fornax and Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxies.
C1 Leiden Observ, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-87540 Garching, Germany.
C3 Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; Max Planck Society
RP Helmi, A (corresponding author), Leiden Observ, POB 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
NR 20
TC 535
Z9 578
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 53
EP 55
DI 10.1038/46980
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lewis, DL
   Garrison, AW
   Wommack, KE
   Whittemore, A
   Steudler, P
   Melillo, J
AF Lewis, DL
   Garrison, AW
   Wommack, KE
   Whittemore, A
   Steudler, P
   Melillo, J
TI Influence of environmental changes on degradation of chiral pollutants in soils
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID enantioselective degradation; herbicide
AB Numerous anthropogenic chemicals of environmental concern-including some phenoxy acid herbicides, organophosphorus insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, phthalates, freon substitutes and some DDT derivatives-are chiral. Their potential biological effects, such as toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and endocrine disrupter activity, are generally enantiomer-selective, and different enantiomers are preferentially degraded (transformed) by micro-organisms in various environments(1-8). Here we use field and laboratory experiments to demonstrate that environmental changes in soils can alter these preferences, and to suggest that the preferences shift owing to different groups of related microbial genotypes being activated by different environmental changes. In Brazilian soils, almost all pasture samples preferentially transformed the non-herbicidal enantiomer of dichlorprop ((RS)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid), while most forest samples either transformed the herbicidal enantiomer more readily or as rapidly as the non-herbicidal enantiomer. Organic nutrient enrichments shifted enantioselectivity for methyl dichlorprop ((RS)-methyl 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid) strongly towards preferentially removing the non-herbicidal enantiomer in soils from Brazil and North America, potentially increasing phytotoxicity of its residues relative to that of the racemate. Assessments of the risks chemical pollutants pose to public health and the environment need to take into account the chiral selectivity of microbial transformation processes and their alteration by environmental changes, especially for pesticides as up to 25 per cent are chiral(9).
C1 US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA.
   Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
   Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02542 USA.
C3 United States Environmental Protection Agency; University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; Marine Biological Laboratory - Woods Hole
RP Lewis, DL (corresponding author), US EPA, Ecosyst Res Div, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA.
NR 19
TC 345
Z9 386
U1 6
U2 254
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6756
BP 898
EP 901
DI 10.1038/44801
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 251UL
UT WOS:000083464700053
PM 10553905
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cao, TT
   Deacon, HW
   Reczek, D
   Bretscher, A
   von Zastrow, M
AF Cao, TT
   Deacon, HW
   Reczek, D
   Bretscher, A
   von Zastrow, M
TI A kinase-regulated PDZ-domain interaction controls endocytic sorting of the β2-adrenergic receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta(2)-adrenergic receptor; na+/h+-exchanger; phosphorylation sites; protein; membrane; desensitization; binding; resensitization; internalization; identification
AB A fundamental question in cell biology is how membrane proteins are sorted in the endocytic pathway, The sorting of internalized beta 2-adrenergic receptors between recycling endosomes and lysosomes is responsible for opposite effects on signal transduction and is regulated by physiological stimuli(1,2). Here we describe a mechanism that controls this sorting operation, which is mediated by a family of conserved protein-interaction modules called PDZ domains(3). The phosphoprotein EBP50 (for ezrin-radixin-moesin(ERM)-binding phosphoprotein-50)(4) binds to the cytoplasmic tail of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor through a PDZ domain and to the cortical actin cytoskeleton through an ERM-binding domain. Disrupting the interaction of EBP50 with either domain or depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton itself causes missorting of endocytosed beta 2-adrenergic receptors but does not affect the recycling of transferrin receptors. A serine residue at position 411 in the tail of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor is a substrate for phosphorylation by GRK-5 (for G-protein-coupled-receptor kinase-5) (ref. 5) and is required for interaction with EBP50 and for proper recycling of the receptor. Our results identify a new role for PDZ-domain-mediated protein interactions and for the actin cytoskeleton in endocytic sorting, and suggest a mechanism by which GRK-mediated phosphorylation could regulate membrane trafficking of G-protein-coupled receptors after endocytosis.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Program Cell Biol Cellular & Mol Pharmacol & Psyc, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Biochem Mol & Cell Biol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Cornell University
RP von Zastrow, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Program Cell Biol Cellular & Mol Pharmacol & Psyc, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 26
TC 564
Z9 645
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 286
EP 290
DI 10.1038/45816
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400056
PM 10499588
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, BL
   Schäffer, TE
   Viani, M
   Thompson, JB
   Frederick, NA
   Kindt, J
   Belcher, A
   Stucky, GD
   Morse, DE
   Hansma, PK
AF Smith, BL
   Schäffer, TE
   Viani, M
   Thompson, JB
   Frederick, NA
   Kindt, J
   Belcher, A
   Stucky, GD
   Morse, DE
   Hansma, PK
TI Molecular mechanistic origin of the toughness of natural adhesives, fibres and composites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mussel byssus; titin; domains; growth; nacre; silk
AB Natural materials are renowned for their strength and toughness(1-5). Spider dragline silk has a breakage energy per unit weight two orders of magnitude greater than high tensile steel(1,6), and is representative of many other strong natural fibres(3,7,8). The abalone shell, a composite of calcium carbonate plates sandwiched between organic material, is 3,000 times more fracture resistant than a single crystal of the pure mineral(4,5). The organic component, comprising just a few per cent of the composite by weight(9), is thought to hold the key to nacre's fracture toughness(10,11). Ceramics laminated with organic material are more fracture resistant than non-laminated ceramics(11,12), but synthetic materials made of interlocking ceramic tablets bound by a few weight per cent of ordinary adhesives do not have a toughness comparable to nacre(13). We believe that the key to nacre's fracture resistance resides in the polymer adhesive, and here we reveal the properties of this adhesive by using the atomic force microscope(14) to stretch the organic molecules exposed on the surface of freshly cleaved nacre. The adhesive fibres elongate in a stepwise manner as folded domains or loops are pulled open. The elongation events occur for forces of a few hundred piconewtons, which are smaller than the forces of over a nanonewton required to break the polymer backbone in the threads. We suggest that this 'modular' elongation mechanism might prove to be quite general for conveying toughness to natural fibres and adhesives, and we predict that it might be found also in dragline silk.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem & Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Dept Mol Biol, D-37070 Gottingen, Germany.
   Univ Texas, Dept Chem, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Max Planck Society; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Smith, BL (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
EM bettye@physics.ucsb.edu
NR 28
TC 1066
Z9 1236
U1 8
U2 673
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6738
BP 761
EP 763
DI 10.1038/21607
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 210JP
UT WOS:000081101600047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Howdeshell, KL
   Hotchkiss, AK
   Thayer, KA
   Vandenbergh, JG
   vom Saal, FS
AF Howdeshell, KL
   Hotchkiss, AK
   Thayer, KA
   Vandenbergh, JG
   vom Saal, FS
TI Environmental toxins - Exposure to bisphenol A advances puberty
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA.
   Univ Missouri, Dept Zool, Columbia, MO 65211 USA.
C3 University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Columbia; University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Columbia
RP Howdeshell, KL (corresponding author), Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA.
EM vomsaalf@missouri.edu
NR 14
TC 685
Z9 777
U1 0
U2 149
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6755
BP 763
EP 764
DI 10.1038/44517
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 250BG
UT WOS:000083368700043
PM 10548101
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Spiegelman, M
   Reynolds, JR
AF Spiegelman, M
   Reynolds, JR
TI Combined dynamic and geochemical evidence for convergent melt flow beneath the East Pacific Rise
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mid-ocean ridges; spreading centers; midocean ridges; mantle; convection; extraction; migration; basalts; axis; 2-d
AB Determining the flow of magma and solid mantle beneath midocean ridges is crucial for understanding the dynamics of plate spreading and the formation of new oceanic crust. Theoretical models suggest a range of possible now regimes-from passive, plate-driven flows(1,2) to 'active' buoyantly driven solid convection(3-7)-and have spurred an ambitious field programme to attempt to distinguish these flow fields using geophysical techniques(8). Models that explore the geochemical consequences of melt transport(9), however, suggest that these different flow fields can also have distinctive geochemical signatures. Here we compare model predictions to the chemistry of well located and closely sampled basalts from across the ridge-crest of the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise at 12 degrees N (refs 10-12). These data show features that are not explained by traditional geochemical models of ocean-ridge magma generation, yet are consistent with the geochemical consequences of the new transport models that have passive mantle flow and convergent lateral melt migration. These results are also consistent with those of the seismic MELT experiment(8), but add new information about the relative flow of melt and solid in the mantle which is probably unmeasurable by geophysical techniques.
C1 Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Spiegelman, M (corresponding author), Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
NR 24
TC 44
Z9 53
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6759
BP 282
EP 285
DI 10.1038/46260
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 257ZP
UT WOS:000083813700046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nakamura, Y
   Pashkin, YA
   Tsai, JS
AF Nakamura, Y
   Pashkin, YA
   Tsai, JS
TI Coherent control of macroscopic quantum states in a single-Cooper-pair box
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID small josephson-junctions; spectroscopy; computation; circuits; dot
AB A nanometre-scale superconducting electrode connected to a reservoir via a Josephson junction constitutes an artificial two-level electronic system: a single-Cooper-pair box. The two levels consist of charge states (differing by 2e, where e is the electronic charge) that are coupled by tunnelling of Cooper pairs through the junction. Although the two-level system is macroscopic, containing a large number of electrons, the two charge states can be coherently superposed(1-4). The Cooper-pair box has therefore been suggested(5-7) as a candidate for a quantum bit or 'qubit'-the basic component of a quantum computer. Here we report the observation of quantum oscillations in a single-Cooper-pair box. By applying a short voltage pulse via a gate electrode, we can control the coherent quantum state evolution: the pulse modifies the energies of the two charge states nonadiabatically, bringing them into resonance. The resulting state-a superposition of the two charge states-is detected by a tunnelling current through a probe junction. Our results demonstrate electrical coherent control of a qubit in a solid-state electronic device.
C1 NEC Fundamental Res Labs, Ibaraki, Osaka 3058051, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 NEC Corporation; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Nakamura, Y (corresponding author), NEC Fundamental Res Labs, Ibaraki, Osaka 3058051, Japan.
EM yasunbu@frl.cl.nec.co.jp
NR 17
TC 2236
Z9 2664
U1 9
U2 381
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6730
BP 786
EP 788
DI 10.1038/19718
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 192BL
UT WOS:000080058100051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU DeVries, SH
   Schwartz, EA
AF DeVries, SH
   Schwartz, EA
TI Kainate receptors mediate synaptic transmission between cones and "off" bipolar cells in a mammalian retina
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ganglion-cells; responses; neurons; ampa; photoreceptors; terminals; squirrel; turtle; light
AB Light produces a graded hyperpolarization in retinal photoreceptors(1,2) that decreases their release of synaptic neurotransmitter(3,4). Cone photoreceptors use glutamate(5,6) as a neurotransmitter with which to communicate with two types of bipolar cell. Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors in 'On' bipolar cells(7,8) initiates a second-messenger cascade that can amplify small synaptic inputs from cones. In contrast, it is not known how the ionotropic glutamate receptors that are activated in 'Off' bipolar cells(9,10) are optimized for transmitting small, graded signals. Here we show, by recording from a cone and a synaptically connected 'Off' bipolar cell in slices of retina from the ground squirrel, that transmission is mediated by glutamate receptors of the kainate-preferring subtype. In the dark, a cone releases sufficient neurotransmitter to desensitize most postsynaptic kainate receptors. The small postsynaptic current that persists (<5% of maximum) is quickly modulated by changes in presynaptic voltage. Since recovery from desensitization is slow (the decay time constant is roughly 500 milliseconds), little recovery can occur during the brief (roughly 100-millisecond) hyperpolarization that is produced in cones by a flash of light. By limiting the postsynaptic current, receptor desensitization prevents saturation of the 'Off' bipolar cell's voltage response and allows the synapse to operate over the cone's entire physiological voltage range.
C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Pharmacol & Physiol Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Health Science Center Houston; University of Chicago
RP DeVries, SH (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
NR 26
TC 185
Z9 223
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 14
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6715
BP 157
EP 160
DI 10.1038/16462
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 157WQ
UT WOS:000078085000045
PM 9923677
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krishnan, B
   Dryer, SE
   Hardin, PE
AF Krishnan, B
   Dryer, SE
   Hardin, PE
TI Circadian rhythms in olfactory responses of Drosophila melanogaster
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mutants; physiology; expression; clock; light; fly
AB The core mechanism of circadian timekeeping in arthropods and vertebrates consists of feedback loops involving several clock genes, including period (per) and timeless (tim)(1,2). In the fruitfly Drosophila, circadian oscillations in per expression occur in chemosensory cells of the antennae, even when the antennae are excised and maintained in isolated organ culture(3). Here we demonstrate a robust circadian rhythm in Drosophila in electrophysiological responses to two classes of olfactory stimuli. These rhythms are observed in wild-type flies during light-dark cycles and in constant darkness, but are abolished in per or tim null-mutant flies (per(01) and tim(01)) which lack rhythms in adult emergence and locomotor behaviour. Olfactory rhythms are also abolished in the per 7.2:2 transgenic line in which per expression is restricted to the lateral neurons of the optic lobe(4). Because per 7.2:2 flies do not express per in peripheral oscillators, our results provide evidence that peripheral circadian oscillators are necessary for circadian rhythms in olfactory responses. As olfaction is essential for food acquisition, social interactions and predator avoidance in many animals, circadian regulation of olfactory systems could have profound effects on the behaviour of organisms that rely on this sensory modality.
C1 Univ Houston, Dept Biol & Biochem, Houston, TX 77204 USA.
   Univ Houston, Biol Clocks Program, Houston, TX 77204 USA.
C3 University of Houston System; University of Houston; University of Houston System; University of Houston
RP Dryer, SE (corresponding author), Univ Houston, Dept Biol & Biochem, Houston, TX 77204 USA.
NR 16
TC 253
Z9 285
U1 3
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6742
BP 375
EP 378
DI 10.1038/22566
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 219CH
UT WOS:000081590000053
PM 10432117
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stapp, P
   Polls, GA
   Piñero, FS
AF Stapp, P
   Polls, GA
   Piñero, FS
TI Stable isotopes reveal strong marine and El Nino effects on island food webs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nitrogen isotopes; penguin rookery; carbon; california; ratios; gulf; community; antarctica; ecosystem
AB Stable isotope analysis is a powerful tool for unravelling the complex structure of food webs(1-3). This technique is particularly well suited for studies at ecosystem boundaries, where physical processes and mobile consumers link the dynamics of seemingly disparate systems(4-6). In coastal and insular environments, seabirds play a crucial role in transporting marine-based energy and nutrients to islands(7-9). Here we show using stable isotopes that nutrients from the ocean drive the dynamics of terrestrial food webs on small islands. The indirect effects of seabird-derived nutrients on plant productivity are particularly prominent during wet El Nino Southern Oscillation years on our Gulf of California study sites. During dry years that characterize the region, many terrestrial consumers are subsidized by carrion and prey from the ocean. Shifts in trophic structure related to El Nino Southern Oscillation could only be elucidated because of the distinct nitrogen isotope ratios associated with seabird islands. The contributions of seabirds and other marine sources are reflected in the isotope signatures of terrestrial consumers in ways that challenge conventional interpretations of stable isotope results in studies of food webs.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Stapp, P (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
NR 30
TC 118
Z9 138
U1 1
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6752
BP 467
EP 469
DI 10.1038/46769
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243DF
UT WOS:000082981200053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takayabu, YN
   Iguchi, T
   Kachi, M
   Shibata, A
   Kanzawa, H
AF Takayabu, YN
   Iguchi, T
   Kachi, M
   Shibata, A
   Kanzawa, H
TI Abrupt termination of the 1997-98 El Nino in response to a Madden-Julian oscillation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 40-50 day oscillation; circulation; phase
AB The role of the Madden-Julian oscillation-a global atmospheric wave in the tropics that is associated with convective activity and propagates eastwards with a period of about 30-60 days (refs 1, 2)-in triggering El Nino events has been discussed before(3-8). But its possible connection with a termination of El Nino has yet to be investigated, despite the difficulty in explaining the timing of El Nino terminations by the basic wind-induced oceanic-wave processes(9,10). For the extreme 1997-98 event, the mechanism of both onset and termination have been investigated(3), but the reason for the abruptness of the termination has yet to be resolved. Here we present global data of precipitation, sea surface temperatures and wind speeds that show a precipitation system associated with an exceptionally strong Madden-Julian oscillation travelling around the Equator in May 1998. The propagation of this atmospheric system was associated with an abrupt intensification of the easterly trade winds over the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. Combined with the already shallow equatorial thermocline in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean at that time(3), these strong winds provided the triggering mechanism for the observed accelerated ending of the 1997-98 El Nino event.
C1 Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050053, Japan.
   Commun Res Lab, Tokyo 1848795, Japan.
   NASDA, Earth Observat Res Ctr, Tokyo 1060032, Japan.
C3 National Institute for Environmental Studies - Japan; National Institute of Information & Communications Technology (NICT) - Japan; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
RP Takayabu, YN (corresponding author), Natl Inst Environm Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050053, Japan.
NR 18
TC 155
Z9 165
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6759
BP 279
EP 282
DI 10.1038/46254
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 257ZP
UT WOS:000083813700045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nishida, S
   Johnston, A
AF Nishida, S
   Johnston, A
TI Influence of motion signals on the perceived position of spatial pattern
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monkey visual-cortex; attention shift; areas v5; extrapolation; organization; connections; movement
AB After adaptation of the visual system to motion of a pattern in a particular direction, a static pattern appears to move in the opposite direction-the motion aftereffect (MAE)(1,2). It is thought that the MAE is not accompanied by a shift in perceived spatial position af the pattern bring viewed(3,4), providing psychophysical evidence for a dissociation of the neural processing of motion and position that complements anatomical and physiological evidence of functional specialization in primate and human visual cortex(5-7). However, here we measure the perceived orientation of a static windmill pattern after adaptation to rotary motion and find a gradual shift in orientation in the direction of the illusory rotation, though at a rate much lower than the apparent rotation speed. The orientation shift, which started to decline within a few seconds, could persist longer than the MAE, and disappeared when the MAE was nulled by physical motion of the windmill pattern. Our results indicate that the representation of the position of spatial pattern is dynamically updated by neurons involved in the analysis of motion.
C1 UCL, Dept Psychol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, Inst Cognit Neurosci, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   NTT, Commun Sci Labs, Human & Informat Sci Res Lab, Atsugi, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; NTT, Inc
RP Johnston, A (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Psychol, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM a.johnston@ucl.ac.uk
NR 19
TC 149
Z9 158
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 18
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6720
BP 610
EP 612
DI 10.1038/17600
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 169GE
UT WOS:000078738500048
PM 10050853
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Van der Voo, R
   Spakman, W
   Bijwaard, H
AF Van der Voo, R
   Spakman, W
   Bijwaard, H
TI Mesozoic subducted slabs under Siberia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID paleomagnetic constraints; mantle convection; china; tomography; collision; history; model
AB Recent results from seismic tomography demonstrate that subducted oceanic lithosphere can be observed globally as slabs of relatively high seismic velocity in the upper as well as lower mantle(1,2). The Asian mantle is no exception, with high-velocity slabs being observed downwards from the west Pacific subduction zones under the Kurile Islands, Japan and farther south(3-5), as well as under Asia's ancient Tethyan margin. Here we present evidence for the presence of slab remnants of Jurassic age that were subducted when the Mongol-Okhotsk and Kular-Nera oceans closed between Siberia, the combined Mongolia-North China blocks and the Omolon block(6-8). We identify these proposed slab remnants in the lower mantle west of Lake Baikal down to depths of at least 2,500 km, where they join what has been interpreted as a 'graveyard'(9) of subducted lithosphere at the bottom of the mantle. Our interpretation implies that slab remnants in the mantle can still be recognized some 150 million years or more after they have been subducted and that such structures may be useful in associating geodynamic to surface-tectonic processes.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Utrecht, Inst Earth Sci, Vening Meinesz Sch Geodynam, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Utrecht University
RP Van der Voo, R (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, 1006 CC Little Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM voo@umich.edu
NR 29
TC 312
Z9 328
U1 2
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 21
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6716
BP 246
EP 249
DI 10.1038/16686
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 159QH
UT WOS:000078184800050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eyre-Walker, A
   Keightley, PD
AF Eyre-Walker, A
   Keightley, PD
TI High genomic deleterious mutation rates in hominids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genes; populations; drosophila; mouse; risk
AB It has been suggested that humans may suffer a high genomic deleterious mutation rate(1,2). Here we test this hypothesis by applying a variant of a molecular approach(3) to estimate the deleterious mutation rate in hominids from the level of selective constraint in DNA sequences. Under conservative assumptions, we estimate that an average of 4.2 amino-acid-altering mutations per diploid per generation have occurred in the human lineage since humans separated from chimpanzees. Of these mutations, we estimate that at least 38% have been eliminated by natural selection, indicating that there have been more than 1.6 new deleterious mutations per diploid genome per generation. Thus, the deleterious mutation rate specific to protein-coding sequences alone is close to the upper limit tolerable by a species such as humans that has a low reproductive rate(4), indicating that the effects of deleterious mutations may have combined synergistically, Furthermore, the level of selective constraint in hominid protein-coding sequences is atypically low, A large number of slightly deleterious mutations may therefore have become fixed in hominid lineages.
C1 Univ Sussex, Ctr Study Evolut, Brighton BN1 9QG, E Sussex, England.
   Univ Sussex, Sch Biol Sci, Brighton BN1 9QG, E Sussex, England.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of Sussex; University of Sussex; University of Edinburgh
RP Eyre-Walker, A (corresponding author), Univ Sussex, Ctr Study Evolut, Brighton BN1 9QG, E Sussex, England.
EM A.C.Eyre-Walker@susx.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 298
Z9 333
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 28
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6717
BP 344
EP 347
DI 10.1038/16915
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 162BE
UT WOS:000078324600048
PM 9950425
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schellnhuber, HJ
AF Schellnhuber, HJ
TI 'Earth system' analysis and the second Copernican revolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Optical magnification instruments once brought about the Copernican revolution that put the Earth in its correct astrophysical context. Sophisticated information-compression techniques including simulation modelling are now ushering in a second 'Copernican' revolution. The latter strives to understand the 'Earth system' as a whole and to develop, on this cognitive basis, concepts for global environmental management.
C1 Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany.
C3 Potsdam Institut fur Klimafolgenforschung
RP Schellnhuber, HJ (corresponding author), Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, Telegrafenberg C4,POB 60 12 03, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany.
NR 33
TC 310
Z9 362
U1 2
U2 62
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP C19
EP C23
DI 10.1038/35011515
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MZ
UT WOS:000084014100003
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rego, D
   Achilleos, N
   Stallard, T
   Miller, S
   Prangé, R
   Dougherty, M
   Joseph, RD
AF Rego, D
   Achilleos, N
   Stallard, T
   Miller, S
   Prangé, R
   Dougherty, M
   Joseph, RD
TI Supersonic winds in Jupiter's aurorae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hubble-space-telescope; comet shoemaker-levy-9; ultraviolet; thermosphere; ionosphere; emission; event
AB Jupiter has a giant magnetosphere that is coupled to the planet's upper atmosphere; as the planet rotates, its magnetic field drags a dense ionized equatorial sheet of plasma, which must interact with the upper atmosphere. Jupiter's aurorae are much more powerful(1,2) than the Earths, and cause significant local heating of the upper atmosphere. Auroral electrojets-ion winds that race around Jupiter's auroral ovals-play a key role in theoretical models of how Jupiter's rotational energy is transferred to the plasma sheet(3,4) and how winds may transport energy from auroral heating to lower latitudes(5-7). But there has hitherto been no direct observational evidence for the existence of such electrojets, Here we report observations of electrojets that have winds approaching or in excess of the local speed of sound. The energy produced by these electrojets could heat the whole upper atmosphere, if the auroral regions couple efficiently with the rest of the planet.
C1 UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Univ Paris 11, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, CNRS, UMR 120, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, London SW7 2BZ, England.
   Univ Hawaii, Astron Inst, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 University of London; University College London; Sorbonne Universite; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Imperial College London; University of Hawaii System
RP Miller, S (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM s.miller@ucl.ac.uk
NR 19
TC 59
Z9 60
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6732
BP 121
EP 124
DI 10.1038/20121
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 196XU
UT WOS:000080335700040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cumpston, BH
   Ananthavel, SP
   Barlow, S
   Dyer, DL
   Ehrlich, JE
   Erskine, LL
   Heikal, AA
   Kuebler, SM
   Lee, IYS
   McCord-Maughon, D
   Qin, JQ
   Röckel, H
   Rumi, M
   Wu, XL
   Marder, SR
   Perry, JW
AF Cumpston, BH
   Ananthavel, SP
   Barlow, S
   Dyer, DL
   Ehrlich, JE
   Erskine, LL
   Heikal, AA
   Kuebler, SM
   Lee, IYS
   McCord-Maughon, D
   Qin, JQ
   Röckel, H
   Rumi, M
   Wu, XL
   Marder, SR
   Perry, JW
TI Two-photon polymerization initiators for three-dimensional optical data storage and microfabrication
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystals
AB Two-photon excitation provides a means of activating chemical or physical processes with high spatial resolution in three dimensions and has made possible the development of three-dimensional fluorescence imaging(1), optical data storage(2,3) and lithographic microfabrication(4-6). These applications take advantage of the fact that the two-photon absorption probability depends quadratically on intensity, so under tight-focusing conditions, the absorption is confined at the focus to a volume of order lambda(3) (where lambda is the laser wavelength). Any subsequent process, such as fluorescence or a photoinduced chemical reaction, is also localized in this small volume. Although three-dimensional data storage and microfabrication have been illustrated using two-photon-initiated polymerization of resins incorporating conventional ultraviolet-absorbing initiators, such photopolymer systems exhibit low photosensitivity as the initiators have small two-photon absorption cross-sections (delta). Consequently, this approach requires high laser power, and its widespread use remains impractical. Here we report on a class of pi-conjugated compounds that exhibit large delta (as high as 1,250 x 10(-50) cm(4) s per photon) and enhanced two-photon sensitivity relative to ultraviolet initiators. Two-photon excitable resins based on these new initiators have been developed and used to demonstrate a scheme for three-dimensional data storage which permits fluorescent and refractive read-out, and the fabrication of three-dimensional micro-optical and micromechanical structures, including photonic-bandgap-type structures(7).
C1 CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Beckman Inst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Wuhan Univ, Dept Chem, Wuhan 430072, Peoples R China.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Chem, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; Wuhan University; University of Arizona
RP Perry, JW (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 12
TC 2208
Z9 2509
U1 8
U2 907
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6722
BP 51
EP 54
DI 10.1038/17989
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 174KG
UT WOS:000079033900047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hanley, JG
   Koulen, P
   Bedford, F
   Gordon-Weeks, PR
   Moss, SJ
AF Hanley, JG
   Koulen, P
   Bedford, F
   Gordon-Weeks, PR
   Moss, SJ
TI The protein MAP-1B links GABAc receptors to the cytoskeleton at retinal synapses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID a receptors; xenopus oocytes; expression; subunits; gephyrin; localization; cloning; domain; rho-1; gene
AB The ionotropic type-A and type-C receptors for the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA(A) and GABA(C) receptors) are the principal sites of fast synaptic inhibition in the central nervous system(1-3), but it is not known how these receptors are localized at GABA-dependent synapses. GABA(C) receptors, which are composed of rho-subunits(3-6), are expressed almost exclusively in the retina of adult vertebrates, where they are enriched on bipolar cell axon terminals(7-9). Here we show that the microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP-1B) specifically interacts with the GABA(C) pi subunit but not with GABA(A) receptor subunits. Furthermore, GABA(C) receptors and MAP-1B co-localize at postsynaptic sites on bipolar cell axon terminals. Co-expression of MAP-1B and the pi subunit in COS cells results in a dramatic redistribution of the rho 1 subunit. Our observations suggest a novel mechanism for localizing ionotropic GABA receptors to synaptic sites. This mechanism, which is specific for GABA(C) but not GABA(A) receptors, may allow these receptor subtypes, which have distinct physiological and pharmacological properties, to be differentially localized at inhibitory synapses.
C1 UCL, MRC, Mol Cell Biol Lab, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, Dept Pharmacol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Max Planck Inst Hirnforsch, Neuroanat Abt, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany.
   Kings Coll London, Dev Biol Res Ctr, Div Biomed Sci, London WC2R 5LL, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; Max Planck Society; University of London; King's College London
RP Moss, SJ (corresponding author), UCL, MRC, Mol Cell Biol Lab, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM steve.moss@UCL.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 112
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 7
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6714
BP 66
EP 69
DI 10.1038/16258
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 155RD
UT WOS:000077959400048
PM 9892354
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Price, CSC
   Dyer, KA
   Coyne, JA
AF Price, CSC
   Dyer, KA
   Coyne, JA
TI Sperm competition between Drosophila males involves both displacement and incapacitation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID female receptivity; melanogaster; evolution
AB Females in almost all animal groups copulate with multiple males(1,2). This behaviour allows different males to compete for fertilization(3) and gives females the opportunity to mediate this competition(4). In many animals and most insects, the second male to copulate with a female typically sires most of her offspring(1,5,6). In Drosophila melanogaster, this second-male sperm precedence has long been studied(7-15) but, as in most species, its mechanism has remained unknown. Here we show, using labelled sperm in doubly mated females, that males can both physically displace and incapacitate stored sperm from earlier-mating males. Displacement occurs only if the second male transfers sperm to the female, and in only one of her three sperm-storage organs. Incapacitation can be caused by either fertile or spermless second males, but requires extended intervals between matings. Sperm from different males are not 'stratified' in the storage organs but mix freely. Many animal species may have multiple mechanisms of sperm competition like those observed here, and revealing these mechanisms is necessary to understand the genetic and evolutionary basis of second-male sperm precedence in animals.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Coyne, JA (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, 1101 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM j-coyne@uchicago.edu
NR 30
TC 141
Z9 167
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6743
BP 449
EP 452
DI 10.1038/22755
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221FZ
UT WOS:000081715000050
PM 10440373
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vander Zanden, MJ
   Casselman, JM
   Rasmussen, JB
AF Vander Zanden, MJ
   Casselman, JM
   Rasmussen, JB
TI Stable isotope evidence for the food web consequences of species invasions in lakes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nitrogen isotopes; contaminant bioaccumulation; biological invasions; trophic interactions; ecosystem; ecology; lessons
AB Species invasions pose a serious threat to biodiversity and native ecosystems(1,2); however, predicting and quantifying the impacts of invasive species has proven problematic(3-6). Here we use stable isotope ratios to document the food-web consequences of the invasion of two non-native predators, smallmouth bass and rack bass, into Canadian lakes. Invaded lakes had lower littoral prey-fish diversity and abundance than uninvaded reference lakes. Consistent with this difference, lake trout from invaded lakes had more negative delta(13)C values (-29.2 parts per thousand versus -27.4 parts per thousand) and reduced trophic positions (3.3 versus 3.9) than those from reference lakes, indicating differences in food-web structure, Furthermore, a comparison of the pre- and post-invasion food webs of two recently invaded lakes showed that invasion was followed by substantial declines in littoral prey-fish abundance and the trophic position of lake trout, reflecting a shift in the diet of lake trout towards zooplankton and reduced dependence on littoral fish. This study demonstrates the use of stable isotope techniques to detect changes in food-web structure following perturbations; in this instance, bass-induced food-web shifts may have severe consequences for native species and ecosystems.
C1 McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada.
   Ontario Minist Nat Resources, Sci Dev Transfer Branch, Glenora Fisheries Stn, Picton, ON K0K 2T0, Canada.
C3 McGill University; Ministry of Natural Resources & Forestry
RP Vander Zanden, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
NR 29
TC 746
Z9 907
U1 3
U2 430
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6752
BP 464
EP 467
DI 10.1038/46762
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243DF
UT WOS:000082981200052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nagle, DL
   McGrail, SH
   Vitale, J
   Woolf', EA
   Dussault, BJ
   DiRocco, L
   Holmgren, L
   Montagno, J
   Bork, P
   Huszar, D
   Fairchild-Huntress, V
   Ge, P
   Keilty, J
   Ebeling, C
   Baldini, L
   Gilchrist, J
   Burn, P
   Carlson, GA
   Moore, KJ
AF Nagle, DL
   McGrail, SH
   Vitale, J
   Woolf', EA
   Dussault, BJ
   DiRocco, L
   Holmgren, L
   Montagno, J
   Bork, P
   Huszar, D
   Fairchild-Huntress, V
   Ge, P
   Keilty, J
   Ebeling, C
   Baldini, L
   Gilchrist, J
   Burn, P
   Carlson, GA
   Moore, KJ
TI The mahogany protein is a receptor involved in suppression of obesity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID agouti; tool; gene; identification; alignment; mutations; family; motif; mice; map
AB Genetic studies have shown that mutations within the mahogany locus(1) suppress the pleiotropic phenotypes, including obesity, of the agouti-lethal-yellow mutant(2,3). Here we identify the mahogany gene and its product; this study, to our knowledge, represents the first positional cloning of a suppressor gene in the mouse. Expression of the mahogany gene is broad; however, in situ hybridization analysis emphasizes the importance of its expression in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, a region that is intimately involved in the regulation of body weight and feeding. We present new genetic studies that indicate that the mahogany locus does not suppress the obese phenotype of the melanocortin-4-receptor null allele(4) or those of the monogenic obese models (Lep(db), tub and Cpe(fat)). However, mahogany can suppress diet-induced obesity, the mechanism of which is likely to have implications for therapeutic intervention in common human obesity. The amino-acid sequence of the mahogany protein suggests that it is a large, single-transmembrane-domain receptor-like molecule, with a short cytoplasmic tail containing a site that is conserved between Caenorhabditis elegans and mammals. We propose two potential, alternative modes of action for mahogany: one draws parallels with the mechanism of action of low-affinity proteoglycan receptors such as fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta, and the other suggests that mahogany itself is a signalling receptor.
C1 Millennium Pharmaceut Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   European Mol Biol Lab, D-69012 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Max Delbruck Ctr Mol Med, D-13092 Berlin, Germany.
   McLaughlin Res Inst Biomed Sci, Great Falls, MT 59405 USA.
   Hoffmann La Roche Inc, Dept Metab Dis, Nutley, NJ 07110 USA.
C3 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd; Millennium Pharmaceuticals; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine; McLaughlin Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Inc.; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA
RP Moore, KJ (corresponding author), Millennium Pharmaceut Inc, 640 Mem Dr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM moore@mpi.com
NR 30
TC 144
Z9 162
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6723
BP 148
EP 152
DI 10.1038/18210
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 176DG
UT WOS:000079135200044
PM 10086355
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lyden, D
   Young, AZ
   Zagzag, D
   Yan, W
   Gerald, W
   O'Reilly, R
   Bader, BL
   Hynes, RO
   Zhuang, Y
   Manova, K
   Benezra, R
AF Lyden, D
   Young, AZ
   Zagzag, D
   Yan, W
   Gerald, W
   O'Reilly, R
   Bader, BL
   Hynes, RO
   Zhuang, Y
   Manova, K
   Benezra, R
TI Id1 and Id3 are required for neurogenesis, angiogenesis and vascularization of tumour xenografts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID loop-helix protein; muscle differentiation; transcription factors; expression patterns; cell development; e2a proteins; mouse embryo; neural-tube; gene family; t-cell
AB Id proteins may control cell differentiation by interfering with DNA binding of transcription factors. Here we show that targeted disruption of the dominant negative helix-loop-helix proteins Id1 and ld3 in mice results in premature withdrawal of neuroblasts from the cell cycle and expression of neural-specific differentiation markers. The ld1-ld3 double knockout mice also display vascular malformations in the forebrain and an absence of branching and sprouting of blood vessels into the neuroectoderm. As angiogenesis both in the brain and in tumours requires invasion of avascular tissue by endothelial cells, we examined the Id knockout mice for their ability to support the growth of tumour xenografts, Three different tumours failed to grow and/or metastasize in ld1(+/-)ld3(-/-) mice, and any tumour growth present showed poor vascularization and extensive necrosis, Thus, the Id genes are required to maintain the timing of neuronal differentiation in the embryo and invasiveness of the vasculature, Because the Id genes are expressed at very low levels in adults, they make attractive new targets for anti-angiogenic drug design.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Mol Cytol Core Facil, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Pediat, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   NYU, Kaplan Canc Ctr, Dept Pathol, Div Neuropathol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst Canc Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Biochem, Dept Prot Chem, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Immunol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Max Planck Society; Duke University
RP Benezra, R (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 51
TC 763
Z9 880
U1 0
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6754
BP 670
EP 677
DI 10.1038/44334
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 247EJ
UT WOS:000083207400048
PM 10537105
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU West, GB
   Brown, JH
   Enquist, BJ
AF West, GB
   Brown, JH
   Enquist, BJ
TI A general model for the structure and allometry of plant vascular systems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydraulic architecture; acer-saccharum; woody-plants; resistance; sapwood; biology; trees; form
AB Vascular plants vary in size by about twelve orders of magnitude, and a single individual sequoia spans nearly this entire range as it grows from a seedling to a mature tree. Size influences nearly all of the structural, functional and ecological characteristics of organisms(1,2). Here we present an integrated model for the hydrodynamics, biomechanics and branching geometry of plants, based on the application of a general theory of resource distribution through hierarchical branching networks(3) to the case of vascular plants. The model successfully predicts a fractal-like architecture and many known scaling laws, both between and within individual plants, including allometric exponents which are simple multiple of 1/4. We show-that conducting tubes must taper and, consequently, that the resistance and fluid flow per tube are independent of the total path length and plant size. This resolves the problem of resistance increasing with length, thereby allowing plants to evolve vertical architectures and explaining why the maximum height of trees is about 100 m. It also explains why the energy use of plants in ecosystems is size independent.
C1 Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
   Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
C3 The Santa Fe Institute; University of New Mexico; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Enquist, BJ (corresponding author), Santa Fe Inst, 1399 Hyde Pk Rd, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
EM benquist@unm.edu
NR 22
TC 1120
Z9 1322
U1 4
U2 472
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6745
BP 664
EP 667
DI 10.1038/23251
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226QU
UT WOS:000082032900053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhu, S
   Liu, Y
   Rafailovich, MH
   Sokolov, J
   Gersappe, D
   Winesett, DA
   Ade, H
AF Zhu, S
   Liu, Y
   Rafailovich, MH
   Sokolov, J
   Gersappe, D
   Winesett, DA
   Ade, H
TI Confinement-induced miscibility in polymer blends
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID symmetrical diblock copolymers; interfacial-tension; segregation; homopolymers; surface; films
AB The use of polymer thin films in technology is increasingly widespread-for example, as protective or lithographic surface coatings, or as active (electronic or optical) elements in device architectures. But it is difficult to generate films of polymer mixtures with homogeneous surface properties, because of the tendency of the polymers to phase-separate(1,2). Copolymer compatibilizers can induce miscibility in polymer blends, but only with chemical components that are either close to a critical point in the phase diagram(3) or which have an attractive interaction between them(4,5). Instead of manipulating the chemical composition of the blend, we show here that complete mixing can be obtained in polymer blends by the physical effect of confinement in thin films. The compatibilization results from entropic inhibition of phase separation into micelles, owing to confinement. The result is an intimately mixed microemulsion with a perfectly flat surface and a two-dimensional maze-like structure with columnar domains that extend through the film.
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   N Carolina State Univ, Dept Phys, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; North Carolina State University
RP Gersappe, D (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
NR 15
TC 122
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 77
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6739
BP 49
EP 51
DI 10.1038/21854
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 213DA
UT WOS:000081255700045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Apelqvist, Å
   Li, H
   Sommer, L
   Beatus, P
   Anderson, DJ
   Honjo, T
   de Angelis, MH
   Lendahl, U
   Edlund, H
AF Apelqvist, Å
   Li, H
   Sommer, L
   Beatus, P
   Anderson, DJ
   Honjo, T
   de Angelis, MH
   Lendahl, U
   Edlund, H
TI Notch signalling controls pancreatic cell differentiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID loop-helix protein; transcription factor; insulin gene; expression; progenitor; neurons; neurogenesis; origin; mice
AB The pancreas contains both exocrine and endocrine cells, but the molecular mechanisms controlling the differentiation of these cell types are largely unknown. Despite their endodermal origin, pancreatic endocrine cells share several molecular characteristics with neurons(1-5), and, like neurons in the central nervous system(6,7) differentiating endocrine cells in the pancreas appear in a scattered fashion within a field of progenitor coils(8,9). This indicates that they may be generated by lateral specification through Notch signalling(6,7). Here, to test this idea, we analysed pancreas development in mice genetically altered at several steps in the Notch signalling pathway, Mice deficient for Delta-like gene 1 (Dll1)(10) or the intracellular mediator RBP-JK(11) showed accelerated differentiation of pancreatic endocrine cells. A similar phenotype was observed in mice over-expressing neurogenin 3 (ngn 3)(12) or the intracellular form of Notch3 (ref. 13) (a repressor of Notch signalling). These data provide evidence that ngn3 acts as pro-endocrine gene and that Notch signalling is critical for the decision between the endocrine and progenitor/exocrine fates in the developing pancreas.
C1 Umea Univ, Dept Microbiol, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
   ETH Honggerberg, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Cell Biol, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   CALTECH, Div Biol 216 76, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Kyoto Univ, Fac Med, Dept Med Chem, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
   GSF, Inst Mammalian Genet, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
   Karolinska Inst, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 Umea University; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; California Institute of Technology; Kyoto University; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health; Karolinska Institutet
RP Edlund, H (corresponding author), Umea Univ, Dept Microbiol, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
NR 30
TC 957
Z9 1157
U1 0
U2 67
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6747
BP 877
EP 881
DI 10.1038/23716
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 230CA
UT WOS:000082233200047
PM 10476967
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lu, YF
   Fan, HY
   Stump, A
   Ward, TL
   Rieker, T
   Brinker, CJ
AF Lu, YF
   Fan, HY
   Stump, A
   Ward, TL
   Rieker, T
   Brinker, CJ
TI Aerosol-assisted self-assembly of mesostructured spherical nanoparticles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mesoporous silica; surface patterns; films; spheres; morphogenesis; evaporation
AB Particles possessing nanometre-scale pores of well-defined size and connectivity are of interest for catalysis, chromatography and controlled release of drugs, and as fillers with low dielectric constant, pigments and hosts for optically active compounds(1,2). Silica containing ordered mesopores (of nanometre-scale width) can be prepared by templating of surfactant(3,4) and block copolymer(5) liquid-crystalline mesophases, and interfacial phenomena have been used to control the macroscopic form of these materials, providing mesoporous particles(1,6), fibres(7,8) and films(9,10) A variety of spherical or nearly spherical particles has been reported(1,6,7,11-13), but the degree of ordering and the range of the porous mesostructures have been limited. Here we report a rapid, aerosol-based(14-16) process for synthesizing solid, well-ordered spherical particles with stable pore mesostructures of hexagonal and cubic topology, as well as layered (vesicular) structures. Our method relies on evaporation-induced interfacial self-assembly(17) confined to spherical aerosol droplets. This simple, generalizable process can be modified for the formation of ordered meso-structured thin films.
C1 Univ New Mexico, NSF, Ctr Microengineered Mat, Adv Mat Lab, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA.
   Sandia Natl Labs, Direct Fabricat Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA.
C3 National Science Foundation (NSF); University of New Mexico; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories
RP Brinker, CJ (corresponding author), Univ New Mexico, NSF, Ctr Microengineered Mat, Adv Mat Lab, 1001 Univ Blvd SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA.
EM cjbrink@sandia.gov
NR 29
TC 945
Z9 1090
U1 2
U2 570
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 18
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6724
BP 223
EP 226
DI 10.1038/18410
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 177UA
UT WOS:000079228400048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zehavi, I
   Dekel, A
AF Zehavi, I
   Dekel, A
TI Evidence for a positive cosmological constant from flows of galaxies and distant supernovae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID density fields; omega; velocity; light
AB Recent observations(1,2) of high-redshift supernovae seem to suggest that the global geometry of the Universe may be affected by a 'cosmological constant: which acts to accelerate the expansion rate with time. But these data by themselves still permit an open universe of low mass density and no cosmological constant. Here we derive an independent constraint on the lower bound to the mass density, based on deviations of galaxy velocities from a smooth universal expansion(3-7). This constraint rules out a low-density open universe with a vanishing cosmological constant, and together the two favour a nearly flat universe in which the contributions from mass density and the cosmological constant are comparable. This type of universe, however, seems to require a degree of fine tuning of the initial conditions that is in apparent conflict with 'common wisdom'.
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Racah Inst Phys, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
   NASA, Fermilab Astrophys Grp, Fermi Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); United States Department of Energy (DOE); University of Chicago; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
RP Zehavi, I (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Racah Inst Phys, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
NR 34
TC 66
Z9 67
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 252
EP 254
DI 10.1038/45748
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, GL
   Bestor, TH
   Bourc'his, D
   Hsieh, CL
   Tommerup, N
   Bugge, M
   Hulten, M
   Qu, XY
   Russo, JJ
   Viegas-Péquignot, E
AF Xu, GL
   Bestor, TH
   Bourc'his, D
   Hsieh, CL
   Tommerup, N
   Bugge, M
   Hulten, M
   Qu, XY
   Russo, JJ
   Viegas-Péquignot, E
TI Chromosome instability and immunodeficiency syndrome caused by mutations in a DNA methyltransferase gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID icf syndrome; methylation pattern; heterochromatin; hypomethylation; fish; set
AB The recessive autosomal disorder known as ICF syndrome(1-3) (for immunodeficiency, centromere instability and facial anomalies; Mendelian Inheritance in Man number 242860) is characterized by variable reductions in serum immunoglobulin levels which cause most ICF patients to succumb to infectious diseases before adulthood. Mild facial anomalies include hypertelorism, low-set ears, epicanthal folds and macroglossia. The cytogenetic abnormalities in lymphocytes are exuberant: juxtacentromeric heterochromatin is greatly elongated and thread-like in metaphase chromosomes, which is associated with the formation of complex multiradiate chromosomes. The same juxtacentromeric regions are subject to persistent interphase self-associations and are extruded into nuclear blebs or micronuclei. Abnormalities are largely confined to tracts of classical satellites 2 and 3 at juxtacentromeric regions of chromosomes 1, 9 and 16. Classical satellite DNA is normally heavily methylated at cytosine residues, but in ICF syndrome it is almost completely unmethylated in all tissues(4) ICF syndrome is the only genetic disorder known to involve constitutive abnormalities of genomic methylation patterns. Here we show that five unrelated ICF patients have mutations in both alleles of the gene that encodes DNA methyltransferase 3B (refs 5, 6). Cytosine methylation is essential for the organization and stabilization of a specific type of heterochromatin, and this methylation appears to be carried out by an enzyme specialized for the purpose.
C1 Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Genet & Dev, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Hop Necker Enfants Malad, INSERM, U383, F-75743 Paris 15, France.
   Univ So Calif, Sch Med, Dept Urol, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA.
   Univ Copenhagen, Inst Med Biochem & Genet, Dept Med Genet, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
   Univ Warwick, Dept Biol Sci, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Columbia Genome Ctr, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Universite Paris Cite; Hopital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades - APHP; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); University of Southern California; University of Southern California; University of Copenhagen; University of Warwick; Columbia University
RP Bestor, TH (corresponding author), Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Genet & Dev, 701 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA.
NR 29
TC 937
Z9 1104
U1 0
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 187
EP 191
DI 10.1038/46052
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400052
PM 10647011
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Friborg, J
   Kong, WP
   Hottiger, MO
   Nabel, GJ
AF Friborg, J
   Kong, WP
   Hottiger, MO
   Nabel, GJ
TI p53 inhibition by the LANA protein of KSHV protects against cell death
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sarcoma-associated herpesvirus; human papillomavirus type-16; kaposis-sarcoma; transcriptional activation; dna-sequences; nuclear antigen; expression; human-herpesvirus-8; identification; coactivators
AB Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpesvirus 8, has been implicated in the development of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and several B-cen lymphoproliferative diseases(1-3) Most cells in lesions derived from these malignancies are latently infected, and different viral gene products have been identified in association with lytic or latent infection by KSHV4,5. The latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA), encoded by open reading frame 73 of the KSHV genome, is a highly immunogenic protein that is expressed predominantly during viral latency, in most KS spindle cells and in cell lines established from body-cavity-based lymphomas(6,7). Antibodies to LANA can be detected in a high percentage of HIV-infected individuals who subsequently develop KS8,9, although its role in disease pathogenesis is not completely understood. p53 is a potent transcriptional regulator of cell growth whose induction leads either to cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis. Loss of p53 function correlates with cell transformation and oncogenesis(10,11), and several viral oncoproteins interact with p53 and modulate its biological activity(12-13). Here we show that LANA interacts with the tumour suppressor protein p53 and represses its transcriptional activity. This viral gene product further inhibits the ability of p53 to induce cell death. We propose that LANA contributes to viral persistence and oncogenesis in KS through its ability to promote cell survival by altering p53 function.
C1 NIH, Vaccine Res Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA
RP Nabel, GJ (corresponding author), NIH, Vaccine Res Ctr, 40 Convent Dr,MSC 3005, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 30
TC 577
Z9 693
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6764
BP 889
EP 894
DI 10.1038/47266
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 269ML
UT WOS:000084482000036
PM 10622254
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Masutani, C
   Kusumoto, R
   Yamada, A
   Dohmae, N
   Yokoi, M
   Yuasa, M
   Araki, M
   Iwai, S
   Takio, K
   Hanaoka, F
AF Masutani, C
   Kusumoto, R
   Yamada, A
   Dohmae, N
   Yokoi, M
   Yuasa, M
   Araki, M
   Iwai, S
   Takio, K
   Hanaoka, F
TI The XPV (xeroderma pigmentosum variant) gene encodes human DNA polymerase η
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli dinb; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; thymine dimer; excision-repair; human homolog; replication; mutagenesis; bypass; cells; zeta
AB Xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XP-V) is an inherited disorder which is associated with increased incidence of sunlight-induced skin cancers, Unlike other xeroderma pigmentosum cells (belonging to groups XP-A to XP-G), XP-V cells carry out normal nucleotide-excision repair processes but are defective in their replication of ultraviolet-damaged DNA(1,2). It has been suspected for some time that the XPV gene encodes a protein that is involved in trans-lesion DNA synthesis; but the gene product has never been isolated Using an improved cell-free assay for trans-lesion DNA synthesis, we have recently isolated a DNA polymerase from HeLa cells that continues replication on damaged DNA by bypassing ultraviolet-induced thymine dimers in XP-V cell extracts(3). Here we show that this polymerase is a human homologue of the yeast Rad30 protein, recently identified as DNA polymerase eta (ref. 4). This polymerase and yeast Rad30 are members of a family of damage-bypass replication proteins(5-10) which comprises the Escherichia coli proteins UmuC and DinB and the yeast Rev1 protein. We found that all XP-V cells examined carry mutations in their DNA polymerase eta gene. Recombinant human DNA polymerase eta corrects the inability of XP-V cell extracts to carry out DNA replication by bypassing thymine dimers on damaged DNA. Together these results indicate that DNA polymerase eta could be the XPV gene product.
C1 Osaka Univ, Inst Mol & Cellular Biol, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Nara Inst Sci & Technol, Nara 63001, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Inst Phys & Chem Res, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   Biomol Engn Res Inst, Osaka 5650874, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; Nara Institute of Science & Technology; University of Osaka; RIKEN
RP Hanaoka, F (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Inst Mol & Cellular Biol, 1-3 Yamada Oka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
NR 24
TC 1157
Z9 1323
U1 0
U2 265
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 700
EP 704
DI 10.1038/21447
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800064
PM 10385124
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weinacht, TC
   Ahn, J
   Bucksbaum, PH
AF Weinacht, TC
   Ahn, J
   Bucksbaum, PH
TI Controlling the shape of a quantum wavefunction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coherent; pulses; phase; ionization; molecules; dynamics; states
AB The ability to control the shape and motion of quantum states(1,2) may lead to methods for bond-selective chemistry and novel quantum technologies, such as quantum computing. The classical coherence of laser light has been used to guide quantum systems into desired target states through interfering pathways(3-5). These experiments used the control of target properties-such as fluorescence from a dye solution(6), the current in a semiconductor(7,8) 8 Or the dissociation fraction of an excited molecule(9)-to infer control over the quantum state. Here we report a direct approach to coherent quantum control that allows us to actively manipulate the shape of an atomic electron's radial wavefunction, We use a computer-controlled laser to excite a coherent state in atomic caesium. The shape of the wavefunction is then measured(10) and the information fed back into the laser control system, which reprograms the optical field. The process is iterated until the measured shape of the wavefunction matches that of a target wavepacket, established at the start of the experiment. We find that, using a variation of quantum holography(11) to reconstruct the measured wavefunction, the quantum state can be reshaped to match the target within two iterations of the feedback loop.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Weinacht, TC (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM tweinach@umich.edu
NR 24
TC 379
Z9 409
U1 2
U2 79
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 21
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6716
BP 233
EP 235
DI 10.1038/16654
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 159QH
UT WOS:000078184800045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guyodo, Y
   Valet, JP
AF Guyodo, Y
   Valet, JP
TI Global changes in intensity of the Earth's magnetic field during the past 800 kyr
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID western equatorial pacific; geomagnetic-field; relative paleointensity; brunhes-chron; sediments; reversal; record; sea; chronostratigraphy; remanence
AB Recent advances in palaeomagnetic and dating techniques have led to increasingly precise records of the relative intensity of the Earth's past magnetic field at numerous field sites. The compilation and analysis of these records can provide important constraints on changes in global magnetic field intensity and therefore on the Earth's geodynamo itself. A previous compilation for the past 200 kyr integrated 17 marine records into a composite curve(1), with the geomagnetic origin of the signal supported by an independent analysis of Be-10 production made on different cores(2). The persistence of long-term features in the Earth's magnetic intensity or the existence of long-term periodic changes cannot, however, be resolved in this relatively short time span. Here we present the integration of 33 records of relative palaeointensity(3-19) into a composite curve spanning the past 800 kyr. We find that the intensity of the Earth's dipole field has experienced large-amplitude variations over this time period with pronounced intensity minima coinciding with known excursions in field direction, reflecting the emergence of non-dipole components. No stable periodicity was found in our composite record and therefore our data set does not support the hypothesis that the Earth's orbital parameters have a direct and strong influence on the geodynamo.
C1 Inst Phys Globe, CNRS, UMR 7577, F-75262 Paris 05, France.
C3 Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Guyodo, Y (corresponding author), Univ Florida, Dept Geol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
NR 32
TC 481
Z9 535
U1 2
U2 93
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6733
BP 249
EP 252
DI 10.1038/20420
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 198MF
UT WOS:000080427400052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clemons, WM
   May, JLC
   Wimberly, BT
   McCutcheon, JP
   Capel, MS
   Ramakrishnan, V
AF Clemons, WM
   May, JLC
   Wimberly, BT
   McCutcheon, JP
   Capel, MS
   Ramakrishnan, V
TI Structure of a bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit at 5.5 Å resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-binding-site; escherichia-coli; thermus-thermophilus; protein s15; crystal-structure; bacillus-stearothermophilus; nmr-spectroscopy; cross-linking; messenger-rna; 16s rna
AB The 30S ribosomal subunit binds messenger RNA and the anticodon stem-loop of transfer RNA during protein synthesis. A crystallographic analysis of the structure of the subunit from the bacterium Thermos thermophilus is presented, At a resolution of 5.5 Angstrom, the phosphate backbone of the ribosomal RNA is visible, as are the cu-helices of the ribosomal proteins, enabling double-helical regions of RNA to be identified throughout the subunit, all seven of the small-subunit proteins of known crystal structure to be positioned in the electron density map, and the fold of the entire central domain of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA to be determined.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Structural Studies Div, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   Univ Utah, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Salt Lake City, UT 84103 USA.
   Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory
RP Ramakrishnan, V (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Structural Studies Div, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [F31 GM019384] Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 307
Z9 362
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6747
BP 833
EP 840
DI 10.1038/23631
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 230CA
UT WOS:000082233200035
PM 10476960
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wakker, BP
   Howk, JC
   Savage, BD
   van Woerden, H
   Tufte, SL
   Schwarz, UJ
   Benjamin, R
   Reynolds, RJ
   Peletier, RF
   Kalberla, PMW
AF Wakker, BP
   Howk, JC
   Savage, BD
   van Woerden, H
   Tufte, SL
   Schwarz, UJ
   Benjamin, R
   Reynolds, RJ
   Peletier, RF
   Kalberla, PMW
TI Accretion of low-metallicity gas by the Milky Way
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-velocity clouds; h-ii regions; abundances; galaxy; line; origin; halo
AB Models of the chemical evolution of the Milky Way suggest that: the observed abundances of elements heavier than helium ('metals') require a continuous infall of gas with metallicity (metal abundance) about 0.1 times the solar value. An infall rate integrated over the entire disk of the Milky Way of similar to 1 solar mass per year can solve the 'G-dwarf problem'-the observational fact that the metallicities of most long-lived stars near the Sun lie in a relatively narrow range(1-3). This infall dilutes the enrichment arising from the production of heavy elements in stars, and thereby prevents the metallicity of the interstellar medium from increasing steadily with time. However, in other spiral galaxies, the low-metallicity gas needed to provide this infall has been observed only in associated dwarf galaxies(4) and in the extreme outer disk of the Milky Way(5,6). In the distant Universe, low-metallicity hydrogen clouds (known as 'damped Ly alpha absorbers') are sometimes seen near galaxies(7,8). Here we report a metallicity of 0.09 times solar for a massive cloud that is falling into the disk of the Milky Way. The mass now associated with this cloud represents an infall per unit area of about the theoretically expected rate, and similar to 0.1-0.2 times the amount required for the whole Galaxy.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Astron, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Kapteyn Astron Inst, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands.
   Lewis & Clark Coll, Dept Phys, Portland, OR 97219 USA.
   Univ Nijmegen, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Univ Durham, Dept Phys, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
   Univ Bonn, Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Johns Hopkins University; University of Groningen; Kapteyn Astronomical Institute; Lewis & Clark College; Radboud University Nijmegen; Durham University; University of Bonn
RP Wakker, BP (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Astron, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
NR 29
TC 192
Z9 200
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 388
EP 390
DI 10.1038/46498
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600048
PM 10586877
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Prenzel, N
   Zwick, E
   Daub, H
   Leserer, M
   Abraham, R
   Wallasch, C
   Ullrich, A
AF Prenzel, N
   Zwick, E
   Daub, H
   Leserer, M
   Abraham, R
   Wallasch, C
   Ullrich, A
TI EGF receptor transactivation by G-protein-coupled receptors requires metalloproteinase cleavage of proHB-EGF
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID epidermal growth-factor; diphtheria-toxin receptor; kinase; phosphorylation; expression; activation; secretion; domain; alpha; cells
AB Cross-communication between different signalling systems allows the integration of the great diversity of stimuli that a cell receives under varying physiological situations. The transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-dependent signalling pathways upon stimulation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are critical for the mitogenic activity of ligands such as lysophosphatidic acid, endothelin, thrombin, bombesin and carbachol, provides evidence for such an interconnected communication network(1-4). Here we show that EGFR transactivation upon GPCR stimulation involves proHB-EGF and a metalloproteinase activity that is rapidly induced upon GPCR-ligand interaction. We show that inhibition of proHB-EGF processing blocks GPCR-induced EGFR transactivation and downstream signals, The pathophysiological significance of this mechanism is demonstrated by inhibition of constitutive EGFR activity upon treatment of PC3 prostate carcinoma cells with the metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat. Together, our results establish a new mechanistic concept for cross-communication among different signalling systems.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biochem, Dept Mol Biol, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Ullrich, A (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biochem, Dept Mol Biol, Klopferspitz 18A, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
EM Ullrich@biochem.mpg.de
NR 29
TC 1484
Z9 1665
U1 1
U2 100
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6764
BP 884
EP 888
DI 10.1038/47260
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 269ML
UT WOS:000084482000035
PM 10622253
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whitehouse, I
   Flaus, A
   Cairns, BR
   White, MF
   Workman, JL
   Owen-Hughes, T
AF Whitehouse, I
   Flaus, A
   Cairns, BR
   White, MF
   Workman, JL
   Owen-Hughes, T
TI Nucleosome mobilization catalysed by the yeast SWI/SNF complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID remodeling factor; holliday junction; mobility; binding; transcription; resolution; iswi; rsc; dna
AB The generation of a local chromatin topology conducive to transcription is a key step in gene regulation(1). The yeast SWI/SNF complex is the founding member of a family of ATP-dependent remodelling activities capable of altering chromatin structure both in vitro and in vivo(2). Despite its importance, the pathway by which the SWI/SNF complex disrupts chromatin structure is unknown. Here we use a model system to demonstrate that the yeast SWI/SNF complex can reposition nucleosomes in an ATP-dependent reaction that favours attachment of the histone octamer to an acceptor site on the same molecule of DNA (in cis), We show that SWI/SNF-mediated displacement of the histone octamer is effectively blocked by a barrier introduced into the DNA, suggesting that this redistribution involves sliding or tracking of nucleosomes along DNA, and that it is achieved by a catalytic mechanism. We conclude that SWI/SNF catalyses the redistribution of nucleosomes along DNA in cis, which may represent a general mechanism by which ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling occurs.
C1 Univ Dundee, Div Gene Regulat, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
   Univ Dundee, Dept Biochem, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
   Huntsman Canc Inst, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 University of Dundee; University of Dundee; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Huntsman Cancer Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Owen-Hughes, T (corresponding author), Univ Dundee, Div Gene Regulat, Wellcome Trust Bldg, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 276
Z9 359
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6746
BP 784
EP 787
DI 10.1038/23506
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228HM
UT WOS:000082131100055
PM 10466730
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI UK product review - Laboratory equipment, PCR, centrifugation, microbiology and spectroscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 15
PY 1999
VL 0
IS 
BP 6
EP +
DI 
PG 10
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 201VB
UT WOS:000080615900007
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Young, MD
   Manchester, RN
   Johnston, S
AF Young, MD
   Manchester, RN
   Johnston, S
TI A radio pulsar with an 8.5-second period that challenges emission models
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID empirical-theory; southern; parameters; population; beams
AB Radio pulsars are rotating neutron stars that emit beams of radio waves from regions above their magnetic poles. Popular theories(1-4) of the emission mechanism require continuous electron-positron pair production with the potential responsible for accelerating the particles being inversely related to the spin period. Pair production will stop when the potential drops below a threshold, so the models predict that radio emission will cease when the period exceeds a value that depends on the magnetic field strength and configuration. Here we show that the pulsar J2144-3933, previously thought to have a period of 2.84 s, actually has a period of 8.51 s, which is by far the longest of any known radio pulsar, Moreover, under the usual model assumptions(5), based on the neutron-star equations of state, this slowly rotating pulsar should not be emitting a radio beam. Therefore either the model assumptions are wrong, or current theories of radio emission must be revised.
C1 Univ Western Australia, Dept Phys, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia.
   CSIRO, Australia Telescope Natl Facil, Epping, NSW 2121, Australia.
   Univ Sydney, Res Ctr Theoret Astrophys, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
C3 University of Western Australia; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Australia Telescope National Facility; University of Sydney
RP Young, MD (corresponding author), Univ Western Australia, Dept Phys, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia.
NR 24
TC 124
Z9 155
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6747
BP 848
EP 849
DI 10.1038/23650
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 230CA
UT WOS:000082233200037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Troyanovski, AM
   Aarts, J
   Kes, PH
AF Troyanovski, AM
   Aarts, J
   Kes, PH
TI Collective and plastic vortex motion in superconductors at high flux densities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scanning-tunneling-microscopy; ii superconductors; single-crystals; driven lattices; 2h-nbse2; vortices; glass; bi2sr2cacu2o8+delta; nbse2; phase
AB The 'mixed state' of type II superconductors occurs when magnetic flux penetrates the material (in the form of vortices) without destroying the superconducting ground state. Zero resistivity is retained if the vortices are pinned by crystalline defects, but is destroyed by vortex motion. This provides the practical motivation for studying vortices in random pinning potentials(1-7). But the insights so obtained also bear on the more general class of problems involving the dynamics of elastic media in the presence of-quenched disorders (for example, mechanical friction). Moreover, the magnetic vortex system is highly tunable and permits questions concerning frictional, plastic and elastic flow(9) to be investigated on the,scale of single vortices. Remarkable results have been obtained on-the dynamics of this system(10-17), but have. been largely restricted to well separated vortices at very low flux densities. Scanning tunnelling microscopy has the potential to resolve individual vortices at much higher flux densities(18-21), and here we show that the imaging rates can be sufficiently high to resolve the dynamics in this flux regime. We find that, in the presence of strongly pinning line defects, the vortex lattice remains pinned until the,number of vortices is about twice that of the defects, at which point plastic creep commences. But in the presence of weak intrinsic point disorder, the vortices creep coherently along one of the principle axes of the vortex lattice, where they exhibit striking and unanticipated velocity modulations that appear to be related to the lattice periodicity.
C1 Leiden Univ, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst High Pressure Phys, Troitsk 142092, Russia.
C3 Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vereshchagin Institute of High Pressure Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Kes, PH (corresponding author), Leiden Univ, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, POB 9504, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
EM kes@phys.leidenuniv.nl
NR 30
TC 164
Z9 173
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 665
EP 668
DI 10.1038/21385
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bi, GQ
   Poo, MM
AF Bi, GQ
   Poo, MM
TI Distributed synaptic modification in neural networks induced by patterned stimulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; plasticity; depression; hippocampus; neurons; computation; information; signal; time
AB Activity-dependent changes in synaptic efficacy or connectivity are critical for the development(1), signal processing(2) and learning and memory functions(3-6) of the nervous system. Repetitive correlated spiking of pre- and postsynaptic neurons can induce a persistent increase or decrease in synaptic strength, depending on the timing of the pre- and postsynaptic excitation(7-13). Previous studies on such synaptic modifications have focused on synapses made by the stimulated neuron. Here we examine, in networks of cultured hippocampal neurons, whether and how localized stimulation can modify synapses that are remote from the stimulated neuron. We found that repetitive paired-pulse stimulation of a single neuron for brief periods induces persistent strengthening or weakening of specific polysynaptic pathways in a manner that depends on the interpulse interval. These changes can be accounted for by correlated pre- and postsynaptic excitation at distant synaptic sites, resulting from different transmission delays along separate pathways. Thus, through such a 'delay-line' mechanism, temporal information coded in the timing of individual spikes(14-17) can be converted into and stored as spatially distributed patterns of persistent synaptic modifications in a neural network.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Bi, GQ (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 30
TC 208
Z9 244
U1 1
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6755
BP 792
EP 796
DI 10.1038/44573
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 250BG
UT WOS:000083368700053
PM 10548104
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lindström, L
   Alatalo, RV
   Mappes, J
   Riipi, M
   Vertainen, L
AF Lindström, L
   Alatalo, RV
   Mappes, J
   Riipi, M
   Vertainen, L
TI Can aposematic signals evolve by gradual change?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID warning coloration; shifting balance; kin selection; evolution; butterfly; prey
AB Aposematic species, which signal conspicuously of their unprofitability to predators, have puzzled evolutionary biologists for over a century(.1,2). Although conspicuousness of unpalatable prey improves avoidance learning by predators(3-5), it also involves an evolutionary paradox: with increasing detectability(4,6-8) the deviant aposematic prey would suffer high predation initially from naive predators. Here we test a neglected idea(7-11) that aposematic coloration may evolve by gradual change rather than by major mutations. Weak signals did not suffer high initial predation, but predators (great tits, Parus major) did not learn to separate them from cryptic palatable prey. Furthermore, enhanced avoidance of more conspicuous signals occurred only if predators had previously encountered relatively strong signals. Thus, the gradual-change hypothesis does not provide an easy solution to the initial evolution of aposematism through predator learning. However, the possibility remains that cost-free step-wise mutations over the range of weak signals could accumulate under neutral selection to produce effective strong signals.
C1 Univ Jyvaskyla, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, Konnevesi Res Stn, FIN-40351 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
C3 University of Jyvaskyla
RP Lindström, L (corresponding author), Univ Jyvaskyla, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, Konnevesi Res Stn, POB 35, FIN-40351 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
NR 18
TC 169
Z9 179
U1 3
U2 85
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 21
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6716
BP 249
EP 251
DI 10.1038/16692
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 159QH
UT WOS:000078184800051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Madsen, T
   Shine, R
   Olsson, M
   Wittzell, H
AF Madsen, T
   Shine, R
   Olsson, M
   Wittzell, H
TI Conservation biology - Restoration of an inbred adder population
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vipera-berus
C1 Univ Sydney, Sch Biol Sci A08, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
   Univ Lund, Dept Anim Ecol, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
   Univ Lund, Dept Theoret Ecol, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
   Gothenburg Univ, Dept Zool, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
C3 University of Sydney; Lund University; Lund University; University of Gothenburg
RP Madsen, T (corresponding author), Univ Sydney, Sch Biol Sci A08, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
NR 6
TC 446
Z9 529
U1 2
U2 262
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 34
EP 35
DI 10.1038/46941
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Di Fabrizio, E
   Romanato, F
   Gentili, M
   Cabrini, S
   Kaulich, B
   Susini, J
   Barrett, R
AF Di Fabrizio, E
   Romanato, F
   Gentili, M
   Cabrini, S
   Kaulich, B
   Susini, J
   Barrett, R
TI High-efficiency multilevel zone plates for keV X-rays
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lithography; germanium; nickel
AB The development of high brilliance X-ray sources coupled with advances in manufacturing technologies has led to significant improvements in submicrometre probes for spectroscopy, diffraction and imaging applications. The generation of a small beam spot size is commonly based on three principles(1) total reflection las used in optical elements involving mirrors or capillaries), refraction (such as in refractive lenses(2)) and diffraction. The latter effect is employed in Bragg-Fresnel or Soret lenses, commonly known as Fresnel zone plate lenses. These lenses currently give the best spatial resolution, but are traditionally limited to rather soft X-rays-at high energies, their use is still limited by their efficiency. Here we report the fabrication of high-efficiency, high-contrast gold and nickel multistep (quaternary) Fresnel zone plates using electron beam lithography. We achieve a maximum efficiency of 55% for the nickel plate at 7 keV. In addition to their high efficiency, the lenses offer the advantages of low background signal and effective reduction of unwanted diffraction orders. We anticipate that these lenses should have a significant impact on techniques such as microscopy(3), micro-fluorescence(4) and micro-diffraction(5), which require medium resolution (500-100 nm) and high flux at fixed energies.
C1 TASC, INFM, Eletra Synchrotron Light Source, I-34012 Trieste, Italy.
   Ist Elettron Stato Solido, I-00156 Rome, Italy.
   European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, Xray Microscopy Beamline, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)
RP Di Fabrizio, E (corresponding author), TASC, INFM, Eletra Synchrotron Light Source, Lilit Beam Line SS14 Km 163-5,Area Sci Pk, I-34012 Trieste, Italy.
NR 18
TC 234
Z9 253
U1 2
U2 56
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6756
BP 895
EP 898
DI 10.1038/44791
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 251UL
UT WOS:000083464700052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coey, JMD
   Skumryev, V
   Gallagher, K
AF Coey, JMD
   Skumryev, V
   Gallagher, K
TI Rare-earth metals - Is gadolinium really ferromagnetic?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID susceptibility
C1 Trinity Coll, Dept Phys, Dublin 2, Ireland.
C3 Trinity College Dublin
RP Coey, JMD (corresponding author), Trinity Coll, Dept Phys, Dublin 2, Ireland.
NR 7
TC 63
Z9 70
U1 1
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6748
BP 35
EP 36
DI 10.1038/43363
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 232MK
UT WOS:000082374400029
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Macilwain, C
AF Macilwain, C
TI US Senate ignores scientific advice in failing to ratify test ban treaty
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6755
BP 735
EP 735
DI 10.1038/44439
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 250BG
UT WOS:000083368700014
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shi, HQ
   Tsai, WB
   Garrison, MD
   Ferrari, S
   Ratner, BD
AF Shi, HQ
   Tsai, WB
   Garrison, MD
   Ferrari, S
   Ratner, BD
TI Template-imprinted nanostructured surfaces for protein recognition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular recognition; biomaterials; entrapment; antibody; adsorption; polymers; water
AB Synthetic materials capable of selectively recognizing proteins are important in separations(1), biosensors(2) and the development of biomedical materials(3-5). The technique of molecular imprinting creates specific recognition sites in polymers by using template molecules(6-9). Molecular recognition is attributed to binding sites that complement molecules in size, shape and chemical functionality(10). But attempts to imprint proteins have met with only limited success(11-15). Here we report a method for imprinting surfaces with protein-recognition sites. We use radio-frequency glow-discharge plasma deposition to form polymeric thin films(16) around proteins coated with disaccharide molecules. The disaccharides become covalently attached to the polymer film, creating polysaccharide-like cavities that exhibit highly selective recognition for a variety of template proteins, including albumin, immunoglobulin G, lysozyme, ribonuclease and streptavidin, Direct imaging of template recognition is achieved by patterning a surface at the micrometre scale with imprinted regions.
C1 Univ Washington, Ctr Bioengn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Trento, Trento, Italy.
   Univ Washington, Dept Chem Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Trento; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Ratner, BD (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Ctr Bioengn, Box 351720, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
NR 31
TC 627
Z9 704
U1 0
U2 314
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6728
BP 593
EP 597
DI 10.1038/19267
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 186WX
UT WOS:000079754700050
PM 10217142
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kojima, M
   Hosoda, H
   Date, Y
   Nakazato, M
   Matsuo, H
   Kangawa, K
AF Kojima, M
   Hosoda, H
   Date, Y
   Nakazato, M
   Matsuo, H
   Kangawa, K
TI Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natriuretic peptide; receptor; pituitary; rat; secretagogue; brain; neuropeptides
AB Small synthetic molecules called growth-hormone secretagogues (GHSs)(1-3) stimulate the release of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary(4,5). They act through GHS-R, a G-protein-coupled receptor for which the ligand is unknown. Recent cloning of GHS-R-6,R-7 strongly suggests that an endogenous ligand for the receptor does exist and that there is a mechanism for regulating GH release that is distinct from its regulation by hypothalamic growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)(4,5). We now report the purification and identification in rat stomach of an endogenous ligand specific for GHS-R. The purified ligand is a peptide of 28 amino acids, in which the serine 3 residue is n-octanoylated. The acylated peptide specifically releases GH both in vivo and in vitro, and O-n-octanoylation at serine 3 is essential for the activity. We designate the GH-releasing peptide 'ghrelin' (ghre is the Proto-Indo-European root of the word 'grow'). Human ghrelin is homologous to rat ghrelin apart from two amino acids. The occurrence of ghrelin in both rat and human indicates that GH release from the pituitary may be regulated not only by hypothalamic GHRH, but also by ghrelin.
C1 Natl Cardiovasc Ctr, Res Inst, Dept Biochem, Osaka 5658565, Japan.
   Miyazaki Med Coll, Dept Internal Med 3, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan.
C3 National Cerebral & Cardiovascular Center - Japan; University of Miyazaki
RP Kangawa, K (corresponding author), Natl Cardiovasc Ctr, Res Inst, Dept Biochem, Osaka 5658565, Japan.
NR 27
TC 7030
Z9 8027
U1 3
U2 379
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 656
EP 660
DI 10.1038/45230
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800064
PM 10604470
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tang, YP
   Shimizu, E
   Dube, GR
   Rampon, C
   Kerchner, GA
   Zhuo, M
   Liu, GS
   Tsien, JZ
AF Tang, YP
   Shimizu, E
   Dube, GR
   Rampon, C
   Kerchner, GA
   Zhuo, M
   Liu, GS
   Tsien, JZ
TI Genetic enhancement of learning and memory in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; heteromeric nmda receptors; synaptic plasticity; glutamate receptors; visual-cortex; hippocampus; brain; fear; antagonist; amygdala
AB Hebb's rule (1949) states that learning and memory are based on modifications of synaptic strength among neurons that are simultaneously active. This implies that enhanced synaptic coincidence detection would lead to better learning and memory. If the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor, a synaptic coincidence detector(1-4), acts as a graded switch for memory formation, enhanced signal detection by NMDA receptors should enhance learning and memory. Here we show that overexpression of NMDA receptor 2B (NR2B) in the forebrains of transgenic mice leads to enhanced activation of NMDA receptors, facilitating synaptic potentiation in response to stimulation at 10-100 Hz. These mice exhibit superior ability in learning and memory in various behavioural tasks, showing that NR2B is critical in gating the age-dependent threshold for plasticity and memory formation. NMDA-receptor-dependent modifications of synaptic efficacy, therefore, represent a unifying mechanism for associative learning and memory. Our results suggest that genetic enhancement of mental and cognitive attributes such as intelligence and memory in mammals is feasible.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Ctr Learning & Memory, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anesthesiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Tsien, JZ (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 30
TC 1520
Z9 1837
U1 0
U2 202
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6748
BP 63
EP 69
DI 10.1038/43432
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 232MK
UT WOS:000082374400041
PM 10485705
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Horton, B
AF Horton, B
TI Keeping in touch with research
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 410
EP 410
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600062
PM 10517643
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yoshimoto, M
   Yoshida, K
   Maruta, H
   Hishitani, Y
   Koinuma, H
   Nishio, S
   Kakihana, M
   Tachibana, T
AF Yoshimoto, M
   Yoshida, K
   Maruta, H
   Hishitani, Y
   Koinuma, H
   Nishio, S
   Kakihana, M
   Tachibana, T
TI Epitaxial diamond growth on sapphire in an oxidizing environment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemical vapor-deposition; thin-films; fabrication; precursors; interface; surfaces
AB Thin films of diamond are of interest for technological applications such as hard coatings, heat sinks in electronic devices and miniaturized vacuum diodes(1-4). They are typically produced by chemical vapour deposition, and the presence of atomic hydrogen has been considered crucial for the growth of the diamond crystals(5-9). Some studies have claimed diamond film growth in a hydrogen-free environment(10-13), but questions remained about ( the growth conditions in those cases, Here we report the nucleation and growth of diamond by vapour deposition in a hydrogen-free, pure oxygen environment to form crystals that are heteroepitaxially aligned on a single-crystal sapphire substrate. In other words, we are able to achieve diamond growth under conditions where the oxidative 'etching' of carbon must compete with its deposition. By choosing a temperature range that results in preferential oxidation of non-diamond (graphitic) carbon species to that of diamond, we are able to achieve the accumulation of diamond.
C1 Tokyo Inst Technol, Mat & Struct Lab, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268503, Japan.
   Kobe Steel Ltd, Elect Informat & Technol Lab, Nish Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6512271, Japan.
C3 Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Kobe Steel
RP Yoshimoto, M (corresponding author), Tokyo Inst Technol, Mat & Struct Lab, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268503, Japan.
EM yoshimo@oxide.rlem.utech.ac.jp
NR 23
TC 105
Z9 113
U1 2
U2 78
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6734
BP 340
EP 342
DI 10.1038/20653
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200PA
UT WOS:000080547800055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Musarò, A
   McCullagh, KJA
   Naya, FJ
   Olson, EN
   Rosenthal, N
AF Musarò, A
   McCullagh, KJA
   Naya, FJ
   Olson, EN
   Rosenthal, N
TI IGF-1 induces skeletal myocyte hypertrophy through calcineurin in association with GATA-2 and NF-ATc1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent transcriptional pathway; nf-at; myogenic differentiation; gene-expression; transgenic mice; growth-factors; muscle-cells; activation; morphogenesis
AB Localized synthesis of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) has been broadly implicated in skeletal muscle growth, hypertrophy and regeneration(1). Virally delivered IGF-1 genes induce local skeletal muscle hypertrophy and attenuate age-related skeletal muscle atrophy, restoring and improving muscle mass and strength in mice(2), Here we show that the molecular pathways underlying the hypertrophic action of IGF-1 in skeletal muscle are similar to those responsible for cardiac hypertrophy, Transfected IGF-1 gene expression in postmitotic skeletal myocytes activates calcineurin-mediated calcium signalling by inducing calcineurin transcripts and nuclear localization of calcineurin protein. Expression of activated calcineurin mimics the effects of IGF-1, whereas expression of a dominant-negative calcineurin mutant or addition of cyclosporin, a calcineurin inhibitor, represses myocyte differentiation and hypertrophy. Either IGF-1 or activated calcineurin induces expression of the transcription factor GATA-2, which accumulates in a subset of myocyte nuclei, where it associates with calcineurin and a specific dephosphorylated isoform of the transcription factor NF-ATc1. Thus, IGF-1 induces calcineurin-mediated signalling and activation of GATA-2, a marker of skeletal muscle hypertrophy, which cooperates with selected NF-ATc isoforms to activate gene expression programs.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp E, Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Biol & Oncol, Dallas, TX 75225 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Rosenthal, N (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp E, Cardiovasc Res Ctr, 149 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
NR 30
TC 549
Z9 605
U1 2
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6744
BP 581
EP 585
DI 10.1038/23060
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223RT
UT WOS:000081854800060
PM 10448862
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Caterina, MJ
   Rosen, TA
   Tominaga, M
   Brake, AJ
   Julius, D
AF Caterina, MJ
   Rosen, TA
   Tominaga, M
   Brake, AJ
   Julius, D
TI A capsaicin-receptor homologue with a high threshold for noxious heat
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sensory neurons; channels; transduction; activation; protein; calcium; invitro; trp
AB Pain-producing heat is detected by several classes of nociceptive sensory neuron that differ in their thermal response thresholds(1-3). The cloned capsaicin receptor, also known as the vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1), is a heat-gated ion channel that has been proposed to mediate responses of small-diameter sensory neurons to moderate (43 degrees C) thermal stimuli(4,5). VR1 is also activated by protons, indicating that it may participate in the detection of noxious thermal and chemical stimuli in vivo. Here we identify a structurally related receptor, VRL-1, that does not respond to capsaicin, acid or moderate heat. Instead, VRL-1 is activated by high temperatures, with a threshold of similar to 52 degrees C. Within sensory ganglia, VRL-1 is most prominently expressed by a subset of medium- to large-diameter neurons, making it a candidate receptor for transducing high-threshold heat responses in this dass of cells. VRL-1 transcripts are not restricted to the sensory nervous system, indicating that this channel may be activated by stimuli other than heat. We propose that responses to noxious heat involve these related, but distinct, ion-channel subtypes that together detect a range of stimulus intensities.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Julius, D (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 30
TC 1256
Z9 1498
U1 3
U2 90
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6726
BP 436
EP 441
DI 10.1038/18906
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 182PW
UT WOS:000079508200055
PM 10201375
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davies, JH
AF Davies, JH
TI The role of hydraulic fractures and intermediate-depth earthquakes in generating subduction-zone magmatism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deep-focus earthquakes; fluid-flow; transport; pressure; propagation; rock; metamorphism; lithosphere; behavior; cracks
AB The presence of magmatism and intermediate-depth (70-300 km deep) seismicity at subduction zones is at first sight surprising. Magmatism is unexpected because the subduction of cool oceanic lithosphere makes these regions the coldest in the mantle. The current model for subduction-zone magmatism is that water released from the subducting slab enters the relatively warm mantle wedge, leading to a reduction in melting temperature and magmatism(1-4). But there is a problem with this scheme because it is thought that water cannot leave the slab by porous flow to enter the wedge. The occurrence of intermediate-depth earthquakes is surprising because of the inhibitory effect of the very high frictional stress on faults expected from the high pressure at these depths. One proposal put forward to explain intermediate-depth seismicity is that high pore-pressure might facilitate faulting by decreasing the friction(5-7). The hypothesis presented here is that non-percolating water provides the high pore-pressure, that the consequent faulting temporarily interconnects the water pores and, when a sufficient vertical height of water is interconnected, a hydrofracture is produced which transports the water out into the mantle wedge, thereby generating subduction-zone magmatism.
C1 Univ Liverpool, Dept Earth Sci, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England.
C3 University of Liverpool
RP Davies, JH (corresponding author), Univ Liverpool, Dept Earth Sci, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England.
NR 38
TC 153
Z9 173
U1 0
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6723
BP 142
EP 145
DI 10.1038/18202
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 176DG
UT WOS:000079135200042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Horton, B
AF Horton, B
TI From bench to bedside ... research makes the translational transition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 14
Z9 15
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 213
EP 215
DI 10.1038/46097
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400058
PM 10647017
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van Raaij, MJ
   Mitraki, A
   Lavigne, G
   Cusack, S
AF van Raaij, MJ
   Mitraki, A
   Lavigne, G
   Cusack, S
TI A triple β-spiral in the adenovirus fibre shaft reveals a new structural motif for a fibrous protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; type-2 fiber; receptor; crystallography; attachment; domain; long
AB Human adenoviruses(1) are responsible for respiratory, gastroenteric and ocular infections(2) and can serve as gene therapy vectors(3). They form icosahedral particles with 240 copies of the trimeric hexon protein arranged on the planes and a penton complex at each of the twelve vertices. The penton consists of a pentameric base, implicated in virus internalization(4), and a protruding trimeric fibre, responsible for receptor attachment(5). The fibres are homo-trimeric proteins containing an aminoterminal penton base attachment domain, a long, thin central shaft and a carboxy-terminal cell attachment or head domain. The shaft domain contains a repeating sequence motif with an invariant glycine or proline and a conserved pattern of hydrophobic residues(6). Here we describe the crystal structure at 2.4 Angstrom resolution of a recombinant protein containing the four distal repeats of the adenovirus type 2 fibre shaft plus the receptor-binding head domain. The structure reveals a novel triple beta-spiral fibrous fold for the shaft. Implications for folding of fibrous proteins (mis-folding of shaft peptides leads to amyloid-like fibrils) and for the design of a new class of artificial, silk-like fibrous materials are discussed.
C1 Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, European Mol Biol Lab, Grenoble Outstn, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
   CEA, CNRS, Inst Biol Struct, F-38027 Grenoble 1, France.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Cusack, S (corresponding author), Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, European Mol Biol Lab, Grenoble Outstn, BP 156, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
EM cusack@embl-grenoble.fr
NR 30
TC 278
Z9 314
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6756
BP 935
EP 938
DI 10.1038/44880
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 251UL
UT WOS:000083464700065
PM 10553913
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, M
   Schnablegger, H
   Mann, S
AF Li, M
   Schnablegger, H
   Mann, S
TI Coupled synthesis and self-assembly of nanoparticles to give structures with controlled organization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID silver nanoparticles; reverse micelles; superlattices; microemulsions; clusters; dna; 2d
AB Colloidal inorganic nanoparticles have size-dependent optical, optoelectronic and material properties that are expected to lead to superstructures with a range of practical applications(1,2). Discrete nanoparticles with controlled chemical composition and size distribution are readily synthesized using: reverse micelles and microemulsions as confined reaction media(3-5), but their assembly into well-defined superstructures amenable to practical use remains a difficult and demanding task This usually requires the initial synthesis of spherical nanoparticles, followed by further processing such as solvent evaporation(6-8), molecular cross-linking(9-14) or template-patterning(15-18). Here we report that the interfacial activity of reverse micelles and microemulsions can be exploited to couple nanoparticle synthesis and self-assembly over a range of length scales to produce materials with complex organization arising from the interdigitation of surfactant molecules attached to specific nanoparticle crystal faces. We demonstrate this principle by producing three different barium chromate nanostructures-linear chains, rectangular superlattices and long filaments-as a function of reactant molar ratio, which in turn is controlled by fusing reverse micelles and microemulsion droplets containing fixed concentrations of barium and chromate ions, respectively. If suitable soluble precursors and amphiphiles with headgroups complementary to the crystal surface of the nanoparticle target are available, it should be possible to extend our approach to the facile production of one-dimensional 'wires' and higher-order colloidal architectures made of metals and semiconductors.
C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England.
   Max Planck Inst Colloids & Interfaces, D-14476 Golm, Germany.
C3 University of Bristol; Max Planck Society
RP Mann, S (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Cantocks Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England.
NR 19
TC 1029
Z9 1125
U1 3
U2 841
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 393
EP 395
DI 10.1038/46509
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matray, TJ
   Kool, ET
AF Matray, TJ
   Kool, ET
TI A specific partner for abasic damage in DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID apurinic apyrimidinic sites; deoxyribonucleic-acid; replication fidelity; oligodeoxynucleotides; fluorescence; selectivity; polymerases; mechanism; insertion; crystal
AB In most-models of DNA replication, Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding drives the incorporation of nucleotides into the new strand of DNA and maintains the complementarity of bases with the template strand. Studies with nonpolar analogues of thymine and adenine, however, have shown that replication is still efficient in the absence of hydrogen bonds(1-4). The replication of base pairs might also be influenced by steric exclusion, whereby inserted nucleotides need to be the correct size and shape to fit the active site against a template base(5,6). A simple steric-exclusion model map not require Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding to explain the fidelity of replication, nor should canonical purine and pyrimidine shapes be necessary for enzymatic synthesis of a base pair if each can fit into the DNA double helix without steric strain(6). Here we test this idea by using a pyrene nucleoside triphosphate (dPTP) in which the fluorescent 'base' is nearly as large as an entire Watson-Crick base pair. We show that the non-hydrogen-bonding dPTP is efficiently and specifically inserted by DNA polymerases opposite sites that lack DNA bases. The efficiency of this process approaches that of a natural base pair and the specificity is 10(2)-10(4)-fold. We use these properties to sequence abasic lesions in DNA, which are a common form of DNA damage in vivo(7). In addition to their application in identifying such genetic lesions, our results show that neither hydrogen bonds nor purine and pyrimidine structures are required to form a base pair with high efficiency and selectivity. These findings confirm that steric complementarity is an important factor in the fidelity of DNA synthesis.
C1 Univ Rochester, Dept Chem, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
C3 University of Rochester
RP Kool, ET (corresponding author), Univ Rochester, Dept Chem, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
NR 30
TC 222
Z9 265
U1 0
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 704
EP 708
DI 10.1038/21453
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800065
PM 10385125
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wyrick, JJ
   Holstege, FCP
   Jennings, EG
   Causton, HC
   Shore, D
   Grunstein, M
   Lander, ES
   Young, RA
AF Wyrick, JJ
   Holstege, FCP
   Jennings, EG
   Causton, HC
   Shore, D
   Grunstein, M
   Lander, ES
   Young, RA
TI Chromosomal landscape of nucleosome-dependent gene expression and silencing in yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID assembly factor-i; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; telomeric heterochromatin; chromatin structure; transcription; genome; rap1; depletion; promoter; family
AB Eukaryotic genomes are packaged into nucleosomes, which are thought to repress gene expression generally(1-3), Repression is particularly evident at yeast telomeres, where genes within the telomeric heterochromatin appear to be silenced by the histone-binding silent information regulator (SIR) complex (Sir2, Sir3, Sir4) and Rap1 (refs 4-10). Here, to investigate how nucleosomes and silencing factors influence global gene expression, we use high-density arrays to study the effects of depleting nucleosomal histones and silencing factors in yeast. Reducing nucleosome content by depleting histone H4 caused increased expression of 15% of genes and reduced expression of 10% of genes, hut it had little effect on expression of the majority (75%) of yeast genes, Telomere-proximal genes were found to be de-repressed over regions extending 20 kilobases from the telomeres, well beyond the extent of Sir protein binding(11,12) and the effects of loss of Sir function, These results indicate that histones make Sir-independent contributions to telomeric silencing, and that the role of histones located elsewhere in chromosomes is gene specific rather than generally repressive.
C1 MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Univ Geneva, Dept Mol Biol, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; University of Geneva; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Young, RA (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Biol, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 30
TC 326
Z9 394
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 418
EP 421
DI 10.1038/46567
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600058
PM 10586882
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yin, XM
   Wang, K
   Gross, A
   Zhao, YG
   Zinkel, S
   Klocke, B
   Roth, KA
   Korsmeyer, SJ
AF Yin, XM
   Wang, K
   Gross, A
   Zhao, YG
   Zinkel, S
   Klocke, B
   Roth, KA
   Korsmeyer, SJ
TI Bid-deficient mice are resistant to Fas-induced hepatocellular apoptosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytochrome-c; cell-death; protease; pathways; antibody; family; requirement; activation; caspase-9; induction
AB The protein Bid is a participant in the pathway that leads to cell death (apoptosis), mediating the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria in response to signals from 'death' receptors known as TNFR1/Fas on the cell surface(1-7). It is a member of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 familys and is activated as a result of its cleavage by caspase 8, one of a family of proteolytic cell-death proteins. To investigate the role of Bid in vivo, we have generated mice deficient for Bid. We find that when these mice are injected with an antibody directed against Fas, they nearly all survive, whereas wild-type mice die from hepatocellular apoptosis and haemorrhagic necrosis. About half of the Bid-deficient animals had no apparent liver injury and showed no evidence of activation of the effector caspases 3 and 7, although the initiator caspase 8 had been activated. Other Bid-deficient mice survived with only moderate damage: all three caspases (8 and 37) were activated but their cell nuclei were intact and no mitochondrial cytochrome c was released. We also investigated the effects of Bid deficiency in cultured cells treated with anti-pas antibody (hepatocytes and thymocytes) or with TNF-alpha. (fibroblasts). In these Bid(-/-) cells, mitochondrial dysfunction was delayed, cytochrome c was not released, effector caspase activity was reduced and the cleavage of apoptosis substrates was altered. This loss-of-function model indicates that Bid is a critical substrate in vivo for signalling by death-receptor agonists, which mediates a mitochondrial amplification loop that is essential for the apoptosis of selected cells.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Washington University (WUSTL); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Washington University (WUSTL); Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
RP Korsmeyer, SJ (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
NR 30
TC 857
Z9 982
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6747
BP 886
EP 891
DI 10.1038/23730
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 230CA
UT WOS:000082233200049
PM 10476969
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Rosa, R
   Grenier, JK
   Andreeva, T
   Cook, CE
   Adoutte, A
   Akam, M
   Carroll, SB
   Balavoine, G
AF de Rosa, R
   Grenier, JK
   Andreeva, T
   Cook, CE
   Adoutte, A
   Akam, M
   Carroll, SB
   Balavoine, G
TI Hox genes in brachiopods and priapulids and protostome evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homeobox genes; cluster; identification; arthropods; annelida; animals; elegans; origin; clade
AB Understanding the early evolution of animal body plans requires knowledge both of metazoan phylogeny and of the genetic and developmental changes involved in the emergence of particular forms. Recent 18S ribosomal RNA phylogenies suggest a three-branched tree for the Bilateria comprising the deuterostomes and two great protostome clades, the lophotrochozoans(1) and ecdysozoans(2). Here, we show that the complement of Nor genes in critical protostome phyla reflects these phylogenetic relationships and reveals the early evolution of developmental regulatory potential in bilaterians. We have identified Hox genes that are shared by subsets of protostome phyla. These include a diverged pair of posterior (Abdominal-B-like) genes in both a brachiopod and a polychaete annelid, which supports the lophotrochozoan assemblage, and a distinct posterior Hox gene shared by a priapulid, a nematode and the arthropods, which supports the ecdysozoan dade. The ancestors of each of these two major protostome lineages had a minimum of eight to ten Hox genes. The major period of Hox gene expansion and diversification thus occurred before the radiation of each of the three great bilaterian clades.
C1 Univ Paris Sud, CNRS, UPRESA Q8080, Lab Biol Cellulaire 4, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Univ Wisconsin, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Mol Biol Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   St Petersburg State Univ, Inst Biol, Dept Embryol, St Petersburg 199034, Russia.
   Univ Cambridge, Museum Zool, Dept Zool, Lab Dev & Evolut, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Saint Petersburg State University; University of Cambridge
RP Balavoine, G (corresponding author), CNRS, Ctr Genet Mol, UPR 9061, Ave Terrasse,Batiment 26, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM Guillaume.Balavoine@cgm.cnrs-gif.fr
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 400
Z9 429
U1 2
U2 60
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6738
BP 772
EP 776
DI 
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 210JP
UT WOS:000081101600051
PM 10391241
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rutherford, S
   D'Hondt, S
   Prell, W
AF Rutherford, S
   D'Hondt, S
   Prell, W
TI Environmental controls on the geographic distribution of zooplankton diversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ocean; patterns
AB Proposed explanations for the geographic distribution of zooplankton diversity include control of diversity by geographic variation in: physical and chemical properties of the near-surface ocean(1-3); the surface area of biotic provinces(4); energy availability(5); rates of evolution and extinction(6); and primary productivity(7). None of these explanations has been quantitatively tested on a basin-wide scale. Here we used assemblages of planktic foraminifera from surface sediments to test these hypotheses. Our analysis shows that sea-surface temperature measured by satellites explains nearly 90% of the geographic variation in planktic foraminiferal diversity throughout the Atlantic Ocean. Temperatures at depths of 50, 100 and 150 m (ref. 9) are highly correlated to sea-surface temperature and explain the diversity pattern nearly as well. These findings indicate that geographic variation in zooplankton diversity may be directly controlled by the physical structure of the near-surface ocean. Furthermore, our results Show that planktic foraminiferal diversity does not strictly adhere to the model of continually decreasing diversity from equator to pole. Instead, planktic foraminiferal diversity peaks in the middle latitudes in all oceans.
C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA.
   Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
C3 University of Rhode Island; Brown University
RP Rutherford, S (corresponding author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA.
EM rutherford@deschutes.gso.uri.edu
NR 29
TC 276
Z9 304
U1 1
U2 93
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6746
BP 749
EP 753
DI 10.1038/23449
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228HM
UT WOS:000082131100046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kleman, J
   Hättestrand, C
AF Kleman, J
   Hättestrand, C
TI Frozen-bed Fennoscandian and Laurentide ice sheets during the Last Glacial Maximum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID canada; model; landscapes; landforms; moraines; quebec; sweden; caps
AB The areal extents of the Laurentide and Fennoscandian ice sheets during the Last Glacial Maximum (about 20,000 years ago) are well known(1), but thickness estimates range widely, from high-domed(2) to thin(3), with large implications for our reconstruction of the climate system regarding, for example, Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation and global sea levels. This uncertainty stems from difficulties in determining the basal temperatures of the ice sheets and the shear strength of subglacial materials(4), a knowledge of which would better constrain reconstructions of ice-sheet thickness. Here we show that, in the absence of direct data, the occurrence of ribbed moraines in modern landscapes can be used to determine the former spatial distribution of frozen- and thawed-bed conditions. We argue that ribbed moraines were formed by brittle fracture of subglacial sediments, induced by the excessive stress at the boundary between frozen- and thawed-bed conditions resulting from the across-boundary difference in basal ice velocity. Maps of glacial landforms from aerial photographs of Canada and Scandinavia reveal a concentration of ribbed moraines around the ice-sheet retreat centres of Quebec, Keewatin, Newfoundland and west-central Fennoscandia Together with the evidence from relict landscapes that mark glacial areas with frozen-bed conditions, the distribution of ribbed moraines on both continents suggest that a large area of the Laurentide and Fennoscandian ice sheets was frozen-based-and therefore high-domed and stable-during the Last Glacial Maximum.
C1 Univ Stockholm, Dept Phys Geog, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 Stockholm University
RP Kleman, J (corresponding author), Univ Stockholm, Dept Phys Geog, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
NR 29
TC 277
Z9 287
U1 0
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 63
EP 66
DI 10.1038/47005
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kingston, RE
AF Kingston, RE
TI A shared but complex bridge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase-ii; mediator
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP Kingston, RE (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Wellman 10, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
NR 11
TC 22
Z9 25
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 20
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6733
BP 199
EP 200
DI 10.1038/20302
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 198MF
UT WOS:000080427400025
PM 10353236
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Israelian, G
   Rebolo, R
   Basri, G
   Casares, J
   Martín, EL
AF Israelian, G
   Rebolo, R
   Basri, G
   Casares, J
   Martín, EL
TI Evidence of a supernova origin for the black hole in the system GRO J1655-40
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stars; quiescence; tracks; solar; mass
AB Stars with masses greater than about ten solar masses are thought to end their lives either in a supernova(1) or in a direct gravitational collapse process(2), either of which could have a black hole as a remnant. But there is as yet no direct observational evidence to support either gravitational collapse in general or the formation of black hole remnants in particular. Here we report a large overabundance of oxygen, magnesium, silicon and sulphur in the atmosphere of the star orbiting a probable black hole in the binary system GRO J1655-40 (also known as Nova Scorpii 1994), These alpha-elements are six to ten times more abundant in the star's atmosphere than they are in the Sun's. We interpret these high abundances as evidence for supernova ejecta captured by the companion star. The relative abundances of these elements suggest that the supernova progenitor was in the mass range 25-40 solar masses.
C1 Inst Astrofis Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Rebolo, R (corresponding author), Inst Astrofis Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
NR 26
TC 170
Z9 176
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6749
BP 142
EP 144
DI 10.1038/43625
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234AF
UT WOS:000082458800046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Segovia, P
   Purdie, D
   Hengsberger, M
   Baer, Y
AF Segovia, P
   Purdie, D
   Hengsberger, M
   Baer, Y
TI Observation of spin and charge collective modes in one-dimensional metallic chains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID resolved photoemission; spectral property; luttinger liquids; vicinal si(111); separation; surface; system
AB The many-body theory of interacting electrons in solids establishes the existence of elementary excitations, named quasiparticles, which show a one-to-one correspondence with noninteracting electrons. But this so-called Fermi liquid approach breaks down spectacularly in one-dimensional metals(1). In this situation, which is described by the Luttinger liquid formalism, the quasiparticles are replaced by distinct collective excitations involving spin and charge, called spinons and holons, respectively(2). This approach predicts power-law behaviour for the various properties of one-dimensional metals which is experimentally testable using a wide variety of methods, such as transport measurements(3,4) and optical conductivity measurements(5). Photoemission, on the other hand, provides a means by which the spin and charge excitations can be observed directly. Previous photoemission studies of quasi-one-dimensional metals have essentially revealed only the absence of any discontinuity of the spectral function at the Fermi energy(6), consistent with theoretical expectations. Recently, signatures of the existence of spin-charge separation have been inferred from line-shape analyses in a metal with different bands(7) and in an insulator(8). Here we present photoemission data from a genuine one-dimensional metal constructed on an insulating substrate. The spectra contain structures indicative of the excitation of spin and charge collective modes.
C1 Univ Neuchatel, Inst Phys, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
C3 University of Neuchatel
RP Segovia, P (corresponding author), Univ Neuchatel, Inst Phys, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
NR 25
TC 365
Z9 379
U1 0
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 504
EP 507
DI 10.1038/990052
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meneghini, MD
   Ishitani, T
   Carter, JC
   Hisamoto, N
   Ninomiya-Tsuji, J
   Thorpe, CJ
   Hamill, DR
   Matsumoto, K
   Bowerman, B
AF Meneghini, MD
   Ishitani, T
   Carter, JC
   Hisamoto, N
   Ninomiya-Tsuji, J
   Thorpe, CJ
   Hamill, DR
   Matsumoto, K
   Bowerman, B
TI MAP kinase and Wnt pathways converge to downregulate an HMG-domain repressor in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta signal-transduction; c-elegans; gene; specification; drosophila; wingless; embryos; activator; mesoderm; endoderm
AB The signalling protein Wnt regulates transcription factors containing high-mobility-group (HMG) domains to direct decisions on cell fate during animal development(1). In Caenorhabditis elegans, the HMG-domain-containing repressor POP-1 distinguishes the fates of anterior daughter cells from their posterior sisters throughout development(2,3), and Wnt signalling downregulates POP-1 activity in one posterior daughter cell called E (refs 2, 4, 5). Here we show that the genes mom-4 and lit-1 are also required to downregulate POP-1, not only in E but also in other posterior daughter cells. Consistent with action in a common pathway, mom-4 and lit-1 exhibit similar mutant phenotypes and encode components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway that are homologous to vertebrate transforming-growth-factor-beta-activated kinase (TAK1) and NEMO-like kinase (NLK), respectively. Furthermore, MOM-4 and TAK1 bind related proteins that promote their kinase activities. We conclude that: a MAPK-related pathway cooperates with Wnt signal transduction to downregulate POP-1 activity. These functions are likely to be conserved in vertebrates, as TAK1 and NLK can downregulate HMG-domain-containing proteins related to POP-1 (ref. 6).
C1 Univ Oregon, Inst Mol Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
   Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Mol Biol, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Chkusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
C3 University of Oregon; Nagoya University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Bowerman, B (corresponding author), Univ Oregon, Inst Mol Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
EM bbowerman@molbio.uoregon.edu
FU PHS HHS [R01] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 237
Z9 285
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6738
BP 793
EP 797
DI 
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 210JP
UT WOS:000081101600056
PM 10391246
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rodwell, MJ
   Rowell, DP
   Folland, CK
AF Rodwell, MJ
   Rowell, DP
   Folland, CK
TI Oceanic forcing of the wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation and European climate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-surface temperature; general-circulation; anomaly; variability; teleconnections; predictability; models
AB The weather over the North Atlantic Ocean, particularly in winter, is often characterized by strong eastward air-flow between the 'Icelandic low' and the 'Azores high,' and by a 'stormtrack' of weather systems which move towards western Europe. The North Atlantic Oscillation-an index of which can be defined as the difference in atmospheric pressure at sea level between the Azores and Iceland-is an important mode of variability in the global atmosphere(1,2) and is intimately related to the position and strength of the North Atlantic stormtrack owing to dynamic processes internal to the atmosphere(3,4). Here we use a general circulation model of the atmosphere to investigate the ocean's role in forcing North Atlantic and European climate. Our simulations indicate that much of the multiannual to multidecadal variability of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation over the past half century may be reconstructed from a knowledge of North Atlantic sea surface temperature. We argue that sea surface temperature characteristics are 'communicated' to the atmosphere through evaporation, precipitation and atmospheric-heating processes, leading to changes in temperature, precipitation and storminess over Europe. As it has recently been proposed that there may be significant multiannual predictability of North Atlantic sea surface temperature patterns(5), our results are encouraging for the prediction of European winter climate up to several years in advance.
C1 UK Meteorol Off, Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England.
C3 Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre
RP Rodwell, MJ (corresponding author), UK Meteorol Off, Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, London Rd, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England.
NR 30
TC 792
Z9 838
U1 0
U2 142
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 25
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6725
BP 320
EP 323
DI 10.1038/18648
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 180DF
UT WOS:000079369600047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parmesan, C
   Ryrholm, N
   Stefanescu, C
   Hill, JK
   Thomas, CD
   Descimon, H
   Huntley, B
   Kaila, L
   Kullberg, J
   Tammaru, T
   Tennent, WJ
   Thomas, JA
   Warren, M
AF Parmesan, C
   Ryrholm, N
   Stefanescu, C
   Hill, JK
   Thomas, CD
   Descimon, H
   Huntley, B
   Kaila, L
   Kullberg, J
   Tammaru, T
   Tennent, WJ
   Thomas, JA
   Warren, M
TI Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate
AB Mean global temperatures have risen this century, and further warming is predicted to continue for the next 50-100 years(1-3) Some migratory species can respond rapidly to yearly climate variation by altering the timing or destination of migration(4), but most wildlife is sedentary and so is incapable of such a rapid response. For these species, responses to the warming trend should be slower, reflected in poleward shifts of the range. Such changes in distribution would occur at the level of the population, stemming not from changes in the pattern of individuals' movements, but from changes in the ratios of extinctions to colonizations at the northern and southern boundaries of the range. A northward range shift therefore occurs when there is net extinction at the southern boundary or net colonization at the northern boundary. However, previous evidence has been limited to a single species' or to only a portion of the species' range(6,7). Here we provide the first large-scale evidence of poleward shifts in entire species' ranges. In a sample of 35 non-migratory European butterflies, 63% have ranges that have shifted to the north by 35-240 km during this century, and only 3% have shifted to the south.
C1 Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA.
   Uppsala Univ, Sect Zool Ecol, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Butterfly Monitoring Scheme, Barcelona 08458, Spain.
   Univ Durham, Dept Biol Sci, Environm Res Ctr, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
   Univ Leeds, Sch Biol, Ctr Biodivers & Conservat, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Aix Marseille 1, Lab Systemat Evolut, F-13331 Marseille 3, France.
   Univ Helsinki, Div Entomol, Finnish Museum Nat Hist, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Estonian Agr Univ, Inst Bot & Zool, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia.
   Nat Hist Museum, Biogeog & Conservat Lab, London SW7 5BD, England.
   Inst Terr Ecol, Furzebrook Res Stn, Wareham BH20 5AS, Dorset, England.
   Butterfly Conservat, Wareham BH20 5YA, Dorset, England.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Uppsala University; Durham University; University of Leeds; Aix-Marseille Universite; University of Helsinki; Estonian University of Life Sciences; Natural History Museum London; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH)
RP Parmesan, C (corresponding author), Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, 735 State St,Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA.
NR 20
TC 1668
Z9 2042
U1 4
U2 770
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6736
BP 579
EP 583
DI 10.1038/21181
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 204RR
UT WOS:000080778400054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ivanov, PC
   Amaral, LAN
   Goldberger, AL
   Havlin, S
   Rosenblum, MG
   Struzik, ZR
   Stanley, HE
AF Ivanov, PC
   Amaral, LAN
   Goldberger, AL
   Havlin, S
   Rosenblum, MG
   Struzik, ZR
   Stanley, HE
TI Multifractality in human heartbeat dynamics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rate-variability; time-series; fluctuation; turbulence; formalism; wavelets; model; chaos
AB There is evidence that physiological signals under healthy conditions may have a fractal temporal structure(1). Here we investigate the possibility that time series generated by certain physiological control systems may be members of a special class of complex processes, termed multifractal, which require a large number of exponents to characterize their scaling properties(2-6). We report on evidence for multifractality in a biological dynamical system, the healthy human heartbeat, and show that the multifractal character and nonlinear properties of the healthy heart rate are encoded in the Fourier phases. We uncover a loss of multifractality for a life-threatening condition, congestive heart failure.
C1 Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Bar Ilan Univ, Gonda Goldschmid Ctr, Ramat Gan, Israel.
   Bar Ilan Univ, Dept Phys, Ramat Gan, Israel.
   Univ Potsdam, Dept Phys, D-14415 Potsdam, Germany.
   Ctr Math & Comp Sci, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Boston University; Boston University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School; Bar Ilan University; Bar Ilan University; University of Potsdam
RP Ivanov, PC (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
NR 30
TC 1397
Z9 1516
U1 3
U2 144
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 461
EP 465
DI 10.1038/20924
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900047
PM 10365957
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tsuda, M
   Kamimura, K
   Nakato, H
   Archer, M
   Staatz, W
   Fox, B
   Humphrey, M
   Olson, S
   Futch, T
   Kaluza, V
   Siegfried, E
   Stam, L
   Selleck, SB
AF Tsuda, M
   Kamimura, K
   Nakato, H
   Archer, M
   Staatz, W
   Fox, B
   Humphrey, M
   Olson, S
   Futch, T
   Kaluza, V
   Siegfried, E
   Stam, L
   Selleck, SB
TI The cell-surface proteoglycan Dally regulates Wingless signalling in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID segment polarity genes; nervous-system; embryo; protein; glycosaminoglycans; transcription; melanogaster; biosynthesis; expression; secretion
AB Wingless (Wg) is a member of the Wnt family of growth factors, secreted proteins that control proliferation and differentiation during development. Studies in Drosophila have shown that responses to Wg require cell-surface heparan sulphate, a glycosaminoglycan component of proteoglycans(1-4). These findings suggest that a cell-surface proteoglycan is a component of a Wg/Wnt receptor complex. We demonstrate here that the protein encoded by the division abnormally delayed (dally) gene is a cell-surface, heparan-sulphate-modified proteoglycan(5,6). dally partial loss-of-function mutations compromise Wg-directed events, and disruption of daily function with RNA interference produces phenotypes comparable to those found with RNA interference of wg or frizzled (fz)/Dfz2 (ref. 7). Ectopic expression of Daily potentiates Wg signalling without altering levels of Wg and can rescue a wg partial loss-of-function mutant, We also show that dally a regulator of Decapentaplegic (DFP) signalling during post-embryonic development, has tissue-specific effects on Wg and Dpp signalling. Daily can therefore differentially influence signalling mediated by two growth factors, and may form a regulatory component of both Wg and Dpp receptor complexes.
C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Div Neurobiol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Dept Biol, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Novartis Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
C3 University of Arizona; University of Arizona; Tokyo Metropolitan University; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Novartis; Novartis USA
RP Selleck, SB (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
NR 29
TC 342
Z9 394
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 15
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6741
BP 276
EP 280
DI 10.1038/22336
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 217MP
UT WOS:000081503800047
PM 10421371
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Glauner, KS
   Mannuzzu, LM
   Gandhi, CS
   Isacoff, EY
AF Glauner, KS
   Mannuzzu, LM
   Gandhi, CS
   Isacoff, EY
TI Spectroscopic mapping of voltage sensor movement in the Shaker potassium channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID k+ channel; sodium-channels; energy-transfer; molecular-basis; s4 segment; conformations; fluorescence; charge
AB Voltage-gated ion channels underlie the generation of action potentials and trigger neurosecretion and muscle contraction. These channels consist of an inner pore-forming domain, which contains the ion permeation pathway and elements of its gates, together with four voltage-sensing domains, which regulate the gates(1-6). To understand the mechanism of voltage sensing it is necessary to define the structure and motion of the S4 segment, the portion of each voltage-sensing domain that moves charged residues across the membrane in response to voltage change(7-14) We have addressed this problem by using fluorescence resonance energy transfer as a spectroscopic ruler(15-17) to determine distances between S4s in the Shaker K+ channel in different gating states. Here we provide evidence consistent with S4 being a tilted helix that twists during activation. We propose that helical twist contributes to the movement of charged side chains across the membrane electric field and that it is involved in coupling voltage sensing to gating.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Isacoff, EY (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, 271 Life Sci Addit, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 26
TC 248
Z9 288
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 813
EP 817
DI 10.1038/45561
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500066
PM 10617202
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, DM
   Tabin, CJ
AF Smith, DM
   Tabin, CJ
TI Developmental biology - BMP signalling specifies the pyloric sphincter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gut
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Smith, DM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 11
TC 35
Z9 48
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 748
EP 749
DI 10.1038/45439
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500044
PM 10617196
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gussoni, E
   Soneoka, Y
   Strickland, CD
   Buzney, EA
   Khan, MK
   Flint, AF
   Kunkel, LM
   Mulligan, RC
AF Gussoni, E
   Soneoka, Y
   Strickland, CD
   Buzney, EA
   Khan, MK
   Flint, AF
   Kunkel, LM
   Mulligan, RC
TI Dystrophin expression in the mdx mouse restored by stem cell transplantation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-therapy; endothelial-cells; nuclear domains; skeletal-muscle; full-length; mice; marrow; bone; injection; myoblasts
AB The development of cell or gene therapies for diseases involving cells that are widely distributed throughout the body has been severely hampered by the inability to achieve the disseminated delivery of cells or genes to the affected tissues or organ(1). Here we report the results of bone marrow transplantation studies in the mdx mouse, an animal model of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy(2), which indicate that the intravenous injection of either normal haematopoietic stem cells or a novel population of muscle-derived stem cells into irradiated animals results in the reconstitution of the haematopoietic compartment of the transplanted recipients, the incorporation of donor-derived nuclei into muscle, and the partial restoration of dystrophin expression in the affected muscle. These results suggest that the transplantation of different stem cell populations, using the procedures of bone marrow transplantation, might provide an unanticipated avenue for treating muscular dystrophy as well as other diseases where the systemic delivery of therapeutic cells to sites throughout the body is critical. Our studies also suggest that the inherent developmental potential of stem cells isolated from diverse tissues or organs may be more similar than previously anticipated.
C1 Childrens Hosp, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Div Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Dept Surg Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Mulligan, RC (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM kunkel@rascal.med.harvard.edu; mulligan@rascal.med.harvard.edu
NR 29
TC 1459
Z9 1765
U1 0
U2 97
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 390
EP 394
DI 10.1038/43922
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600055
PM 10517639
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kenrick, P
AF Kenrick, P
TI Botany - The family tree flowers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sequences; phylogeny
C1 Nat Hist Museum, Dept Palaeontol, London SW7 5BD, England.
C3 Natural History Museum London
RP Kenrick, P (corresponding author), Nat Hist Museum, Dept Palaeontol, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD, England.
NR 8
TC 21
Z9 23
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 358
EP 359
DI 10.1038/46437
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600032
PM 10586867
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hindsgaul, O
AF Hindsgaul, O
TI Carbohydrate chemistry - Sugars out in the open
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Chem, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada.
C3 University of Alberta
RP Hindsgaul, O (corresponding author), Univ Alberta, Dept Chem, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada.
NR 0
TC 11
Z9 12
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 644
EP 645
DI 10.1038/21335
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800031
PM 10385112
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Minning, DM
   Gow, AJ
   Bonaventura, J
   Braun, R
   Dewhirst, M
   Goldberg, DE
   Stamler, JS
AF Minning, DM
   Gow, AJ
   Bonaventura, J
   Braun, R
   Dewhirst, M
   Goldberg, DE
   Stamler, JS
TI Ascaris haemoglobin is a nitric oxide-activated 'deoxygenase'
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID s-nitrosohemoglobin; oxygen avidity; hemoglobin; suum; flavohemoglobin; superoxide; biosynthesis; expression; globin; gene
AB The parasitic nematode Ascaris lumbricoides infects one billion people worldwide. Its perienteric fluid contains an octameric haemoglobin(1-3) that binds oxygen nearly 25,000 times more tightly than does human haemoglobin(4,5). Despite numerous investigations, the biological function of this molecule has remained elusive. The distal haem pocket contains a metal, oxygen and thiol(6), all of which are known to be reactive with nitric oxide. Here we show that Ascaris haemoglobin enzymatically consumes oxygen in a reaction driven by nitric oxide, thus keeping the perienteric fluid hypoxic. The mechanism of this reaction involves unprecedented chemistry of a haem group, a thiol and nitric oxide. We propose that Ascaris haemoglobin functions as a 'deoxygenase', using nitric oxide to detoxify oxygen. The structural and functional adaptations of Ascaris haemoglobin suggest that the molecular evolution of haemoglobin can be rationalized by its nitric oxide related functions.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dep Mol Microbiol & Med, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Duke Marine Biomed Ctr, Nicholas Sch Environm, Pivers Isl, NC 28516 USA.
C3 Duke University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Duke University; Duke University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Duke University
RP Stamler, JS (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [T32AI007172] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 185
Z9 201
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6752
BP 497
EP 502
DI 10.1038/46822
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243DF
UT WOS:000082981200061
PM 10519555
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chun, TW
   Davey, RT
   Engel, D
   Lane, HC
   Fauci, AS
AF Chun, TW
   Davey, RT
   Engel, D
   Lane, HC
   Fauci, AS
TI AIDS - Re-emergence of HIV after stopping therapy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus infection; antiretroviral therapy; indinavir
C1 NIAID, Immunoregulat Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP Chun, TW (corresponding author), NIAID, Immunoregulat Lab, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 10
TC 378
Z9 440
U1 1
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6756
BP 874
EP 875
DI 10.1038/44755
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 251UL
UT WOS:000083464700044
PM 10553903
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Still, CJ
   Foster, PN
   Schneider, SH
AF Still, CJ
   Foster, PN
   Schneider, SH
TI Simulating the effects of climate change on tropical montane cloud forests
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID last glacial maximum; sea-surface temperature; ice cores; model; co2
AB Tropical montane cloud forests are unique among terrestrial ecosystems in that they are strongly linked to regular cycles of cloud formation. We have explored changes in atmospheric parameters from global climate model simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum and for doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (2 x CO(2)) conditions which are associated with the height of this cloud formation, and hence the occurrence of intact cloud forests. These parameters include vertical profiles of absolute and relative humidity surfaces, as well as the warmth index(1), an empirical proxy of forest type. For the glacial simulations, the warmth index and absolute humidity suggest a downslope shift of cloud forests that agrees with the available palaeodata. For the 2 x CO(2) scenario, the relative humidity surface is shifted upwards by hundreds of metres during the winter dry season when these forests typically rely most on the moisture from cloud contact. At the same time, an increase in the warmth index implies increased evapo-transpiration. This combination of reduced cloud contact and increased evapo-transpiration could have serious conservation implications, given that these ecosystems typically harbour a high proportion of endemic species and are often situated on mountain tops or ridge lines.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Ctr Climate Studies Res, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1538904, Japan.
   Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Plant Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; University of Tokyo; Carnegie Institution for Science
RP Schneider, SH (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM shs@leland.stanford.edu
NR 30
TC 384
Z9 456
U1 0
U2 127
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6728
BP 608
EP 610
DI 10.1038/19293
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 186WX
UT WOS:000079754700054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hanein, Y
   Nenadovic, N
   Shahar, D
   Shtrikman, H
   Yoon, I
   Li, CC
   Tsui, DC
AF Hanein, Y
   Nenadovic, N
   Shahar, D
   Shtrikman, H
   Yoon, I
   Li, CC
   Tsui, DC
TI Linking insulator-to-metal transitions at zero and finite magnetic fields
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 2-dimensional hole gas; 2 dimensions; quantum diffusion; scaling theory; electron-gas; si mosfets; phase; gaas; b=0; conductivity
AB For many years, it was widely accepted(1) that electrons confined to two dimensions would adopt an insulating ground state at zero temperature and in zero magnetic field. Application of a strong perpendicular magnetic field changes this picture, resulting(2,3) in a transition from the insulating phase to a metallic quantum Hall state. Unexpectedly, an insulator-to-metal transition was recently observed(4) in high-quality two-dimensional systems at zero magnetic field on changing the charge carrier density. The mechanism underlying this transition remains unknown(5-9). Here we investigate the magnetic-field-driven transition in a two-dimensional gallium arsenide system, which also exhibits(10-12) the poorly understood zero-field transition. We find that, on increasing the carrier density, the critical magnetic field needed to produce an insulator-to-metal transition decreases continuously and becomes zero at the carrier density appropriate to the zero-field transition. Our results suggest that both the finite- and zero-magnetic field transitions share a common physical origin.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Princeton University
RP Hanein, Y (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM hanin@wis.weizmann.ac.il
NR 25
TC 43
Z9 46
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6746
BP 735
EP 737
DI 10.1038/23419
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228HM
UT WOS:000082131100041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huberman, BA
   Adamic, LA
AF Huberman, BA
   Adamic, LA
TI Internet - Growth dynamics of the World-Wide Web
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Xerox Corp, Palo Alto Res Ctr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
C3 Xerox
RP Huberman, BA (corresponding author), Xerox Corp, Palo Alto Res Ctr, 3333 Coyote Hill Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
NR 6
TC 613
Z9 697
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6749
BP 131
EP 131
DI 10.1038/43604
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234AF
UT WOS:000082458800042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Spruck, CH
   Won, KA
   Reed, SI
AF Spruck, CH
   Won, KA
   Reed, SI
TI Deregulated cyclin E induces chromosome instability
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID breast-cancer; cell-cycle; dna-replication; s-phase; expression; kinase; proliferation; carcinomas; activation; induction
AB Cyclin E, a regulatory subunit of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2), is an important regulator of entry into S phase in the mammalian cell cycle. In normal dividing cells, cyclin E accumulates at the G(1)/S-phase boundary and is degraded as cells progress through S phase(1,2). However, in many human tumours cyclin E is overexpressed(3) and the levels of protein and kinase activity are often deregulated relative to the cell cycle(4-7). It is not understood how alterations in expression of cyclin E contribute to tumorigenesis. Here we show that constitutive cyclin-E overexpression in both immortalized rat embryo fibroblasts and human breast epithelial cells results in chromosome instability (CIN). In contrast, analogous expression of cyclin D1 or A does not increase the frequency of GIN. Cyclin-E-expressing cells that exhibit CIN have normal centrosome numbers. However, constitutive overexpression of cyclin E impairs S-phase progression, indicating that aberrant regulation of this process may be responsible for the CIN observed. These results indicate that downregulation of cyclin-E/Cdk2 kinase activity following the G(1)/S-phase transition may be necessary for the maintenance of karyotypic stability.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute
RP Reed, SI (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, MB-7,10666 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 28
TC 613
Z9 689
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 297
EP 300
DI 10.1038/45836
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400059
PM 10499591
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sugase, Y
   Yamane, S
   Ueno, S
   Kawano, K
AF Sugase, Y
   Yamane, S
   Ueno, S
   Kawano, K
TI Global and fine information coded by single neurons in the temporal visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inferotemporal cortex; polysensory area; macaque monkey; rhesus-monkey; responses; sulcus; face; connections; identity
AB When we see a person's face, we can easily recognize their species, individual identity and emotional state. How does the brain represent such complex information? A substantial number of neurons in the macaque temporal cortex respond to faces(1-12) However, the neuronal mechanisms underlying the processing of complex information are not yet clear. Here we recorded the activity of single neurons in the temporal cortex of macaque monkeys while presenting visual stimuli consisting of geometric shapes, and monkey and human faces with various expressions. Information theory was used to investigate how well the neuronal responses could categorize the stimuli. We found that single neurons conveyed two different scales of facial information in their firing patterns, starting at different latencies. Global information, categorizing stimuli as monkey faces, human faces or shapes, was conveyed in the earliest part of the responses. Fine information about identity or expression was conveyed later, beginning on average 51 ms after global information. We speculate that global information could be used as a 'header' to prepare destination areas for receiving more detailed information.
C1 Electrotech Lab, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan.
   Natl Inst Biosci & Human Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058566, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); University of Tokyo
RP Sugase, Y (corresponding author), Natl Inst Biosci & Human Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058566, Japan.
NR 28
TC 587
Z9 661
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6747
BP 869
EP 873
DI 10.1038/23703
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 230CA
UT WOS:000082233200045
PM 10476965
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Glatzmaier, GA
   Coe, RS
   Hongre, L
   Roberts, PH
AF Glatzmaier, GA
   Coe, RS
   Hongre, L
   Roberts, PH
TI The role of the Earth's mantle in controlling the frequency of geomagnetic reversals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID averaged paleomagnetic field; thermal-convection; numerical simulations; boundary-layer; magnetic-field; core; geodynamo; behavior; dynamics; records
AB A series of computer simulations of the Earth's dynamo illustrates how the thermal structure of the lowermost mantle might affect convection and magnetic-field generation in the fluid core. Eight different patterns of heat flux from the core to the mantle are imposed over the core-mantle boundary. Spontaneous magnetic dipole reversals and excursions occur in seven of these cases, although sometimes the field only reverses in the outer part of the core, and then quickly reverses back. The results suggest correlations among the frequency of reversals, the duration over which the reversals occur, the magnetic-field intensity and the secular variation. The case with uniform heat flux at the core-mantle boundary appears most 'Earth-like'. This result suggests that variations in heat flux at the care-mantle boundary of the Earth are smaller than previously thought, possibly because seismic velocity anomalies in the lowermost mantle might have more of a compositional rather than thermal origin, or because of enhanced heat flux in the mantle's zones of ultra-low seismic velocity,
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Glatzmaier, GA (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
EM glatz@es.ucsc.edu
NR 50
TC 469
Z9 508
U1 1
U2 85
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6756
BP 885
EP 890
DI 10.1038/44776
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 251UL
UT WOS:000083464700049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rudolph, U
   Crestani, F
   Benke, D
   Brünig, I
   Benson, JA
   Fritschy, JM
   Martin, JR
   Bluethmann, H
   Möhler, H
AF Rudolph, U
   Crestani, F
   Benke, D
   Brünig, I
   Benson, JA
   Fritschy, JM
   Martin, JR
   Bluethmann, H
   Möhler, H
TI Benzodiazepine actions mediated by specific γ-aminobutyric acidA receptor subtypes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anti-anxiety agents; single histidine; diazepam; pharmacology; subunits; ethanol; mouse
AB GABA(A) (gamma-aminobutyric acid(A)) receptors are molecular substrates for the regulation of vigilance, anxiety, muscle tension, epileptogenic activity and memory functions, which is evident from the spectrum of actions elicited by clinically effective drugs acting at their modulatory benzodiazepine-binding site. Here we show, by introducing a histidine-to-arginine point mutation at position 101 of the murine alpha 1-subunit gene, that alpha 1-type GABA(A) receptors, which are mainly expressed in cortical areas and thalamus(1), are rendered insensitive to allosteric modulation by benzodiazepine-site ligands, whilst regulation by the physiological neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid is preserved. alpha 1(H101R) mice failed to show the sedative, amnesic and partly the anticonvulsant action of diazepam. In contrast, the anxiolytic-like, myorelaxant, motor-impairing and ethanol-potentiating effects were fully retained, and are attributed to the nonmutated GABA(A) receptors found in the limbic system (alpha 2, alpha 5), in monoaminergic neurons (alpha 3) and in motoneurons (alpha 2, alpha 5)(1). Thus, benzodiazepine-induced behavioural responses are mediated by specific GABA(A) receptor subtypes in distinct neuronal circuits, which is of interest for drug design.
C1 Univ Zurich, Inst Pharmacol, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Ciba Geigy AG, Div Pharma, Preclin Res, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 University of Zurich; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Novartis
RP Rudolph, U (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, Inst Pharmacol, Winterthurestr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 19
TC 998
Z9 1138
U1 0
U2 116
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6755
BP 796
EP 800
DI 10.1038/44579
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 250BG
UT WOS:000083368700054
PM 10548105
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huang, JD
   Brady, ST
   Richards, BW
   Stenoien, D
   Resau, JH
   Copeland, NG
   Jenkins, NA
AF Huang, JD
   Brady, ST
   Richards, BW
   Stenoien, D
   Resau, JH
   Copeland, NG
   Jenkins, NA
TI Direct interaction of microtubule- and actin-based transport motors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ataxic mutant rat; dilute coat color; brain myosin-v; unconventional myosin; axonal-transport; purkinje-cells; kinesin heavy; gene; cloning; protein
AB The microtubule network is thought to be used for long-range transport of cellular components in animal cells whereas the actin network is proposed to be used for short-range transport(1), although the mechanism(s) by which this transport is coordinated is poorly understood. For example, in sea urchins long-range Ca2+-regulated transport of exocytotic vesicles requires a microtubule-based motor, whereas an actin-based motor is used for short-range transport(2), In neurons, microtubule-based kinesin motor proteins are used for long-range vesicular transport(3) but microtubules do not extend into the neuronal termini, where actin filaments form the cytoskeletal framework(4), and kinesins are rapidly degraded upon their arrival in neuronal termini(5), indicating that vesicles may have to be transferred from microtubules to actin tracks to reach their final destination. Here we show that an actin-based vesicle-transport motor, MyoVA (ref. 6), can interact directly with a microtubule-based transport motor, KhcU. As would be expected if these complexes were functional, they also contain kinesin light chains and the localization of MyoVA and KhcU overlaps in the cell, These results indicate that cellular transport is, in part, coordinated through the direct interaction of different motor molecules.
C1 NCI, Frederick Canc Res & Dev Ctr, ABL Basic Res Program, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol & Neurosci, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); SAIC-Frederick; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Jenkins, NA (corresponding author), NCI, Frederick Canc Res & Dev Ctr, ABL Basic Res Program, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA.
NR 30
TC 296
Z9 339
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 21
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6716
BP 267
EP 270
DI 10.1038/16722
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 159QH
UT WOS:000078184800056
PM 9930703
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lin, CR
   Kioussi, C
   O'Connell, S
   Briata, P
   Szeto, D
   Liu, F
   Izpisúa-Belmonte, JC
   Rosenfeld, MG
AF Lin, CR
   Kioussi, C
   O'Connell, S
   Briata, P
   Szeto, D
   Liu, F
   Izpisúa-Belmonte, JC
   Rosenfeld, MG
TI Pitx2 regulates lung asymmetry, cardiac positioning and pituitary and tooth morphogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signaling pathway; nodal expression; homeobox gene; organogenesis; family; ehand; mouse
AB Pitx1 (refs 1-3) and Pitx2 (refs 4, 5) are highly homologous, bicoid-related transcription factors. Pitx2 was initially identified as the gene responsible for the human Rieger syndrome(4), an autosomal dominant condition that causes developmental abnormalities. Pitx2 is asymmetrically expressed in the left lateral-plate mesoderm(5-11), and mutant mice with laterality defects show altered patterns of Pitx2 expression that correlate with changes in the visceral symmetry (situs). Ectopic expression of Pitx2 in the right lateral-plate mesoderm alters looping of the heart and gut and reverses body rotation in chick and Xenopus embryose(6-11). Here we describe the phenotype of Pitx2 gene-deleted mice, characterized by defective body-wall closure, right pulmonary isomerism, altered cardiac position, arrest in turning and, subsequently a block in the determination and proliferation events of anterior pituitary gland and tooth organogenesis. Thus, Pitx2 is a transcription factor that encodes 'leftness' of the lung.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Sch Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Salk Institute
RP Rosenfeld, MG (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Med, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM mrosenfeld@ucsd.edu
NR 26
TC 480
Z9 560
U1 1
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 279
EP 282
DI 10.1038/45803
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400054
PM 10499586
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Horch, S
   Lorensen, HT
   Helveg, S
   Lægsgaard, E
   Stensgaard, I
   Jacobsen, KW
   Norskov, JK
   Besenbacher, F
AF Horch, S
   Lorensen, HT
   Helveg, S
   Lægsgaard, E
   Stensgaard, I
   Jacobsen, KW
   Norskov, JK
   Besenbacher, F
TI Enhancement of surface self-diffusion of platinum atoms by adsorbed hydrogen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID exchange; oxygen
AB Surface diffusion of atoms is an important phenomenon in areas of materials processing such as thin-film growth and sintering, Self-diffusion (that is, diffusion of the atoms of which the surface is comprised) has been much studied on clean metal and semiconductor surfaces(1,2). But in most cases of practical interest the diffusion happens on surfaces partly covered by atoms and molecules adsorbed from the gas phase. Adsorbed hydrogen atoms are known to be capable of both promoting and inhibiting self-diffusion(3-7), offering the prospect of using adsorbed gases to control growth or sintering processes(8-11). Here we derive mechanistic insights into this effect from observations, using the scanning tunnelling microscope, of hydrogen-promoted self-diffusion of platinum on the Pt(110) surface. We see an activated Pt-H complex which has a diffusivity enhanced by a factor of 500 at room temperature, relative to the other Pt adatoms, Our density-functional calculations indicate that the Pt-H complex consists of a hydrogen atom trapped on top of a platinum atom, and that the bound hydrogen atom decreases the diffusion barrier.
C1 Aarhus Univ, Ctr Atom Scale Mat Phys, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Aarhus Univ, Inst Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
   Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Phys, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
   Tech Univ Denmark, CAMP, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
C3 Aarhus University; Aarhus University; Technical University of Denmark; Technical University of Denmark
RP Besenbacher, F (corresponding author), Aarhus Univ, Ctr Atom Scale Mat Phys, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
NR 17
TC 216
Z9 241
U1 0
U2 123
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6723
BP 134
EP 136
DI 10.1038/18185
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 176DG
UT WOS:000079135200039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rubin, AM
   Gillard, D
   Got, JL
AF Rubin, AM
   Gillard, D
   Got, JL
TI Streaks of microearthquakes along creeping faults
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID san-andreas fault; loma-prieta; kilauea-volcano; earthquake sequence; south flank; coda waves; california; deformation; seismicity; recurrence
AB Crustal faults that produce most of their slip aseismically typically generate large numbers of small earthquakes. These events have generally been interpreted as coming from localized patches of the fault that undergo unstable (stick-slip) sliding, surrounded by larger regions of stable sliding (creep). In published catalogues the microearthquakes often appear to be distributed over large portions of the fault surface. By accurately locating large numbers of microearthquakes from faults of different orientations in California and Hawaii, we show here that instead the locations define highly concentrated streaks that are characteristically aligned in the direction of fault slip. The underlying cause of this structural organization of the fault surface remains to be determined.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Lab Geophys Interne & Tectonophys, UMR CNRS, F-73376 Le Bourget Du Lac, France.
   Univ Savoie, F-73376 Le Bourget Du Lac, France.
C3 Princeton University; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Savoie Mont Blanc
RP Rubin, AM (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM arubin@princeton.edu
NR 35
TC 271
Z9 310
U1 1
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6745
BP 635
EP 641
DI 10.1038/23196
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226QU
UT WOS:000082032900044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hall, SJ
   Matson, PA
AF Hall, SJ
   Matson, PA
TI Nitrogen oxide emissions after nitrogen additions in tropical forests
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID european forests; deposition; soils; ecosystems; fertilization; saturation; california; mountains; dynamics; biomass
AB Industrial development and agricultural intensification are projected to; increase in the humid tropics over the next few decades(1), increasing the emissions, transport and deposition of nitrogen-containing compounds(2). Most studies of the consequences of enhanced nitrogen deposition have been performed in temperate ecosystems in which biological processes are limited by nitrogen supply; they indicate that added nitrogen is retained up to decades before losses as nitrogen oxides or as nitrate (NO3-) begin(3-5). We measured soil emissions of two gases that are important in the atmosphere, nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO), after experimental additions of nitrogen in two tropical rainforests of Hawai'i. Growth of one of the forests was limited by nitrogen; in the other, nitrogen was abundant and growth was limited by phosphorus, as is more characteristic of most tropical forests(6). Here we show that the phosphorus-limited forest lost more nitrogen oxides than the nitrogen-limited forest, and it lost equally large amounts after first-time additions of nitrogen as after chronic, long-term nitrogen additions. This forest seems to be naturally 'nitrogen saturated('7); it and perhaps other tropical forests may not retain as much anthropogenic nitrogen as do forests in northern latitudes.
C1 Colorado Coll, Environm Sci Program, Colorado Springs, CO 80903 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Colorado College; Stanford University
RP Hall, SJ (corresponding author), Colorado Coll, Environm Sci Program, Colorado Springs, CO 80903 USA.
NR 29
TC 229
Z9 305
U1 6
U2 197
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6740
BP 152
EP 155
DI 10.1038/22094
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214JM
UT WOS:000081324900050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zemlin, F
   Schuster, R
   Beckmann, E
   Carrascosa, JL
   Valpuesta, JM
   Ertl, G
AF Zemlin, F
   Schuster, R
   Beckmann, E
   Carrascosa, JL
   Valpuesta, JM
   Ertl, G
TI Stress-induced recrystallization of a protein crystal by electron irradiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-organized criticality; avalanche dynamics; microscope; noise; dna
AB Ordering of a system of particles into its thermodynamically stable state usually proceeds by thermally activated mass transport of its constituents. Particularly at low temperature, the activation barrier often hinders equilibration-this is what prevents a glass from crystallizing(1) and a pile of sand from flattening under gravity. But if the driving force for mass transport (that is, the excess energy of the system) is increased, the activation barrier can be overcome and structural changes are initiated(2). Here we report the reordering of radiation-damaged protein crystals under conditions where transport is initiated by stress rather than by thermal activation, After accumulating a certain density of radiation-induced defects during observation by transmission electron microscopy, the distorted crystal recrystallizes, The reordering is induced by stress caused by the defects at temperatures that are low enough to suppress diffusive mass transport. We propose that this defect-induced reordering might be a general phenomenon.
C1 Max Planck Gesell, Fritz Haber Inst, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Autonoma Madrid, CSIC, Natl Biotechnol Ctr, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
C3 Max Planck Society; Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); Autonomous University of Madrid
RP Schuster, R (corresponding author), Max Planck Gesell, Fritz Haber Inst, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
NR 17
TC 11
Z9 11
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6731
BP 51
EP 54
DI 10.1038/19947
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 194BK
UT WOS:000080172100051
PM 10331388
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Garcia, R
   Vouïmba, RM
   Baudry, M
   Thompson, RF
AF Garcia, R
   Vouïmba, RM
   Baudry, M
   Thompson, RF
TI The amygdala modulates prefrontal cortex activity relative to conditioned fear
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID basolateral amygdala; dopamine neurons; rat; organization; projections; nucleus; stress; neuroendocrine; responses; thalamus
AB Animals learn that a tone can predict the occurrence of an electric shock through classical conditioning. Mice or rats trained in this manner display fear responses, such as freezing behaviour, when they hear the conditioned tone. Studies using amygdalectomized rats have shown that the amygdala is required for both the acquisition and expression of learned fear responses(1-3) Freezing to a conditioned tone is enhanced following damage, to the dorsal part of the medial prefrontal cortex(4), indicating that this area may be involved in fear reduction, Here we show that prefrontal neurons reduce their spontaneous activity in the presence of a conditioned aversive tone as a function of the degree of fear, The depression in prefrontal spontaneous activity is related to amygdala activity but not to the freezing response itself. These data indicate that, in the presence of threatening stimuli, the amygdala controls both fear expression and prefrontal neuronal activity. They suggest that abnormal amygdala-induced modulation of prefrontal neuronal activity may be involved in the pathophysiology of certain forms of anxiety disorder.
C1 Univ Bordeaux 1, Cognit Neurosci Lab, CNRS, UMR 5807, F-33405 Talence, France.
   Univ So Calif, Program Neurosci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Bordeaux; University of Southern California
RP Garcia, R (corresponding author), Univ Bordeaux 1, Cognit Neurosci Lab, CNRS, UMR 5807, Ave Fac, F-33405 Talence, France.
NR 30
TC 278
Z9 328
U1 1
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 18
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6759
BP 294
EP 296
DI 10.1038/46286
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 257ZP
UT WOS:000083813700050
PM 10580500
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davaille, A
AF Davaille, A
TI Simultaneous generation of hotspots and superswells by convection in a heterogenous planetary mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID earths mantle; boundary-layer; viscosity differences; excess temperature; thermal-convection; plumes; tomography; dynamics; models; d''
AB Mounting evidence indicates that the Earth's mantle is chemically heterogeneous. To understand the forms that convection might take in such a mantle, I have conducted laboratory experiments on thermochemical convection in a fluid with stratified density and viscosity. For intermediate density contrasts, a 'doming' regime of convection is observed, in which hot domes oscillate vertically through the whole layer while thin tubular plumes rise from their upper surfaces. These plumes could be responsible far the 'hot spots' and the domes themselves for the 'superwells' observed at the Earth's surface. In the Earth's mantle, the doming regime should occur for density contrasts less than about 1%. Moreover, quantitative scaling laws derived from the experiments show that the mantle might have evolved from strictly stratified convection 4 Gyr ago to doming today. Thermochemical convection can thus reconcile the survival of geochemically distinct reservoirs with the small amplitude of present-day density heterogeneities inferred from seismology and mineral physics.
C1 Inst Phys Globe, Lab Dynam Syst Geol, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
C3 Universite Paris Cite
RP Davaille, A (corresponding author), Inst Phys Globe, Lab Dynam Syst Geol, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
EM davaille@ipgp.jussieu.fr
NR 47
TC 361
Z9 396
U1 0
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 756
EP 760
DI 10.1038/45461
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lancaster, CRD
   Kröger, A
   Auer, M
   Michel, H
AF Lancaster, CRD
   Kröger, A
   Auer, M
   Michel, H
TI Structure of fumarate reductase from Wolinella succinogenes at 2.2 Å resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphorylative electron-transport; site-directed mutagenesis; free r-value; succinate-dehydrogenase; vibrio-succinogenes; crystal-structures; escherichia-coli; complex; refinement; expression
AB Fumarate reductase couples the reduction of fumarate to succinate to the oxidation of quinol to quinone, in a reaction opposite to that catalysed by the related complex II of the respiratory chain (succinate dehydrogenase). Here we describe the crystal structure at 2.2 Angstrom resolution of the three protein subunits containing fumarate reductase from the anaerobic bacterium Wolinella succinogenes, Subunit A contains the site of fumarate reduction and a covalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide prosthetic group. Subunit B contains three iron-sulphur centres, The menaquinol-oxidizing subunit C consists of five membrane-spanning, primarily helical segments and binds two haem b molecules. On the basis of the structure, we propose a pathway of electron transfer from the dihaem cytochrome b to the site of fumarate reduction and a mechanism of fumarate reduction. The relative orientations of the soluble and membrane-embedded subunits of succinate:quinone oxidoreductases appear to be unique.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biophys, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany.
   Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Mikrobiol, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Goethe University Frankfurt
RP Lancaster, CRD (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biophys, Heinrich Hoffman Str 7, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany.
EM lancaster@mpibp-frankfurt.mpg.de
NR 50
TC 315
Z9 359
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 377
EP 385
DI 10.1038/46483
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600046
PM 10586875
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Villareal, TA
   Pilskaln, C
   Brzezinski, M
   Lipschultz, F
   Dennett, M
   Gardner, GB
AF Villareal, TA
   Pilskaln, C
   Brzezinski, M
   Lipschultz, F
   Dennett, M
   Gardner, GB
TI Upward transport of oceanic nitrate by migrating diatom mats
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north pacific-ocean; nitrogen-fixation; sargasso-sea; waters; layer
AB The oligotrophic gyres of the open sea are home to a nora that includes the largest known phytoplankton. These rare species migrate as solitary cells or aggregations (mats) between deep nutrient pools (below 80-100 m) and the surface. This migration contributes to new production because of the concomitant upward transport of nitrate(1-3). But just how significant this contribution is remains uncertain because of the difficulty of making quantitative measurements of these rare cells(4). Here we report remote video observations of a previously undersampled class of diatom (Rhizosolenia) mats throughout the upper 150 m of the central North Pacific Ocean. These mats are virtually invisible to divers, and their presence increases the calculated phytoplankton-mediated nitrate transport into the surface ocean by up to a factor of eight. Cruise averages indicate that Rhizosolenia mats transport 18-97 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1); however, this value reached 171 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1) at individual stations, a value equivalent to 59% of the export production(5). Although considerable temporal and spatial variability occurs, this means of upward nutrient transport appears to be an important source of new nitrogen to the surface ocean, and may contribute to other regional elemental cycles as well(6).
C1 Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA.
   Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Bermuda Biol Stn Res Inc, Ferry Reach, Bermuda.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Environm Coastal & Ocean Sci Program, Boston, MA 02125 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Maine System; University of Maine Orono; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Boston
RP Villareal, TA (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, 750 Channel View Dr, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA.
EM tracy@utmsi.utexas.edu
NR 25
TC 130
Z9 152
U1 2
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 4
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6718
BP 423
EP 425
DI 10.1038/17103
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 164KA
UT WOS:000078461700044
PM 29667969
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kevles, DJ
AF Kevles, DJ
TI A fistful of wishful thinking
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Kevles, DJ (corresponding author), CALTECH, 1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 215
EP 215
DI 10.1038/45683
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400029
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zinn, K
   Schmid, A
AF Zinn, K
   Schmid, A
TI Neurobiology - Derailed axone get on track
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila; selection
C1 CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Zinn, K (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 8
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 475
EP 476
DI 10.1038/44981
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200036
PM 10591202
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mibe, K
   Fujii, T
   Yasuda, A
AF Mibe, K
   Fujii, T
   Yasuda, A
TI Control of the location of the volcanic front in island arcs by aqueous fluid connectivity in the mantle wedge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subduction zones; rocks; clinopyroxene; transport; angles; origin; slabs
C1 Univ Tokyo, Earthquake Res Inst, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP Mibe, K (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Earthquake Res Inst, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
NR 31
TC 125
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 259
EP 262
DI 10.1038/45762
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stevens, RJ
   Publicover, NG
   Smith, TK
AF Stevens, RJ
   Publicover, NG
   Smith, TK
TI Induction and organization of Ca2+ waves by enteric neural reflexes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pig small-intestine; interstitial-cells; electrical rhythmicity; circular muscle; nerve pathways; distension; cajal; muscularis; mucosa; ileum
AB The motility of the gastrointestinal tract consists of local, nonpropulsive mixing (pendular or segmental) and propulsive (peristaltic) movements(1-5). It is generally considered that mixing movements are produced by intrinsic pacemakers which generate rhythmic contractions(4-6), and peristalsis by intrinsic excitatory and inhibitory neural reflex pathways(1-5,7,8), but the relationship between mixing and peristalsis is poorly understood4-6. Peristalsis is compromised in mice lacking interstitial cells of Cajal(9), suggesting that these pacemaker cells(10-14) may also be involved in neural reflexes. Here we show that mixing movements within longitudinal muscle result from spontaneously generated waves of elevated internal calcium concentration which originate from discrete locations (pacing sites), spread with anisotropic conduction velocities in all directions, and terminate by colliding with each other or with adjacent neurally suppressed regions. Excitatory neural reflexes control the spread of excitability by inducing new pacing sites and enhancing the overall frequency of pacing, whereas inhibitory reflexes suppress the ability of calcium waves to propagate. We provide evidence that the enteric nervous system organizes mixing movements to generate peristalsis, linking the neural regulation of pacemakers to both types of gut motility.
C1 Univ Nevada, Sch Med, Biomed Engn Program, Reno, NV 89557 USA.
   Univ Nevada, Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Cell Biol, Reno, NV 89557 USA.
C3 Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Reno; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Reno
RP Smith, TK (corresponding author), Univ Nevada, Sch Med, Biomed Engn Program, Reno, NV 89557 USA.
NR 28
TC 56
Z9 60
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6731
BP 62
EP 66
DI 10.1038/19973
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 194BK
UT WOS:000080172100055
PM 10331390
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nordlund, K
   Keinonen, J
   Ghaly, M
   Averback, RS
AF Nordlund, K
   Keinonen, J
   Ghaly, M
   Averback, RS
TI Coherent displacement of atoms during ion irradiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cascades; metals; damage
AB Ion irradiation is a common technique of materials processing, as well as being relevant to the radiation damage incurred in nuclear reactors. Early models of the effects of ion irradiation typically assumed that particles undergo two-body elastic collisions', like billiard balls colliding in three dimensions. Later descriptions invoked such phenomena as localization of kinetic energy, thermalization and localized melting(2-4), In all these descriptions, the displacement of atoms is chaotic in that slight variations in the ion's trajectory produce completely different, unpredictable sets of atomic displacements(5). Here we report molecular-dynamics simulations of high-energy self-bombardment of copper and nickel, in which we see collective displacements of atoms. The high pressures developed in collision cascades centred well below the surface can cause a coherent displacement of thousands of atoms, over tens of atomic planes, in a shear-induced slip motion towards the surface. The mechanism leads to a significant increase in damage production near the surface, characterized by well-ordered islands of adsorbed atoms. Our findings suggest an explanation for some features of radiation damage, as well as for differences between ion and neutron irradiation(6).
C1 Univ Helsinki, Accelerator Lab, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Univ Illinois, Mat Res Lab, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 University of Helsinki; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Nordlund, K (corresponding author), Univ Helsinki, Accelerator Lab, POB 43, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
EM kai.nordlund@helsinki.fi
NR 17
TC 149
Z9 161
U1 1
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6722
BP 49
EP 51
DI 10.1038/17983
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 174KG
UT WOS:000079033900046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Deuerling, E
   Schulze-Specking, A
   Tomoyasu, T
   Mogk, A
   Bukau, B
AF Deuerling, E
   Schulze-Specking, A
   Tomoyasu, T
   Mogk, A
   Bukau, B
TI Trigger factor and DnaK cooperate in folding of newly synthesized proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heat-shock gene; escherichia-coli; recognition; chaperones; isomerase; mutations
AB The role of molecular chaperones in assisting the folding of newly synthesized proteins in the cytosol is poorly understood. In Escherichia coli, GroEL assists folding of only a minority of proteins(1) and the Hsp70 homologue DnaK is not essential for protein folding or cell viability at intermediate growth temperatures(2). The major protein associated with nascent polypeptides is ribosome-bound trigger factor(3,4), which displays chaperone and prolyl isomerase activities in vitro(3,5,6). Here we show that Delta tig::kan mutants lacking trigger factor have no defects in growth or protein folding. However, combined Delta tig::kan and Delta dnaK mutations cause synthetic lethality. Depletion of DnaK in the Delta tig::kan mutant results in massive aggregation of cytosolic proteins. In Delta tig::kan cells, an increased amount of newly synthesized proteins associated transiently with DnaK. These findings show in vivo activity for a ribosome-associated chaperone, trigger factor, in general protein folding, and functional cooperation of this protein with a cytosolic Hsp70. Trigger factor and DnaK cooperate to promote proper folding of a variety of E. coli proteins, but neither is essential for folding and viability at intermediate growth temperatures.
C1 Inst Biochem & Mol Biol, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
RP Bukau, B (corresponding author), Inst Biochem & Mol Biol, Hermann Herder Str 7, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
NR 15
TC 420
Z9 494
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6745
BP 693
EP 696
DI 10.1038/23301
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226QU
UT WOS:000082032900060
PM 10458167
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, YX
AF Zhang, YX
TI A criterion for the fragmentation of bubbly magma based on brittle failure theory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth; melts; decompression; dynamics; model; lava
AB The fragmentation of bubbly magma is a defining point in a volcanic eruption-before fragmentation the magma flows relatively slowly, during fragmentation the bubbles break up to release compressed gas and, afterwards, the eruption becomes a violent gas flow carrying suspended magma particles. Seemingly benign lava flows or domes can suddenly fragment into deadly pyroclastic flows(1-3). Several criteria have been proposed to define the point of magma fragmentation or foam stability(4-7). The criterion of Papale(7) is based on melt relaxation theory and equates magma strain rate with the rate of increase of flow velocity with distance. It ignores, however, the role of bubble pressure in causing fragmentation. Two empirical approaches(4,5) consider the role of high bubble pressure in causing fragmentation but do not address the underlying physics of magma fragmentation. Here I develop a fragmentation criterion for bubbly magma based on brittle failure theory and apply it to the fragmentation of lava domes and flows. On the basis of this theory, a bubbly magma will fragment when the tensile stress at the inner walls of bubbles exceeds the tensile strength of the magma. The fragmentation conditions depend strongly on initial water content, with calculated vesicularity and final water levels coinciding reasonably well with those in observed pumices. This suggests that the proposed criterion captures the essence of the fragmentation process in bubbly magma.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Zhang, YX (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, 1006 CC Little Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
NR 20
TC 179
Z9 197
U1 2
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 648
EP 650
DI 10.1038/45210
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800061
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buchwitz, BJ
   Ahmad, K
   Moore, LL
   Roth, MB
   Henikoff, S
AF Buchwitz, BJ
   Ahmad, K
   Moore, LL
   Roth, MB
   Henikoff, S
TI Cell division -: A histone-H3-like protein in C-elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cenp-a; caenorhabditis-elegans; centromere; histone
C1 Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Basic Sci, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Mol & Cellular Biol Program, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
C3 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
RP Buchwitz, BJ (corresponding author), Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Basic Sci, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
NR 11
TC 216
Z9 261
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 547
EP 548
DI 10.1038/44062
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900038
PM 10524621
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yakshinskiy, BV
   Madey, TE
AF Yakshinskiy, BV
   Madey, TE
TI Photon-stimulated desorption as a substantial source of sodium in the lunar atmosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mercury; surface; potassium; atoms; exosphere; discovery; origin; ions; moon
AB Mercury and the Moon both have tenuous atmospheres that contain atomic sodium and potassium. These chemicals must be continuously resupplied, as neither body can retain the atoms for more than a few hours (refs 1-6). The mechanisms proposed to explain the resupply include sputtering of the surface by the solar wind(3,4), micrometeorite impacts(5), thermal desorption(6-8) and photon-stimulated desorption(6-10). But there are few data and no general agreement about which processes. dominate(5,10-14). Here we report laboratory studies of photon-stimulated desorption of sodium from Surfaces that simulate lunar silicates. We find that bombardment of such surfaces at temperatures of similar to 250 K by ultraviolet photons (wavelength lambda < 300 nm) causes very efficient desorption of sodium atoms, induced by electronic excitations rather than by thermal processes or momentum transfer. The flux at the lunar surface of ultraviolet photons from the Sun is sufficient to ensure that photon-stimulated desorption of sodium contributes substantially to the Moon's atmosphere. On Mercury, solar heating of the surface implies that thermal desorption(7) will also be an important source of atmospheric sodium.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Surface Modificat Lab, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Madey, TE (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, POB 849, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
NR 29
TC 154
Z9 163
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6745
BP 642
EP 644
DI 10.1038/23204
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226QU
UT WOS:000082032900045
PM 10458159
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, GQ
   Cui, CH
   Mayer, ML
   Gouaux, E
AF Chen, GQ
   Cui, CH
   Mayer, ML
   Gouaux, E
TI Functional characterization of a potassium-selective prokaryotic glutamate receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acid-binding proteins; ampa receptors; expression; channels; family; desensitization; conduction; sequence; mutation; kainate
AB Ion channels are molecular pores that facilitate the passage of ions across cell membranes and participate in a range of biological processes, from excitatory signal transmission in the mammalian nervous system to the modulation of swimming behaviour in the protozoan Paramecium(1). Two particularly important families of ion channels are ionotropic glutamate receptors (GluRs)(2) and potassium channels(3,4). GluRs are permeable to Na+, K+ and Ca2+ are gated by glutamate, and have previously been found only in eukaryotes(2), In contrast, potassium channels are selective for K+, are gated by a range of stimuli, and are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes(3,4). Here we report the discovery and functional characterization of GluR0 from Synechocystis PCC 6803, which is the first GluR found in a prokaryote. GluR0 binds glutamate, forms potassium-selective channels and is related in amino-acid sequence to both eukaryotic GluRs and potassium channels. On the basis of amino-acid sequence and functional relationships between GluR0 and eukaryotic GluRs, we propose that a prokaryotic GluR was the precursor to eukaryotic GluRs. GluR0 provides evidence for the missing link between potassium channels and GluRs, and we suggest that their ion channels have a similar architecture, that GluRs are tetramers and that the gating mechanisms of GluRs and potassium channels have some essential features in common.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   NICHHD, Lab Cellular & Mol Neurophysiol, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Columbia University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
RP Gouaux, E (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM jeg52@columbia.edu
NR 30
TC 284
Z9 332
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 817
EP 821
DI 10.1038/45568
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500067
PM 10617203
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mellitzer, G
   Xu, QL
   Wilkinson, DG
AF Mellitzer, G
   Xu, QL
   Wilkinson, DG
TI Eph receptors and ephrins restrict cell intermingling and communication
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neural crest migration; transmembrane ligands; tyrosine phosphorylation; molecular-basis; gap-junctions; chick-embryo; adhesion; permeability; rhombomeres; attachment
AB Eph proteins are receptors with tyrosine-kinase activity which, with their ephrin ligands, mediate contact-dependent cell interactions' that are implicated in the repulsion mechanisms that guide migrating cells and neuronal growth cones to specific destinations(2,3). Ephrin-B proteins have conserved cytoplasmic tyrosine residues that are phosphorylated upon interaction with an EphB receptor(4,5), and may transduce signals that regulate a cellular response(6). Because Eph receptors and ephrins have complementary expression in many tissues during embryogenesis(7), bidirectional activation of Eph receptors and ephrin-B proteins could occur at interfaces of their expression domains, for example at segment boundaries in the vertebrate hindbrain, Previous work(8,9) has implicated Eph receptors and ephrin-B proteins in the restriction of cell intermingling between hindbrain segments(10). We therefore analysed whether complementary expression of Eph receptors and ephrins restricts cell intermingling, and whether this requires bidirectional or unidirectional signalling. Here we report that bidirectional but not unidirectional signalling restricts the intermingling of adjacent cell populations, whereas unidirectional activation is sufficient to restrict cell communication through gap junctions. These results reveal that Eph receptors and ephrins regulate two aspects of cell behaviour that can stabilize a distinct identity of adjacent cell populations.
C1 Natl Inst Med Res, Div Dev Neurobiol, London NW7 1AA, England.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research
RP Wilkinson, DG (corresponding author), Natl Inst Med Res, Div Dev Neurobiol, Ridgeway,Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, England.
NR 28
TC 406
Z9 469
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6739
BP 77
EP 81
DI 10.1038/21907
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 213DA
UT WOS:000081255700054
PM 10403252
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Papale, P
AF Papale, P
TI Strain-induced magma fragmentation in explosive eruptions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID experimental simulations; volcanic-eruptions; silicate melts; ad 79; rheology; flow; decompression; vesicularity; conduits; vesuvius
AB Explosive eruptions are the most powerful and destructive type of volcanic activity. These eruptions are characterized by magma fragmentation, the process through which a bubbly or foamy magma is transformed into a gas-pyroclast dispersion(1). Although magma fragmentation has been investigated both experimentally(2-7) and theoretically(8-10), and the basic transport phenomena that occur in a volcanic conduit have been modelIed(11-17), the underlying mechanism responsible for magma fragmentation is still poorly understood. This lack of understanding seriously limits our ability to forecast volcanic hazards, preventing reliable discrimination between conditions that lead to explosive and effusive eruptions. Here I develop a model in which a fragmentation criterion, based on a rate-limited crossing of the glass transition(1,18-20), is incorporated into a multiphase fluid-dynamic description of magma ascent(17). The numerical results of this model demonstrate the feasibility of strain-induced brittle fragmentation of magma in volcanic eruptions, and reconcile experimental with theoretical studies as well as with the observed volcanic products of large explosive eruptions.
C1 CNR, CSGSDA, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
RP Papale, P (corresponding author), CNR, CSGSDA, Via S Maria 53, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
NR 29
TC 355
Z9 389
U1 2
U2 61
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 4
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6718
BP 425
EP 428
DI 10.1038/17109
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 164KA
UT WOS:000078461700045
PM 29667961
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lin, XY
   Kaul, SS
   Rounsley, S
   Shea, TP
   Benito, MI
   Town, CD
   Fujii, CY
   Mason, T
   Bowman, CL
   Barnstead, M
   Feldblyum, TV
   Buell, CR
   Ketchum, KA
   Lee, J
   Ronning, CM
   Koo, HL
   Moffat, KS
   Cronin, LA
   Shen, M
   Pai, G
   Van Aken, S
   Umayam, L
   Tallon, LJ
   Gill, JE
   Adams, MD
   Carrera, AJ
   Creasy, TH
   Goodman, HM
   Somerville, CR
   Copenhaver, GP
   Preuss, D
   Nierman, WC
   White, O
   Eisen, JA
   Salzberg, SL
   Fraser, CM
   Venter, JC
AF Lin, XY
   Kaul, SS
   Rounsley, S
   Shea, TP
   Benito, MI
   Town, CD
   Fujii, CY
   Mason, T
   Bowman, CL
   Barnstead, M
   Feldblyum, TV
   Buell, CR
   Ketchum, KA
   Lee, J
   Ronning, CM
   Koo, HL
   Moffat, KS
   Cronin, LA
   Shen, M
   Pai, G
   Van Aken, S
   Umayam, L
   Tallon, LJ
   Gill, JE
   Adams, MD
   Carrera, AJ
   Creasy, TH
   Goodman, HM
   Somerville, CR
   Copenhaver, GP
   Preuss, D
   Nierman, WC
   White, O
   Eisen, JA
   Salzberg, SL
   Fraser, CM
   Venter, JC
TI Sequence and analysis of chromosome 2 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID repetitive dna; mitochondrial genome; regions; library; map; rna; construction; duplication; prediction; centromere
AB Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) is unique among plant model organisms in having a small genome (130-140 Mb), excellent physical and genetic maps, and little repetitive DNA. Here we report the sequence of chromosome 2 from the Columbia ecotype in two gap-free assemblies (contigs) of 3.6 and 16 megabases (Mb). The latter represents the longest published stretch of uninterrupted DNA sequence assembled from any organism to date. Chromosome 2 represents 15% of the genome and encodes 4,037 genes, 49% of which have no predicted function. Roughly 250 tandem gene duplications were found in addition to large-scale duplications of about 0.5 and 4.5 Mb between chromosomes 2 and 1 and between chromosomes 2 and 4, respectively. Sequencing of nearly 2 Mb within the genetically defined centromere revealed a low density of recognizable genes, and a high density and diverse range of vestigial and presumably inactive mobile elements. More unexpected is what appears to be a recent insertion of a continuous stretch of 75% of the mitochondrial genome into chromosome 2.
C1 Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
C3 J. Craig Venter Institute
RP Venter, JC (corresponding author), Cereon Genom, 270 Albany St, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM jcventer@celera.com
NR 50
TC 555
Z9 3313
U1 1
U2 124
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 761
EP +
DI 10.1038/45471
PG 13
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500053
PM 10617197
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sankaran, M
   McNaughton, SJ
AF Sankaran, M
   McNaughton, SJ
TI Determinants of biodiversity regulate compositional stability of communities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID statistical inevitability; ecosystem processes; empirical-evidence; plant composition; diversity; ecology; productivity; performance; alter
AB The world is witnessing a decline in biodiversity which may be greater in magnitude than even previous mass-extinction events(1-3). This has rekindled interest in the relationships between biodiversity and the stability of community and ecosystem processes(4) that have been reported in some empirical studies(5-7), Diversity has been linked with community and ecosystem processess(8-14), but disputes remain over whether it is diversity, environmental factors or the variety of functional groups in a community that drive these patterns(15-21). Furthermore, it remains unclear whether variation in diversity resulting from species loss within communities has similar effects on stability as natural variation in diversity associated with gradients in factors that regulate diversity. We believe that, across larger ecological scales, extrinsic determinants of biodiversity such as disturbance regimes and site history may be the primary determinants of certain measures of community stability. Here we use controlled field experiments in savanna grasslands in southern India to demonstrate and explain how low-diversity plant communities can show greater compositional stability when subject to experimental perturbations characteristic of their native environments. These results are best explained by the ecological history and species characteristics of communities rather than by species diversity in itself.
C1 Syracuse Univ, Biol Res Labs, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA.
C3 Syracuse University
RP Sankaran, M (corresponding author), Syracuse Univ, Biol Res Labs, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA.
EM msankara@mailbox.syr.edu
NR 29
TC 130
Z9 156
U1 3
U2 102
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6754
BP 691
EP 693
DI 10.1038/44368
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 247EJ
UT WOS:000083207400054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vidal, R
   Frangione, B
   Rostagno, A
   Mead, S
   Révész, T
   Plant, G
   Ghiso, J
AF Vidal, R
   Frangione, B
   Rostagno, A
   Mead, S
   Révész, T
   Plant, G
   Ghiso, J
TI A stop-codon mutation in the BRI gene associated with familial British dementia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerebral amyloid angiopathy; creutzfeldt-jakob disease; alzheimers-disease; plaque-formation; protein; variant
AB Familial British dementia (FBD), previously designated familial cerebral amyloid angiopathy-British type(1), is an autosomal dominant disorder of undetermined origin characterized by progressive dementia, spasticity, and cerebellar ataxia, with onset at around the fifth decade of life. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, non-neuritic and perivascular plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the predominant pathological lesions(1-4). Here we report the identification of a unique 4K protein subunit named ABri from isolated amyloid fibrils. This highly insoluble peptide is a fragment of a putative type-II single-spanning transmembrane precursor that is encoded by a novel gene, BRI; located on chromosome 13. A single base substitution at the scop codon of this gene generates a longer open reading frame, resulting in a larger, 277-residue precursor. Release of the 34 carboxy-terminal amino acids from the mutated precursor generates the ABri amyloid subunit. The mutation creates a cutting site for the restriction enzyme XbaI, which is useful for detecting asymptomatic carriers. Antibodies against the amyloid or homologous synthetic peptides recognize both parenchymal and vascular lesions in FED patients. A point mutation at the stop codon of BRI therefore results in the generation of the ABri peptide, which is deposited as amyloid fibrils causing neuronal disfunction and dementia.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   UCL Natl Hosp Neurol & Neurosurg, London WC1N 3BG, England.
   Inst Neurol, Dept Neuropathol, London WC1N 3BG, England.
C3 New York University; University of London; University College London; UCL Medical School; University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery; University of London; University College London
RP Ghiso, J (corresponding author), NYU, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, 550 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 USA.
EM ghisoj01@popmail.med.nyu.edu
NR 23
TC 411
Z9 463
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6738
BP 776
EP 781
DI 
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 210JP
UT WOS:000081101600052
PM 10391242
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McGovern, PE
   Glusker, DL
   Moreau, RA
   Nuñez, A
   Beck, CW
   Simpson, E
   Butrym, ED
   Exner, LJ
   Stout, EC
AF McGovern, PE
   Glusker, DL
   Moreau, RA
   Nuñez, A
   Beck, CW
   Simpson, E
   Butrym, ED
   Exner, LJ
   Stout, EC
TI A funerary feast fit for King Midas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Penn, Museum Archaeol & Anthropol, Museum Appl Sci Ctr Archaeol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania
RP McGovern, PE (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Museum Archaeol & Anthropol, Museum Appl Sci Ctr Archaeol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
NR 10
TC 45
Z9 60
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 23
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6764
BP 863
EP 864
DI 10.1038/47217
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 269ML
UT WOS:000084482000027
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Watson, AJ
   Messias, MJ
   Fogelqvist, E
   Van Scoy, KA
   Johannessen, T
   Oliver, KIC
   Stevens, DP
   Rey, F
   Tanhua, T
   Olsson, KA
   Carse, F
   Simonsen, K
   Ledwell, JR
   Jansen, E
   Cooper, DJ
   Kruepke, JA
   Guilyardi, E
AF Watson, AJ
   Messias, MJ
   Fogelqvist, E
   Van Scoy, KA
   Johannessen, T
   Oliver, KIC
   Stevens, DP
   Rey, F
   Tanhua, T
   Olsson, KA
   Carse, F
   Simonsen, K
   Ledwell, JR
   Jansen, E
   Cooper, DJ
   Kruepke, JA
   Guilyardi, E
TI Mixing and convection in the Greenland Sea from a tracer-release experiment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deep convection; arctic-ocean; circulation; pycnocline; waters
AB Convective vertical mixing in restricted areas of the subpolar oceans, such as the Greenland Sea, is thought to be the process responsible for forming much of the dense water of the ocean interior(1,2). Deep-water formation varies substantially on annual and decadal timescales(3-5), and responds to regional climate signals such as the North Atlantic Oscillation(6,7); its variations may therefore give early warning of changes in the thermohaline circulation that may accompany climate changes. Here we report direct measurements of vertical mixing, by convection and by turbulence, from a sulphur hexafluoride tracer-release experiment in the central Greenland Sea gyre. In summer, we found rapid turbulent vertical mixing of about 1.1 cm(2) s-(1). In the following late winter, part of the water column was mixed more vigorously by convection, indicated by the rising and vertical redistribution of the tracer patch in the centre of the gyre. At the same time, mixing outside the gyre centre was only slightly greater than in summer. The results suggest that about 10% of the water in the gyre centre was vertically transported in convective plumes, which reached from the surface to, at their deepest, 1,200-1,400 m. Convection was limited to a very restricted area, however, and smaller volumes of water were transported to depth than previously estimated(9). Our results imply that it may be the rapid year-round turbulent mixing, rather than convection, that dominates vertical mixing in the region as a whole.
C1 Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Analyt & Marine Chem, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Bergen, Dept Geol, N-5007 Bergen, Norway.
   Univ E Anglia, Sch Math, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   Inst Marine Res, Dept Marine Environm, N-5024 Bergen, Norway.
   Univ Faroe Isl, FO-100 Torshavn, Faroe Islands, Denmark.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 University of East Anglia; Chalmers University of Technology; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Bergen; University of East Anglia; Institute of Marine Research - Norway; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Watson, AJ (corresponding author), Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
NR 23
TC 56
Z9 59
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6756
BP 902
EP 904
DI 10.1038/44807
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 251UL
UT WOS:000083464700054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marcotte, EM
   Pellegrini, M
   Thompson, MJ
   Yeates, TO
   Eisenberg, D
AF Marcotte, EM
   Pellegrini, M
   Thompson, MJ
   Yeates, TO
   Eisenberg, D
TI A combined algorithm for genome-wide prediction of protein function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; colon-cancer; genes; yeast; database; interact; mutation; homolog; msh6
AB The availability of over 20 fully sequenced genomes has driven the development of new methods to find protein function and interactions. Here we group proteins by correlated evolution(1), correlated messenger RNA expression patterns(2) and patterns of domain fusion(3) to determine functional relationships among the 6,217 proteins of the yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae. Using these methods, we discover over 93,000 pairwise links between functionally related yeast proteins. Links between characterized and uncharacterized proteins allow a general function to be assigned to more than half of the 2,557 previously uncharacterized yeast proteins. Examples of functional links are given for a protein family of previously unknown function, a protein whose human homologues are implicated in colon cancer and the yeast prion Sup35.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Mol Biol, US DOE, Lab Struct Biol & Mol Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Eisenberg, D (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Mol Biol, US DOE, Lab Struct Biol & Mol Med, POB 951570, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 26
TC 692
Z9 804
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 4
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6757
BP 83
EP 86
DI 10.1038/47048
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 254XC
UT WOS:000083638600047
PM 10573421
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sakakibara, H
   Kojima, H
   Sakai, Y
   Katayama, E
   Oiwa, K
AF Sakakibara, H
   Kojima, H
   Sakai, Y
   Katayama, E
   Oiwa, K
TI Inner-arm dynein c of Chlamydomonas flagella is a single-headed processive motor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kinesin molecules; microtubules; proteins; purification; microscopy; movement; mutants; tubulin; domain; assay
AB Axonemal dyneins are force-generating ATPases that produce movement of eukaryotic cilia and flagella(1,2). Several studies indicate that inner-arm dyneins mainly produce bending moments in flagella(3,4) and that these motors have inherent oscillations in force and motility(5-8). Processive motors such as kinesins have high duty ratios of attached to total ATPase cycle (attached plus detached) times(9) compared to sliding motors such as myosin(10). Here we provide evidence that subspecies-c, a single-headed axonemal inner-arm dynein, is processive but has a low duty ratio. Ultrastructurally it is similar to other dyneins(11-14), with a single globular head, long stem and a slender stalk that attaches to microtubules. In vitro studies of microtubules sliding over surfaces coated with subspecies-c at low densities (measured by single-molecule fluorescence) show that a single molecule is sufficient to move a microtubule more than 1 mu m at 0.7 mu m s(-1). When many motors interact the velocity is 5.1 mu m s(-1), fitting a duty ratio of 0.14. Using optical trap nanometry, we show that beads carrying a single subspecies-c motor move processively along the microtubules in 8-nm steps but slip backwards under high loads. These results indicate that dynein subspecies-c functions in a very different way from conventional motor proteins, and has properties that could produce self-oscillation in vivo.
C1 Kansai Adv Res Ctr, Commun Res Lab, Kobe, Hyogo 6512401, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Dept Fine Morphol, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
C3 National Institute of Information & Communications Technology (NICT) - Japan; University of Tokyo
RP Oiwa, K (corresponding author), Kansai Adv Res Ctr, Commun Res Lab, Kobe, Hyogo 6512401, Japan.
EM oiwa@crl.go.jp
NR 28
TC 154
Z9 172
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6744
BP 586
EP 590
DI 10.1038/23066
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223RT
UT WOS:000081854800061
PM 10448863
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Motani, R
   Rothschild, BM
   Wahl, W Jr
AF Motani, R
   Rothschild, BM
   Wahl, W Jr
TI Large eyeballs in diving ichthyosaurs - The huge eyes of these extinct reptiles may have been useful deep in the ocean.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID giant
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Paleontol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Arthrit Ctr NE Ohio, Youngstown, OH 44512 USA.
   Tate Geol Museum, Casper, WY 82601 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Motani, R (corresponding author), Royal Ontario Museum, Dept Paleobiol, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada.
EM ryo.motani@utoronto.ca
NR 13
TC 124
Z9 144
U1 1
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 747
EP 747
DI 10.1038/45435
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Park, BH
   Kang, BS
   Bu, SD
   Noh, TW
   Lee, J
   Jo, W
AF Park, BH
   Kang, BS
   Bu, SD
   Noh, TW
   Lee, J
   Jo, W
TI Lanthanum-substituted bismuth titanate for use in non-volatile memories
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID srbi2ta2o9 thin-films; electrical-property; ferroelectric capacitors; heterostructures; deposition; fatigue; layer
AB Non-volatile memory devices are so named because they retain information when power is interrupted; thus they are important computer components. In this context, there has been considerable recent interest(1,2) in developing non-volatile memories that use ferroelectric thin films-'ferroelectric random access memories: or FRAMs-in which information is stored in the polarization state of the ferroelectric material. To realize a practical FRAM, the thin films should satisfy the following criteria: compatibility with existing dynamic random access memory technologies, large remnant polarization (P-r) and reliable polarization-cycling characteristics. Early work focused on lead zirconate titanate (PZT) but, when films of this material were grown on metal electrodes, they generally suffered from a reduction of P-r ('fatigue') with polarity switching. Strontium bismuth tantalate (SBT) and related oxides have been proposed to overcome the fatigue problem(3), but such materials have other shortcomings, such as a high deposition temperature. Here we show that lanthanum-substituted bismuth titanate thin films provide a promising alternative for FRAM applications. The films are fatigue-free on metal electrodes, they can be deposited at temperatures of similar to 650 degrees C and their values of P-r are larger than those of the SBT films.
C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
   Seoul Natl Univ, Condensed Matter Res Inst, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
   Sungkyunkwan Univ, Dept Mat Engn, Suwon 440746, South Korea.
   LG Corp Inst Technol, Seoul 137140, South Korea.
C3 Seoul National University (SNU); Seoul National University (SNU); Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)
RP Noh, TW (corresponding author), Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
EM twno@phya.snu.ac.kr
NR 19
TC 2273
Z9 2410
U1 4
U2 539
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6754
BP 682
EP 684
DI 10.1038/44352
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 247EJ
UT WOS:000083207400051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cheng, ZD
   Russell, WB
   Chaikin, PM
AF Cheng, ZD
   Russell, WB
   Chaikin, PM
TI Controlled growth of hard-sphere colloidal crystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photonic band-structure; entropy difference; crystallization; transition; dynamics; equation; state; model
AB Three-dimensional ordered colloidal systems with lattice, constants comparable to the wavelength of visible light might find important application as photonic crystals(1), optic filters and switches(2), and chemical sensors(3). Colloidal crystallization has been actively studied(4-8), leading to the development of several methods to control the self-assembly of the colloidal particles; examples include colloidal epitaxy(9) and space-based reduced-gravity techniques(10,11). Here we report a method to control the nucleation and growth of hard-sphere colloidal crystals that relies on the use of temperature gradients to define a density gradient. This is somewhat counterintuitive as temperature does not play a role in determining the hard-sphere phase diagram. We obtain hard-sphere single crystals (size similar to 3mm) from a sample in a concentration regime that would remain in the liquid state in the absence of a temperature gradient. We expect the method to have applications in controlling the ordering and growth of various 'soft' systems including colloids, copolymers, emulsions and proteins.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Chaikin, PM (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
EM chaikin@pupgg.princeton.edu
NR 30
TC 196
Z9 234
U1 2
U2 155
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6756
BP 893
EP 895
DI 10.1038/44785
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 251UL
UT WOS:000083464700051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, XZ
   Vassilev, PM
   Basora, N
   Peng, JB
   Nomura, H
   Segal, Y
   Brown, EM
   Reeders, ST
   Hediger, MA
   Zhou, J
AF Chen, XZ
   Vassilev, PM
   Basora, N
   Peng, JB
   Nomura, H
   Segal, Y
   Brown, EM
   Reeders, ST
   Hediger, MA
   Zhou, J
TI Polycystin-L is a calcium-regulated cation channel permeable to calcium ions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID xenopus-laevis oocytes; kidney-disease; gene; proteins; chloride; cells; pkd1; inhibit; encodes; entry
AB Polycystic kidney diseases are genetic disorders in which the renal parenchyma is progressively replaced by fluid-filled cysts(1). Two members of the polycystin family (polycystin-1 and -2) are mutated in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)(2-5), and polycystin-L is deleted in mice with renal and retinal defects(6), Polycystins are membrane proteins that share significant sequence homology(6,7), especially polycystin-2 and -L (50% identity and 71% similarity). The functions of the polycystins remain unknown. Here we show that polycystin-L is a calcium-modulated nonselective cation channel that is permeable to sodium, potassium and calcium ions. Patch-clamp experiments revealed single-channel activity with a unitary conductance of 137 pS. Channel activity was substantially increased when either the extracellular or intracellular calcium-ion concentration was raised, indicating that polycystin-L may act as a transducer of calcium-mediated signalling in vivo. Its large single-channel conductance and regulation by calcium ions distinguish it from other structurally related cation channels.
C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Div Renal, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Div Endocrine Hypertens, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Membrane Biol Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Zhou, J (corresponding author), Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Div Renal, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 30
TC 196
Z9 227
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 383
EP 386
DI 10.1038/43907
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600053
PM 10517637
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stahl, EA
   Dwyer, G
   Mauricio, R
   Kreitman, M
   Bergelson, J
AF Stahl, EA
   Dwyer, G
   Mauricio, R
   Kreitman, M
   Bergelson, J
TI Dynamics of disease resistance polymorphism at the Rpm1 locus of Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular population-genetics; pseudomonas-syringae; thaliana; recombination; epidemiology; parasites; selection; genes
AB The co-evolutionary 'arms race'(1) is a widely accepted model for the evolution of host-pathogen interactions. This model predicts that variation for disease resistance will be transient, and that host populations generally will be monomorphic at disease-resistance (R-gene) loci. However, plant populations show considerable polymorphism at R-gene loci involved in pathogen recognition(2). Here we have tested the arms-race model in Arabidopsis thaliana by analysing sequences flanking Rpm1, a gene conferring the ability to recognize Pseudomonas pathogens carrying AvrRpm1 or AvrB (ref. 3). We reject the arms-race hypothesis: resistance and susceptibility alleles at this locus have co-existed for millions of years. To account for the age of alleles and the relative levels of polymorphism within allelic classes, we use coalescence theory to model the long-term accumulation of nucleotide-polymorphism in the context of the short-term ecological dynamics of disease resistance. This analysis supports a 'trench warfare' hypothesis, in which advances and retreats of resistance-allele frequency maintain variation for disease resistance as a dynamic polymorphism(4,5).
C1 Univ Chicago, Comm Genet, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago
RP Bergelson, J (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Comm Genet, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM jbergels@midway.uchicago.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM057994] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 480
Z9 543
U1 0
U2 68
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6745
BP 667
EP 671
DI 10.1038/23260
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226QU
UT WOS:000082032900054
PM 10458161
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nadelhoffer, KJ
   Emmett, BA
   Gundersen, P
   Kjonaas, OJ
   Koopmans, CJ
   Schleppi, P
   Tietema, A
   Wright, RF
AF Nadelhoffer, KJ
   Emmett, BA
   Gundersen, P
   Kjonaas, OJ
   Koopmans, CJ
   Schleppi, P
   Tietema, A
   Wright, RF
TI Nitrogen deposition makes a minor contribution to carbon sequestration in temperate forests
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID terrestrial ecosystems; biosphere; storage; cycle; additions; nitrate; maine; sink; co2; usa
AB Humans have altered global nitrogen cycling such that more atmospheric N-2 is being converted ('fixed') into biologically reactive forms by anthropogenic activities than by all natural processes combined(1). In particular, nitrogen oxides emitted during fuel combustion and ammonia volatilized as a result of intensive agriculture have increased atmospheric nitrogen inputs (mostly NO3 and NH4) to temperate forests in the Northern Hemisphere(2-4). Because tree growth in northern temperate regions is typically nitrogen-limited(5), increased nitrogen deposition could have the effect of attenuating rising atmospheric CO2 by stimulating the accumulation of forest biomass. Forest inventories indicate that the carbon contents of northern forests have increased concurrently with nitrogen deposition since the 1950s(6-8). In addition, variations in atmospheric CO2 indicate a globally significant carbon sink in northern mid-latitude forest regions(9-12). It is unclear, however, whether elevated nitrogen deposition or other factors are the primary cause of carbon sequestration in northern forests. Here we use evidence from N-15-tracer studies in nine forests to show that elevated nitrogen deposition is unlikely to be a major contributor to the putative CO2 sink in forested northern temperature regions.
C1 Marine Biol Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Inst Terr Ecol, Bangor LL57 2UP, Gwynedd, Wales.
   Danish forest & Landscape Res Inst, DK-2970 Horsholm, Denmark.
   Agr Univ Norway, Norwegian Forest Res Inst, N-1432 As Nlh, Norway.
   Univ Amsterdam, NL-1018 VZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Swiss Fed Inst Forest Snow & Landscape Res, WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
   Norwegian Inst Water Res, N-0411 Oslo, Norway.
C3 Marine Biological Laboratory - Woods Hole; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); University of Copenhagen; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow & Landscape Research; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)
RP Nadelhoffer, KJ (corresponding author), Marine Biol Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
NR 30
TC 593
Z9 748
U1 3
U2 415
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6723
BP 145
EP 148
DI 10.1038/18205
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 176DG
UT WOS:000079135200043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Toni, N
   Buchs, PA
   Nikonenko, I
   Bron, CR
   Muller, D
AF Toni, N
   Buchs, PA
   Nikonenko, I
   Bron, CR
   Muller, D
TI LTP promotes formation of multiple spine synapses between a single axon terminal and a dendrite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; postsynaptic density; axospinous synapses; pyramidal cells; potentiation; ca1; rat; synaptogenesis; transmission; hippocampus
AB Structural remodelling of synapses(1-4) and formation of new synaptic contacts(5-8) has been postulated as a possible mechanism underlying the late phase of long-term potentiation (LTP), a form of plasticity which is involved in learning and memory(9). Here we use electron microscopy to analyse the morphology of synapses activated by high-frequency stimulation and identified by accumulated calcium in dendritic spines. LTP induction resulted in a sequence of morphological changes consisting of a transient remodelling of the postsynaptic membrane followed by a marked increase in the proportion of axon terminals contacting two or more dendritic spines. Three-dimensional reconstruction revealed that these spines arose from the same dendrite. As pharmacological blockade of LTP prevented these morphological changes, we conclude that LTP is associated with the formation of new, mature and probably functional synapses contacting the same presynaptic terminal and thereby duplicating activated synapses.
C1 Univ Geneva, CMU, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
   Univ Bern, Inst Anat, CH-3000 Bern, Switzerland.
C3 University of Geneva; University of Bern
RP Muller, D (corresponding author), Univ Geneva, CMU, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
NR 28
TC 787
Z9 908
U1 2
U2 55
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 421
EP 425
DI 10.1038/46574
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600059
PM 10586883
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chu, DH
   Gordon, RG
AF Chu, DH
   Gordon, RG
TI Evidence for motion between Nubia and Somalia along the southwest Indian ridge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID current plate motions; statistical tests; east-africa; ocean; deformation; constraints; boundary; earthquakes; lithosphere; kinematics
AB The East African rift marks the northern boundary of the Nubian (West African) and Somalian (East African) plates, and has formed by horizontal stretching due to the separation of these plates(1). South of similar to 20 degrees S, any expression of deformation or seismicity due to the relative motion of these two distinct plates vanishes, although the boundary must continue until it intersects another plate boundary. The nearest such boundary is that of the Antarctic plate, marked by the Southwest Indian ridge. But previous analyses of plate-motion data have indicated no significant difference between Nubia-Antarctica and Somalia-Antarctica motion(2,3). Here we show, using: a large compilation of plate-motion data, that Nubia-Antarctica motion does differ from Somalia-Antarctica motion, and we determine a relative angular velocity of the two plates that has compact confidence limits. Our analysis places the pole of rotation near to the southern limit of African seismicity, implying that the southern part of the Nubian-Somalian plate boundary is a diffuse zone of convergence (up to similar to 2 mm yr(-1)), whereas up to similar to 6 mm yr(-1) of separation is accommodated across the East African rift-about half the separation rate of the slowest mid-ocean ridge.
C1 Rice Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
C3 Rice University
RP Gordon, RG (corresponding author), Rice Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
NR 27
TC 169
Z9 194
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6722
BP 64
EP 67
DI 10.1038/18014
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 174KG
UT WOS:000079033900051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Macilwain, C
AF Macilwain, C
TI Collapse of real sharpens Brazil's contrasts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 5
Z9 6
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6726
BP A16
EP A18
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 182QB
UT WOS:000079508700008
PM 10201383
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whiten, A
   Goodall, J
   McGrew, WC
   Nishida, T
   Reynolds, V
   Sugiyama, Y
   Tutin, CEG
   Wrangham, RW
   Boesch, C
AF Whiten, A
   Goodall, J
   McGrew, WC
   Nishida, T
   Reynolds, V
   Sugiyama, Y
   Tutin, CEG
   Wrangham, RW
   Boesch, C
TI Cultures in chimpanzees
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID children homo-sapiens; pan-troglodytes; wild chimpanzees; evolution; imitation
AB As an increasing number of field studies of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have achieved long-term status across Africa, differences in the behavioural repertoires described have become apparent that suggest there is significant cultural variation(1-7). Here we present a systematic synthesis of this information from the seven most long-term studies, which together have accumulated 151 years of chimpanzee observation. This comprehensive analysis reveals patterns of variation that are far more extensive than have previously been documented for any animal species except humans(8-11). We find that 39 different behaviour patterns, including tool usage, grooming and courtship behaviours, are customary or habitual in some communities but are absent in others where ecological explanations have been discounted. Among mammalian and avian species, cultural variation has previously been identified only for single behaviour patterns, such as the local dialects of song-birds(12,13). The extensive, multiple variations now documented for chimpanzees are thus without parallel. Moreover, the combined repertoire of these behaviour patterns in each chimpanzee community is itself highly distinctive, a phenomenon characteristic of human cultures(14) but previously unrecognised in non-human species.
C1 Univ St Andrews, Scottish Primate Res Grp, Sch Psychol, St Andrews KY16 9JU, Fife, Scotland.
   Gombe Stream Res Ctr, Kigoma, Tanzania.
   Miami Univ, Dept Zool, Oxford, OH 45056 USA.
   Miami Univ, Dept Sociol Gerontol & Anthropol, Oxford, OH 45056 USA.
   Kyoto Univ, Human Evolut Studies Lab, Kyoto 60601, Japan.
   Univ Oxford, Inst Biol Anthropol, Oxford OX2 6QS, England.
   Kyoto Univ, Primate Res Inst, Inuyama, Aichi 4848506, Japan.
   Ctr Int Rech Med Franceville, Franceville, Gabon.
   Univ Stirling, Dept Biol Sci, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Anthropol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, D-04301 Leipzig, Germany.
C3 University of St Andrews; University System of Ohio; Miami University; University System of Ohio; Miami University; Kyoto University; University of Oxford; Kyoto University; University of Stirling; Harvard University; Max Planck Society
RP Whiten, A (corresponding author), Univ St Andrews, Scottish Primate Res Grp, Sch Psychol, St Andrews KY16 9JU, Fife, Scotland.
NR 30
TC 1596
Z9 1789
U1 10
U2 467
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 682
EP 685
DI 10.1038/21415
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800058
PM 10385119
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ban, N
   Nissen, P
   Hansen, J
   Capel, M
   Moore, PB
   Steitz, TA
AF Ban, N
   Nissen, P
   Hansen, J
   Capel, M
   Moore, PB
   Steitz, TA
TI Placement of protein and RNA structures into a 5 Å-resolution map of the 50S ribosomal subunit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID elongation-factor-g; escherichia-coli ribosome; crystal-structure; cross-linking; 23s rna; ef-tu; domain; loop; visualization; arrangement
AB We have calculated at 5.0 Angstrom resolution an electron-density map of the large 50S ribosomal subunit from the bacterium Haloarcula marismortui by using phases derived from four heavy-atom derivatives, intercrystal density averaging and density-modification procedures. More than 300 base pairs of A-form RNA duplex have been fitted into this map, as have regions of non-A-form duplex, single-stranded segments and tetraloops. The long rods of RNA crisscrossing the subunit arise from the stacking of short, separate double helices, not all of which are A-form, and in many places proteins crosslink two or more of these rods. The polypeptide exit channel was marked by tungsten cluster compounds bound in one heavy-atom-derivatized crystal. We have determined the structure of the translation-factor-binding centre by fitting the crystal structures of the ribosomal proteins L6, L11 and L14, the sarcin-ricin loop RNA, and the RNA sequence that binds L11 into the electron density. We can position either elongation factor a or elongation factor Tu complexed with an aminoacylated transfer RNA and GTP onto the factor-binding centre in a manner that is consistent with results from biochemical and electron microscopy studies.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Chem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory
RP Steitz, TA (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, POB 6666, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
NR 50
TC 344
Z9 398
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 26
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6747
BP 841
EP 847
DI 10.1038/23641
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 230CA
UT WOS:000082233200036
PM 10476961
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abbott, A
AF Abbott, A
TI Tough measures bring a scarred science back to the world stage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 1
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6754
BP 635
EP 639
DI 
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 247EJ
UT WOS:000083207400019
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kiene, RP
AF Kiene, RP
TI Ocean biogeochemistry - Sulphur in the mix
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phytoplankton; climate; sulfur; cycle
C1 Univ S Alabama, Dept Marine Sci, Mobile, AL 36688 USA.
C3 University of South Alabama
RP Kiene, RP (corresponding author), Univ S Alabama, Dept Marine Sci, LSCB-25, Mobile, AL 36688 USA.
NR 10
TC 7
Z9 7
U1 1
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 363
EP +
DI 10.1038/46446
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600035
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, J
   Benson, O
   Kan, H
   Yamamoto, Y
AF Kim, J
   Benson, O
   Kan, H
   Yamamoto, Y
TI A single-photon turnstile device
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coulomb-blockade; shot-noise; suppression; electron; junctions
AB Quantum-mechanical interference between indistinguishable quantum particles profoundly affects their arrival time and counting statistics. Photons from a thermal source tend to arrive together (bunching) and their counting distribution is broader than the classical Poisson limit(1). Electrons from a thermal source, on the other hand, tend to arrive separately (anti-bunching) and their counting distribution is narrower than the classical Poisson limit(2-4). Manipulation of quantum-statistical properties of photons with various non-classical sources is at the heart of quantum optics: features normally characteristic of fermions-such as anti-bunching, sub-poissonian and squeezing (sub-shot-noise) behaviours-have now been demonstrates. A single-photon turnstile device was proposed(6-8) to realize an effect similar to conductance quantization. Only one electron can occupy a single state owing to the Pauli exclusion principle and, for an electron waveguide that supports only one propagating transverse mode, this leads to the quantization of electrical conductance: the conductance of each propagating mode is then given by G(Q) = e(2)/h (where e is the charge of the electron and h is Planck's constant; ref. 9), Here we report experimental progress towards generation of a similar now of single photons with a well regulated time interval.
C1 Stanford Univ, Edward L Ginzton Lab, ERATO, Quantum Fluctuat Project, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Hamamatsu Photon Inc, ERATO, Quantum Fluctuat Project, Shizuoka 4340041, Japan.
   Nippon Telegraph & Tel Corp, Basic Res Labs, Atsugi, Kanagawa 24301, Japan.
C3 Stanford University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Hamamatsu Photonics; NTT, Inc
RP Yamamoto, Y (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Edward L Ginzton Lab, ERATO, Quantum Fluctuat Project, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM yamamoto@loki.stanford.edu
NR 20
TC 448
Z9 493
U1 0
U2 84
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 11
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6719
BP 500
EP 503
DI 10.1038/17295
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 166KN
UT WOS:000078574900042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, A
   Wong, ST
   Gallagher, D
   Li, B
   Storm, DR
   Scheuer, T
   Catterall, WA
AF Lee, A
   Wong, ST
   Gallagher, D
   Li, B
   Storm, DR
   Scheuer, T
   Catterall, WA
TI Ca2+/calmodulin binds to and modulates P/Q-type calcium channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-gamma-subunits; rat brain-stem; ca2+ channels; calmodulin-binding; subcellular-distribution; alpha(1a) subunits; protein; inactivation; mechanism; synapse
AB Neurotransmitter release at many central synapses is initiated by an influx of calcium ions through P/Q-type calcium channels(1,2), which are densely localized in nerve terminals(3). Because neurotransmitter release is proportional to the fourth power of calcium concentration(4,5), regulation of its entry can profoundly influence neurotransmission. N- and P/Q-type calcium channels are inhibited by G proteins(6,7), and recent evidence indicates feedback regulation of P/Q-type channels by calcium(8). Although calcium-dependent inactivation of L-type channels is well documented(9-11), little is known about how calcium modulates P/Q-type channels. Here we report a calcium-dependent interaction between calmodulin and a novel site in the carboxy-terminal domain of the cu,A subunit of P/Q-type channels. In the presence of low concentrations of intracellular calcium chelators, calcium influx through P/Q-type channels enhances channel inactivation, increases recovery from inactivation and produces a long-lasting facilitation of the calcium current. These effects are prevented by overexpression of a calmodulin-binding inhibitor peptide and by deletion of the calmodulin-binding domain. Our results reveal an unexpected association of Ca2+/calmodulin with P/Q-type calcium channels that may contribute to calcium-dependent synaptic plasticity.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Pharmacol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Catterall, WA (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Pharmacol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM wcatt@u.washington.edu
NR 30
TC 404
Z9 454
U1 1
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 13
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6732
BP 155
EP 159
DI 10.1038/20194
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 196XU
UT WOS:000080335700051
PM 10335845
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aritomi, M
   Kunishima, N
   Okamoto, T
   Kuroki, R
   Ota, Y
   Morikawa, K
AF Aritomi, M
   Kunishima, N
   Okamoto, T
   Kuroki, R
   Ota, Y
   Morikawa, K
TI Atomic structure of the GCSF-receptor complex showing a new cytokine-receptor recognition scheme
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID colony-stimulating factor; extracellular domain; crystal-structure; growth-hormone; ligand-binding; granulocyte; csf; identification; dimerization; region
AB Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) is the principal growth factor regulating the maturation, proliferation and differentiation of the precursor cells of neutrophilic granulocytes' and is used to treat neutropenia(2), GCSF is a member of the long-chain subtype of the class 1 cytokine superfamily, which includes growth hormone, erythropoietin, interleukin 6 and oncostatin M (ref. 3), Here we have determined the crystal structure of GCSF complexed to the BN-BC domains, the principal ligand-binding region of the GCSF receptor (GCSFR). The two receptor domains form a complex in a 2:2 ratio with the ligand, with a noncrystallographic pseudo-twofold axis through primarily the interdomain region and secondarily the BC domain. This structural view of a gp130-type receptor-ligand complex presents a new molecular basis for cytokine-receptor recognition.
C1 Kirin Brewery Co Ltd, Cent Labs Key Technol, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360004, Japan.
   Biomol Engn Res Inst, Suita, Osaka 5650874, Japan.
C3 Kirin Brewery Company Limited
RP Morikawa, K (corresponding author), Biomol Engn Res Inst, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 5650874, Japan.
EM morikawa@beri.co.jp
NR 30
TC 127
Z9 148
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 14
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6754
BP 713
EP 718
DI 10.1038/44394
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 247EJ
UT WOS:000083207400060
PM 10537111
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tetsu, O
   McCormick, F
AF Tetsu, O
   McCormick, F
TI β-catenin regulates expression of cyclin D1 in colon carcinoma cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cancer; overexpression; gene; activation; promoter; complex; xenopus; lessons; lef-1; apc
AB Mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumour-suppressor gene occur in most human colon cancers(1) Loss of functional APC protein results in the accumulation of beta-catenin(2). Mutant forms of beta-catenin have been discovered in colon cancers that retain wild-type APC genes(3,4), and also in melanomas(5), medulloblastomas(6), prostate cancer(7) and gastric(8) and hepatocellular(9,10) carcinomas. The accumulation of beta-catenin activates genes that are responsive to transcription factors of the TCF/LEF family, with which beta-catenin interacts(11-15). Here we show that beta-catenin activates transcription from the cyclin D1 promoter, and that sequences within the promoter that are related to consensus TCF/LEF-binding sites are necessary for activation. The oncoprotein p21(ras) further activates transcription of the cyclin D1 gene, through sites within the promoter that bind the transcriptional regulators Ets or CREB. Cells expressing mutant beta-catenin produce high levels of cyclin D1 messenger RNA and protein constitutively. Furthermore, expression of a dominant-negative form of TCF in colon-cancer cells strongly inhibits expression of cyclin DI without affecting expression of cyclin D2, cyclinE, or cyclin-dependent kinases 2, 4 or 6. This dominant-negative TCF causes cells to arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle; this phenotype can be rescued by expression of cyclin D1 under the cytomegalovirus promoter. Abnormal levels of beta-catenin may therefore contribute to neoplastic transformation by causing accumulation of cyclin D1.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Canc Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP McCormick, F (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Canc Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM mccormick@cc.ucsf.edu
NR 28
TC 3260
Z9 3697
U1 1
U2 210
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 1
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6726
BP 422
EP 426
DI 10.1038/18884
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 182PW
UT WOS:000079508200052
PM 10201372
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bontempi, B
   Laurent-Demir, C
   Destrade, C
   Jaffard, R
AF Bontempi, B
   Laurent-Demir, C
   Destrade, C
   Jaffard, R
TI Time-dependent reorganization of brain circuitry underlying long-term memory storage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID posterior cingulate cortices; positron emission tomography; cognitive neuroscience; hippocampal-formation; retrograde-amnesia; episodic memory; consolidation; mice; perspective; retrieval
AB Retrogade amnesia observed following hippocampal lesions in humans and animals is typically temporally graded(1,2), with recent memory being impaired while remote memories remain intact, indicating that the hippocampal formation has a time-limited role in memory storage(3,4). However, this claim remains controversial because studies involving hippocampal lesions tell us nothing about the contribution of the hippocampus to memory storage if this region was present at the time of memory retrieval(5,6). We therefore used non-invasive functional brain imaging using (C-14)2-deoxyglucose uptake to examine how the brain circuitry underlying long-term memory storage is reorganized over time in an intact brain. Regional metabolic activity in the brain was mapped in mice tested at different times for retention of a spatial discrimination task. Here we report that increasing the retention interval from 5 days to 25 days resulted in both decreased hippocampal metabolic activity during retention testing and a loss of correlation between hippocampal metabolic activity and memory performance. Concomitantly, a recruitment of certain cortical areas was observed. These results indicate that there is a time-dependent reorganization of the neuronal circuitry underlying long-term memory storage, in which a transitory interaction between the hippocampal formation and the neocortex would mediate the establishment of long-lived cortical memory representations.
C1 Univ Bordeaux 1, CNRS, UMR 5807, Cognit Neurosci Lab, F-33405 Talence, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Bordeaux
RP Bontempi, B (corresponding author), Univ Bordeaux 1, CNRS, UMR 5807, Cognit Neurosci Lab, Ave Fac, F-33405 Talence, France.
NR 29
TC 493
Z9 592
U1 0
U2 54
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6745
BP 671
EP 675
DI 10.1038/23270
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226QU
UT WOS:000082032900055
PM 10458162
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harding, HP
   Zhang, YH
   Ron, D
AF Harding, HP
   Zhang, YH
   Ron, D
TI Protein translation and folding are coupled by an endoplasmic-reticulum-resident kinase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glucose-regulated proteins; initiation-factor 2-alpha; transmembrane protein; cultured-cells; phosphorylation; activation; induction; depletion; signals; nucleus
AB Protein synthesis and the folding of the newly synthesized proteins into the correct three-dimensional structure are coupled in cellular compartments of the exocytosis pathway by a process that modulates the phosphorylation level of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 alpha (eIF2 alpha) in response to a stress signal from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(1,2). Activation of this process leads to reduced rates of initiation of protein translation during ER stress(3). Here we describe the cloning of perk, a gene encoding a type I transmembrane ER-resident protein. PERK has a lumenal domain that is similar to the ER-stress-sensing lumenal domain of the ER-resident kinase Irel, and a cytoplasmic portion that contains a protein-kinase domain most similar to that of the known eIF2 alpha kinases, PKR and HRI. ER stress increases PERK's protein-kinase activity and PERK phosphorylates eIF2 alpha on serine residue 51, inhibiting translation of messenger RNA into protein. These properties implicate PERK in a signalling pathway that attenuates protein translation in response to ER stress.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Dept Med, Skirball Inst Biomol Med, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Skirball Inst Biomol Med, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Kaplan Canc Ctr, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 New York University; New York University; New York University
RP Ron, D (corresponding author), NYU, Sch Med, Dept Med, Skirball Inst Biomol Med, New York, NY 10016 USA.
EM ron@saturn.med.nyu.edu
NR 26
TC 2733
Z9 3324
U1 2
U2 189
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 21
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6716
BP 271
EP 274
DI 10.1038/16729
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 159QH
UT WOS:000078184800057
PM 9930704
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schauser, L
   Roussis, A
   Stiller, J
   Stougaard, J
AF Schauser, L
   Roussis, A
   Stiller, J
   Stougaard, J
TI A plant regulator controlling development of symbiotic root nodules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lipo-oligosaccharide signals; lotus-japonicus; leucine zipper; rhizobium-loti; dna; identification; chlamydomonas; genes; transcription; nodulation
AB Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing root nodules on legumes are founded by root cortical cells that de-differentiate and restart cell division to establish nodule primordia. Bacterial microsymbionts invade these primordia through infection threads laid down by the plant and, after endocytosis, membrane-enclosed bacteroids occupy cells in the nitrogen-fixing tissue of functional nodules, The bacteria excrete lipochitin oligosaccharides(1,2), triggering a developmental process that is controlled by the plant and can be suppressed, Nodule inception initially relies on cell competence in a narrow infection zone located just behind the growing root tip. Older nodules then regulate the number of nodules on a root system by suppressing the development of nodule primordia(3), To identify the regulatory components that act early in nodule induction, ive characterized a transposon-tagged Lotus japonicus mutant, nin (for nodule inception), arrested at the stage of bacterial recognition. We show that rlin is required for the formation of infection threads and the initiation of primordia, NlN protein has regional similarity to transcription factors, and the predicted DNA-binding/dimerization domain identifies and typifies a consensus motif conserved in plant proteins with a function in nitrogen-controlled development.
C1 Aarhus Univ, Dept Mol & Struct Biol, Lab Gene Express, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
C3 Aarhus University
RP Stougaard, J (corresponding author), Aarhus Univ, Dept Mol & Struct Biol, Lab Gene Express, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
NR 25
TC 709
Z9 819
U1 9
U2 169
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 191
EP 195
DI 10.1038/46058
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400053
PM 10647012
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Onichtchouk, D
   Chen, YG
   Dosch, R
   Gawantka, V
   Dellus, H
   Massagué, J
   Niehrs, C
AF Onichtchouk, D
   Chen, YG
   Dosch, R
   Gawantka, V
   Dellus, H
   Massagué, J
   Niehrs, C
TI Silencing of TGF-β signalling by the pseudoreceptor BAMBI
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bone morphogenetic protein-4; ventralizing factor; xenopus-embryos; receptor; gene; organizer; identification; transduction; expression; activation
AB Members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily, including TGF-beta, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), activins and nodals, are vital for regulating growth and differentiation(1). These growth factors transduce their signals through pairs of transmembrane type I and type II receptor kinases(2-4). Here, we have cloned a transmembrane protein, BAMBI, which is related to TGP-beta-family type I receptors but lacks an intracellular kinase domain. We show that BAMBI is co-expressed with the ventralizing morphogen BMP4 (refs 5, 6) during Xenopus embryogenesis and that it requires BMP signalling for its expression. The protein stably associates with TGF-beta-family receptors and inhibits BMP and activin as well as TGF-beta signalling. Finally, we provide evidence that BAMBI's inhibitory effects are mediated by its intracellular domain, which resembles the homodimerization interface of a type I receptor and prevents the formation of receptor complexes. The results indicate that BAMBI negatively regulates TGF-beta-family signalling by a regulatory mechanism involving the interaction of signalling receptors with a pseudoreceptor.
C1 Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Div Mol Embryol, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Div Appl Tumor Virol, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Niehrs, C (corresponding author), Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Div Mol Embryol, Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 30
TC 600
Z9 745
U1 1
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6752
BP 480
EP 485
DI 10.1038/46794
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243DF
UT WOS:000082981200057
PM 10519551
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Strange, P
   Svane, A
   Temmerman, WM
   Szotek, Z
   Winter, H
AF Strange, P
   Svane, A
   Temmerman, WM
   Szotek, Z
   Winter, H
TI Understanding the valency of rare earths from first-principles theory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pressure
AB The rare-earth metals have high magnetic moments and a diverse range of magnetic structures(1). Their magnetic properties are determined by the occupancy of the strongly localized 4f electronic shells, while the outer 5-d electrons determine the bonding and other electronic properties(2). Most of the rare-earth atoms are divalent, but generally become trivalent in the metallic state, In some materials, the energy difference between these valence states is small and, by changing some external parameter (such as pressure), a transition from one to the other occurs. But the mechanism underlying this transition and the reason for the differing valence states are not well understood. Here we report first-principles electronic-structure calculations that enable us to determine both the valency and the lattice size as a function of atomic number, and hence understand the valence transitions. We iind that there are two types of f electrons: localized core-like f electrons that determine the valency, and delocalized band-like f electrons that are formed through hybridization with the s-d bands and which participate in bonding. The latter are found only in the trivalent systems; if their number exceeds a certain threshold, it becomes energetically favourable for these electrons to localize, causing a transition to a divalent ground state.
C1 Univ Keele, Sch Chem & Phys, Theoret Phys Grp, Keele ST5 5BG, Staffs, England.
   Univ Aarhus, Inst Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   SERC, Daresbury Lab, Warrington WA4 4AD, Cheshire, England.
   Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, INFP, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
C3 Keele University; Aarhus University; STFC Daresbury Laboratory; Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
RP Strange, P (corresponding author), Univ Keele, Sch Chem & Phys, Theoret Phys Grp, Keele ST5 5BG, Staffs, England.
NR 9
TC 302
Z9 323
U1 1
U2 78
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6738
BP 756
EP 758
DI 10.1038/21595
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 210JP
UT WOS:000081101600045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Watanabe, Y
   Nurse, P
AF Watanabe, Y
   Nurse, P
TI Cohesin Rec8 is required for reductional chromosome segregation at meiosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sister-chromatid cohesion; yeast schizosaccharomyces-pombe; fission yeast; anaphase transition; gene; recombination; centromeres; metaphase; nuclear; rad21
AB When cells exit from mitotic cell division, their sister chromatids lose cohesion and separate to opposite poles of the dividing cell, resulting in equational chromosome segregation. In contrast, the reductional segregation of the first stage of meiotic cell division (meiosis I) requires that sister chromatids remain associated through their centromeres and move together to the same pole. Centromeric cohesion is lost as cells exit from meiosis II and sister chromatids can then separate(1-4). The fission yeast cohesin protein Reed is specific to and required for meiosis(5-8). Here we show that Rec8 appears in the centromeres and adjacent chromosome arms during the pre-meiotic S phase. Centromeric Red persists throughout meiosis I and disappears at anaphase of meiosis II. When the rec8 gene is deleted, sister chromatids separate at meiosis I, resulting in equational rather than reductional chromosome segregation. We propose that the persistence of Rec8 at centromeres during meiosis I maintains sister-chromatid cohesion, and that its presence in the centromere-adjacent regions orients the kinetochores so that sister chromatids move to the same pole. This results in the reductional pattern of chromosome segregation necessary to reduce a diploid zygote to haploid gametes.
C1 Imperial Canc Res Fund, Cell Cycle Lab, London WC2A 3PX, England.
C3 Cancer Research UK
RP Watanabe, Y (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biophys & Biochem, Tokyo 113, Japan.
EM ywatanab@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 29
TC 450
Z9 538
U1 3
U2 79
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6743
BP 461
EP 464
DI 10.1038/22774
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221FZ
UT WOS:000081715000053
PM 10440376
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cancela, JM
   Churchill, GC
   Galione, A
AF Cancela, JM
   Churchill, GC
   Galione, A
TI Coordination of agonist-induced Ca2+-signalling patterns by NAADP in pancreatic acinar cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adenine-dinucleotide phosphate; cyclic-adp-ribose; induced ca2+ release; inositol trisphosphate; calcium; oscillations; channels; inactivation; activation; system
AB Many hormones and neurotransmitters evoke Ca2+ release from intracellular stores, often triggering agonist-specific signatures of intracellular Ca2+ concentration(1-5), Inositol trisphosphate (InsP(3))(1) and cyclic adenosine 5 '-diphosphate-ribose (cADPR)(6,7) are established Ca2+-mobilizing messengers that activate Ca2+ release through intracellular InsP(3) and ryanodine receptors, respectively(8-10). However, in pancreatic acinar cells, neither mess enger can explain the complex pattern of Ca2+ signals triggered by the secretory hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). We show here that the Ca2+-mobilizing molecule nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP)(7,11-13), and endogenous metabolite of P-NADP, triggers a Ca2+ response that varies from short-lasting Ca2+ spikes to a complex mixture of short-lasting (1-2s) and long-lasting (0.2-1 min) Ca2+ spikes. Cells were significantly more sensitive to NAADP than to either cADPR or InsP(3), whereas higher conEeni trations of NAADP selectively inactivated CCK-evoked Ca2+ signals in pancreatic acinar cells, indicating that NAADP may function as an intracellular messenger in mammalian cells.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Pharmacol, Oxford OX1 3QT, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Galione, A (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Pharmacol, Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3QT, England.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 324
Z9 342
U1 1
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6722
BP 74
EP 76
DI 10.1038/18032
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 174KG
UT WOS:000079033900054
PM 10078532
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abdul-Manan, N
   Aghazadeh, B
   Liu, GA
   Majumdar, A
   Ouerfelli, O
   Siminovitch, KA
   Rosen, MK
AF Abdul-Manan, N
   Aghazadeh, B
   Liu, GA
   Majumdar, A
   Ouerfelli, O
   Siminovitch, KA
   Rosen, MK
TI Structure of Cdc42 in complex with the GTPase-binding domain of the 'Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome' protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID actin polymerization; crystal-structure; target proteins; kinase; nmr; effector; wasp; rac; assignment; surface
AB The Rho-family GTP-hydrolysing proteins (GTPases), Cdc42, Rac and Rho, act as molecular switches in signalling pathways that regulate cytoskeletal architecture, gene expression and progression of the cell cycle(1). Cdc42 and Rac transmit many signals through GTP-dependent binding to effector proteins containing a Cdc42/Rac-interactive-binding (CRIB) motif(2). One such effector, the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), is postulated to link activation of Cdc42 directly to the rearrangement of acting(3). Human mutations in WASP cause severe defects in haematopoietic cell function, leading to clinical symptoms of thrombocytopenia, immunodeficiency and eczema. Here we report the solution structure of a complex between activated Cdc42 and a minimal GTPase-binding domain (GBD) from WASP. An extended amino-terminal GBD peptide that includes the CRIB motif contacts the switch I, beta 2 and alpha 5 regions of Cdc42. A carboxy-terminal beta-hairpin and alpha-helix pack against switch II. The Phe-X-His-X-2-His portion of the CRIB motif and the alpha-helix appear to mediate sensitivity to the nucleotide switch through contacts to residues 36-40 of Cdc42. Discrimination between the Rho-family members is likely to be governed by GBD contacts to the switch I and alpha 5 regions of the GTPases. Structural and biochemical data suggest that GBD-sequence divergence outside the CRIB motif may reflect additional regulatory interactions with functional domains that are specific to individual effecters.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Grad Sch Med Sci, Grad Program Physiol & Biophys, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Grad Sch Med Sci, Grad Program Physiol & Biophys, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Grad Sch Med Sci, Grad Program Biochem & Struct Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mt Sinai Hosp, Samuel Lunenfeld Res Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Cornell University; Cornell University; Cornell University; University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute
RP Rosen, MK (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM rosen@mmmrl.ski.mskcc.org
NR 30
TC 279
Z9 312
U1 1
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6734
BP 379
EP 383
DI 10.1038/20726
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200PA
UT WOS:000080547800065
PM 10360578
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jourdan, M
   Huth, M
   Adrian, H
AF Jourdan, M
   Huth, M
   Adrian, H
TI Superconductivity mediated by spin fluctuations in the heavy-fermion compound UPd2Al3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inelastic-scattering; films
AB It is well known that any weak attractive electron-electron interaction in metals can in principle cause the formation of Cooper pairs, which then condense into a superconducting ground state(1). In conventional superconductors, this attractive interaction is mediated by lattice vibrations (phonons). But for the heavy-fermion and high-temperature superconductors, alternative pairing interactions are considered to be possible(2). For example, the low-temperature properties of heavy-fermion systems are dominated by antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations, which have been considered theoretically(3) as a possible cause for Cooper-pair formation. This picture recently received some experimental support: the resistivity behaviour under pressure of two cerium-based heavy-fermion compounds was shown to be consistent with a magnetically mediated pairing mechanism(4). Here we use tunnelling spectroscopy to investigate the superconducting order parameter of a uranium-based heavy-fermion superconductor-epitaxial thin films of UPd2Al3. Our observation of a strong-coupling feature in the tunnelling conductivity, combined with recent inelastic neutron scattering data(13-15) strongly suggest a pairing interaction mediated by spin fluctuations.
C1 Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
C3 Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz
RP Huth, M (corresponding author), Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
EM huth@mail.uni-mainz.de
NR 22
TC 153
Z9 157
U1 1
U2 46
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 4
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6722
BP 47
EP 49
DI 10.1038/17977
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 174KG
UT WOS:000079033900045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rachez, C
   Lemon, BD
   Suldan, Z
   Bromleigh, V
   Gamble, M
   Näär, AM
   Erdjument-Bromage, H
   Tempst, P
   Freedman, LP
AF Rachez, C
   Lemon, BD
   Suldan, Z
   Bromleigh, V
   Gamble, M
   Näär, AM
   Erdjument-Bromage, H
   Tempst, P
   Freedman, LP
TI Ligand-dependent transcription activation by nuclear receptors requires the DRIP complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thyroid-hormone receptor; coactivator complex; protein; interacts; identification; specificity; chromatin; mediator; binding; motif
AB Nuclear receptors modulate the transcription of genes in direct response to small, lipophilic ligands. Binding to ligands induces conformational changes in the nuclear receptors that enable the receptors to interact with several types of cofactor that are critical for transcription activation (transactivation)(1). We previously described a distinct set of ligand-dependent proteins called DRIPs, which interact with the vitamin D receptor (VDR); together, these proteins constitute a new cofactor complex(2). DRIPs bind to several nuclear receptors and mediate ligand-dependent enhancement of transcription by VDR and the thyroid-hormone receptor in cell-free transcription assays(2,3). Here we report the identities of thirteen DRIPs that constitute this complex, and show that the complex has a central function in hormone-dependent transactivation by VDR on chromatin templates. The DRIPs are almost indistinguishable from components of another new cofactor complex called ARC, which is recruited by other types of transcription activators to mediate transactivation on chromatin-assembled templates(4,5). Several DRIP/ARC subunits are also components of other potentially related cofactors, such as CRSP6, NAT(7), SMCC8 and the mouse Mediator(9), indicating that unique classes of activators may share common sets or subsets of cofactors. The role of nuclear-receptor ligands may, in part, be to recruit such a cofactor complex to the receptor and, in doing so, to enhance transcription of target genes.
C1 Cornell Univ, Grad Sch Med Sci, Sloan Kettering Div, Cell Biol Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Grad Sch Med Sci, Sloan Kettering Div, Program Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol Biol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Cornell University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Freedman, LP (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Grad Sch Med Sci, Sloan Kettering Div, Cell Biol Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM l-freedman@ski.mskcc.org
NR 29
TC 601
Z9 684
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6730
BP 824
EP 828
DI 10.1038/19783
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 192BL
UT WOS:000080058100062
PM 10235266
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Richter, DD
   Markewitz, D
   Trumbore, SE
   Wells, CG
AF Richter, DD
   Markewitz, D
   Trumbore, SE
   Wells, CG
TI Rapid accumulation and turnover of soil carbon in a re-establishing forest
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term experiments; loblolly-pine; 3 decades; ecosystems; temperate; storage; cycle
AB Present understanding of the global carbon cycle is limited by uncertainty over soil-carbon dynamics(1-6). The clearing of the world's forests, mainly for agricultural uses, releases large amounts of carbon to the atmosphere (up to 2 x 10(15) g yr(-1)), much of which arises from the cultivation driving an accelerated decomposition of soil organic matter(1-4). Although the effects of cultivation on soil carbon are well studied, studies of soil-carbon recovery after cultivation are limited(4-11). Here we present a four-decade-long field study of carbon accumulation by pine ecosystems established on previously cultivated soils in South Carolina, USA(7). Newly accumulated carbon is tracked by its distinctive C-14 signature, acquired around the onset of forest growth from thermonuclear bomb testing that nearly doubled atmospheric (CO2)-C-14 in the 1960s. Field data combined with model simulations indicate that the young aggrading forest rapidly incorporated bomb radiocarbon into the forest floor and the upper 60 cm of underlying mineral soil. By the 1990s, however, carbon accumulated only in forest biomass, forest floor, and the upper 7.5 cm of the mineral soil. Although the forest was a strong carbon sink, trees accounted for about 80%, the forest floor 20%, and mineral soil <1%, of the carbon accretion. Despite high carbon inputs to the mineral soil, carbon sequestration was limited by rapid decomposition, facilitated by the coarse soil texture and low-activity clay mineralogy.
C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Sci Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
C3 Duke University; University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; University of California System; University of California Irvine; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); United States Forest Service
RP Richter, DD (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
EM drichter@duke.edu
NR 28
TC 520
Z9 658
U1 5
U2 238
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 1
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6739
BP 56
EP 58
DI 10.1038/21867
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 213DA
UT WOS:000081255700047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Teng, E
   Squire, LR
AF Teng, E
   Squire, LR
TI Memory for places learned long ago is intact after hippocampal damage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID topographic disorientation; retrograde-amnesia; lesions; monkeys; humans; rats
AB The hippocampus is part of a system of structures in the medial temporal lobe that are essential for memory(1-3). One influential view of hippocampal function emphasizes its role in the acquisition and retrieval of spatial knowledge(4,5). By this view, the hippocampus constructs and stores spatial maps and is therefore essential for learning and remembering places, including those learned about long ago. We tested a profoundly amnesic patient (E.P.), who has virtually complete bilateral damage to the hippocampus and extensive damage to adjacent structures in the medial temporal lobe. We asked him to recall the spatial layout of the region where he grew up, from which he moved away more than 50 years ago. E.P. performed as well as or better than age-matched control subjects who grew up in the same region and also moved away. In contrast, E.P. has no knowledge of his current neighbourhood, to which he moved after he became amnesic. Our results show that the medial temporal lobe is not the permanent repository of spatial maps, and support the view that the hippocampus and other structures in the medial temporal lobe are essential for the formation of long-term declarative memories, both spatial and non-spatial, but not for the retrieval of very remote memories, either spatial or non-spatial(3,6).
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Psychol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Vet Affairs Med Ctr, San Diego, CA 92161 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA)
RP Squire, LR (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 28
TC 274
Z9 341
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 12
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6745
BP 675
EP 677
DI 10.1038/23276
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 226QU
UT WOS:000082032900056
PM 10458163
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Crovisier, J
AF Crovisier, J
TI Comets - Putting the CO in coma
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID p/halley; halley; dust
C1 Observ Paris, F-92195 Meudon, France.
C3 Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris
RP Crovisier, J (corresponding author), Observ Paris, F-92195 Meudon, France.
NR 9
TC 5
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 17
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6737
BP 640
EP 641
DI 10.1038/21326
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 207JB
UT WOS:000080932800029
PM 10385110
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ozes, ON
   Mayo, LD
   Gustin, JA
   Pfeffer, SR
   Pfeffer, LM
   Donner, DB
AF Ozes, ON
   Mayo, LD
   Gustin, JA
   Pfeffer, SR
   Pfeffer, LM
   Donner, DB
TI NF-κB activation by tumour necrosis factor requires the Akt serine-threonine kinase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signal-transduction; induced apoptosis; ikk-alpha; tnf; complex; phosphorylation; 3-kinase; beta
AB Activation of the nuclear transcription factor NF-kappa B by inflammatory cytokines requires the successive action of NF-kappa B-inducing kinase (NIK) and an I kappa B-kinase (IKK) complex composed of IKK alpha and IKK beta(1-5). Here we show that the Akt serine-threonine kinase(6) is involved in the activation of NF-kappa B by tumour necrosis factor (TNF). TNF activates phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) and its downstream target Akt (protein kinase B). Wortmannin (a PI(3)K inhibitor), dominant-negative PI(3)K or kinase-dead Akt inhibits TNF-mediated NF-kappa B activation. Constitutively active Akt induces NF-kappa B activity and this effect is blocked by dominant-negative NIK. Conversely, NIK activates NF-KB and this is blocked by kinase-dead Akt. Thus, both Akt and NIK are necessary for TNF activation of NF-kappa B. Akt mediates IKKa phosphorylation at threonine 23. Mutation of this amino acid blocks phosphorylation by Akt or TNF and activation of NF-kappa B. These findings indicate that Akt is part of a signalling pathway that is necessary for inducing key immune and inflammatory responses.
C1 Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA.
   Walther Oncol Ctr, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA.
   Univ Tennessee, Ctr Hlth Sci, Dept Pathol, Memphis, TN 38163 USA.
C3 Indiana University System; Indiana University Indianapolis; Walther Cancer Foundation; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Health Science Center
RP Donner, DB (corresponding author), Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA.
NR 20
TC 1947
Z9 2179
U1 1
U2 127
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6748
BP 82
EP 85
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 232MK
UT WOS:000082374400046
PM 10485710
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kersting, AB
   Efurd, DW
   Finnegan, DL
   Rokop, DJ
   Smith, DK
   Thompson, JL
AF Kersting, AB
   Efurd, DW
   Finnegan, DL
   Rokop, DJ
   Smith, DK
   Thompson, JL
TI Migration of plutonium in ground water at the Nevada Test Site
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shallow aquifer; mobilization; transport
AB Mobile colloids-suspended particles in the submicrometre size range-are known to occur naturally in ground water(1,2) and have the potential to enhance transport of non-soluble contaminants through sorption(3). The possible implications of this transport mechanism are of particular concern in the context of radionuclide transport. Significant quantities of the element plutonium have been introduced into the environment as a result of nuclear weapons testing and production, and nuclear power-plant accidents. Moreover, many countries anticipate storing nuclear waste underground. It has been argued that plutonium introduced into the subsurface environment is relatively immobile owing to its low solubility in ground water(4) and strong sorption onto rocks(5). Nonetheless, colloid-facilitated transport of radionuclides has been implicated in field observations(6,7), but unequivocal evidence of subsurface transport is lacking(3,8,9). Moreover, colloid filtration models predict transport over a limited distance resulting in a discrepancy between observed and modelled behaviour(3). Here we report that the radionuclides observed in groundwater samples from aquifers at the Nevada Test Site, where hundreds of underground nuclear tests were conducted, are associated with the colloidal fraction of the ground water. The Pu-240/Pu-239 isotope ratio of the samples establishes that an underground nuclear test 1.3 km north of the sample site is the origin of the plutonium. We argue that colloidal groundwater migration must have played an important role in transporting the plutonium, Models that either predict limited transport or do not allow for colloid-facilitated transport may thus significantly underestimate the extent of radionuclide migration.
C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Isotope Sci Div, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Chem Sci & Technol Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
C3 University of California System; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Kersting, AB (corresponding author), Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Isotope Sci Div, POB 808,L-231, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
NR 31
TC 789
Z9 872
U1 1
U2 336
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 7
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6714
BP 56
EP 59
DI 10.1038/16231
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 155RD
UT WOS:000077959400045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Agrawal, AA
   Laforsch, C
   Tollrian, R
AF Agrawal, AA
   Laforsch, C
   Tollrian, R
TI Transgenerational induction of defences in animals and plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID guppies poecilia-reticulata; maternal inheritance; evolution; size; consequences; coevolution; resistance; fitness; wild
AB Predators are potent agents of natural selection in biological communities. Experimental studies have shown that the introduction of predators can cause rapid evolution of defensive morphologies and behaviours in prey(1-5) and chemical defences in plants(6,7). Such defences may be constitutively expressed (phenotypically fixed) or induced when predators initially attacks(8-10). Here we show that non-lethal exposure of an animal to carnivores, and a plant to a herbivore, not only induces a defence, but causes the attacked organisms to produce offspring that are better defended than offspring from unthreatened parents. This transgenerational effect, referred to as a maternally induced defence, is in contrast to the more common defences induced in single individuals within a generation. Transgenerational induction of defences is a new level of phenotypic plasticity across generations that may be an important component of predator-prey interactions.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Populat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Munich, Inst Zool, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of Munich
RP Agrawal, AA (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
NR 30
TC 643
Z9 757
U1 4
U2 391
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 2
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6748
BP 60
EP 63
DI 10.1038/43425
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 232MK
UT WOS:000082374400040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, CS
   Jankó, B
   Derényi, I
   Barabási, AL
AF Lee, CS
   Jankó, B
   Derényi, I
   Barabási, AL
TI Reducing vortex density in superconductors using the 'ratchet effect'
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-temperature superconductors; voltage rectification; dynamic phases; vortices; lattices; noise; field
AB A serious obstacle impeding the application of low- and high-temperature superconductor devices is the presence of trapped magnetic flux(1,2): flux lines or vortices can be induced by fields as small as the Earth's magnetic field Once present, vortices dissipate energy and generate internal noise, limiting the operation of numerous superconducting devices(2,3). Methods used to overcome this difficulty include the pinning of vortices by the incorporation of impurities and defects(4), the construction of flux 'dams'(5), slots and holes(6), and magnetic shields(2,3) which block the penetration of new flux lines in the bulk of the superconductor or reduce the magnetic field in the immediate vicinity of the superconducting device. The most desirable method would be to remove the vortices from the bulk of the superconductor, but there was hitherto no known phenomenon that could form the basis for such a process. Here we show that the application of an alternating current to a superconductor patterned with an asymmetric pinning potential can induce vortex motion whose direction is determined only by the asymmetry of the pattern. The mechanism responsible for this phenomenon is the so-called 'ratchet effect'(7-10), and its working principle applies to both low- and high-temperature superconductors. We demonstrate theoretically that, with an appropriate choice of pinning potential, the ratchet effect can be used to remove vortices from low-temperature superconductors in the parameter range required for various applications.
C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Surg, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Notre Dame; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; University of Chicago
RP Barabási, AL (corresponding author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
EM alb@ndu.edu
NR 23
TC 274
Z9 292
U1 2
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6742
BP 337
EP 340
DI 10.1038/22485
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 219CH
UT WOS:000081590000041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huisman, J
   Weissing, FJ
AF Huisman, J
   Weissing, FJ
TI Biodiversity of plankton by species oscillations and chaos
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID limited growth; competition; phytoplankton; community; limitation; hypothesis
AB Biodiversity has both fascinated and puzzled biologists(1). In aquatic ecosystems, the biodiversity puzzle is particularly troublesome, and known as the 'paradox of the plankton'(2). Competition theory predicts that, at equilibrium, the number of coexisting species cannot exceed the number of limiting resources(3-6). For phytoplankton, only a few resources are potentially limiting: nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon, iron, light, inorganic carbon, and sometimes a few trace metals or vitamins. However, in natural waters dozens of phytoplankton species coexist(2). Here we offer a solution to the plankton paradox. First, we show that resource competition models(6-10) can generate oscillations and chaos when species compete for three or more resources. Second we show that these oscillations and chaotic fluctuations in species abundances allow the coexistence of many species on a handful of resources. This model of planktonic biodiversity may be broadly applicable to the biodiversity of many ecosystems.
C1 Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   NIOO, CEMO, Ctr Estuarine & Marine Ecol, NL-4400 AC Yerseke, Netherlands.
   Univ Groningen, Dept Genet, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands.
C3 Stanford University; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); University of Groningen
RP Huisman, J (corresponding author), Univ Amsterdam, Microbiol Lab, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, NL-1018 WS Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM jef.huisman@chem.uva.nl
NR 30
TC 786
Z9 894
U1 5
U2 294
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 407
EP 410
DI 10.1038/46540
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van der Horst, GTJ
   Muijtjens, M
   Kobayashi, K
   Takano, R
   Kanno, S
   Takao, M
   de Wit, J
   Verkerk, A
   Eker, APM
   van Leenen, D
   Buijs, R
   Bootsma, D
   Hoeijmakers, JHJ
   Yasui, A
AF van der Horst, GTJ
   Muijtjens, M
   Kobayashi, K
   Takano, R
   Kanno, S
   Takao, M
   de Wit, J
   Verkerk, A
   Eker, APM
   van Leenen, D
   Buijs, R
   Bootsma, D
   Hoeijmakers, JHJ
   Yasui, A
TI Mammalian Cry1 and Cry2 are essential for maintenance of circadian rhythms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID blue-light photoreceptors; human photolyase homolog; dna photolyase; clock gene; drosophila; mouse; cryptochrome; similarity; timeless; cloning
AB Many biochemical, physiological and behavioural processes show circadian rhythms which are generated by an internal timekeeping mechanism referred to as the biological clock. According to rapidly developing. models, the core oscillator driving this clock is composed of an autoregulatory transcription-(post) translation-based feedback loop involving a set of 'clock' genes(1-6). Molecular docks do not oscillate with an exact 24-hour rhythmicity but are entrained to solar day/night rhythms by light. The mammalian proteins Cry1 and Cry2, which are members of the family of plant blue-light receptors (cryptochromes) and photolyases, have been proposed as candidate light receptors for photoentrainment of the biological clock(7-10). Here we show that mice lacking the Cry1 or Cry2 protein display accelerated and delayed free-running periodicity of locomotor activity, respectively. Strikingly, in the absence of both proteins, an instantaneous and complete loss of free-running rhythmicity is observed. This suggests that, in addition to a possible photoreceptor and antagonistic clock-adjusting function, both proteins are essential for the maintenance of circadian rhythmicity.
C1 Erasmus Univ, Dept Cell Biol & Genet, MGC, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.
   Tohoku Univ, Inst Dev Aging & Canc, Inst Dev, Dept Mol Genet, Sendai, Miyagi 9808575, Japan.
   Erasmus Univ, Dept Clin Genet, MGC, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Inst Brain Res, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus University Rotterdam - Excl Erasmus MC; Tohoku University; Erasmus University Rotterdam - Excl Erasmus MC; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW)
RP Hoeijmakers, JHJ (corresponding author), Erasmus Univ, Dept Cell Biol & Genet, MGC, POB 1738, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.
NR 30
TC 1152
Z9 1340
U1 3
U2 156
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6728
BP 627
EP 630
DI 10.1038/19323
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 186WX
UT WOS:000079754700059
PM 10217146
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU De Strooper, B
   König, G
AF De Strooper, B
   König, G
TI Alzheimer's disease - A firm base for drug development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Flanders Interuniv Inst Biotechnol, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
   Bayer AG, Pharma Res CNS, D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
C3 KU Leuven; Bayer AG
RP De Strooper, B (corresponding author), Flanders Interuniv Inst Biotechnol, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
EM Bart.Destrooper@med.kuleuven.ac.be; gerhard.koenig.gk@bayer-ag.com
NR 9
TC 43
Z9 48
U1 0
U2 0
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 471
EP 472
DI 10.1038/44973
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200034
PM 10591201
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McClintock, MK
AF McClintock, MK
TI Reproductive biology - Pheromones and regulation of ovulation - Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID synchrony
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Psychol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP McClintock, MK (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Psychol, 5730 Woodlawn Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 7
TC 5
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 232
EP 233
DI 10.1038/45722
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Diesmann, M
   Gewaltig, MO
   Aertsen, A
AF Diesmann, M
   Gewaltig, MO
   Aertsen, A
TI Stable propagation of synchronous spiking in cortical neural networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coincidence detector; ongoing activity; neurons; synchronization; integrator; patterns; cortex; inputs; model
AB The classical view of neural coding has emphasized the importance of information carried by the rate at which neurons discharge action potentials. More recent proposals that information may be carried by precise spike timing(1-5) have been challenged by the assumption that these neurons operate in a noisy fashion-presumably reflecting fluctuations in synaptic input(6)-and, thus, incapable of transmitting signals with millisecond fidelity. Here we show that precisely synchronized action potentials can propagate within a model of cortical network activity that recapitulates many of the features of biological systems. An attractor, yielding a stable spiking precision in the (sub)millisecond range, governs the dynamics of synchronization. Our results indicate that a combinatorial neural code, based on rapid associations of groups of neurons co-ordinating their activity at the single spike level, is possible within a cortical-like network.
C1 Univ Freiburg, Inst Biol 3, Dept Neurobiol & Biophys, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
C3 University of Freiburg
RP Aertsen, A (corresponding author), Univ Freiburg, Inst Biol 3, Dept Neurobiol & Biophys, Schanzlestr 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
EM aertsen@biologie.uni-freiburg.de
NR 30
TC 743
Z9 817
U1 1
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 529
EP 533
DI 10.1038/990101
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200056
PM 10591212
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tschauner, O
   Zerr, A
   Specht, S
   Rocholl, A
   Boehler, R
   Palme, H
AF Tschauner, O
   Zerr, A
   Specht, S
   Rocholl, A
   Boehler, R
   Palme, H
TI Partitioning of nickel and cobalt between silicate perovskite and metal at pressures up to 80 GPa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fe-ni-s; siderophile elements; oxygen fugacity; lower-mantle; temperature; earth; coefficients; differentiation; segregation; liquid
AB The high abundance of both nickel and cobalt and the chondritic Ni/Co ratio found in samples derived from the Earth's mantle are at odds with results from laboratory-based partitioning experiments conducted at pressures up to 27 GPa (refs 1,2), The laboratory results predict that the mantle should have a much lower abundance of both Ni and Co and a considerably lower Nil Co ratio owing to the preferential partitioning of these elements into the iron core. Two models have been put forward to explain these discrepancies: homogeneous accretion(3-6) (involving changes of the Ni and Co partition coefficients with oxygen and sulphur fugacities, pressure and temperature) and heterogeneous accretion(7-9) (the addition of chondritic meteorites to the mantle after core formation was almost complete), Here we report diamond-cell experiments on the partitioning of Ni and Co between the main lower-mantle mineral ((Mg,Fe)SiO3-perovskite) and an iron-rich metal alloy at pressures up to 80 GPa (corresponding to a depth of similar to 1,900 km), Our results show that both elements become much less siderophilic with increasing pressure, such that the abundance of both Ni and Co and the Ni/Co ratio observed in samples derived from the Earth's mantle appear to indeed be consistent with a homogeneous accretion model.
C1 Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
   Heidelberg Univ, Inst Mineral, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Cologne, Inst Mineral & Geochem, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; University of Cologne
RP Tschauner, O (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Chem, Postfach 3020, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
EM Tschaun@mpch-mainz.mpg.de
NR 24
TC 26
Z9 27
U1 1
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 15
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6728
BP 604
EP 607
DI 10.1038/19287
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 186WX
UT WOS:000079754700053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zákány, J
   Duboule, D
AF Zákány, J
   Duboule, D
TI Hox genes and the making of sphincters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID complex; expression; mice
C1 Univ Geneva, Dept Zool & Anim Biol, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
C3 University of Geneva
RP Zákány, J (corresponding author), Univ Geneva, Dept Zool & Anim Biol, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
NR 13
TC 67
Z9 68
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6755
BP 761
EP 762
DI 10.1038/44511
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 250BG
UT WOS:000083368700040
PM 10548099
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Armitage, PJ
   Hansen, BMS
AF Armitage, PJ
   Hansen, BMS
TI Early planet formation as a trigger for further planet formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID giant planets; protostellar disks; evolution; systems; accretion
AB Recent discoveries of extrasolar giant planets at small orbital radii(1,2), or having significant orbital eccentricities, suggest that the planets interacted with the disks of dust and gas from which they and the central stars formed(3-6). Here we show that if a gas-giant planet reaches a mass of 4-5 jovian masses sufficiently early, when the protoplanetary disk is still massive, an otherwise stable disk will fragment into additional planetary bodies. This process of catastrophic planet formation could account for the apparent difference(1) in the distribution of the masses of massive planets and brown dwarfs around other stars, and the existence of young stars that appear to have dissipated their disks at a very early age(7). Subsequent gravitational interactions(5,6,8,9) between the first planet to form and the additional planets could lead to planetary systems comprising a small number of massive planets in eccentric orbits.
C1 Univ Toronto, Canadian Inst Theoret Astrophys, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto
RP Armitage, PJ (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Astrophys, Karl Schwarzschild Str 1, D-85740 Garching, Germany.
EM armitage@mpa-garching.mpg.de
NR 29
TC 58
Z9 59
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 633
EP 635
DI 10.1038/45179
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wood, ER
   Dudchenko, PA
   Eichenbaum, H
AF Wood, ER
   Dudchenko, PA
   Eichenbaum, H
TI The global record of memory in hippocampal neuronal activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID unit-activity; sample performance; recognition memory; delayed-nonmatch; rats; task; responses
AB In humans the hippocampal region of the brain is crucial for declarative(1) or episodic(2) memory for a broad range of materials. In contrast, there has been controversy over whether the hippocampus mediates a similarly general memory function in other species, or whether it is dedicated to spatial memory processing(3-6). Evidence for the spatial view is derived principally from the observations of 'place cells'-hippocampal neurons that fire whenever the animal is in a particular location in its environment(7,8), or when it perceives a specific stimulus or per forms a specific behaviour in a particular place(3,4). We trained rats to perform the same recognition memory task in several distinct locations in a rich spatial environment and found that the activity of many hippocampal neurons was related consistently to perceptual, behavioural or cognitive events, regardless of the location where these events occurred. These results indicate that nonspatial events are fundamental elements of hippocampal representation, and support the view that, across species, the hippocampus has a broad role in information processing associated with memory.
C1 Boston Univ, Dept Psychol, Lab Cognit Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Boston University
RP Eichenbaum, H (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Dept Psychol, Lab Cognit Neurobiol, 64 Cummington St, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM hbe@bu.edu
NR 27
TC 532
Z9 654
U1 1
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 18
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6720
BP 613
EP 616
DI 10.1038/17605
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 169GE
UT WOS:000078738500049
PM 10050854
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shore, M
   Fowler, AD
AF Shore, M
   Fowler, AD
TI The origin of spinifex texture in komatiites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermal-conductivity; internal radiation; high-temperatures; olivine; magmas; crystallization; diffusivity; eruption; volcano; ontario
AB Komatiites are high-temperature, fluid, magnesium-rich lavas typically of Archaean age. A striking characteristic feature of such lavas is 'spinifex' texture-plate-like crystals of olivine ((Mg,Fe)(2)SiO4), millimetres to decimetres long, in a fine-grained matrix of spherulitic clinopyroxene (Ca(Mg,Fe,Al)(Si,Al)(2)O-6), dendritic chromite ((Mg,Fe)(Cr,Al,Fe)(2)O-4) and altered glass(1-4). Sheaves of olivine crystals can reach lengths exceeding one metre, even in komatiite flows less than 10 metres thick, in sharp contrast to the millimetre-scale post-eruption growth of crystals in more common volcanic rocks. Crystal growth of this magnitude might be a consequence of the high content of the constituent elements of olivine in komatiitic liquid, combined with the low viscosity and high chemical diffusivity of the lavas. But flows lacking spinifex texture are not uncommon, and those with such texture often contain substantial amounts of submillimetre olivine crystals of unremarkable appearance, so chemical considerations alone do not appear to provide a sufficient explanation. Here we present evidence that spinifex texture develops as a result of large thermal gradients, coupled with conductive and radiative heat transfer within olivine crystals lived in the cool upper layers of the lava flows. This mode of growth has features in common with the high-temperature techniques used to grow large synthetic single crystals, but is rarely considered in geological contexts.
C1 Univ Ottawa, Ottawa Carleton Geosci Ctr, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
   Univ Ottawa, Dept Earth Sci, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
C3 University of Ottawa; University of Ottawa
RP Fowler, AD (corresponding author), Univ Ottawa, Ottawa Carleton Geosci Ctr, 140 Louis Pasteur,POB 450,Stn A, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
NR 31
TC 40
Z9 44
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 25
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6721
BP 691
EP 694
DI 10.1038/17794
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 171AP
UT WOS:000078840100049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wabnitz, PA
   Bowie, JH
   Tyler, MJ
   Wallace, JC
   Smith, BP
AF Wabnitz, PA
   Bowie, JH
   Tyler, MJ
   Wallace, JC
   Smith, BP
TI Animal behaviour - Aquatic sex pheromone from a male tree frog
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID skin; peptide; litoria
C1 Univ Adelaide, Dept Chem, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
   Univ Adelaide, Dept Environm Biol, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
   Univ Adelaide, Dept Biochem, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
C3 Adelaide University; University of Adelaide; Adelaide University; University of Adelaide; Adelaide University; University of Adelaide
RP Wabnitz, PA (corresponding author), Univ Adelaide, Dept Chem, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
NR 12
TC 114
Z9 125
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6752
BP 444
EP 445
DI 10.1038/46724
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243DF
UT WOS:000082981200043
PM 10519546
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Preskill, J
AF Preskill, J
TI Plug-in quantum software
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID podolsky-rosen channels; state; teleportation
C1 CALTECH, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Preskill, J (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM preskill@theory.caltech.edu
NR 15
TC 22
Z9 25
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 357
EP 358
DI 10.1038/46434
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ishitani, T
   Ninomiya-Tsuji, J
   Nagai, S
   Nishita, M
   Meneghini, M
   Barker, N
   Waterman, M
   Bowerman, B
   Clevers, H
   Shibuya, H
   Matsumoto, K
AF Ishitani, T
   Ninomiya-Tsuji, J
   Nagai, S
   Nishita, M
   Meneghini, M
   Barker, N
   Waterman, M
   Bowerman, B
   Clevers, H
   Shibuya, H
   Matsumoto, K
TI The TAK1-NLK-MAPK-related pathway antagonizes signalling between β-catenin and transcription factor TCF
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID xenopus-embryos; drosophila; gene; wingless; transduction; armadillo; lef-1; axis; identification; activation
AB The Wnt signalling pathway regulates many developmental processes through a complex of beta-catenin and the T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF) family of high-mobility-group transcription factors(1-5). Wnt stabilizes cytosolic beta-catenin, which then binds to TCF and activates gene transcription. This signalling cascade is conserved in vertebrates, Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans. In C. elegans, the proteins MOM-4 and LIT-I regulate Wnt signalling to polarize responding cells during embryogenesis(6). MOM-4 and LIT-1 are homologous to TAK1 (a kinase activated by transforming growth factor-beta) mitogen-activated protein-kinase-kinase kinase (MAP3K)(7) and MAP kinase (MAPK)-related NEMO-like kinase (NLK)(8,9), respectively, in mammalian cells. These results raise the possibility that TAK1 and NLK are also involved in Wnt signalling in mammalian cells. Here we show that TAK1 activation stimulates NLK activity and downregulates transcriptional activation mediated by beta-catenin and TCF. Injection of NLK suppresses the induction of axis duplication by microinjected beta-catenin in Xenopus embryos. NLK phosphorylates TCF/LEF factors and inhibits the interaction of the beta-catenin-TCF complex with DNA. Thus, the TAK1-NLK-MAPK-like pathway negatively regulates the Wnt signalling pathway.
C1 Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Mol Biol, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
   Natl Inst Basic Biol, Dept Dev Biol, Div Morphogenesis, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Univ Oregon, Inst Mol Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
   Univ Utrecht Hosp, Dept Immunol, NL-3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
C3 Nagoya University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB); University of Oregon; Utrecht University; Utrecht University Medical Center; University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP Matsumoto, K (corresponding author), Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Mol Biol, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
NR 28
TC 522
Z9 645
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 24
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6738
BP 798
EP 802
DI 10.1038/21674
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 210JP
UT WOS:000081101600057
PM 10391247
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jones, D
AF Jones, D
TI Daedalus - Happy landings
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 477
EP 477
DI 10.1038/44988
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Onishi, A
   Koike, S
   Ida, M
   Imai, H
   Shichida, Y
   Takenaka, O
   Hanazawa, A
   Konatsu, H
   Mikami, A
   Goto, S
   Suryobroto, B
   Kitahara, K
   Yamamori, T
AF Onishi, A
   Koike, S
   Ida, M
   Imai, H
   Shichida, Y
   Takenaka, O
   Hanazawa, A
   Konatsu, H
   Mikami, A
   Goto, S
   Suryobroto, B
   Kitahara, K
   Yamamori, T
TI Vision - Dichromatism in macaque monkeys
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual pigment genes; linked color-vision; molecular-genetics; old; evolution; ancestry; primate; defects; green; blue
C1 Natl Inst Basic Biol, Lab Speciat Mechanisms J, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biophys, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
   Tokyo Metropolitan Inst Neurosci, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Tokyo 1838526, Japan.
   Primate Res Inst, Dept Cellular & Mol Biol, Aichi 4848506, Japan.
   Primate Res Inst, Dept Behav & Brain Sci, Aichi 4848506, Japan.
   Primate Res Inst, Ctr Appl Primatol & Human Evolutionary Modelling, Aichi 4848506, Japan.
   Natl Inst Physiol Sci, Neural Control Lab, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Bogor Agr Univ, Dept Biol, Bogor 16143, Indonesia.
   Jikei Univ, Sch Med, Dept Ophthalmol, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1050003, Japan.
C3 National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB); Kyoto University; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS); Bogor Agricultural University; Jikei University
RP Onishi, A (corresponding author), Natl Inst Basic Biol, Lab Speciat Mechanisms J, 38 Myodaijicho, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
NR 14
TC 56
Z9 62
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 139
EP 140
DI 10.1038/45966
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400037
PM 10647004
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lawrence, MG
   Crutzen, PJ
AF Lawrence, MG
   Crutzen, PJ
TI Influence of NOx emissions from ships on tropospheric photochemistry and climate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID distributions; impact; models
AB Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx, the sum of NO and NO2) from fossil-fuel burning dominate the NOx burden of the lower troposphere in many regions'. These emissions increase tropospheric ozone and hydroxyl-radical concentrations over their natural 'background' levels, thereby increasing the oxidizing power of the atmosphere(2). Fossil-fuel emissions of NOx (refs 3, 4) account for about half of the global NOx source to the atmosphere; other significant sources are from biomass burning(5), soil emissions(6), aircraft exhausts' and lightning(8), all primarily continental. However, ocean-going ships burning fossil fuels may also contribute a significant fraction (>10%) to global NOx production(9). Here we use NOx emission data and a high-resolution chemistry-transport model to estimate that ship NOx emissions result in a more than 100-fold increase in surface NOx concentrations in heavily traversed ocean regions. This enhancement has a notable effect on modelled surface ozone and hydroxyl-radical concentrations. In particular, a predicted fivefold increase in the July hydroxyl-radical burden over the northern Atlantic and Pacific oceans would be expected to reduce the atmospheric lifetimes of reactive greenhouse gases-such as methane-as well as to increase aerosol production rates and cloud reflectivities, therefore exerting a cooling influence on the climate.
C1 Max Planck Inst Chem, Abt Luftchem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Lawrence, MG (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Chem, Abt Luftchem, PF 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
NR 29
TC 209
Z9 230
U1 1
U2 119
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 167
EP 170
DI 10.1038/46013
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Merendino, L
   Guth, S
   Bilbao, D
   Martinez, C
   Valcárcel, J
AF Merendino, L
   Guth, S
   Bilbao, D
   Martinez, C
   Valcárcel, J
TI Inhibition of msl-2 splicing by Sex-lethal reveals interaction between U2AF35 and the 3′ splice site AG
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dosage compensation gene; pre-messenger-rna; mammalian introns; catalytic step; drosophila; protein; expression; selection; encodes
AB The protein Sex-lethal (SXL) controls dosage compensation in Drosophila by inhibiting the splicing and translation of male-specific-lethal-2 (msl-2) transcripts(1-6) Here we report that splicing inhibition of msl-2 requires a binding site for SXL at the polypyrimidine (poly(Y)) tract associated with the 3' splice site, and an unusually long distance between the poly(Y) tract and the conserved AG dinucleotide at the 3' end of the intron, Only this combination allows efficient blockage of U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle binding and displacement of the large subunit of the U2 auxiliary factor (U2AF(65)) from the poly(Y) tract by SXL, Crosslinking experiments with ultraviolet light indicate that the small subunit of U2AF (U2AF(35)) contacts the AG dinucleotide only when located in proximity to the poly(Y) tract. This interaction stabilizes U2AF65 binding such that SXL can no longer displace it from the poly(Y) tract. Our results reveal a novel function for U2AF35, a critical role for the 3' splice site AG at the earliest steps of spliceosome assembly and the need for a weakened U2AF(35)-AG interaction to regulate intron removal.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, Gene Express Programme, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Valcárcel, J (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, Gene Express Programme, Meyerhofstr 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 22
TC 245
Z9 290
U1 1
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 838
EP 841
DI 10.1038/45602
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500072
PM 10617208
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shimizu, S
   Narita, M
   Tsujimoto, Y
AF Shimizu, S
   Narita, M
   Tsujimoto, Y
TI Bcl-2 family proteins regulate the release of apoptogenic cytochrome c by the mitochondrial channel VDAC
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID permeability transition pore; ion-channel; bax; apoptosis; membrane; yeast; inhibition; bcl-x(l); forms
AB During transduction of an apoptotic (death) signal into the cell, there is an alteration in the permeability of the membranes of the cell's mitochondria, which causes the translocation of the apoptogenic protein cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, which in turn activates death-driving proteolytic proteins known as caspases(1,2). The Bcl-2 family of proteins, whose members may be anti-apoptotic or pro-apoptotic, regulates cell death by controlling this mitochondrial membrane permeability during apoptosis(3-5), but how that is achieved is unclear. Here we create liposomes that carry the mitochondrial porin channel (also called the voltage-dependent anion channel, or VDAC) to show that the recombinant pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bak accelerate the opening of VDAC, whereas the anti-apoptotic protein Bd-x(L) doses VDAC by binding to it directly. pax and Bak allow cytochrome c to pass through VDAC out of liposomes, but passage is prevented by Bcl-X-L. In agreement with this, VDAC1-deficient mitochondria from a mutant yeast did not exhibit a Bax/Bak-induced loss in membrane potential and cytochrome c release, both of which were inhibited by Bcl-x(L). Our results indicate that the Bcl-2 family of proteins bind to the VDAC in order to regulate the mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c during apoptosis.
C1 Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Biomed Res Ctr, Dept Med Genet, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
C3 Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Osaka
RP Tsujimoto, Y (corresponding author), Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
NR 28
TC 1896
Z9 2168
U1 0
U2 108
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 483
EP 487
DI 10.1038/20959
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900052
PM 10365962
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, HB
   Bedford, FK
   Brandon, NJ
   Moss, SJ
   Olsen, RW
AF Wang, HB
   Bedford, FK
   Brandon, NJ
   Moss, SJ
   Olsen, RW
TI GABAA-receptor-associated protein links GABAA receptors and the cytoskeleton
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glycine receptor; a receptor; tubulin; phosphorylation; binding; kinase; sites; gephyrin; subunit; brain
AB Type-A receptors for the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) are ligand-gated chloride channels that mediate inhibitory neurotransmission. Each subunit of the pentameric receptor protein has ligand-binding sites in the amino-terminal extracellular domain and four membrane-spanning regions, one of which forms a wall of the ion channel(1). Each subunit also has a large intracellular loop that may be a target for protein kinases and be required for subcellular targeting and membrane clustering of the receptor, perhaps by anchoring the receptor to the cytoskeleton(2-4) Neurotransmitter receptors need to be positioned in high density in the cell membrane at sites postsynaptic to nerve terminals releasing that neurotransmitter, Other members of the superfamily of ligand-gated ion-channel receptors associate in postsynaptic-membrane clusters by binding to the proteins rapsyn or gephyrin(5-7). Here we identify a new cellular protein, GABA(A)-receptor-associated protein (GABARAP), which can interact with the gamma 2 subunit of GABA(A) receptors, GABARAP binds to GABA(A) receptors both in vitro and in vivo, and co-localizes with the punctate staining of GABA(A) receptors on cultured cortical neurons, Sequence analysis shows similarity between GABARAP and light chain-3 of microtubule-associated proteins 1A and 1B. Moreover, the N terminus of GABARAP is highly positively charged and features a putative tubulin-binding motif. The interactions among GABA(A) receptors, GABARAP and tubulin suggest a mechanism for the targeting and clustering of GABA(A) receptors.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   UCL, MRC, Lab Mol & Cell Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, Dept Pharmacol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Mol & Med Pharmacol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
RP Olsen, RW (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM rolsen@mednet.ucla.edu
NR 21
TC 492
Z9 589
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 7
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6714
BP 69
EP 72
DI 10.1038/16264
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 155RD
UT WOS:000077959400049
PM 9892355
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roemer, I
   Grützner, F
   Winking, H
   Haaf, T
   Orth, A
   Skidmore, L
   Antczak, D
   Fundele, R
AF Roemer, I
   Grützner, F
   Winking, H
   Haaf, T
   Orth, A
   Skidmore, L
   Antczak, D
   Fundele, R
TI Genome evolution -: Global methylation in eutherian hybrids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Max Planck Inst Mol Genet, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Lubeck, Inst Biol, D-23562 Lubeck, Germany.
   Univ Montpellier 2, Lab Genome & Populat, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
   Camel Reprod Ctr, Dubai, U Arab Emirates.
   Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, James A Baker Inst Anim Hlth, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Lubeck; Universite de Montpellier; Cornell University
RP Roemer, I (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Mol Genet, Ihnestr 73, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
NR 9
TC 20
Z9 23
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6749
BP 131
EP 132
DI 10.1038/43607
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234AF
UT WOS:000082458800043
PM 10490019
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mott, HR
   Owen, D
   Nietlispach, D
   Lowe, PN
   Manser, E
   Lim, L
   Laue, ED
AF Mott, HR
   Owen, D
   Nietlispach, D
   Lowe, PN
   Manser, E
   Lim, L
   Laue, ED
TI Structure of the small G protein Cdc42 bound to the GTPase-binding domain of ACK
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wiskott-aldrich-syndrome; crystal-structure; target proteins; rac; effector; kinase; family; rho; surface; program
AB The proteins Cdc42 and Rac are members of the Rho family of small GTPases (G proteins), which control signal-transduction pathways that lead to rearrangements of the cell cytoskeleton, cell differentiation and cell proliferation. They do so by binding to downstream effector proteins(1). Some of these, known as CRIB (for Cdc42/Rac interactive-binding) proteins(2), bind to both Cdc42 and : Rac, such as the PAK1-3 serine/threonine kinases(3), whereas others are specific for Cdc42, such as the ACK tyrosine kinases(4,5) and the Wiscott-Aldrich-syndrome proteins (WASPs)(6,7). The effector loop of Cdc42 and Rac (comprising residues 30-40, also called switch I), is one of two regions which change conformation on exchange of GDP for GTP, This region is almost identical in Cdc42 and Racs, indicating that it does not determine the specificity of these G proteins. Here we report the solution structure of the complex of Cdc42 with the GTPase-binding domain of ACK(4,5). Both proteins undergo significant conformational changes on binding, to form a new type of G-protein/effector complex. The interaction extends the beta-sheet in Cdc42 by binding an extended strand from ACK, as seen in Ras/effector interactions(8,9), but it also involves other regions of the G protein that are important for determining the specificity of effector binding.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Biochem, Cambridge Ctr Mol Recognit, Cambridge CB2 1GA, England.
   Glaxo Wellcome Med Res Ctr, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Herts, England.
   Natl Univ Singapore, Inst Mol & Cell Biol, Singapore 119076, Singapore.
   Inst Neurol, London WC1N 1PJ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR); A*STAR - Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology (IMCB); National University of Singapore; University of London; University College London
RP Laue, ED (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Biochem, Cambridge Ctr Mol Recognit, 80 Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1GA, England.
EM e.d.laue@bioc.cam.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 149
Z9 169
U1 2
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6734
BP 384
EP 388
DI 10.1038/20732
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200PA
UT WOS:000080547800066
PM 10360579
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Neaton, JB
   Ashcroft, NW
AF Neaton, JB
   Ashcroft, NW
TI Pairing in dense lithium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID total-energy calculations; metallic hydrogen; high-pressure; state; pseudopotentials; temperature; equation
AB The light alkali metals have played an important role in the developing understanding of the electronic structure of simple metals. These systems are commonly viewed in terms of an underlying interacting electron gas permeated by periodic arrays of ions normally occupying only a small fraction of the crystal volume. The electron-ion interaction, or equivalently the pseudopotential, has been argued to be weak in such systems, reflecting the partial cancellation of nuclear attraction by the largely repulsive effects of Pauli exclusion by the core electrons. Current experiments can now achieve densities at which the core electrons substantially overlap, significantly reducing the fractional volume available to fixed numbers of valence electrons. Here we report the results of first-principles calculations(1,2) indicating that lithium, the band structure of which is largely free-electron-like at ordinary densities, does not follow the intuitive expectations of quantum mechanics by becoming even more free-electron-like at higher densities. Instead, at high pressure its electronic structure departs radically from nearly free-electron behaviour, and its common symmetric structure (body-centred cubic, b.c.c.) becomes unstable to a pairing of the ions. Once paired, lithium possesses an even number of electrons per primitive cell. which, although not sufficient, is at least necessary for insulating (or semiconducting) behaviour within one-electron band theory.
C1 Cornell Univ, Atom & Solid State Phys Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Cornell Ctr Mat Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Cornell University
RP Ashcroft, NW (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Atom & Solid State Phys Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM nwa@ccmr.cornell.edu
NR 28
TC 367
Z9 395
U1 0
U2 61
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6740
BP 141
EP 144
DI 10.1038/22067
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214JM
UT WOS:000081324900046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kondrashov, AS
   Kondrashov, FA
AF Kondrashov, AS
   Kondrashov, FA
TI Interactions among quantitative traits in the course of sympatric speciation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sexual selection; lake-victoria; model; evolution; cichlids; barbs
AB Sympatric speciation, the origin of two or more species from a single local population, has almost certainly been involved in formation of several species flocks(1-4), and may be fairly common in nature(5). The most straightforward scenario for sympatric speciation requires disruptive selection favouring two substantially different phenotypes, and consists of the evolution of reproductive isolation between them followed by the elimination of all intermediate phenotypes(6). Here we use the hypergeometric phenotypic model(7-10) to show that sympatric speciation is possible even when fitness and mate choice depend on different quantitative traits, so that speciation must involve formation of covariance between these traits. The increase in the number of variable loci affecting fitness facilitates sympatric speciation, whereas the increase in the number of variable loci affecting mate choice has the opposite effect. These predictions may enable more cases of sympatric speciation to be identified.
C1 Simons Rock Coll, Great Barrington, MA 01230 USA.
   Natl Lib Med, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Library of Medicine (NLM)
RP Kondrashov, FA (corresponding author), Simons Rock Coll, 84 Alford Rd, Great Barrington, MA 01230 USA.
NR 27
TC 430
Z9 481
U1 0
U2 90
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 22
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6742
BP 351
EP 354
DI 10.1038/22514
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 219CH
UT WOS:000081590000046
PM 10432111
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Soltis, PS
   Soltis, DE
   Chase, MW
AF Soltis, PS
   Soltis, DE
   Chase, MW
TI Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from multiple genes as a tool for comparative biology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID large data sets; complex phylogeny; sequences; evolution; parsimony; origin; rbcl
AB Comparative biology requires a firm phylogenetic foundation to uncover and understand patterns of diversification and evaluate hypotheses of the processes responsible for these patterns. In the angiosperms, studies of diversification in floral form(1,2), stamen organization(3), reproductive biology(4), photosynthetic pathway(5), nitrogen-fixing symbioses(6) and life histories(7) have relied on either explicit or implied phylogenetic trees, Furthermore, to understand the evolution of specific genes and gene families, evaluate the extent of conservation of plant genomes and make proper sense of the huge volume of molecular genetic data available for model organisms(8) such as Arabidopsis, Antirrhinum, maize, rice and wheat, a phylogenetic perspective is necessary. Here we report the results of parsimony analyses of DNA sequences of the plastid genes rbcL and atpB and the nuclear 18S rDNA for 560 species of angiosperms and seven non-flowering seed plants and show a well-resolved and well-supported phylogenetic tree for the angiosperms for use in comparative biology.
C1 Washington State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
   Royal Bot Gardens, Jodrell Lab, Richmond TW9 3DS, Surrey, England.
C3 Washington State University; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
RP Soltis, PS (corresponding author), Washington State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
EM psoltis@wsu.edu
NR 30
TC 677
Z9 773
U1 2
U2 116
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 25
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6760
BP 402
EP 404
DI 10.1038/46528
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 259VA
UT WOS:000083913600053
PM 10586878
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lloyd, SA
   Whitby, FG
   Blair, DF
   Hill, CP
AF Lloyd, SA
   Whitby, FG
   Blair, DF
   Hill, CP
TI Structure of the C-terminal domain of FliG, a component of the rotor in the bacterial flagellar motor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID salmonella-typhimurium; torque generation; escherichia-coli; protein flig; basal-body; complex; switch; mutations; rotation; residues
AB Many motile species of bacteria are propelled by flagella, which are rigid helical filaments turned by rotary motors in the cell membrane(1-3). The motors are powered by the transmembrane gradient of protons or sodium ions. Although bacterial flagella contain many proteins, only three-MotA, MotB and FliG-participate closely in torque generation. MotA, and MotB are ion-conducting membrane proteins that: form the stator of the motor. FliG is a component of the rotor, present in about 25 copies per flagellum. It is composed of an amino-terminal domain that functions in flagellar assembly and a carboxy-terminal domain (FliG-C) that functions specifically in motor rotation. Here we report the crystal structure of FliG-C from the hyperthermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima, Charged residues that are important for function, and which interact with the stator protein MotA(4,5), duster along a prominent ridge on FliG-C. On the basic; of the disposition of these residues, we present a hypothesis for the orientation of FliG-C domains in the flagellar motor, and propose a structural model for the part of the rotor that interacts with the stator.
C1 Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Univ Utah, Dept Biochem, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
RP Blair, DF (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Biol, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
NR 30
TC 99
Z9 112
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 29
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6743
BP 472
EP 475
DI 10.1038/22794
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 221FZ
UT WOS:000081715000056
PM 10440379
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saji, NH
   Goswami, BN
   Vinayachandran, PN
   Yamagata, T
AF Saji, NH
   Goswami, BN
   Vinayachandran, PN
   Yamagata, T
TI A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID equatorial; pacific; throughflow; dynamics; monsoon
AB For the tropical Pacific and Atlantic oceans, internal modes of variability that lead to climatic oscillations have been recognized(1,2), but in the Indian Ocean region a similar ocean-atmosphere interaction causing interannual climate variability has not yet been found(3). Here we report an analysis of observational data over the past 40 years, showing a dipole mode in the Indian Ocean: a pattern of internal variability with anomalously low sea surface temperatures off Sumatra and high sea surface temperatures in the western Indian Ocean, with accompanying wind and precipitation anomalies. The spatio-temporal links between sea surface temperatures and winds reveal a strong coupling through the precipitation field and ocean dynamics. This air-sea interaction process is unique and inherent in the Indian Ocean, and is shown to be independent of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation. The discovery of this dipole mode that accounts for about 12% of the sea surface temperature variability in the Indian Ocean-and, in its active years, also causes severe rainfall in eastern Africa and droughts in Indonesia-brightens the prospects for a long-term forecast of rainfall anomalies in the affected countries.
C1 Inst Global Change Res, SEAVANS N7F, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1056791, Japan.
   Indian Inst Sci, Ctr Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Earth & Planetary Phys, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science & Technology (JAMSTEC); Indian Institute of Science (IISC) - Bangalore; University of Tokyo
RP Yamagata, T (corresponding author), Inst Global Change Res, SEAVANS N7F, Minato Ku, 1-2-1 Shibaura, Tokyo 1056791, Japan.
NR 30
TC 4503
Z9 5082
U1 11
U2 564
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 360
EP 363
DI 10.1038/43854
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600046
PM 16862108
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marx, D
   Tuckerman, ME
   Hutter, J
   Parrinello, M
AF Marx, D
   Tuckerman, ME
   Hutter, J
   Parrinello, M
TI The nature of the hydrated excess proton in water
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-dynamics simulation; potential-energy surfaces; ab-initio; liquid water; hydrogen-bonds; efficient; solvation; barrier; model
AB Explanations for the anomalously high mobility of protons in liquid water began with Grotthuss's idea(1,2) of structural diffusion' nearly two centuries ago. Subsequent explanations have refined this concept by invoking thermal hopping(3,4), proton tunnelling(5,6) or solvation effects(7). More recently, two main structural models have emerged for the hydrated proton. Eigen(8,9) proposed the formation of an H9O4+ complex in which an H3O+ core is strongly hydrogen-bonded to three H2O molecules. Zundel(10,11), meanwhile, supported the notion of an H5O2+ complex in which the proton is shared between two H2O molecules. Here we use ab initio path integral(12-14) simulations to address this question, These simulations include time-independent equilibrium thermal and quantum fluctuations of all nuclei, and determine interatomic interactions from the electronic structure. We find that the hydrated proton forms a fluxional defect in the hydrogen-bonded network with both H9O4+ and H5O2+ occurring only in the sense of 'limiting' or 'ideal' structures. The defect can become delocalized over several hydrogen bonds owing to quantum fluctuations. Solvent polarization induces a small barrier to proton transfer, which is washed out by zero-point motion. The proton can consequently be considered part of a 'low-barrier hydrogen bond'(15,16), in which tunnelling is negligible and the simplest concepts of transition-state theory do not apply. The rate of proton diffusion is determined by thermally induced hydrogen-bond breaking in the second solvation shell.
C1 Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
   NYU, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10003 USA.
   NYU, Courant Inst Math Sci, New York, NY 10003 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; New York University; New York University
RP Marx, D (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, Heisenbergstr 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
NR 38
TC 1601
Z9 1748
U1 2
U2 521
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 18
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6720
BP 601
EP 604
DI 10.1038/17579
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 169GE
UT WOS:000078738500045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lockwood, M
   Stamper, R
   Wild, MN
AF Lockwood, M
   Stamper, R
   Wild, MN
TI A doubling of the Sun's coronal magnetic field during the past 100 years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solar-cycle variation; maunder minimum; energy-transfer; climate-change; wind; irradiance; flux
AB The solar wind is an extended ionized gas of very high electrical conductivity, and therefore drags some magnetic flux out of the Sun to fill the heliosphere with a weak interplanetary magnetic field(1,2). Magnetic reconnection-the merging of oppositely directed magnetic fields-between the interplanetary field and the Earth's magnetic field allows energy from the solar wind to enter the near-Earth environment. The Sun's properties, such as its luminosity, are related to its magnetic field, although the connections are still not well understood(3,4). Moreover, changes in the heliospheric magnetic field have been linked with changes in total cloud cover over the Earth, which may influence global climate(5), Here we show that measurements of the near-Earth interplanetary magnetic field reveal that the total magnetic flux leaving the Sun has risen by a factor of 1.4 since 1964: surrogate measurements of the interplanetary magnetic field indicate that the increase since 1901 has been by a factor of 2,3, This increase may be related to chaotic changes in the dynamo that generates the solar magnetic field. We do not yet know quantitatively how such changes will influence the global environment.
C1 Rutherford Appleton Lab, World Data Ctr STP C1, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
RP Lockwood, M (corresponding author), Rutherford Appleton Lab, World Data Ctr STP C1, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
NR 24
TC 444
Z9 457
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 437
EP 439
DI 10.1038/20867
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beck, T
   Hall, MN
AF Beck, T
   Hall, MN
TI The TOR signalling pathway controls nuclear localization of nutrient-regulated transcription factors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; yeast; kinase; rapamycin; proteins; modules; stress; growth; msn2p
AB The rapamycin-sensitive TOR signalling pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae activates a cell-growth program in response to nutrients such as nitrogen and carbon(1-4). The TOR1 and TOR2 kinases (TOR) control cytoplasmic protein synthesis and degradation through the conserved TAP42 protein(5-8). Upon phosphorylation by TOR, TAP42 binds and possibly inhibits type 2A and type-2A-related phosphatases(6-8); however, the mechanism by which TOR controls nuclear events such as global repression of starvation-specific transcription is unknown. Here we show that TOR prevents transcription of genes expressed upon nitrogen limitation by promoting the association of the GATA transcription factor GLN3 with the cytoplasmic protein URE2. The binding of GLN3 to URE2 requires TOR-dependent phosphorylation of GLN3, Phosphorylation and cytoplasmic retention of GLN3 are also dependent on the TOR effector TAP42, and are antagonized by the type-2A-related phosphatase SIT4. TOR inhibits expression of carbon-source-regulated genes by stimulating the binding of the transcriptional activators MSN2 and MSN4 to the cytoplasmic 14-3-3 protein BMH2, Thus, the TOR signalling pathway broadly controls nutrient metabolism by sequestering several transcription factors in the cytoplasm.
C1 Univ Basel, Bioctr, Dept Biochem, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 University of Basel
RP Hall, MN (corresponding author), Univ Basel, Bioctr, Dept Biochem, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
NR 26
TC 802
Z9 943
U1 4
U2 78
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 9
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6762
BP 689
EP 692
DI 10.1038/45287
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 264PC
UT WOS:000084189800072
PM 10604478
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cullen, JT
   Lane, TW
   Morel, FMM
   Sherrell, RM
AF Cullen, JT
   Lane, TW
   Morel, FMM
   Sherrell, RM
TI Modulation of cadmium uptake in phytoplankton by seawater CO2 concentration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diatom thalassiosira-weissflogii; southern-ocean; marine-phytoplankton; north pacific; zinc; phosphate; copper; distributions; limitation; nutrient
AB The vertical distribution of cadmium in the ocean is characteristic of an algal nutrient(1,2), although an underlying physiological basis remains undiscovered, The strong correlation between dissolved cadmium and phosphorus concentrations in sea water has nevertheless been exploited for reconstructing past nutrient distributions in the ocean(3-5). In culture experiments, the addition of cadmium accelerates the growth of some marine phytoplankton(6-9) and increases the activity of carbonic anhydrase, normally a zinc-based metalloenzyme that is involved in inorganic carbon acquisition(7,9), Here we show that the concentration of a Cd-carbonic-anhydrase-distinct from Zn-carbonic-anhydrases in a marine diatom is regulated by the CO2 partial pressure (p(CO2)) as well as by the zinc concentration. Field studies in intensely productive coastal waters off central California demonstrate that cadmium content in natural phytoplankton populations similarly increases as surface-water p(CO2) decreases. Incubation experiments confirm that cadmium uptake by natural phytoplankton is inversely related to seawater p(CO2) and zinc concentration. We thus propose that biological removal of cadmium from ocean surface waters is related to its utilization in carbonic anhydrase, and is regulated by dissolved CO2 and zinc concentrations. The dissolved seawater Cd/P ratio would therefore vary with atmospheric p(CO2), complicating the use of cadmium as a tracer of past nutrient concentrations in the upper ocean.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Princeton University
RP Cullen, JT (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, 71 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
NR 29
TC 139
Z9 156
U1 1
U2 63
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 11
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6758
BP 165
EP 167
DI 10.1038/46007
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 256FZ
UT WOS:000083716400044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roche, H
   Delagnes, A
   Brugal, JP
   Feibel, C
   Kibunjia, M
   Mourre, V
   Texier, PJ
AF Roche, H
   Delagnes, A
   Brugal, JP
   Feibel, C
   Kibunjia, M
   Mourre, V
   Texier, PJ
TI Early hominid stone tool production and technical skill 2.34 Myr ago in west Turkana, Kenya
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lake turkana; ethiopia; sites
AB Well-documented Pliocene archaeological sites are exceptional. At present they are known only in East Africa, in the Hadar(1,2) and Shungura(3) formations of Ethiopia and in the Nachukui formation of Kenya. Intensive archeological survey and a series of test excavations conducted in the Nachukui formation since 1987 have led to the discovery of more than 25 archaeological sites whose ages range from 2.34 to 0.7 million years before present (Myr)(4,5), and to the extensive excavation of two 2.34-Myr sites, Lokalalei 1 in 1991 (refs 6, 7) and Lokalalei 2C in 1997. Lokalalei 2C yielded nearly 3,000 archaeological finds from a context of such good preservation that it was possible to reconstitute more than 60 sets of complementary matching stone artefacts. These refits, predating the Koobi Fora refits by 500 Kyr (ref. 8), are the oldest ever studied. Here we describe a technological analysis of the core reduction sequences, based on these refits, which allows unprecedented accuracy in the understanding of flake production processes. We can thus demonstrate greater cognitive capacity and motor skill than previously assumed for early hominids, and highlight the diversity of Pliocene technical behaviour.
C1 CNRS, F-92023 Nanterre, France.
   MMSH, CNRS, UMR 6636, F-13094 Aix En Provence, France.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Anthropol, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA.
   Natl Museum Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.
   CNRS, CRA, F-06565 Valbonne, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Aix-Marseille Universite; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Roche, H (corresponding author), CNRS, MAE Boite 3,Allee Univ, F-92023 Nanterre, France.
NR 13
TC 246
Z9 282
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6731
BP 57
EP 60
DI 10.1038/19959
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 194BK
UT WOS:000080172100053
PM 10331389
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gebhardt, CR
   Schröder, H
   Kompa, KL
AF Gebhardt, CR
   Schröder, H
   Kompa, KL
TI Surface impact ionization of polar-molecule clusters through pickup of alkali atoms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID water clusters; solvation dynamics; electron; collision; size; photoionization; photoelectron; hydration; (h2o)n; phase
AB The observation that clusters of neutral H2O (refs 1-4) or SO2 (ref. 5) molecules, on impact with essentially any solid surface, can decay efficiently into positively and negatively charged fragments has defied explanation, not least because the kinetic energy per molecule can be much smaller than the molecular ionization potentials. Here we present a microscopic model of the charging mechanism, based on a mass analysis of charged SO2 cluster fragments, which appears to be applicable to polar-molecule clusters more generally. Our mass spectra reveal that all positively charged fragments carry an alkali ion (sodium, potassium or caesium), whereas the negative fragments are simply (SO2)(n)(-). The yields of both charged species are comparable, and can be enhanced significantly by pre-treating the sample surface with additional alkali atoms. The key to charge separation in the clusters therefore appears to be the pickup of a neutral (but readily ionized) adatom during impact, followed by delocalization of the adatom's valence electron within the cluster and the subsequent collision-induced fragmentation of the cluster into charged pieces. This process could be of practical use in, for example, charge-pair generation and surface analysis; it may also be relevant to atmospheric ionization processes.
C1 Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Schröder, H (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, Hans-Kopfermann-Str 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
NR 28
TC 37
Z9 40
U1 2
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 5
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6744
BP 544
EP 547
DI 10.1038/22984
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 223RT
UT WOS:000081854800049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhao, HB
   Santos-Sacchi, J
AF Zhao, HB
   Santos-Sacchi, J
TI Auditory collusion and a coupled couple of outer hair cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID motility voltage sensor; guinea-pig; mechanical responses; membrane capacitance; cochlear amplifier; basilar-membrane; frequency limit; charge; dependence
AB The discrepancies between measured frequency responses of the basilar membrane in the inner ear and the frequency tuning found in psychophysical experiments led to Bekesy's idea of lateral inhibition in the auditory nervous system(1). We now know that basilar membrane tuning can account for neural tuning(2), and that sharpening of the passive travelling wave depends on the mechanical activity of outer hair cells (OHCs)(3), but the mechanism by which OHCs enhance tuning remains unclear. OHCs generate voltage-dependent length changes at acoustic rates(4-8), which deform the cochlear partition(9-11). Here we use an electrical correlate of OHC mechanical activity, the motility-related gating current, to investigate mechano-electrical interactions among adjacent OHCs. We show that the motility caused by voltage stimulation of one cell in a group evokes gating currents in adjacent OHCs. The resulting polarization in adjacent cells is opposite to that within the stimulated cell, which may be indicative of lateral inhibition. Also such interactions promote distortion and suppression in the electrical and, consequently, the mechanical activity of OHCs. Lateral interactions may provide a basis for enhanced frequency selectivity in the basilar membrane of mammals.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Otolaryngol Sect, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Neurobiol Sect, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University
RP Santos-Sacchi, J (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Otolaryngol Sect, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [R01 DC000273] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 74
Z9 86
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 27
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6734
BP 359
EP 362
DI 10.1038/20686
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 200PA
UT WOS:000080547800060
PM 10360573
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Antson, AA
   Dodson, EJ
   Dodson, G
   Greaves, RB
   Chen, XP
   Gollnick, P
AF Antson, AA
   Dodson, EJ
   Dodson, G
   Greaves, RB
   Chen, XP
   Gollnick, P
TI Structure of the trp RNA-binding attenuation protein, TRAP, bound to RNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacillus-subtilis binds; crystal-structure; leader rna; transcription attenuation; operon; complex; synthetase; expression; repeats; domain
AB The frp RNA-binding attenuation protein (TRAP) regulates expression of the tryptophan biosynthetic genes of several bacilli by binding single-stranded RNA. The binding sequence is composed of eleven triplet repeats, predominantly GAG, separated by two or three non-conserved nucleotides, Here we present the crystal structure of a complex of TRAP and a 53-base single-stranded RNA containing eleven GAG triplets, revealing that each triplet is accommodated in a binding pocket formed by beta-strands. In the complex, the RNA has an extended structure without any base-pairing and binds to the protein mostly by specific protein-base interactions. Eleven binding pockets on the circular TRAP Il-mer form a belt with a diameter of about 80 Angstrom. This simple but elegant mechanism of arresting the RNA segment by encircling it around a protein disk is applicable to both transcription, when TRAP binds the nascent RNA, and to translation, when TRAP binds the same sequence within a non-coding leader region of the messenger RNA.
C1 Univ York, Dept Chem, York Struct Biol Lab, York Y010 5DD, N Yorkshire, England.
   SUNY Buffalo, Dept Biol Sci, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA.
C3 University of York - UK; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Buffalo, SUNY
RP Antson, AA (corresponding author), Univ York, Dept Chem, York Struct Biol Lab, York Y010 5DD, N Yorkshire, England.
EM fred@yorvic.york.ac.uk
NR 50
TC 208
Z9 248
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 235
EP 242
DI 10.1038/45730
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400043
PM 10499579
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Acharyya, SK
   Chakraborty, P
   Lahiri, S
   Raymahashay, BC
   Guha, S
   Bhowmik, A
AF Acharyya, SK
   Chakraborty, P
   Lahiri, S
   Raymahashay, BC
   Guha, S
   Bhowmik, A
TI Arsenic poisoning in the Ganges delta
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID groundwater
C1 Geol Survey India, Kolkata 700016, W Bengal, India.
   Indian Inst Technol, Dept Civil Engn, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
C3 Geological Survey India; Indian Institute of Technology System (IIT System); Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) - Kanpur
RP Acharyya, SK (corresponding author), Geol Survey India, Kolkata 700016, W Bengal, India.
NR 8
TC 330
Z9 385
U1 7
U2 120
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 7
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6753
BP 545
EP 545
DI 10.1038/44052
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 244MG
UT WOS:000083054900036
PM 10524619
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, ZD
   Green, BR
   Cavalier-Smith, T
AF Zhang, ZD
   Green, BR
   Cavalier-Smith, T
TI Single gene circles in dinoflagellate chloroplast genomes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-replication; sequence; rubisco; origin
AB Photosynthetic dinoflagellates are important aquatic primary producers and notorious causes of toxic 'red tides: Typical dinoflagellate chloroplasts differ from all other plastids in having a combination of three envelope membranes' and peridinin-chlorophyll ale light-harvesting pigments'. Despite evidence of a dinoflagellete satellite DNA containing chloroplast genes(3), previous attempts to obtain chloroplast gene sequences have been uniformly unsuccessful. Here we show that the dinoflagellate chloroplast DNA genome structure is unique. Complete sequences of chloroplast ribosomal RNA genes and seven chloroplast protein genes from the dinoflagellate Heterocapsa triquetra reveal that each is located alone on a separate minicircular chromosome:'one gene-one circle: The genes are the most divergent known from chloroplast genomes. Each circle has an unusual tripartite non-coding region (putative replicon origin), which is highly conserved among the nine circles through extensive gene conversion, but is very divergent between species. Several other dinoflagellate species have minicircular chloroplast genes, indicating that this type of genomic organization may have evolved in ancestral peridinean dinoflagellates. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that dinoflagellate chloroplasts are related to chromistan and red algal chloroplasts and supports their origin by Secondary symbiogenesis(4-6)
C1 Univ British Columbia, Canadian Inst Adv Res Evolutionary Biol Programme, Dept Bot, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
C3 Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR); University of British Columbia
RP Green, BR (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Canadian Inst Adv Res Evolutionary Biol Programme, Dept Bot, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
EM brgreen@interchange.ubc.ca
NR 25
TC 285
Z9 319
U1 1
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 8
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6740
BP 155
EP 159
DI 10.1038/22099
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 214JM
UT WOS:000081324900051
PM 10408440
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Imai, Y
   Kimura, T
   Murakami, A
   Yajima, N
   Sakamaki, K
   Yonehara, S
AF Imai, Y
   Kimura, T
   Murakami, A
   Yajima, N
   Sakamaki, K
   Yonehara, S
TI The CED-4-homologous protein FLASH is involved in Fas-mediated activation of caspase-8 during apoptosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID domain-containing protein; signaling complex disc; death-effector domain; cytochrome-c; molecular-cloning; antigen fas; cell-death; ced-4; mitochondria; release
AB Fas is a cell-surface receptor molecule that relays apoptotic (cell death) signals into cells. When Fas is activated by binding of its ligand, the proteolytic: protein caspase-8 is recruited to a signalling complex known as DISC by binding to a Fas-associated adapter protein. A large new protein, FLASH, has now been identified by cloning of its complementary DNA. This protein contains a motif with oligomerizing activity whose sequence is similar to that of the Caenorhabditis elegans protein CED-4, and another domain (DRD domain) that interacts with a death-effector domain in caspase-8 or in the adapter protein. Stimulated Fas binds FLASH, so FLASH is probably a component of the DISC signalling complex. Transient expression of FLASH activates caspase-8, whereas overexpression of a truncated form of FLASH containing only one of its DRD or CED-4-like domains does not allow activation of caspase-8 and Fas-mediated apoptosis to occur, Overexpression of full-length FLASH blocks the anti-apoptotic effect of the adenovirus protein E1B19K. FLASH is therefore necessary for the activation of caspase-8 in Fas-mediated apoptosis.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Inst Virus Res, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University
RP Yonehara, S (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Inst Virus Res, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
EM syonehar@virus.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 47
TC 213
Z9 252
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 29
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6730
BP 777
EP 785
DI 10.1038/19709
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 192BL
UT WOS:000080058100050
PM 10235259
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rauskolb, C
   Correla, T
   Irvine, KD
AF Rauskolb, C
   Correla, T
   Irvine, KD
TI Fringe-dependent separation of dorsal and ventral cells in the Drosophila wing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID imaginal disc; notch; limb; compartmentalization; expression; activation; boundary; receptor; protein; serrate
AB The separation of cells into populations that do not intermix, termed compartments, is a fundamental organizing principle during development(1-5). Dorsal-ventral compartmentalization of the Drosophila wing is regulated downstream of the apterous (np) gene, which encodes a transcription factor that specifies dorsal wing fate(6-8). fringe (fng) is normally expressed by dorsal cells downstream of ap(9); here we show that fng plays a key role in dorsal-ventral compartmentalization. Loss of fng function causes dorsal cells to violate the compartment boundary, and ectopic expression of the Fng protein causes ventral cells to violate the compartment boundary. Fng modulates signalling through the Notch receptor(10,11). Notch and its ligands are essential for formation of the dorsal-ventral compartment border, and repositioning the stripe of Notch activation that is normally established there appears to reposition the compartment border. However, activation of Notch does not itself confer either dorsal or ventral cell location, and fng can influence compartmentalization even within regions of ubiquitous Notch activation. Our results indicate that the primary mechanism by which fng establishes a compartment border is by positioning a stripe of Notch activation, but also that fng may exert additional influences on compartmentalization.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Waksman Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Biochem, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Irvine, KD (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Waksman Inst, POB 759, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM irvine@waksman.rutgers.edu
NR 29
TC 93
Z9 104
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 30
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6752
BP 476
EP 480
DI 10.1038/46786
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 243DF
UT WOS:000082981200056
PM 10519550
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gershenfeld, N
   Schoner, B
   Metois, E
AF Gershenfeld, N
   Schoner, B
   Metois, E
TI Cluster-weighted modelling for time-series analysis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID em algorithm; mixtures; experts
AB The need to characterize and forecast time series recurs throughout the sciences, but the complexity of the real world is poorly described by the traditional techniques of linear time-series analysis. Although newer methods can provide remarkable insights into particular domains, they still make restrictive assumptions about the data, the analyst, or the application(1). Here we show that signals that are nonlinear, non-stationary, non-gaussian, and discontinuous can be described by expanding the probabilistic dependence of the future on the past around local models of their relationship. The predictors derived from this general framework have the form of the global combinations of local functions that are used in statistics(2-4), machine learning(5-10) and studies of nonlinear dynamics(11,12). Our method offers forecasts of errors in prediction and model estimation, provides a transparent architecture with meaningful parameters, and has straightforward implementations for offline and online applications, We demonstrate our approach by applying it to data obtained from a pseudo-random dynamic;al system, from a fluctuating laser, and from a bowed violin.
C1 MIT, Media Lab, Phys & Media Grp, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Gershenfeld, N (corresponding author), MIT, Media Lab, Phys & Media Grp, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 22
TC 66
Z9 72
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 28
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6717
BP 329
EP 332
DI 10.1038/16873
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 162BE
UT WOS:000078324600043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pestre, D
AF Pestre, D
TI Spark ignites physicists
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Ecole Hautes Etud Sci Sociales, Ctr Hist Sci & Tech, Paris, France.
RP Pestre, D (corresponding author), Ecole Hautes Etud Sci Sociales, Ctr Hist Sci & Tech, Paris, France.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6755
BP 745
EP 745
DI 10.1038/44468
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 250BG
UT WOS:000083368700025
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gomez, TM
   Spitzer, NC
AF Gomez, TM
   Spitzer, NC
TI In vivo regulation of axon extension and pathfinding by growth-cone calcium transients
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID migration; dynamics; behavior
AB Growth cones at the tips of extending neurites migrate through complex environments in the developing nervous system and guide axons to appropriate target regions using local cues(1,2). The intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+](i)) of growth cones correlates with motility in vitro(3-7), but the physiological links between environmental cues and axon growth in vivo are unknown. Here we report that growth cones generate transient elevations of [Ca2+](i) as they migrate within the embryonic spinal cord and that the rate of axon outgrowth is inversely proportional to the frequency of transients. Suppressing Ca2+ transients by photorelease of a Ca2+ chelator accelerates axon extension, whereas mimicking transients with photorelease of Ca2+ slows otherwise rapid axonal growth. The frequency of Ca2+ transients is cell-type specific and depends on the position of growth cones along their pathway. Furthermore, growth-cone stalling and axon retraction, which are two important aspects of pathfinding(8-10), are associated with high frequencies of Ca2+ transients. Our results indicate that environmentally regulated growth-cone Ca2+ transients control axon growth in the developing spinal cord.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Mol Genet, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Gomez, TM (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 25
TC 420
Z9 489
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 28
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6717
BP 350
EP 355
DI 10.1038/16927
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 162BE
UT WOS:000078324600050
PM 9950427
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ringe, D
   Petsko, GA
AF Ringe, D
   Petsko, GA
TI Quantum enzymology - Tunnel vision
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eubacterium thermotoga-maritima; d-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; enzyme; temperatures
C1 Brandeis Univ, Rosenstiel Basic Med Sci Res Ctr, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
C3 Brandeis University
RP Ringe, D (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Rosenstiel Basic Med Sci Res Ctr, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
NR 19
TC 13
Z9 15
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 417
EP 418
DI 10.1038/20819
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900026
PM 10365952
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hu, JT
   Ouyang, M
   Yang, PD
   Lieber, CM
AF Hu, JT
   Ouyang, M
   Yang, PD
   Lieber, CM
TI Controlled growth and electrical properties of heterojunctions of carbon nanotubes and silicon nanowires
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transistor
AB Nanometre-scale electronic structures are of both fundamental and technological interest: they provide a link between molecular and solid state physics, and have the potential to reach far higher device densities than is possible with conventional semiconductor technology(1.2). Examples of such structures include quantum dots, which can function as single-electron transistors(3,4) (although their sensitivity to individual stray charges might make them unsuitable for large-scale devices) and semiconducting carbon nanotubes several hundred nanometres in length, which have been used to create a held-effect transistor(5). Much smaller devices could be made by joining two nanotubes or nanowires to create, for example, metal-semiconductor junctions, in which the junction area would be about 1 nm(2) for single-walled carbon nanotubes. Electrical measurements of nanotube 'mats' have shown the behaviour expected for a metal-semiconductor junction(6). However, proposed nanotube junction structures(7) have not been explicitly observed, nor have methods been developed to prepare them. Here we report controlled, catalytic growth of metal-semiconductor junctions between carbon nanotubes and silicon nano,vires, and show that these junctions exhibit reproducible rectifying behaviour.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Harvard University
RP Lieber, CM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM cml@cmliris.harvard.edu
NR 18
TC 730
Z9 841
U1 1
U2 285
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 6
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6731
BP 48
EP 51
DI 10.1038/19941
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 194BK
UT WOS:000080172100050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yoshinaga, SK
   Whoriskey, JS
   Khare, SD
   Sarmiento, U
   Guo, J
   Horan, T
   Shih, G
   Zhang, M
   Coccia, MA
   Kohno, T
   Tafuri-Bladt, A
   Brankow, D
   Campbell, P
   Chang, D
   Chiu, L
   Dai, TN
   Duncan, G
   Elliott, GS
   Hui, A
   McCabe, SM
   Scully, S
   Shahinian, A
   Shaklee, CL
   Van, G
   Mak, TW
   Senaldi, G
AF Yoshinaga, SK
   Whoriskey, JS
   Khare, SD
   Sarmiento, U
   Guo, J
   Horan, T
   Shih, G
   Zhang, M
   Coccia, MA
   Kohno, T
   Tafuri-Bladt, A
   Brankow, D
   Campbell, P
   Chang, D
   Chiu, L
   Dai, TN
   Duncan, G
   Elliott, GS
   Hui, A
   McCabe, SM
   Scully, S
   Shahinian, A
   Shaklee, CL
   Van, G
   Mak, TW
   Senaldi, G
TI T-cell co-stimulation through B7RP-1 and ICOS
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID contact hypersensitivity; molecular-cloning; efficiency; expression; responses; tolerance; blockade; system; memory; ctla-4
AB T-cell activation requires co-stimulation through receptors such as CD28 (refs 1-3) and antigen-specific signalling through the T-cell antigen receptor. Here we describe a new murine costimulatory receptor-ligand pair. The receptor, which is related to CD28 and is the homologue of the human protein ICOS4, is expressed on activated T cells and resting memory T cells. The ligand, which has homology to B7 molecules and is called B7-related protein-1 (B7RP-1), is expressed on B cells and macrophages. ICOS and B7RP-1 do not interact with proteins in the CD28-B7 pathway, and B7RP-1 co-stimulates T cells in vitro independently of CD28. Transgenic mice expressing a B7RP-1-Fc fusion protein show lymphoid hyperplasia in the spleen, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. Presensitized mice treated with B7RP-1-Fc during antigen challenge show enhanced hypersensitivity. Therefore, B7RP-1 exhibits co-stimulatory activities in vitro and in vivo. ICOS and B7RP-1 define a new and distinct receptor-ligand pair that is structurally related to CD28-B7 and is involved in the adaptive immune response.
C1 Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA.
   Amgen Inc, Res Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
C3 Amgen
RP Yoshinaga, SK (corresponding author), Amgen Inc, 1 Amgen Ctr Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA.
NR 23
TC 685
Z9 886
U1 1
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 827
EP 832
DI 10.1038/45582
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500069
PM 10617205
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Udachin, KA
   Ripmeester, JA
AF Udachin, KA
   Ripmeester, JA
TI A complex clathrate hydrate structure showing bimodal guest hydration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID structure-h hydrate; gas hydrate; fluoride; mexico; gulf
AB Interactions between hydrophobic groups in water(1), as well as biomolecular hydration more generally(2-4), are intimately connected to the structure of liquid water around hydrophobic solutes. Such considerations have focused interest on clathrate hydrates: crystals in which a hydrogen-bonded network of water molecules encages hydrophobic guest molecules with which the water interacts only by non-directional van der Waals forces. Three structural families of clathrate hydrates have hitherto been recognized: cubic structure I (2MS . 6M(L). 46H(2)O) (ref, 5), cubic structure II (16M(S). 8M(L). 136H(2)O) (ref. 5) and hexagonal structure H (M-L. 3M(S). 2M(S). 34H(2)O) (refs 6, 7) hydrates (here M-L and M-S are the hydrophobic guest sites associated with large and small cavities, respectively). Here we report a new hydrate structure: 1.67 choline hydroxide;tetra-n-propylammonium fluoride . 30.33H(2)O. This structure has a number of unusual features; in particular the choline guest exhibits both hydrophobic and hydrophilic modes of hydration. Formally the structure consists of alternating stacks of structure H and structure II hydrates, and might conceivably be found in those settings (such as seafloor deposits over natural-gas fields) in which clathrate hydrates form naturally.
C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
C3 National Research Council Canada
RP Ripmeester, JA (corresponding author), Natl Res Council Canada, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, 100 Sussex Dr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
NR 18
TC 81
Z9 88
U1 2
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 4
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6718
BP 420
EP 423
DI 10.1038/17097
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 164KA
UT WOS:000078461700043
PM 9989406
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Struhl, G
   Greenwald, I
AF Struhl, G
   Greenwald, I
TI Presenilin is required for activity and nuclear access of Notch in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amyloid precursor protein; caenorhabditis-elegans; alzheimers-disease; in-vivo; receptor; lin-12; gene; expression; cleavage; homolog
AB Presenilins are membrane proteins with multiple transmembrane domains that are thought to contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease by affecting the processing of P-amyloid precursor protein(1). Presenilins also facilitate the activity of transmembrane receptors of the LIN-12/Notch family(2-5). After ligand-induced processing, the intracellular domain of LIN-12/Notch can enter the nucleus and participate in the transcriptional control of downstream target genes(6-9). Here we show that null mutations in the Drosophila Presenilin gene abolish Notch signal transduction and prevent its intracellular domain from entering the nucleus. Furthermore, we provide evidence that presenilin is required for the proteolytic release of the intracellular domain from the membrane following activation of Notch by ligand.
C1 Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Genet & Dev, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Columbia University
RP Struhl, G (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Genet & Dev, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM struhl@cuccfa.ccc.columbia; greenwald@cuccfa.ccc.columbia.edu
NR 28
TC 721
Z9 846
U1 1
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 8
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6727
BP 522
EP 525
DI 10.1038/19091
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 185HQ
UT WOS:000079662800050
PM 10206646
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hendrich, B
   Hardeland, U
   Ng, HH
   Jiricny, J
   Bird, A
AF Hendrich, B
   Hardeland, U
   Ng, HH
   Jiricny, J
   Bird, A
TI The thymine glycosylase MBD4 can bind to the product of deamination at methylated CpG sites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytosine residues; dna glycosylases; escherichia-coli; endonuclease; dinucleotide; mutation; mispairs; cloning; uracil; cancer
AB In addition to its well-documented effects on gene silencing, cytosine methylation is a prominent cause of mutations. In humans, the mutation rate from 5-methylcytosine (m(5)C) to thymine (T) is 10-50-fold higher(1-4) than other transitions and the methylated sequence CpG is consequently under-represented(5). Over one-third of germline point mutations associated with human genetic disease(6) and many somatic mutations leading to cancer(7,8) involve loss of CpG. The primary cause of mutability appears to be hydrolytic deamination. Cytosine deamination produces mismatched uracil (U), which can be removed by uracil glycosylase(9,10), whereas m(5)C deamination generates a GT mispair that cannot be processed by this enzyme. Correction of m(5)CpG.TpG mismatches may instead be initiated by the thymine DNA glycosylase, TDG(11,12). Here we show that MBD4, an unrelated mammalian protein that contains a methyl-CpG binding domain(13,14), can also efficiently remove thymine or uracil from a mismatches CpG site in vitro. Furthermore, the methyl-CpG binding domain of MBD4 binds preferentially to m(5)CpG.TpG mismatches-the primary product of deamination at methyl-CpG. The combined specificities of binding and catalysis indicate that this enzyme may function to minimize mutation at methyl-CpG.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Inst Med Radiobiol, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 University of Edinburgh
RP Bird, A (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Kings Bldg, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM A.Bird@ed.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 527
Z9 628
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 16
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6750
BP 301
EP 304
DI 10.1038/45843
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 237VZ
UT WOS:000082678400060
PM 10499592
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gallardo, MH
   Bickham, JW
   Honeycutt, RL
   Ojeda, RA
   Köhler, N
AF Gallardo, MH
   Bickham, JW
   Honeycutt, RL
   Ojeda, RA
   Köhler, N
TI Discovery of tetraploidy in a mammal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Austral Chile, Inst Ecol & Evoluc, Valdivia, Chile.
   Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Inst Argentino Invest Zonas Aridas, Cricyt, RA-5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
C3 Universidad Austral de Chile; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET); CRICYT
RP Gallardo, MH (corresponding author), Univ Austral Chile, Inst Ecol & Evoluc, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.
NR 10
TC 138
Z9 161
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 23
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6751
BP 341
EP 341
DI 10.1038/43815
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 240JJ
UT WOS:000082822600037
PM 10517628
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Allen, JRM
   Brandt, U
   Brauer, A
   Hubberten, HW
   Huntley, B
   Keller, J
   Kraml, M
   Mackensen, A
   Mingram, J
   Negendank, JFW
   Nowaczyk, NR
   Oberhänsli, H
   Watts, WA
   Wulf, S
   Zolitschka, B
AF Allen, JRM
   Brandt, U
   Brauer, A
   Hubberten, HW
   Huntley, B
   Keller, J
   Kraml, M
   Mackensen, A
   Mingram, J
   Negendank, JFW
   Nowaczyk, NR
   Oberhänsli, H
   Watts, WA
   Wulf, S
   Zolitschka, B
TI Rapid environmental changes in southern Europe during the last glacial period
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID grande-di-monticchio; greenland ice; pollen data; climate; record; long; paleoclimate; vegetation; sediments; history
AB Oxygen-isotope records from Greenland ice cores(1,2) indicate numerous rapid climate fluctuations during the last glacial period. North Atlantic marine sediment cores show comparable variability in sea surface temperature and the deposition of ice-rafted debris(3-5). In contrast, very few continental records of this time period provide the temporal resolution and environmental sensitivity necessary to reveal the extent and effects of these environmental fluctuations on the continents. Here we present high-resolution geochemical, physical and pollen data from lake sediments in Italy and from a Mediterranean sediment core, linked by a common tephrochronology. Our lacustrine sequence extends to the past 102,000 years. Many of its features correlate well with the Greenland ice-core records, demonstrating that the closely coupled ocean-atmosphere system of the Northern Hemisphere during the last glacial(4) extended its influence at least as far as the central Mediterranean region. Numerous vegetation changes were rapid, frequently occurring in less than 200 years, showing that the terrestrial biosphere participated fully in last-glacial climate variability. Earlier than 65,000 years ago, our record shows more climate fluctuations than are apparent in the Greenland ice cores. Together, the multi-proxy data from the continental and marine records reveal differences in the seasonal character of climate during successive interstadials, and provide a step towards determining the underlying mechanisms of the centennial-millennial-scale variability.
C1 Univ Durham, Environm Res Ctr, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
   Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
   Fac Sci & Tech St Jerome, Lab Bot Hist & Polynol, F-13379 Marseille, France.
   Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
   Inst Mineral Petrol & Geochem, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
   Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany.
   Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Dept Bot, Dublin 2, Ireland.
C3 Durham University; Helmholtz Association; GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences; Aix-Marseille Universite; Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research; Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research; Trinity College Dublin
RP Huntley, B (corresponding author), Univ Durham, Environm Res Ctr, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
NR 30
TC 552
Z9 582
U1 2
U2 140
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 19
PY 1999
VL 400
IS 6746
BP 740
EP 743
DI 10.1038/23432
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 228HM
UT WOS:000082131100043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tremblay, L
   Schultz, W
AF Tremblay, L
   Schultz, W
TI Relative reward preference in primate orbitofrontal cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID prefrontal cortex; neuronal-activity; working-memory; rhesus-monkey; dissociation; expectation; connections; responses; striatum; macaque
AB The orbital part of prefrontal cortex appears to be crucially involved in the motivational control of goal-directed behaviour(1,2). Patients with lesions of orbitofrontal cortex show impairments in making decisions about the expected outcome of actions(3). Monkeys with orbitofrontal lesions respond abnormally to changes in reward expectations(4,5) and show altered reward preferences(6). As rewards constitute basic goals of behaviour(7) we investigated here how neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex of monkeys process information about liquid and food rewards in a typical frontal task, spatial delayed responding(8). The activity of orbitofrontal neurons increases in response to reward-predicting signals, during: the expectation of rewards, and after the receipt of rewards. Neurons discriminate between different rewards, mainly irrespective of the spatial and visual features of reward-predicting stimuli and behavioural reactions. Most reward discriminations reflect the animals' relative preference among the available rewards, as expressed by their choice behaviour, rather than physical reward properties. Thus, neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex appear to process the motivational value of rewarding outcomes of voluntary action.
C1 Univ Fribourg, Inst Physiol, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
   Univ Fribourg, Program Neurosci, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
   Univ Freiburg, Inst Physiol, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
   Hop La Pitie Salpetriere, F-75651 Paris, France.
C3 University of Fribourg; University of Fribourg; Sorbonne Universite; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Hopital Universitaire Pitie-Salpetriere - APHP
RP Schultz, W (corresponding author), Hop La Pitie Salpetriere, INSERM, Unit 289, 47 Blvd Hop, F-75651 Paris, France.
NR 30
TC 996
Z9 1174
U1 0
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6729
BP 704
EP 708
DI 10.1038/19525
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 189RP
UT WOS:000079920100050
PM 10227292
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McEwen, AS
   Malin, MC
   Carr, MH
   Hartmann, WK
AF McEwen, AS
   Malin, MC
   Carr, MH
   Hartmann, WK
TI Voluminous volcanism on early Mars revealed in Valles Marineris
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID martian crust; regions; climate; walls
AB The relative rates and importance of impact cratering, volcanism, erosion, and the deposition of sediments to the early geological history of Mars are poorly known. That history is recorded in the upper crust of the pillet, which is best exposed along the 4,000-km-long canyon system called Valles Mstrincris. Previous studies of the stratfgraphy of this region have assumed that it consists of megabreccia and fractured bedrock resulting from impacts, overlain by or interbedded with relatively thin layers oflava, and tvith the layering restricted to the uppenaost level of the crust(1-6). IIere we report new high-resolution images that reveal ubiquitous horizontal layering to depths of at least 8 km in the canyons. Megabreccia should be only coarsely layered and fractured bedrock should be unlayered, so these observations indicate that volcanic or sedimentary processes were much more important in early martian history than previously believed. Morphological and compositional data suggest that the layers were formed mainly by volcanic flood lavas, Mars was therefore probably very volcanically active during at least the first billion years and after the period when the heaviest impact bombardment had ended.
C1 Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92191 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA.
   Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85705 USA.
C3 University of Arizona; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP McEwen, AS (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
NR 23
TC 188
Z9 203
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 18
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6720
BP 584
EP 586
DI 10.1038/17539
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 169GE
UT WOS:000078738500039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Qin, XF
   Schwers, S
   Yu, W
   Papavasiliou, F
   Suh, HY
   Nussenzweig, A
   Rajewsky, K
   Nussenzweig, MC
AF Qin, XF
   Schwers, S
   Yu, W
   Papavasiliou, F
   Suh, HY
   Nussenzweig, A
   Rajewsky, K
   Nussenzweig, MC
TI Secondary V(D)J recombination in B-1 cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ly-1 b-cells; transgenic mouse; mice; gene; lymphocytes; antigen; expression; tolerance; responses; apoptosis
AB B-1 B cells are a self-renewing population of B cells that differ from conventional B cells (B-2 cells) in that they are particularly predisposed to auto-antibody production(1-3). Although much is known about the signalling pathways that control B-1-cell growth and development (reviewed in ref. 4), less is known about why these cells are prone to produce autoreactive antibodies. Here we show that B-1 cells, like germinal-centre B cells(5-8), can express recombinase-activating genes 1 and 2 (RAG1 and RAG2) and undergo secondary V(D)J recombination of immunoglobulin genes. In addition, B cells from autoimmune-prone NZB mice show high levels of RAG messenger RNA and recombination. We propose that secondary immunoglobulin-gene rearrangements outside organized lymphoid organs may contribute to the development of autoreactive antibodies.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Lab Mol Immunol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   NCI, Expt Immunol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Cologne, Inst Genet, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
C3 Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); University of Cologne
RP Nussenzweig, MC (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Lab Mol Immunol, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM nussen@rockvax.rockefeller.edu
NR 30
TC 61
Z9 67
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 28
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6717
BP 355
EP 359
DI 10.1038/16933
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 162BE
UT WOS:000078324600051
PM 9950428
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chuang, PT
   McMahon, AP
AF Chuang, PT
   McMahon, AP
TI Vertebrate Hedgehog signalling modulated by induction of a Hedgehog-binding protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sonic-hedgehog; signaling pathway; gene; receptor; cartilage; polarity; mice
AB The Hedgehog signalling pathway is essential for the development of diverse tissues during embryogenesis(1). Signalling is activated by binding: of Hedgehog protein to the multipass membrane protein Patched (Ptc)(2,3). We have now identified a novel component in the vertebrate signalling pathway, which we name Hip (for Hedgehog-interacting protein) because of its ability to bind Hedgehog proteins. Hip encodes a membrane glycoprotein that binds to all three mammalian Hedgehog proteins with an affinity comparable to that of Ptc-1. Hip-expressing cells are located next to cells that express each Hedgehog gene. Hip expression is induced by ectopic Hedgehog signalling and is lost in Hedgehog mutants. Thus, Hip, like Ptc-1, is a general transcriptional target of Hedgehog signalling. Overexpression of Hip in cartilage, where Indian hedgehog (Ihh) controls growth(4), leads to a shortened skeleton that resembles that seen when Ihh function is lost (B. St-Jacques, M. Hammerschmidt & A.P.M., in preparation). Our findings support a model in which Hip attenuates Hedgehog signalling as a result of binding to Hedgehog proteins: a negative regulatory feedback loop established in this way could thus modulate the responses to any Hedgehog signal.
C1 Harvard Univ, Biolabs, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Chuang, PT (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Biolabs, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, 16 Divin Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 29
TC 637
Z9 780
U1 1
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 18
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6720
BP 617
EP 621
DI 10.1038/17611
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 169GE
UT WOS:000078738500050
PM 10050855
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Petrie, M
   Krupa, A
   Burke, T
AF Petrie, M
   Krupa, A
   Burke, T
TI Peacocks lek with relatives even in the absence of social and environmental cues
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID elaborate trains; kin recognition; evolution; success; males
AB Lek mating systems are characterized by males displaying in groups. The main benefit from group display is thought to be an increase in the number of females arriving per male. However, when mating success is highly skewed it is not dear why unsuccessful males participate in group display(1). In theory, all males on leks could obtain indirect fitness benefits if displaying groups consisted of related individuals(2). Here we present two independent sets of data that show that peacocks (Pavo cristatus) display dose to their kin. DNA fingerprinting showed that males at Whipsnade Park were more closely related to males within the same lek than to males at other leks. Separately, we found that after an experimental release of a mixed group of related and unrelated males, brothers (paternal sibs or half-sibs) established permanent display sites very dose together. This result is unexpected, as the released birds could not become familiar with their brothers during their development. The released young were hatched from eggs that had been removed from their parents shortly after laying and mixed with the eggs of non-relatives. These data indicate that birds can evolve a means of kin association that does not involve learning the characteristics of relatives or the use of environmental cues. If social learning is not necessary for kin association then kin effects may be of more widespread importance in avian social interactions, and in particular in the evolution of lek mating, than previously appreciated.
C1 Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Dept Psychol, Evolut & Behav Res Grp, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 Newcastle University - UK; University of Sheffield
RP Petrie, M (corresponding author), Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Dept Psychol, Evolut & Behav Res Grp, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
NR 21
TC 156
Z9 173
U1 0
U2 69
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6749
BP 155
EP 157
DI 10.1038/43651
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234AF
UT WOS:000082458800051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tomoda, K
   Kubota, Y
   Kato, J
AF Tomoda, K
   Kubota, Y
   Kato, J
TI Degradation of the cyclin-dependent-kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 is instigated by Jab1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle; cdk inhibitor; protein; phosphorylation; gene; binding; arrest; crm1; beta; p27
AB The proliferation of mammalian cells is under strict control, and the cyclin-dependent-kinase inhibitory protein p27(Kip1) is an essential participant in this regulation both in vitro and in vivo(1). Although mutations in p27(Kip1) are rarely found in human tumours, reduced expression of the protein correlates well with poor survival among patients with breast or colorectal carcinomas(2), suggesting that disruption of the p27(Kip1) regulatory mechanisms contributes to neoplasia. The abundance of p27(Kip1) in the cell is determined either at or after translation(3), for example as a result of phosphorylation by cyclinE/Cdk2 complexes(4,5), degradation by the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway(6), sequestration by unknown Myc-inducible proteins(7), binding to cyclinD/Cdk4 complexes(8), or inactivation by the viral ElA oncoprotein(9). We have found that a mouse 38K protein (p38) encoded by the Jab1 gene(10) interacts specifically with p27(Kip1) and show here that ol overexpression of p38 in mammalian cells causes the translocation of p27(Kip1) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, decreasing the amount of p27(Kip1) in the cell by accelerating its degradation. Ectopic expression of p38 in mouse fibroblasts partially overcomes p27(Kip1)-mediated arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and markedly reduces their dependence on serum. Our findings indicate that p38 functions as a negative regulator of p27(Kip1) by promoting its degradation.
C1 Nara Inst Sci & Technol, Grad Sch Biol Sci, Nara 6300101, Japan.
C3 Nara Institute of Science & Technology
RP Kato, J (corresponding author), Nara Inst Sci & Technol, Grad Sch Biol Sci, 8916-5 Takayama, Nara 6300101, Japan.
EM jkata@bs.aist-nara.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 564
Z9 628
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 11
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6723
BP 160
EP 165
DI 10.1038/18230
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 176DG
UT WOS:000079135200047
PM 10086358
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oda, R
   Huc, I
   Schmutz, M
   Candau, SJ
   MacKintosh, FC
AF Oda, R
   Huc, I
   Schmutz, M
   Candau, SJ
   MacKintosh, FC
TI Tuning bilayer twist using chiral counterions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lipid tubules; helical crystallization; surfactants; morphology; dependence; membranes; ribbons
AB From seashells to DNA, chirality is expressed at every level of biological structures. In self-assembled structures it may emerge cooperatively from chirality at the molecular scale. Amphiphilic molecules, for example, can form a variety of aggregates and mesophases that express the chirality of their constituent molecules at a supramolecular scale of micrometres (refs 1-3), Quantitative prediction of the large-scale chirality based on that at the molecular scale remains a largely unsolved problem. Furthermore, experimental control over the expression of chirality at the supramolecular level is difficult to achieve(4-7): mixing of different enantiomers usually results in phase separation(18). Here we present an experimental and theoretical description of a system in which chirality can be varied continuously and controllably ('tuned') in micrometre-scale structures. we observe the formation of twisted ribbons consisting of bilayers of gemini surfactants (two surfactant molecules covalently linked at their charged head groups). We find that the degree of twist and the pitch of the ribbons can be tuned by the introduction of opposite-handed chiral counterions in various proportions. This degree of control might be of practical value; for example, in the use of the helical structures as templates for helical crystallization of macromolecules(8,9).
C1 ENSCPB, Inst Europeen Chim & Biol, F-33402 Talence, France.
   Lab Dynam Fluides Complexes, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
   ULP, Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, INSERM, CNRS, F-67404 Illkirch, France.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Oda, R (corresponding author), ENSCPB, Inst Europeen Chim & Biol, Av Pey Berland,BP 108, F-33402 Talence, France.
NR 18
TC 605
Z9 626
U1 1
U2 257
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6736
BP 566
EP 569
DI 10.1038/21154
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 204RR
UT WOS:000080778400050
PM 10376596
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Timmermann, A
   Oberhuber, J
   Bacher, A
   Esch, M
   Latif, M
   Roeckner, E
AF Timmermann, A
   Oberhuber, J
   Bacher, A
   Esch, M
   Latif, M
   Roeckner, E
TI Increased El Nino frequency in a climate model forced by future greenhouse warming
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interannual variability; enso; event; chaos; cycle
AB The El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is the strongest natural interannual climate fluctuation(1). ENSO originates in the tropical Pacific Ocean and has large effects on the ecology of the region, but it also influences the entire global climate system and affects the societies and economies of many countries(2). ENSO can be understood as an irregular low-frequency oscillation between a warm (El Nino) and a cold (La Nina) state, The strong EI Ninos of 1982/1983 and 1997/1998, along with the more frequent occurrences of El Ninos during the past few decades, raise the question of whether human-induced 'greenhouse' warming affects, or will affect, ENSO3, Several global climate models have been applied to transient greenhouse-gas-induced warming simulations to address this question(4-6) but the results have been debated owing to the inability Of the models to fully simulate ENSO (because of their coarse equatorial resolution)(7), Here we present results from a global climate model with sufficient resolution in the tropics to adequately represent the narrow equatorial upwelling and low-frequency waves. When the model is forced by a realistic future scenario of increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations, more frequent El Nino-like conditions and stronger cold events in the tropical Pacific Ocean result.
C1 Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Latif, M (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Bundesstr 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
NR 18
TC 994
Z9 1119
U1 4
U2 289
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 22
PY 1999
VL 398
IS 6729
BP 694
EP 697
DI 10.1038/19505
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 189RP
UT WOS:000079920100046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oncken, O
   Lûschen, E
   Mechie, J
   Sobolev, SV
   Schulze, A
   Gaedicke, C
   Grunewald, S
   Bribach, J
   Asch, G
   Giese, P
   Wigger, P
   Schmitz, M
   Lueth, S
   Scheuber, E
   Haberland, C
   Rietbrock, A
   Götze, HJ
   Brasse, H
   Patzwahl, R
   Chong, G
   Wilke, HG
   Gonzalez, G
   Jensen, A
   Araneda, M
   Vieytes, H
   Behn, G
   Martinez, E
   Rössling, R
   Amador, J
   Ricaldi, E
   Chumacero, H
   Luterstein, R
AF Oncken, O
   Lûschen, E
   Mechie, J
   Sobolev, SV
   Schulze, A
   Gaedicke, C
   Grunewald, S
   Bribach, J
   Asch, G
   Giese, P
   Wigger, P
   Schmitz, M
   Lueth, S
   Scheuber, E
   Haberland, C
   Rietbrock, A
   Götze, HJ
   Brasse, H
   Patzwahl, R
   Chong, G
   Wilke, HG
   Gonzalez, G
   Jensen, A
   Araneda, M
   Vieytes, H
   Behn, G
   Martinez, E
   Rössling, R
   Amador, J
   Ricaldi, E
   Chumacero, H
   Luterstein, R
TI Seismic reflection image revealing offset of Andean subduction-zone earthquake locations into oceanic mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID northern chile; nazca plate; experimental constraints; crust; stability; geometry; margin; water
AB Since the advent of plate-tectonic theory over 30 years ago(1,2), the geometries of subduction zones have been constrained mainly by the spatial distribution of earthquake hypocentres, known as Wadati-Benioff zones. This is due to the fact that, despite the existence of a wealth of shallow seismic reflection and refraction data, very few high-resolution images of deep subduction-zone structure have been obtained. The few attempts to image these structures (see, for example, refs 3-5) were restricted to marine surveys, with the exception of one experiment(6,7), and none of these studies was successful at mapping structure to more than 30-40 km depth. The association of intermediate-depth earthquakes with a given layer of subducting oceanic lithosphere has therefore remained largely unresolved(8). Here we report seismic reflection and refraction data across the central Andean subduction zone, which image the subduction boundary to a depth of 80 km, We show, by comparing the location of this boundary with earthquake hypocentres precisely located by a temporary seismic array in the region, that most of the intermediate-depth seismicity is offset into the subducting oceanic mantle, rather than lying within the crust or on the subduction-zone boundary itself, as has often been assumed.
C1 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
   Free Univ Berlin, D-12249 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Chile, Santiago, Chile.
   Empresa Nacl Petroleo, Punta Atenas, Chile.
   Corp Nacl Cobre, Santiago, Chile.
   ANDINA SAM, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
   SERGEOMIN, La Paz, Bolivia.
   Univ Mayor de San Andres, La Paz, Bolivia.
   Univ Autonoma Tomas Fris, Potosi, Bolivia.
   Comis Nacl Energia Atom, RA-1429 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
C3 Helmholtz Association; GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences; Free University of Berlin; Universidad de Chile; Universidad Mayor de San Andres; Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica (CNEA)
RP Oncken, O (corresponding author), Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
EM oncken@gfz-potsdam.de
NR 30
TC 97
Z9 102
U1 1
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 28
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6717
BP 341
EP 344
DI 10.1038/16909
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 162BE
UT WOS:000078324600047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, XY
   Virbasius, A
   Zhu, XC
   Green, MR
AF Li, XY
   Virbasius, A
   Zhu, XC
   Green, MR
TI Enhancement of TBP binding by activators and general transcription factors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase-ii; in-vivo; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; promoter selectivity; tata-element; yeast; protein; complex; mot1; core
AB Eukaryotic transcriptional activators function, at least in part, by promoting assembly of the preinitiation complex(1-3), which comprises RNA polymerase II and its general transcription factors (GTFs). Activator-mediated stimulation of the assembly of the preinitiation complex has been studied in vitro but has been relatively refractory to in vivo analysis, Here we use a DNA-crosslinking/immunoprecipitation assay to study in living cells the first step in the assembly of the preinitiation complex, the interaction between the TATA-box-binding protein (TBP) and its binding site, the TATA box. Analysis of a variety of endogenous yeast genes, and of a series of activators of differing strength, reveals a general correlation between TBP binding and transcriptional activity. Using mutant yeast strains, we show that Mot1 prevents the binding of TBP to inactive promoters and that activator-mediated stimulation of TBP binding requires additional GTFs, including TFIIB and Srb4. Taken together, our results indicate that TBP binding in vivo is stringently controlled, and that the ability of activators to stimulate this step in the assembly of the preinitiation complex is a highly cooperative process involving multiple transcription factors.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Program Mol Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
RP Green, MR (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Program Mol Med, 373 Plantat St,Suite 309, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
EM michael.green@ummed.edu
NR 28
TC 206
Z9 243
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 10
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6736
BP 605
EP 609
DI 10.1038/21232
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 204RR
UT WOS:000080778400061
PM 10376604
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hughes, TP
   Baird, AH
   Dinsdale, EA
   Moltschaniwskyj, NA
   Pratchett, MS
   Tanner, JE
   Willis, BL
AF Hughes, TP
   Baird, AH
   Dinsdale, EA
   Moltschaniwskyj, NA
   Pratchett, MS
   Tanner, JE
   Willis, BL
TI Patterns of recruitment and abundance of corals along the Great Barrier Reef
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fish populations; scale; diversity; dynamics; ecology; pacific
AB Different physical and biological processes' prevail at different scales(1-4). As a consequence, small-scale experiments or local observations provide limited insights into regional or global phenomena(5-8). One solution is to incorporate spatial scale explicitly into the experimental and sampling design of field studies, to provide a broader, landscape view of ecology(1-8). Here we examine spatial patterns in corals on the Great Barrier Reef, across a spectrum of scales ranging from metres to more than 1,700 km. Our study is unusual because we explore large-scale patterns of a process (recruitment by juveniles) as well as patterns of adult abundance, revealing the relationship between the two. We show that coral-reef assemblages that are similar in terms of abundance may nonetheless show profound differences in dynamics and turnover, with major implications for their ecology, evolution and management.
C1 James Cook Univ N Queensland, Dept Marine Biol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
C3 James Cook University
RP Hughes, TP (corresponding author), James Cook Univ N Queensland, Dept Marine Biol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
EM terry.hughes@jcu.edu.au
NR 25
TC 298
Z9 332
U1 0
U2 88
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 7
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6714
BP 59
EP 63
DI 10.1038/16237
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 155RD
UT WOS:000077959400046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yan, J
   Magnasco, MO
   Marko, JF
AF Yan, J
   Magnasco, MO
   Marko, JF
TI A kinetic proofreading mechanism for disentanglement of DNA by topoisomerases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID steady-state analysis; escherichia-coli; atp hydrolysis; double helix; transport; topology
AB Cells must remove all entanglements between their replicated chromosomal DNAs to segregate them during cell division. Entanglement removal is done by ATP-driven enzymes that pass DNA strands through one another, called type II topoisomerases. In vitro, some type II topoisomerases can reduce entanglements much more than expected, given the assumption that they pass DNA segments through one another in a random way(1). These type II topoisomerases (of less than 10 nm in diameter) thus use ATP hydrolysis to sense and remove entanglements spread along flexible DNA strands of up to 3,000 nm long. Here we propose a mechanism for this, based on the higher rate of collisions along entangled DNA strands, relative to collision rates on disentangled DNA strands. We show theoretically that if a type II topoisomerase requires an initial 'activating' collision before a second strand-passing collision, the probability of entanglement may be reduced to experimentally observed levels. This proposed two-collision reaction is similar to 'kinetic proofreading' models of molecular recognition(2,3).
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Ctr Studies Phys & Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital; Rockefeller University
RP Marko, JF (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 845 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
NR 16
TC 101
Z9 109
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 28
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6756
BP 932
EP 935
DI 10.1038/44872
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 251UL
UT WOS:000083464700064
PM 10553912
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martinou, JC
AF Martinou, JC
TI Apoptosis - Key to the mitochondrial gate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bax
C1 Serono Pharmaceut Res Inst, CH-1228 Geneva, Switzerland.
RP Martinou, JC (corresponding author), Serono Pharmaceut Res Inst, 14 Chemin Aulx, CH-1228 Geneva, Switzerland.
NR 9
TC 82
Z9 96
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 3
PY 1999
VL 399
IS 6735
BP 411
EP 412
DI 10.1038/20804
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 202TH
UT WOS:000080667900021
PM 10365950
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Winckler, B
   Forscher, P
   Mellman, I
AF Winckler, B
   Forscher, P
   Mellman, I
TI A diffusion barrier maintains distribution of membrane proteins in polarized neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth cone; hippocampal-neurons; lateral mobility; cells; molecules; ranvier; family
AB The asymmetric distribution of proteins to distinct domains in the plasma membrane is crucial to the function of many polarized cells. In epithelia, distinct apical and basolateral surfaces are maintained by tight junctions that prevent diffusion of proteins and lipids between the two domains(1). Polarized neurons maintain axonal and somatodendritic plasma membrane domains without an obvious physical barrier. Indeed, the artificial lipid DiI encounters no diffusion barrier at the presumptive domain boundary, the axon hillock(2). By measuring the lateral mobility of membrane proteins using optical tweezers, we show here that some membrane proteins exhibit markedly reduced mobility in the initial segment of the axon. Disruption of F-actin and low levels of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) abolish this diffusion barrier and lead to redistribution of membrane markers that had previously been polarized. Immobilization in the initial segment may reflect, at least in part, differential tethering to cytoskeletal components. Therefore, the ability to maintain a polarized distribution of membrane proteins depends on a specialized domain at the initial segment of the axon, which restricts lateral mobility and serves as a new type of diffusion barrier that acts in the absence of cell-cell contact.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, MCDB, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University
RP Mellman, I (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, 333 Cedar St,POB 208002, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM ira.mellman@yale.edu
NR 26
TC 335
Z9 407
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 25
PY 1999
VL 397
IS 6721
BP 698
EP 701
DI 10.1038/17806
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 171AP
UT WOS:000078840100051
PM 10067893
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU MacFarlane, DR
   Huang, JH
   Forsyth, M
AF MacFarlane, DR
   Huang, JH
   Forsyth, M
TI Lithium-doped plastic crystal electrolytes exhibiting fast ion conduction for secondary batteries
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electrical-conductivity; thermal measurements; magnetic-resonance; rotator phase; x-ray; nmr; h-1
AB Rechargeable lithium batteries have long been considered an attractive alternative power source for a wide variety of applications. Safety and stability(1) concerns associated with solvent-based electrolytes has necessitated the use of lithium intercalation materials (rather than lithium metal) as anodes, which decreases the energy storage capacity per unit mass. The use of solid lithium ion conductors-based on glasses, ceramics or polymers-as the electrolyte would potentially improve the stability of a lithium-metal anode while alleviating the safety concerns. Glasses and ceramics conduct via a fast ion mechanism, in which the lithium ions move within an essentially static framework. In contrast, the motion of ions in polymer systems is similar to that in solvent-based electrolytes-motion is mediated by the dynamics of the host polymer, thereby restricting the conductivity to relatively low values, Moreover, in the polymer systems, the motion of the lithium ions provides only a small fraction of the overall conductivity(2), which results in severe concentration gradients during cell operation, causing premature failure(3). Here we describe a class of materials, prepared by doping lithium ions into a plastic crystalline matrix, that exhibit fast lithium ion motion due to rotational disorder and the existence of vacancies in the lattice. The combination of possible structural variations of the plastic crystal matrix and conductivities as high as 2 x 10(-4) S cm(-1) at 60 degrees C make these materials very attractive for secondary battery applications.
C1 Monash Univ, Dept Chem, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia.
   Monash Univ, Dept Mat Engn, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia.
C3 Monash University; Monash University
RP MacFarlane, DR (corresponding author), Monash Univ, Dept Chem, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia.
NR 18
TC 606
Z9 656
U1 5
U2 523
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 792
EP 794
DI 10.1038/45514
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, DD
   Seung, HS
AF Lee, DD
   Seung, HS
TI Learning the parts of objects by non-negative matrix factorization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID blind separation; recognition; algorithm; representation
AB Is perception of the whole based on perception of its parts? There is psychological(1) and physiological(2,3) evidence for parts-based representations in the brain, and certain computational theories of object recognition rely on such representations(4,5). But little is known about how brains or computers might learn the parts of objects. Here we demonstrate an algorithm for non-negative matrix factorization that is able to learn parts of faces and semantic features of text. This is in contrast to other methods, such as principal components analysis and vector quantization, that learn holistic, not parts-based, representations. Non-negative matrix factorization is distinguished from the other methods by its use of non-negativity constraints. These constraints lead to a parts-based representation because they allow only additive, not subtractive, combinations. When non-negative matrix factorization is implemented as a neural network, parts-based representations emerge by virtue of two properties: the firing rates of neurons are never negative and synaptic strengths do not change sign.
C1 AT&T Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Nokia Corporation; Nokia Bell Labs; AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Seung, HS (corresponding author), AT&T Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, 600 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
NR 22
TC 9931
Z9 11852
U1 20
U2 1181
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 21
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6755
BP 788
EP 791
DI 10.1038/44565
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 250BG
UT WOS:000083368700052
PM 10548103
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, JY
   Huang, DY
   Li, CW
AF Chen, JY
   Huang, DY
   Li, CW
TI An early Cambrian craniate-like chordate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amphioxus
AB Since the identification of the Lower Cambrian Yunnanozoon as a chordate in 1995 (ref. 1), large numbers of complete specimens of soft-bodied chordates from the Lower Cambrian Maotianshan Shale in central Yunnan (southern China) have been recovered. Here we describe a recently discovered craniate-like chordate, Haikouella lanceolata, from 305 fossil specimens in Haikou near Kumming. This 530 million-year-old (Myr) fish-like animal resembles the contemporaneous Yunnanozoon from the Chengjiang fauna (about 35 km southeast of Haikou) in several anatomic features. But Haikouella also has several additional anatomic features: a heart, ventral and dorsal aorta, an anterior branchial arterial, gill filaments, a caudal projection, a neural cord with a relatively large brain, a head with possible lateral eyes, and a ventrally situated buccal cavity with short tentacles. These findings indicate that Haikouella probably represents a very early craniate-like chordate that lived near the beginning of the Cambrian period during the main burst of the Cambrian explosion. These findings will add to the debate on the evolutionary transition from invertebrate to vertebrate(2).
C1 Nanjing Inst Palaeontol & Geol, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China.
   Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Life Sci, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
C3 National Tsing Hua University
RP Chen, JY (corresponding author), Nanjing Inst Palaeontol & Geol, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China.
EM chenjy@jlonline.com
NR 18
TC 141
Z9 171
U1 1
U2 54
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 2
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6761
BP 518
EP 522
DI 10.1038/990080
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 261MP
UT WOS:000084013200053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gray, JJ
   Chiang, B
   Bonnecaze, RT
AF Gray, JJ
   Chiang, B
   Bonnecaze, RT
TI Colloidal particles - Origin of anomalous multibody interactions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystals; spheres
C1 Univ Texas, Dept Chem Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Gray, JJ (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Dept Chem Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
NR 16
TC 20
Z9 22
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 750
EP 750
DI 10.1038/45445
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wu, SP
   Romfo, CM
   Nilsen, TW
   Green, MR
AF Wu, SP
   Romfo, CM
   Nilsen, TW
   Green, MR
TI Functional recognition of the 3′ splice site AG by the splicing factor U2AF35
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pre-messenger-rna; small-subunit; branch point; identification; u2af(65); protein; drosophila; sequences
AB In metazoans, spliceosome assembly is initiated through recognition of the 5' splice site by U1 snRNP and the polypyrimidine tract by the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (snRNP) auxiliary factor, U2AF (refs 1, 2), U2AF is a heterodimer comprising a large subunit, U2AF(65), and a small subunit, U2AF(35) (ref. 3). U2AF65 directly contacts the polypyrimidine tract and is required for splicing in vitro(4). In comparison, the role of U2AF35 has been puzzling: U2AF(35) is highly conserved(5-7) and is required for viabilit(6,7), but can be dispensed with for splicing in vitro(4,8,9). Here we use sire-specific crosslinking to show that very early during spliceosome assembly U2AF directly contacts the 3' splice site. Mutational analysis and in vitro genetic selection indicate that U2AF35 has a sequence-specific RNA-binding activity that recognizes the 3'-splice-site consensus, AG/G. We show that for introns with weak polypyrimidine tracts, the U2AF(35)-3'-splice-site interaction is critical for U2AF binding and splicing. Our results demonstrate a new biochemical activity of U2AF(35) identify the factor that initially recognizes the 3' splice site, and explain why the AG dinucleotide is required for the first step of splicing for some but not all introns.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Med Ctr, Program Mol Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Microbiol, Ctr RNA Mol Biol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University
RP Green, MR (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Med Ctr, Program Mol Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 373 Plantat St, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
EM michael.green@umassmed.edu
NR 21
TC 356
Z9 451
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 16
PY 1999
VL 402
IS 6763
BP 832
EP 835
DI 10.1038/45590
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 266ZQ
UT WOS:000084330500070
PM 10617206
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Millett, S
   Campbell, K
   Epstein, DJ
   Losos, K
   Harris, E
   Joyner, AL
AF Millett, S
   Campbell, K
   Epstein, DJ
   Losos, K
   Harris, E
   Joyner, AL
TI A role for Gbx2 in repression of Otx2 and positioning the mid/hindbrain organizer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; gene; specification; forebrain; brain; neuroectoderm; information; cerebellum; induction; hindbrain
AB The mid/hindbrain (MHB) junction can act as an organizer to direct the development of the midbrain and anterior hindbrain(1,2) In mice, Otx2 is expressed in the forebrain and midbrain and Gbx2 is expressed in the anterior hindbrain, with a shared border at the level of the MHB organizer. Here we show that, in Gbx2(-/-) mutants, the earliest phenotype is a posterior expansion of the Otx2 domain during early somite stages. Furthermore, organizer genes are expressed at the shifted Otx2 border, but not in a normal spatial relationship. To test whether Gbx2 is sufficient to position the MHB organizer, we transiently expressed Gbx2 in the caudal Otx2 domain and found that the Otx2 caudal border was indeed shifted rostrally and a normal appearing organizer formed at this new Otx2 border. Transgenic embryos then showed an expanded hindbrain and a reduced midbrain at embryonic day 9.5-10. We propose that formation of a normal MHB organizer depends on a sharp Otx2 caudal border and that Gbx2 is required to position and sharpen this border.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Dev Genet Program, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Skirball Inst Biomol Med, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Physiol & Neurosci, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 New York University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; New York University; New York University
RP Joyner, AL (corresponding author), NYU, Sch Med, Dev Genet Program, 540 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 USA.
NR 19
TC 259
Z9 303
U1 1
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 9
PY 1999
VL 401
IS 6749
BP 161
EP 164
DI 10.1038/43664
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 234AF
UT WOS:000082458800053
PM 10490024
DA 2026-03-09
ER

